GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                          NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

Guidelines for Determining the Proper Identification Number to Give the Payer --
Social  Security  numbers  have  nine  digits  separated  by two  hyphens:  i.e.
000-00-0000.  Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated by only
one hyphen: i.e.  00-0000000.  The table below will help determine the number to
give the payer.



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

                                                                                           Give the
                              Give the SOCIAL                                              EMPLOYER
                              SECURITY                                                     IDENTIFICATION
For this type of account      number of:                   For this type of account        number of:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                                                                  
1.   An individual's account  The individual               6.    A valid trust, estate,    Legal entity (Do not
                                                                 or pension trust          furnish the taxpayer
                                                                                           identification number of
                                                                                           the personal
                                                                                           representative or
                                                                                           trustee unless the legal
                                                                                           entity itself is not
                                                                                           designated in the
                                                                                           account title).(4)

2.   Two       or       more  The actual owner of the      7.    Corporate account         The corporation
     individuals      (joint  account or, if combined
     account)                 funds, the first
                              individual on the
                              account(1)

3.   Custodian account of a   The minor(2)                 8.    Association, club,        The organization
     minor (Uniform Gift to                                      religious, charitable,
     Minors Act)                                                 educational or other
                                                                 tax-exempt organization
                                                                 account

4.   a. The usual             The grantor-trustee(1)       9.    Partnership account       The partnership
     revocable savings trust 
     account (grantor is 
     also trustee)
                              The actual owner(1)          10.   A broker or registered    The broker or nominee
                                                                 nominee
     b.  So-called trust
     account that is not a
     legal or valid trust
     under State law

5.   Sole proprietorship      The owner(3)                 11.   Account with the          The public entity
     account                                                     Department of
                                                                 Agriculture  in
                                                                 the  name  of a
                                                                 public   entity
                                                                 (such    as   a
                                                                 State  or local
                                                                 government,
                                                                 School district
                                                                 or prison) that
                                                                 receives
                                                                 agricultural
                                                                 program
                                                                 payments

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



(1)  List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish.

(2)  Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.

(3)  You must show your individual name, but you may also enter your business or
     "doing business as" name. You may use either your social security number or
     employer identification number.

(4)  List  first and  circle  the name of the legal  trust,  estate,  or pension
     trust.

Note:  If no name is circled when there is more than one name listed, the number
       will be considered to be that of the first name listed.




             GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                          NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9
                                     Page 2





How to Obtain a TIN

If you don't  have a  taxpayer  identification  number  or you  don't  know your
number,  obtain Form SS-5,  Application  for a Social  Security  Number Card for
individuals,  or Form SS-4, Application for Employer  Identification Number (for
business  and other  entities),  or Form  W-7,  Application  for IRS  Individual
Taxpayer  Identification  Number (for  certain  resident  aliens),  at the local
office of the Social Security Administration or the Internal Revenue Service and
apply for a number.

If you return the  Substitute  Form W-9 with the  "Awaiting  TIN" box checked in
Part 3, you must  provide  the payer with a  Certificate  of  Awaiting  Taxpayer
Identification  Number and, within 60 days, a TIN. If you do not provide the TIN
by the date of payment, 31% of all reportable payments will be withheld. If your
certified  TIN is received  within the 60-day period and you were not subject to
backup  withholding during that period, the amounts withheld will be refunded to
you. If no certified  TIN is provided to the payer  within 60 days,  the amounts
withheld will be paid to the IRS.

As soon as you receive your TIN,  complete another  Substitute Form W-9, include
your TIN, sign and date the form, and give it to the payer.

For interest, dividends and broker transactions, you must sign the certification
or backup  withholding will apply. If you are subject to backup  withholding and
you are merely  providing your correct TIN to a payer, you must cross out item 2
in the certification before signing the form.

Payees Exempt from Backup Withholding

Payees  specifically  exempted  from backup  withholding  on ALL payments by the
payer include the following:

    o  A corporation.

    o  A financial institution.

    o  An organization  exempt from tax under section  501(a),  or an individual
       retirement  plan, or a custodial  account under section  403(b)(7) if the
       account satisfies the requirements of Section 401(f)(2).

    o  The United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

    o  A State,  the District of Columbia,  a possession of the United States or
       any political subdivision or instrumentality thereof.

    o  A foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government, or
       any agency or instrumentality thereof.

    o  An international organization or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

    o  A registered dealer in securities or commodities  registered in the U.S.,
       the District of Columbia or a possession of the U.S.

    o  A real estate investment trust.

    o  A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a).

    o  An entity  registered  at all times under the  Investment  Company Act of
       1940.

    o  A foreign central bank of issue.

Payments of dividends  and patronage  dividends not generally  subject to backup
withholding include the following:

    o  Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under section 1441.

    o  Payments to partnerships  not  engaged  in a trade  or  business  in  the
       U.S. and  which  have at  least  one nonresident partner.

    o  Payments of patronage dividends  where the amount received is not paid in
       money.

    o  Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

    o  Section 404(K) payments made by an ESOP.

Payments of interest not  generally  subject to backup  withholding  include the
following:

    o  Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals.  Note: You are
       subject to information  reporting if this interest is $600 or more and is
       paid  in  the  course  of  the  payer's  trade  or  business  and  backup
       withholding if you have not provided your correct TIN to the payer.

    o  Payments of tax-exempt  interest  (including  exempt  interest  dividends
       under section 852).

    o  Payments described in section 6049(b) (5) to nonresident aliens.

    o  Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under section 1451.

    o  Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

    o  Mortgage interest paid by you.

Exempt payees  described above should file Substitute Form W-9 to avoid possible
erroneous backup withholding.  FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYER,  FURNISH YOUR TIN,
WRITE  "EXEMPT"  ON THE FACE OF THE FORM IN PART 2, SIGN AND DATE THE FORM,  AND
RETURN IT TO THE PAYER.

Certain payments,  other than interest,  dividends and patronage  dividends that
are not  subject  to  information  reporting  are also  not  subject  to  backup
withholding.  For details, see sections 6041, 6041A(a),  6042, 6044, 6045, 6049,
6050A and 6050N and the regulations thereunder.

Privacy Act Notice. Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividend,  interest
or other  payments  to give  their  correct  TIN to payers  who must  report the
payments to the IRS. The IRS uses the numbers for identification purposes and to
help  verify  the  accuracy  of tax  returns.  The IRS  may  also  provide  this
information to the  Department of Justice for civil and criminal  litigation and
to cities,  states and the  District  of  Columbia  to carry out their tax laws.
Payers must be given the TIN whether or not  recipients are required to file tax
returns.  Payers must generally  withhold 31% of taxable interest,  dividend and
certain other payments to a payee who does not furnish a taxpayer identification
number to a payer. Certain penalties may also apply.

Penalties

(1) Penalty for Failure to Furnish  TIN. -- If you fail to furnish  your correct
TIN to a payer, you are subject to a penalty of $50 for each such failure unless
your failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect.

(2) Civil Penalty for False  Information With Respect to Withholding.  -- If you
make a false  statement with no reasonable  basis which results in no imposition
of backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.

(3)  Criminal  Penalty  for  Falsifying  Information.  --  Willfully  falsifying
certifications or affirmations may subject you to criminal  penalties  including
fines and/or imprisonment.

(4) Misuse of TINS.  -- If the payer  discloses  or uses TIN's in  violation  of
Federal law, the payer may be subject to civil and criminal penalties.

FOR ADDITIONAL  INFORMATION  CONTACT YOUR TAX CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL REVENUE
SERVICE.