EXHIBIT 26
[CSIRO LOGO]
CSIRO Petroleum Confidential Report No. 02-019
APRIL 2002
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOLID BITUMENS IN
THE PALE SANDSTONE, SUBU-1 WELL AND
OUTCROP AT THE AURE SCARP, EAST
PAPUAN BASIN
A Report to InterOil Corporation
S. C. George, M. Ahmed and R. A. Quezada
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Dr. Simon C. George
CSIRO Petroleum,
PO Box 136, North Ryde, NSW, Australia 1670
Telephone: +61 2 9490 8718, Facsimile: +61 2 9490 8197
E-mail: Simon.George@csiro.au
THIS IS A CONFIDENTIAL REPORT FOR
RESTRICTED DISTRIBUTION ONLY
Copies to: InterOil Corporation
(3 hard copies, 1 electronic copy)
S. C. George
M. Ahmed
R. A. Quezada
Confidential CSIRO archives (3 hard copies, 1
electronic copy)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents organic geochemical data and a preliminary interpretation
of solid bitumens from three samples from the Eastern Papuan Basin of Papua New
Guinea. The samples are from the Aure Scarp within PPL 230. Two are from the
Subu-1 well (CN383 and CN360), and the third is a surface sample from the
footwall of the McDowell Fault (CN746).
The solid bitumen in sample CN746, was recovered from a vein within a dark grey
volcanoclastic sandstone in the footwall of the McDowell Fault scarp. CN746 was
generated from an early mature Palaeogene or late Cretaceous source rock that
contained predominantly terrestrial organic matter, and in particular
angiosperm-derived organic matter, deposited in an oxic environment. A coal
source is possible. Alteration of oil to form the solid bitumen found at the
outcrop likely occurred during moderate biodegradation, once the oil reached the
surface. Biodegradation of a pre-existing oil pool is an unlikely mechanism for
formation of this bitumen. It may be an early, polar rich expulsion product that
has migrated up the thrust and been slightly biodegraded at the surface. This
solid bitumen has most similarities with the subfamily 2A of Waples and Wulff
(1996) which includes the Bwata-1 condensate. It differs from family 1 of Waples
and Wulff (1996) in that it contains no or very low amounts of bicadinanes
The solid reservoir bitumen from a vug in a sandstone from Subu-1 (91.24m,
CN383) was generated from a Jurassic, clay-rich, marine source rock in the peak
oil window, that contained a substantial amount of coniferous terrestrial
organic matter. The mechanism by which the solid bitumen formed in the sandstone
vug is uncertain at present, but may relate to bacterial sulphate reduction.
Sulphate-reducing bacteria are capable of biodegrading oil and precipitating
framboidal pyrite. A later fresh charge of condensate composition may have
overprinted the biodegraded solid bitumen in this sample. This solid bitumen has
most similarities with family 3 of Waples and Wulff (1996), which includes the
Iagifu oils (George et al., 1997).
The solid bitumen in a black sandstone in Subu-1 (75.57m, CN360) was generated
from a marine source rock in the peak oil window that contained dominantly
prokaryotic organic matter, and was possibly deposited in a
calcareous-influenced depositional environment. Compared to the source of CN383,
this source rock was less clay-rich and contained less terrestrial organic
matter. A later fresh charge of condensate composition may have overprinted the
biodegraded solid bitumen in this sample. CN360 has similarities with the oil
stains extracted from Mendi Formation limestones at the Aure Scarp that were
analysed by Robertson Research (1991).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page number
Executive Summary ..................................................................... 2
Table of Contents ..................................................................... 3
List of Tables ........................................................................ 4
List of Figures ....................................................................... 5
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 6
2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE .............................................................. 8
2.1 Solvent extraction ............................................................ 8
2.2 Asphaltene precipitation ...................................................... 8
2.3 Column chromatography ......................................................... 8
2.4 Gas Chromatography ............................................................ 8
2.5 Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC - MS) .............................. 9
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................. 10
3.1 Extractability and gross composition .......................................... 10
3.2 Overall character of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions ............. 11
3.3 n-Alkanes, isoprenoids and alkylcyclohexanes .................................. 11
3.4 Terpanes ...................................................................... 14
3.5 Steranes and Diasteranes ...................................................... 17
3.6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons ......................................................... 19
4 INTERPRETATION ...................................................................... 24
4.1 Literature data for comparison ................................................ 24
4.2 Origin of the solid bitumen in a fossiliferous quartz sandstone, Aure Scarp
(outcrop sample CN746) ............................................................ 24
4.3 Solid reservoir bitumen from a vug in a sandstone, 91.24m, Subu-1 (CN383) ..... 26
4.4 Solid bitumen from a black sandstone, 75.57m, Subu-1 (CN360) .................. 27
5 FUTURE GEOCHEMICAL WORK ............................................................. 29
6 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................... 30
7 REFERENCES .......................................................................... 31
APPENDIX A: Peak assignments and abbreviations ........................................ 10 pages
APPENDIX B: CN746 (solid bitumen from outcrop sample) mass
chromatograms and peak identifications ................................................ 26 pages
APPENDIX C: CN383 (solid bitumen from vug, Subu-1, 91.24m) mass
chromatograms and peak identifications ................................................ 25 pages
APPENDIX D: CN360 (solid bitumen from black sandstone, Subu-1, 75.57m) mass
chromatograms and peak identifications ................................................ 25 pages
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Sample details.............................................................. 6
Table 2: Extractability and fractionation data for the solid bitumens................ 10
Table 3: Aliphatic hydrocarbon parameters for the solid bitumens..................... 13
Table 4: Terpane parameters for the solid bitumen samples............................ 15
Table 5: Sterane and diasterane parameters for the solid bitumen samples............. 18
Table 6a: Aromatic hydrocarbon parameters for the solid bitumen samples.............. 20
Table 6b: Aromatic hydrocarbon parameters for the for the solid bitumen samples
(continued from Table 6a).................................................... 21
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Map showing the location of the Subu-1 well and the Aure Scarp, East Papuan
Basin, Papua New Guinea. From Slater and Dekker (1993) .......................... 7
Figure 2: Aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions of (a) CN746, (b) CN383, and (c) CN360.
All graphs are derived from m/z 85 mass chromatograms ........................... 12
Figure 3: Distribution of alkylbenzenes, naphthalene, phenanthrene, biphenyl,
dibenzothiophene and alkylated homologues in the (a) CN746 and (b) CN383 solid
bitumen samples. Values calculated by the responses in the m/z 106, 120, 134,128,
142, 156, 170, 184.1, 178, 192, 206, 220, 154, 168, 182, 184.0, 198.0 and 212 mass
chromatograms ................................................................... 22
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1 INTRODUCTION
This report presents organic geochemical data and a preliminary interpretation
of solid bitumens from three samples of the Pale Sandstone from the Eastern
Papuan Basin of Papua New Guinea. The samples are from the Aure Scarp within PPL
230 (Fig. 1); two are from the Subu-1 well, and the third is a surface sample
from the Ouha anticline. Details of the samples are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Sample details.
CSIRO code Location Depth (m) / code Lithological description
- ---------- -------- ---------------- ------------------------
CN746 Outcrop OAO3P-O3DHB Solid bitumen in a volcanoclastic
sandstone, footwall of the McDowell
Fault, Ouha anticline.
CN383 Subu-1 91.24 Solid reservoir bitumen from a vug in a
sandstone
CN360 Subu-1 75.57 Black sandstone containing pyrite and
solid bitumen
The results of detailed organic geochemical analyses on these 3 samples are
presented. Particular attention is paid to parameters that provide information
about the source of the original oil that was altered to form the solid
bitumens, to the maturity of the source rocks that generated the original oil,
and to the mechanism by which the alteration of oil to the solid bitumen
occurred. This is an interim report with a more comprehensive report to be
prepared at the completion of the major multidisciplinary study. Several other
studies being carried out in parallel with the organic geochemistry of the solid
bitumens, which include organic petrology, diagenesis, petrophysical properties
(mainly porosity and permeability), source rock potential and maturity, and
strontium age dating and sedimentology of limestones and clastics in the
Mesozoic-Tertiary sequence.
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[SUBU-1 MAP]
Figure 1: Map showing the location of the Subu-1 well and the Aure Scarp, East
Papuan Basin, Papua New Guinea. From Slater and Dekker (1993).
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2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
2.1 SOLVENT EXTRACTION
The three samples were solvent extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and
methanol (93:7) for 72 hours using a Soxhlet apparatus (CN746, CN360) or by
direct dissolution into the solvent (CN383). An aliquot of the extractable
organic matter (EOM) was blown to dryness to provide a gravimetric weight of the
total EOM.
2.2 ASPHALTENE PRECIPITATION
The EOM of the sample CN746 was blown down to very small volume to which an
excess of pentane was added for the precipitation of asphaltenes. The suspension
was sonicated for 5 minutes and then allowed to settle in a fridge for at least
2 hours. Solid asphaltenes were separated from the soluble maltene fraction by
centrifuging the suspension. The process was repeated to isolate any of the
remaining maltenes from the asphaltene precipitates.
2.3 COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
An accurate amount of un-evaporated EOM (CN383 = 2.9mg, CN360 = 52mg) or maltene
fraction (CN746 = 12mg) was adsorbed onto alumina and all solvent was removed by
gently blowing with nitrogen. The extracts were fractionated using column
chromatography on silica gel (C60: 60-210 (Mu)m) below alumina. Elution with
petroleum ether (40-60(Degree)C) produced the aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction,
elution with a 4:1 mixture of DCM + petroleum ether produced the aromatic
hydrocarbon fraction and elution by a 1:1 mixture of DCM + methanol produced the
polar compounds. All solvent was evaporated from 1/10th aliquots of the
aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and the polar compound fractions
to give the total weights of the respective fractions.
2.4 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Gas chromatography (GC) of the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions was
performed on a Varian 3400 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionisation
detector. Chromatography was carried out on a fused silica column (60 m x 0.25
mm i.d.) coated with DB5MS (modified 5% phenyl 95% methyl silicone, 0.25 (Mu)m
film thickness),
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using a splitless injection technique. The oven was programmed for an initial
temperature of 40(Degree)C for 2 min., followed by heating at 4(Degree)C min(-1)
to 310(Degree)C, and a hold for 30 mins.
2.5 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY - MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC - MS)
GC - MS of the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions was performed on a
Hewlett Packard 5890 gas chromatograph interfaced to a VG AutoSpecQ Ultima
(electron energy 70 eV; electron multiplier 250 V; filament current 200 (Mu) A;
source temperature 250(Degree)C) tuned to 1000 resolution. Chromatography was
carried out on a fused silica column (60 m x 0.25 mm i.d.) coated with DB5MS,
using a splitless injection technique. The oven was programmed in two ways for
different GC - MS runs: (a) for an initial temperature of 40(Degree)C for 2
min., followed by heating at 4(Degree)C min(-1) to 310(Degree)C, and (b) for an
initial temperature of 40(Degree)C for 2 min., followed by heating at
20(Degree)C min(-1) to 200(Degree)C and then a second heating ramp at 2(Degree)C
min(-1) to 310(Degree)C.
All the fractions were run using a magnet scan programme (m/z 50 to 550; 0.5
s/decade), using GC programme a.
The aliphatic fractions were run using a single ion monitoring (SIM) programme
(SIRV_INCD), using GC programme b: (m/z 177, 183, 191, 205, 217, 218, 231.11,
231.21, 253, 259).
The aliphatic fractions were also run using two metastable reaction monitoring
(MRM) programmes (SIRV_INCD), using GC programme b:
MRM_HOPS: m/z 370, 384, 398, 412, 426, 440, 454, 468, 482-->191.
MRM_STER: m/z 358, 372, 386, 400, 414 217; 414-->231.
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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
All of the gas chromatograms and mass chromatograms referred to in the text are
provided in Appendices B, C and D, with peak identifications in Appendix A.
3.1 EXTRACTABILITY AND GROSS COMPOSITION
Elemental sulphur was extracted from the rocks in conjunction with organic
material, and was removed prior to detailed analyses of the fractions.
Extractability and fractionation data for the three samples are given in Table
2. For CN383, 10.6% of the solid bitumen in the vug was extractable, but the
small amount of solid bitumen available (33.9 mg) meant that insufficient EOM
was obtained to enable asphaltene precipitation or gravimetric analysis of the
aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and polar compound fractions. The
other two samples have much lower extractabilities, and are dominated by
asphaltenes or polar compounds (>45%). The aliphatic /aromatic hydrocarbon ratio
of these two samples is variable, with only very low amounts of aromatic
hydrocarbons being obtained from CN360 (the black sandstone).
Table 2: Extractability and fractionation data for the solid bitumens.
CN746 CN360# CN383#Section
----- ------- -------------
Weight of rock(*) or solid bitumen (g) 46.3 117.0 0.03385(*)
Weight of extractable organic matter (mg) 146.0 65.4 3.6
Extractability (amount of EOM in ppm of rock ((*) or solid bitumen) 3,153 559 106,351(*)
FRACTION WEIGHTS
Asphaltenes (mg) 9.4 - -
Maltenes (mg) 30.0 - -
Aliphatic hydrocarbons (mg) 1.0 5.2 -
Aromatic hydrocarbons (mg) 4.0 0.9 -
Polars(1) (mg) 2.0 9.0 -
RATIOS
Aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbon ratio 0.3 5.8 -
Hydrocarbon/polar ratio 2.5 0.7 -
Aliphatic hydrocarbons (% of EOM) 10.9 34.4 -
Aromatic hydrocarbons (% of EOM) 43.5 6.0 -
Polars + asphaltenes (% of EOM) 45.6 59.6 -
- ----------
# Asphaltenes not precipitated; Section Insufficient extract for gravimetric
analysis of column chromatography fractions; (1)Nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen
containing organic compounds soluble in n-pentane.
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3.2 OVERALL CHARACTER OF ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS
The aliphatic hydrocarbon fractions of the three samples are dominated by
unresolved complex mixture (UCM) humps in the GC traces (Figs B1, C1 and D1) and
the total ion chromatograms (TICs) (Figs B2, C2 and D2). The GC and TIC of the
aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction of CN746 is dominated by pristane, phytane, the
C(16) isoprenoid, a C(24) tetracyclic terpane and other biomarkers. Samples
CN383 and CN360 contain abundant low molecular weight (C(7) - C(10)) n-alkanes,
alkylcyclohexanes and methylalkylcyclohexanes. The three dominant peaks in the
aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction of CN383 are 4(Beta)(H)-19-isopimarane,
ent-beyerane and isopimarane (Figs C1, C2 and C6). These diterpenoids are
probably derived from conifer resins (Noble et al., 1985, 1986). The aliphatic
hydrocarbon fraction of CN360 contains high molecular weight n-alkanes above the
UCM (Fig. D3).
The aromatic hydrocarbon fraction of CN746 contains well resolved
alkylnaphthalenes, alkylphenanthrenes and other medium molecular weight
hydrocarbons (Figs B1 and B2). The aromatic hydrocarbon fraction of CN383 is
dominated by a UCM hump, but also contains well resolved alkylbenzenes and
alkylnaphthalenes, together with an unusual acid derivative. The aromatic
hydrocarbon fraction of CN360 contains mainly derivatives (methylesters?) of
carboxylic acids, with very few aromatic hydrocarbons.
3.3 n-ALKANES, ISOPRENOIDS AND ALKYLCYCLOHEXANES
All three samples contain n-alkanes, although these are only abundant relative
to the whole aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction in CN360. The m/z 85 mass
chromatograms (Figs B3, C3 and D3) were used to calculate the distribution of
n-alkanes and isoprenoids in the samples (Fig. 2). Ratios are given in Table 3.
The isoprenoid pristane is the dominant hydrocarbons in the m/z 85 mass
chromatogram of CN746. The Pr/Ph ratio is very high (8.6; Table 3), suggesting
deposition of terrestrial organic matter under oxic conditions (Didyk et al.,
1978). High molecular weight n-alkanes in CN746 have a very strong odd-over-even
carbon number predominance (CPIs >4; Table 3), indicative of an immature sample
with higher plant input to the source rock. Low maturity of CN746 is also
indicated by the high isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios (Table 3). Low to medium
molecular weight alkylcyclohexanes (maxima at C(7) and C(14)) and low molecular
weight methylalkylcyclohexanes are present in CN746 (Fig. B5).
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[A CN746 BAR CHART]
[B CN383 BAR CHART]
[C CN360 BAR CHART]
Figure 2: Aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions of (a) CN746, (b) CN383, and (c)
CN360. All graphs are derived from m/z 85 mass chromatograms.
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Table 3: Aliphatic hydrocarbon parameters for the solid bitumens.
Parameter CN746 CN383 CN360
- ---------------- ----- ----- -----
Pr/Ph 8.6 0.9 1.4
Pr/ n-C(17) 25.1 1.2 0.62
Ph/ n-C(18) 4.2 2.5 0.42
CPI(22-32) 4.1 - 1.13
CPI(24-32) 4.8 1.25 1.17
CPI(26-32) 5.0 0.92 1.21
CPI(26-30) 4.0 0.83 1.01
CPI 2(26-28) 6.1 0.86 1.18
CPI 2(28-30) 3.3 1.08 1.23
CPI 2(20-22) 1.01 - 1.03
n-C(31)/ n-C(19) 4.6 - 6.6
Wax index 0.37 - 0.15
2*(C(23) + C(25) + C(27) + C(29) + C(31))
CPI(22-32) = [ ------------------------------------------------- ]
C(22) + 2*(C(24) + C(26) + C(28) + C(30)) + C(32)
2*(C(25) + C(27) + C(29) + C(31))
CPI(24-32) = [ ----------------------------------------- ]
C(24) + 2*(C(26) + C(28) + C(30)) + C(32)
2*(C(27) + C(29) + C(31))
CPI(26-32) = [ --------------------------------- ]
C(26) + 2*(C(28) + C(30)) + C(32)
2*(C(27) + C(29))
CPI(26-30) = [ ------------------------ ]
C(26) + 2* C(28) + C(30)
2 X C(27) 2 X C(29)
CPI(26-28) = [ ----------- ] CPI 2 (28-30) [ ------------- ]
C(26) + C(28) C(28) + C(30)
2 X C(21)
CPI 2(20-22) [ ----------------- ]
C(20) + C(22)
C(21) + C(22) C(10)
Wax Index = [-------------- ] Fractionation Index = [ --------------- ]
C(28) + C(29) C(16) + C(25)
n-Alkanes in CN383 are dominated by C(8) and C(9). Similarly, the
alkylcyclohexanes (C(7)-C(9) and methylalkylcyclohexanes (C(8) and C(9)) are
also low molecular weight dominated (Fig. C5). Low amounts of C(10)-C(33)
n-alkanes are present in CN383, despite this sample being dominated by a large
UCM hump. These n-alkanes have little odd or even carbon number predominance.
The Pr/Ph ratio of CN383 is close to unity but was measured on very small peaks
so may be unreliable.
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Sample CN360 is also dominated by low molecular weight n-alkanes,
alkylcyclohexanes and methylalkylcyclohexanes, in a similar way to CN383.
However, CN360 contains a prominent maxima of high molecular weight, waxy
n-alkanes (C23-C33), which have a moderate odd-over-even carbon number
predominance (CPI ~ 1.1; Table 3). These distributions are consistent with
derivation of the solid bitumen from a source rock of moderate maturity
containing terrestrial organic matter. The isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios (0.4-0.6)
support a mid oil window maturity.
3.4 TERPANES
The terpanes in the solid bitumen samples were monitored using four SIM mass
chromatograms. The m/z 123 mass chromatograms show the distribution of C(14) to
C(16) bicyclic sesquiterpanes, including drimane and homodrimane. Hopanes,
moretanes and the tricyclic and tetracyclic terpanes were monitored using the
m/z 191 mass chromatograms. The presence of any demethylhopanes was evaluated
using the m/z 177 mass chromatogram, while the methylhopanes were analysed using
m/z 205. MRM chromatograms were run in order to examine the distribution of the
C(27) to C(35) hopanes in greater detail and to provide a cleaner distribution
with less interfering peaks that complicate interpretation of the m/z 191 mass
chromatogram. Various biomarker parameters related to source and maturity were
calculated from the distribution of the terpanes in the SIM and MRM
chromatograms and are shown in Table 4.
Bicyclic sesquiterpanes were detected in CN746 and CN383, but have substantially
different distributions (Figs. B6 and C6). CN746 contains high amounts of C(15)
rearranged bicyclic sesquiterpanes and drimane, whereas CN383 is dominated by
homodrimane. Consequently, bicyclic sesquiterpane ratios are different (Table
4).
Tricyclic and tetracyclic terpanes were detected in all three samples, but in
CN746 are dominated by unidentified C(24) tetracyclic isomers, 10 (Beta)
(H)-de-A-lupane and 10 (Beta) (H)-de- A-ursane (Fig. B6). Tricyclic terpanes are
very subordinate in this sample relative to hopanes. The distribution of
tricyclic and tetracyclic terpanes in CN383 and CN360 is variable. CN360
contains less tetracyclic terpanes relative to tricyclic terpanes than CN383,
whereas the ratios of tricyclic and tetracyclic terpanes to hopanes is higher in
CN383. The latter observation is consistent with a higher maturity of CN383. The
higher C(24) tetracyclic terpane/C(23) tricyclic terpane ratios in CN746 and
CN383 are consistent with greater terrestrial organic matter contribution to the
source rocks of these solid bitumens, compared to the source rock of CN360 (e.g.
Preston and Edwards, 2000).
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Table 4: Terpane parameters for the solid bitumen samples.
Parameter CN746 CN383 CN360
- --------- ----- ----- -----
Drimane/homodrimane 4.7 S 0.55 S n.d.
Rearranged C(15) BS/(drimane + homodrimane) 1.2 S 0.37 S n.d.
C(14)BS/(drimane + homodrimane) 0.77 S 0.19 S n.d.
Ts/Tm 0.3 M 3.8 M 1.7 M
Ts/Ts+Tm 0.22 M 0.79 M 0.62 M
Tm/C(27)(Beta) 2.5 M n.d. 12.6 M
C(29) Ts/C(29)(Alpha Beta) 0.22 M 0.80 M 0.27 M
C(29) Ts/(C(29) Ts+C(29) (Alpha Beta) hopane) 0.18 M 0.44 M 0.21 M
C(30) */C(29) Ts n.d. 2.4 S 0.28 S
C(29) */C(29) (Alpha Beta) hopane n.d. 0.66 M 0.05 M
C(30) */C(30) (Alpha Beta) hopane n.d. 0.89 M 0.06 M
C(29) 25-norhopane/C(29) (Alpha Beta) n.d. n.d. 0.030 M
C(29) (Alpha) (Beta)/((Alpha) (Beta)(Alpha) (Beta)) 0.63 M 0.79 M 0.93 M
C(30) (Alpha) (Beta)/((Alpha) (Beta)+(Beta Alpha)) 0.78 M 0.91 M 0.93 M
C(31) (Alpha) (Beta) 22S/(22S+22R) 0.43 M 0.57 M 0.57 M
C(32) (Alpha) (Beta) 22S/(22S+22R) 0.32 M 0.57 M 0.59 M
C(33) (Alpha) (Beta) 22S/(22S+22R) 0.46 M 0.55 M 0.62 M
% C(31) of total (Alpha) (Beta) homohopanes 41.1 M 41.6 S 37.1 S
% C(32) of total (Alpha) (Beta) homohopanes 36.0 M 26.8 S 25.0 S
% C(33) of total (Alpha) (Beta) homohopanes 11.2 M 17.2 S 17.2 S
% C(34) of total (Alpha) (Beta) homohopanes 3.4 M 8.4 S 10.1 S
% C(35) of total (Alpha) (Beta) homohopanes 8.3 M 6.0 S 10.6 S
C(35)/(C(35)+C(34)) homohopanes 0.71 M 0.42 S 0.51 S
Homohopanes/C(30)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane 0.6 M 1.2 S 2.4 S
Oleanane/C(30)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane 0.52 M n.d. n.d.
Gammacerane/C(30)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane 0.03 M 0.03 M 0.055 M
Ts/C(30)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane 0.2 M 0.7 S 0.4 S
C(27) hopanes/C(30) (Alpha) (Beta) hopane 0.7 M 1.0 S 0.5 S
28,30-BNH/C(30)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane 3.8 M 0.06 M 0.07 M
28,30-BNH/Ts 25.3 M 0.03 M 0.13 M
C(29)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane/C(30)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane 0.48 M 0.46 S 0.77 S
C(31)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane/C(30)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane 0.24 M 0.49 S 0.87 S
C(32) 2 (Alpha) methylhopanes/C(31)(Alpha) (Beta) 22S+22R Hopanes (m/z 205) n.d. 0.21 S 0.70 S
C(26)/C(25)tricyclic terpanes n.d. 1.3 S n.d.
C(23) tricyclic/C(30)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane 0.008 S 0.18 S 0.09 S
C(24) tetracyclic terpane/C(30)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane 0.028 S 0.34 S 0.05 S
C(23)/C(21) tricyclic terpanes 0.81 S 0.59 S 3.54 S
C(23-26)/C(19-21) tricyclic terpanes n.d. 0.20 S n.d.
C(24)tetracyclic terpane/C(23) tricyclic terpane 3.4 S 1.9 S 0.56 S
C(29) steranes/C(29)(Alpha)(Beta) hopane 4.6 S 2.4 S 0.70 S
Terpane abbreviations are listed in Table A1; n.d. = not determined. Ratios were
calculated from MRM data (M) or SIM data (S).
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Sample CN383 contains large amounts of 4(Beta)(H)-19-isopimarane, ent-beyerane
and isopimarane (Figs C1, C2 and C6). Sample CN360 contains a small amount of
4(Beta) (H)-19-isopimarane and isopimarane (Fig. D6).
Hopanes in the m/z 191 mass chromatogram of CN746 could be identified (Fig.
B7a), but are dominated by several other peaks (a-q) that are unusual components
of oils (Fig.B7b). By careful examination of mass spectra from magnet scan data
for this sample, and by comparison with GC retention data of Armanios (1994),
some of these peaks have been identified as olean-18-ene, olean-13(18)-ene,
olean-12-ene, olean-18-ene and 18(Alpha)-olean- 12-ene. Other peaks have mass
spectra consistent with C(29) and C(30) triterpenes (see Figs B7 and B8, and
Appendix Table A1). The peak eluting prior to C(30)(Alpha) (Beta) hopane in the
m/z 412 --> 191 MRM chromatogram contains co-eluting oleanane and lupane; based
on the mass spectra of this peak, lupane is subordinate in abundance relative to
oleanane. Hopane distributions are much cleaner in MRM analysis, and these
chromatograms (Figs B9-B11) show the high relative amount of 28,30-bisnorhopane
in CN746, the high amount of moretanes ((Beta) (Alpha) hopanes) relative to
(Alpha) (Beta) hopanes, the detection of C(29) to C(32) (Beta) (Beta) hopanes,
and the low amounts of the 22S relative to 22R extended C(31) to C(34)
homohopanes. No methylhopanes or 25-norhopanes could be detected in this sample,
and bicadinanes are either absent or of very low abundance.
The significance of these triterpane distributions in CN746 are twofold.
Firstly, this sample is undoubtedly of very low maturity, based on the presence
of unsaturated biomarkers and (Beta) (Beta) hopanes, the high amount of
28,30-bisnorhopane, the low Ts/Tm ratio (0.3) and other non-equilibrium hopane
maturity ratios (e.g. C(30) (Alpha) (Beta)/((Alpha) (Beta) + (Beta) (Alpha)) =
0.78; C(32) (Alpha) (Beta) 22S/(22S+22R) = 0.32). These ratios and the presence
of oleanenes (e.g. Eneogwe et al., 2002) are consistent with a maturity in the
early stage of hydrocarbon generation. Secondly, the presence of oleanane and
oleanenes is strong evidence for derivation of the solid bitumen from a
Cretaceous or younger source rock, as these compounds are derived from
angiosperm-derived organic matter (Moldowan et al., 1994).
The hopane distribution of CN383 is quite different to CN746. It contains no
unsaturated triterpenes or oleanane, but does contain high amounts of rearranged
triterpanes including Ts, C(29)Ts, diahopanes (C(29)* to C(32)*) and a series of
unidentified, early-eluting rearranged triterpanes that sometimes co-occur with
diahopanes (Fig. C7, C8 and C9; labelled with Section ; Moldowan et al., 1991;
Telnaes et al., 1992; George et al. , 1997). The C(30)*/C(30) (Alpha) (Beta)
hopane ratio is 0.89. High abundances of rearranged triterpanes are found in
high maturity samples, and in source rock samples deposited in oxic, clay-rich
environments (e.g. Moldowan et al., 1991). Based on hopane ratios, the maturity
of this sample is the highest of the three samples, as shown by equilibrium
hopane maturity ratios such as C(30)(Alpha) (Beta)/ ((Alpha) (Beta) + (Beta)
(Alpha)) = 0.91, and a very high Ts/Tm ratio (3.8). No 25-norhopanes and only
low contents of methylhopanes were detected in this sample.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 16
The hopane distribution of CN360 is again different to the other two samples. It
contains no unsaturated triterpenes or oleanane, and the abundance of rearranged
triterpanes including Ts, C(29)Ts and diahopanes is low (Fig. D7). The
C(30)*/C(30) (Alpha) (Beta) hopane ratio is 0.06. None of the early-eluting
rearranged triterpanes that sometimes co-occur with diahopanes could be
detected. The relative amount of homohopanes is greater in CN360 than in the
other samples, and in particular C(34) and C(35) extended homohopanes are
abundant (Table 4). The C(29) (Alpha) (Beta) hopane/C(30) (Alpha) (Beta) hopane
ratio is higher in this sample than the others. Small amounts of
29,30-bisnorhopane and 28,30-bisnorhopane were detected in this sample by MRM
analysis (Fig. D8). C(30) to C(36) 2 (Alpha) (H)-methylhopanes are abundant
relative to hopanes (see m/z 205 mass chromatogram, Fig. D7) in CN360, whereas
they are of much lower abundance in CN383 and could not be detected in CN746.
The sum of these hopane distributions is suggestive of a marine source rock
containing prokaryotic-dominated organic matter, deposited in a less clay-rich,
possibly calcareous influenced depositional environment (see Subroto et al.,
1991; Moldowan et al., 1992; Summons and Jahnke, 1990). Based on hopane ratios,
the maturity of this sample is within the oil window, based on equilibrium
hopane maturity ratios such as C(30) (Alpha) (Beta)/((Alpha) (Beta) + (Beta)
(Alpha) = 0.93, but is lower than the maturity on CN383 (Ts/Tm ratio = 1.7).
3.5 STERANES AND DIASTERANES
Sterane distributions in the solid bitumen samples were monitored by SIM
analyses using both the m/z 217 and m/z 218 mass chromatograms, while the
diasteranes (rearranged steranes) were analysed using the m/z 217 and m/z 259
mass chromatograms. MRM chromatograms were also run, in order to examine the
distribution of the C(27) to C(30) steranes, diasteranes and methylsteranes in
greater detail. The MRM data provided better quality data than the SIM data, due
to some interfering contaminants in the SIM chromatograms. Sterane and
diasterane ratios are reported in Table 5.
The commonly occurring series of C(27) to C(29) (Alpha) (Alpha) (Alpha) and
(Alpha) (Beta) (Beta) steranes and (Beta) (Alpha) and (Alpha) (Beta) diasteranes
were detected in all three of the solid bitumen samples, but with different
distributions. CN746 is very strongly dominated by C(29) steranes (Fig. B11),
with C(29)/C(27) (Alpha) (Alpha) (Alpha) 20R steranes = 8.6. This dominance is
consistent with a strong terrestrial component to the organic matter of the
original source rock of the solid bitumen. No C(30) steranes or diasteranes
could be identified in this sample. Diasteranes are of much lower abundance than
steranes at all carbon numbers (Fig. B13). The (Alpha) (Alpha) (Alpha) 20R
sterane isomers strongly dominate over other steranes, a feature typical of
immature sediments. The usual doublet of peaks forming the (Alpha) (Beta) (Beta)
steranes is obscured by a co-eluting peak at C(27) (peak f), C(28) (peak n) and
most prominently at C(29) (peak v). These co-eluting isomers are tentatively
ascribed to be (Beta) (Alpha) (Alpha) steranes, which are also characteristic of
immature sediments. Based
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 17
Table 5: Sterane and diasterane parameters for the solid bitumen samples.
Parameters CN746 CN383 CN360
- ---------- ------ ------------ ------------
C(27) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)20R (% of total C (27) to C(29) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)
20R steranes) 8.5 29.2 Section 27.5 Section
C(28) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)20R (% of total C (27) to C(29) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)
20R steranes) 18.3 20.7 Section 19.8 Section
C(29) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)20R (% of total C (27) to C(29) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)
20R steranes) 73.2 50.1 Section 52.7 Section
C(29) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)20R/C(27) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20R steranes) 8.6 1.7 Section 1.9 Section
C(28) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)20R/C(29) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20R steranes) 0.2 0.4 Section 0.4 Section
C(30)/(C(27)+C(28)+C(29)) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20R steranes (%) n.d. 4.1 8.0
C(27) (Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) steranes 20S+R (% of total C(27) to C(29)
(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) 20R steranes) 4.5 17.5 24.9
C(28) (Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) steranes 20S+R (% of total C(27) to C(29)
(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) 20R steranes) 26.4 24.5 21.5
C(29) (Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) steranes 20S+R (% of total C(27) to C(29)
(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) 20R steranes) 69.1 58.1 53.6
C(29) (Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) steranes 20S+R /C(27) (Alpha)(Beta)(Beta)
steranes 20S+R 15.4 3.3 2.1
C(27) steranes (% of total C(27) to C(29) regular steranes) 8.5 19.2 28.2
C(28) steranes (% of total C(27) to C(29) regular steranes) 21.6 23.6 21.9
C(29) steranes (% of total C(27) to C(29) regular steranes) 69.9 55.0 49.0
C(27) (Beta)(Alpha) diasterane 20S+R (% of total C(27) to C(29)
(Beta)(Alpha) 20S+R diasteranes) 9.7 30.8 37.0
C(28) (Beta)(Alpha) diasterane 20S+R (% of total C(27) to C(29)
(Beta)(Alpha) 20S+R diasteranes) 13.4 24.5 23.8
C(29) (Beta)(Alpha) diasterane 20S+R (% of total C(27) to C (29)
(Beta)(Alpha) 20S+R diasteranes) 76.9 44.7 39.2
C(29) / C(27) (Beta)(Alpha) diasteranes 7.9 1.5 1.1
C(27) (Beta)(Alpha) diasteranes/((Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)+(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta)
steranes) 0.21 1.81 0.59
C(28) (Beta)(Alpha) diasteranes/((Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)+(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta)
steranes) 0.11 1.30 0.51
C(29) (Beta)(Alpha) diasteranes/( (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)+(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta)
steranes) 0.20 1.02 0.37
C(27)+C(28)+C(29) (Beta)(Alpha) diasteranes/((Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)+
(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) steranes) 0.18 1.25 0.47
C(27) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20S/(20S+20R) 0.27 0.47 0.46
C(28) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20S/(20S+20R) 0.12 0.49 0.46
C(29) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20S/(20S+20R) 0.05 0.46 0.44
C(29) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20S/20R 0.05 0.85 0.77
Vitrinite reflectance equivalent from C(29) (Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20S/20R
(Sofer et al., 1993) 0.38 0.78 0.74
C(27) (Alpha)(Beta)(Beta)/((Alpha)(Beta)(Beta)+(Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)) 0.18 0.44 0.44
C(28) (Alpha)(Beta)(Beta)/((Alpha)(Beta)(Beta)+(Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)) 0.42 0.56 0.51
C(29) (Alpha)(Beta)(Beta)/((Alpha)(Beta)(Beta)+(Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha)) 0.34 0.57 0.56
C(27) (Beta)(Alpha) diasterane 20S/(20S+20R) 0.48 0.61 0.57
C(28) (Beta)(Alpha) diasterane 20S/(20S+20R) 0.45 0.71 0.61
C(29) (Beta)(Alpha) diasterane 20S/(20S+20R) 0.49 0.61 0.59
Sterane and diasterane abbreviations are listed in Table A2. Ratios were
calculated from MRM data, except those indicated Section which were calculated
from SIM data. n.d. = not determined.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 18
on a calibration of the C(29) (Alpha) (Alpha) (Alpha) 20S/20R ratio (Sofer et
al., 1993), the maturity of this sample is estimated to be about 0.4% vitrinite
reflectance equivalent (VRE).
Samples CN383 and CN360 have relatively similar steranes and diasterane
distributions, which are less C(29) dominated, contain more diasteranes and
appear more thermally mature than CN746 (Figs. C11 and D11). In both samples
C(29) steranes are about twice as abundant as C(27) steranes, but diasteranes
have a more even carbon number distribution (Table 5). Both samples contain
C(30) steranes, but these are more abundant in CN360 than in CN383, suggesting a
greater marine influence in CN360. The main difference between these samples is
that diasterane/sterane ratios are higher in CN383 than in CN360. The higher
diasterane content of CN383 might reflect a higher maturity of this sample, but
this is not supported by other sterane maturity parameters (Table 5) which
indicate that CN383 and CN360 have fairly similar maturities, with CN383 only
slightly more mature (based on a calibration of the C(29) (Alpha) (Alpha)
(Alpha) 20S/20R ratio, CN383 = 0.78% VRE, CN360 = 0.74% VRE). Therefore, the
higher diasterane content of CN383 is considered to reflect generation from a
more clay-rich source rock than CN360, consistent with the observation of more
rearranged hopanes in CN383.
3.6 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
For the solid bitumen samples, eight major classes of aromatic hydrocarbons were
monitored to assess variations in thermal maturity and to characterise
source-related geochemical parameters. These compound classes included the
alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, alkylphenanthrenes, alkylbiphenyls,
alkylfluorenes, alkylpyrenes, alkylfluoranthenes and alkyldibenzothiophenes. All
chromatograms are included in Appendices B, C and D. A wide variety of source
and maturity related parameters were calculated from the integrated SIM mass
chromatograms and are reported in Table 6. Abbreviations for aromatic
hydrocarbons are defined in Appendix Table A4. Only very low amounts of aromatic
hydrocarbons were detected in CN360, so the aromatic hydrocarbon distributions
in this sample are not considered further.
CN746 contains dominantly alkylphenanthrenes and alkylnaphthalenes, with lesser
amounts of alkylbiphenyls and alkyldibenzothiophenes (Fig. 3a). CN383 is
dominated by very high relative abundances of C(2) alkylbenzenes, and moderate
abundances of C(3) and C(4) alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes and
alkylphenanthrenes, and low amounts of the alkylbiphenyls and
alkyldibenzothiophenes (Fig. 3b)
The distribution of alkylbenzenes in CN746 is typical of biodegraded oils, with
strong dominance of 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene and 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene (Fig.
B16; George et al., 2002). This distribution could also be caused by inheritance
of a biological
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 19
Table 6a: Aromatic hydrocarbon parameters for the solid bitumen samples.
Parameters CN746 CN383
- ---------- ----- -----
TMBI-1 (1,3,5-TMB/[1,3,5-TMB+1,2,3-TMB]) 0.25 0.46
TMBI-2 (1,2,4-TMB/[1,2,4-TMB+1,2,3-TMB]) 0.39 0.73
MEBI-1 (1M3EB+1M4EB)/(1M3EB+1M4EB+1M2EB]) - 0.78
TeMBI-x (1,2,3,5-TeMB/[1,2,3,5-TeMB+1,2,3,4-TeMB]) 0.36 0.58
TeMBI-y (1,2,4,5-TeMB/[1,2,4,5-TeMB+1,2,3,4-TeMB]) 0.11 0.49
Methylnaphthalene ratio (MNR: 2-MN/1-MN) 0.62 1.5
Naphthalene/(Sigma)methylnaphthalenes 0.26 1.11
Ethylnaphthalene ratio (ENR: 2-EN/1-EN) 1.1 3.8
DNR-1 ([2,6-+2,7-DMN]/1,5-DMN) 1.8 6.0
DNR-2 (2,7-DMN/1,8-DMN) 16 43
DNR-3 (2,6-DMN/1,8-DMN) 13 47
DNR-x ([2,6-+2,7-DMN]/1,6-DMN) 0.71 1.3
DNR-y ([2,6-+2,7-DMN]/[2,6-+2,7-DMN+1,3+1,7-DMN]) 0.30 0.48
DNR-z (1,5-/[1,5-+1,2-DMN) 0.46 0.44
TNR-1 (2,3,6-TMN/[1,4,6-+1,3,5-TMN]) 0.55 0.99
TNR-2 ([2,3,6-+1,3,7-TMN]/[1,4,6-+1,3,5-+1,3,6-TMN]) 0.54 0.88
TNRs ([1,3,7-+2,3,6-TMN]/1,3,6-TMN) 1.03 1.59
TNR-x (1,2,5-TMN/[1,2,5-+1,2,4-+1,2,3-TMN]) 0.61 1.00
Log (1,2,5-TMN/1,3,6-TMN) -0.14 -0.24
Log (1,2,7-TMN/1,3,7-TMN) -0.36 -0.27
TeMNR-1 (2,3,6,7-TeMN/1,2,3,6-TeMN) 0.38 -
(1,2,5,6+1,2,3,5-TeMN)/1,2,3,6-TeMN 2.2 -
TMNr (1,3,7-TMN/[1,3,7-+1,2,5-TMN]) 0.42 0.58
TeMNr (1,3,6,7-TeMN/[1,3,6,7+1,2,5,6-TeMN]) 0.60 -
PMNr (1,2,4,6,7-PMN/[1,2,4,6,7+1,2,3,5,6-PMN]) 0.40 -
HPI (Higher plant index) ([Retene + Cadalene + -
IP-iHMN]/1,3,6,7-TeMN) 4.1
% IP-iHMN (of total Retene + Cadalene + IP-iHMN) 0.3 -
% Cadalene (of total Retene + Cadalene + IP-iHMN) 95.6 -
% Retene (of total Retene + Cadalene + IP-iHMN) 4.1 -
HPP (Higher plant parameter) (Retene /[Retene + Cadalene]) 0.04 -
.......Continued in Table 6b
For compound abbreviations see Table A4.
TMBI = trimethylbenzene index, MEBI = methylethylbenzene index, TeMBI =
tetramethylbenzene index, DNR = dimethylnaphthalene ratio, TNR =
trimethylnaphthalene ratio; TeMNr = tetramethylnaphthalene ratio; PMNr =
pentamethylnaphthalene ratio
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 20
Table 6b: Aromatic hydrocarbon parameters for the for the solid bitumen samples
(continued from Table 6a).
Parameters CN746 CN383
- ---------- ----- -----
Methylphenanthrene Index (MPI-1)
=1.5*[3-MP+2-MP]/[P+9-MP+1-MP]) 0.44 0.69
Calculated vitrinite reflectance %Rc (MPI-1)
0.6*MPI-1+0.4 (for Ro <1.35), from Radke and Welte, 1983 0.66 0.82
Methylphenanthrene distribution fraction (MPDF)
=(3-MP+2-MP)/(Sigma)MPs 0.44 0.55
1-MP/9-MP 0.80 0.70
log (1-MP/9-MP) -0.10 -0.16
Methylphenanthrene Ratio (MPR)=2-MP/1-MP 1.01 1.7
Calculated vitrinite reflectance %Rc (MPR)
=0.99*log MPR+0.94, from Radke et al., 1984 0.94 1.2
Dimethylphenanthrene ratio (DPR) = (3,5-+2,6-DMP+2,7-DMP)/
(1,3-+3,9-+2,10-+3,10-DMP+1,6-+2,9-+2,5-DMP) 0.28 0.45
Log (1,7-DMP/1,3-+3,9-+2,10-+3,10-DMP) -0.43 -0.51
DPR-x (1,7-DMP/1,7-+1,3-+3,9-+2,10-+3,10-DMP) 0.27 0.24
Log (Retene/9-MP) -1.7 0.16
Fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) 0.47 0.32
Methylpyrene index (MPyI2)=2-MPy/1-+4-MPy
from Garrigues et al., 1988 0.32 0.31
3-MBp/Bp 0.82 0.39
Methylbiphenyl ratio (MBp)=3-MBp/2-MBp,
from Alexander et al. (1986) 37 10.1
3-MBp/4-MBp 3.3 2.4
Dimethylbiphenyl ratio (DMBpR-x)=3,5-DMBp/2,5-DMBp,
from Cumbers et al. , 1987 - 5.7
Dimethylbiphenyl ratio (DMBpR-y)=3,3'-DMBp/2,3'-DMBp,
from Cumbers et al. , 1987 - 8.0
Phenanthrene/dibenzothiophene 7.1 8.5
Dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene 0.14 0.12
Methyldibenzothiophene Ratio (MDR)=4-MDBT/1-MDBT 2.6 -
Calculated vitrinite reflectance %Rc (MDR)
=0.073*MDR+0.51, from Radke, 1988 0.7 -
Dimethyldibenzothiophene Ratio (DMDR)
=4,6-DMDBT/3,6-+2,6-DMDBT 0.64 -
Dibenzothiophene/1,3,6,7-TeMN 5.8 0.8
Dibenzothiophene/1,2,5,6-+1,2,3,5-TeMN 8.8 0.8
For compound abbreviations see Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 21
[A CN746 CHART]
[B CN383 CHART]
Figure 3: Distribution of alkylbenzenes, naphthalene, phenanthrene, biphenyl,
dibenzothiophene and alkylated homologues in the (a) CN746 and (b) CN383 solid
bitumen samples. Values calculated by the responses in the m/z 106, 120, 134,
128, 142, 156, 170, 184.1, 178, 192, 206, 220, 154, 168, 182, 184.0, 198.0 and
212 mass chromatograms.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 22
signature dominated by these isomers. In contrast, the distribution of
alkylbenzenes in CN383 is typical of non-biodegraded oils, with, for example,
dominance of 1,2,4- trimethylbenzene (Fig. C16).
All the alkylnaphthalene maturity parameters show that CN383 has a significantly
greater maturity than CN746 (Table 6a). Based on calibrations of DNR-1 and TNR-2
published by Radke et al. (1994), CN746 has VRE values of 0.65% and 0.72%,
whereas CN383 has VRE values of 1.03 % and 0.93%. A similar maturity difference
is also indicated by the alkylphenanthrene maturity parameters (Table 6b),
although the exact VRE value depends on the ratio and calibration chosen. Based
on the well known methylphenanthrene index, VRE = 0.66% for CN746, 0.82% for
CN383. The only anomaly in the maturity indicators are the alkylbiphenyl ratios,
which suggest a rather lower maturity for CN383 than other parameters.
The peak due to 1,2,7-TMN is small in both samples, and therefore the parameter
[log (1,2,7-TMN/1,3,7-TMN)] is lower than the benchmark value of -0.4, above
which an angiosperm higher plant contribution to the organic matter from which
the oil was generated may be suspected (Strachan et al., 1988). This contrasts
with the biomarker information on sample CN746, which shows lots of evidence for
angiosperm input, with high oleanane and oleanene abundances. The reason for
this apparent discrepancy is probably the low maturity of CN746, which has meant
that aromatisation processes that lead to the formation of 1,2,7-TMN have not
occurred to any great extent (Strachan et al., 1988).
Phenanthrene/dibenzothiophene ratios are high (>7), and alkyldibenzothiophenes
could not be detected in CN383. Thus, despite the high elemental sulphur content
of these rocks, little sulphur has been entrained as organic sulphur compounds
in the solid bitumen.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 23
4 INTERPRETATION
4.1 LITERATURE DATA FOR COMPARISON
There are several previously published papers or released reports on crude oils,
seep oils fluid inclusion oils and extracted oils that can be used for
comparison with the geochemistry of the solid bitumens analysed in this study.
These are:
1. Robertson Research (1991): geochemistry of oil stained rocks from
the Aure Scarp.
2. Waples and Wulff (1996): classified Papuan Basin oils and seeps into
5 major families, with various sub-families.
3. George et al. (1997): published data on Iagifu DST oils (Jurassic
sourced) and Iagifu and P'nyang inclusion oils (possible Cretaceous
source).
4. Volk et al. (2001): report to Interoil on fluid inclusion oil from
Barune Sandstone: probable Cretaceous-sourced oil.
4.2 ORIGIN OF THE SOLID BITUMEN IN A VOLCANOCLASTIC SANDSTONE, MCDOWELL SCARP
(OUTCROP SAMPLE CN746)
Under the microscope in reflected white light, the bitumen in CN746 appears
homogeneous and is associated with framboidal pyrite. Reflectance is low and
darkens with time under immersion oil.
CN746 is characterised by an aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction dominated by a UCM
hump, and lack of most low to medium molecular weight n-alkanes. The presence of
isoprenoids, biomarkers and residual high molecular weight n-alkanes suggests
that most of the n-alkanes in this sample have been removed by biodegradation.
Alkylcyclohexanes also appear to have been affected by biodegradation. The
aromatic hydrocarbon fraction of CN746 contains altered alkylbenzene
distributions, but alkylnaphthalenes, alkylphenanthrenes and other aromatic
hydrocarbons are abundant. Therefore it can be surmised that biodegradation
reached a level sufficient to remove n-alkanes, but not to significantly alter
isoprenoids, hopanes, steranes or aromatic hydrocarbons. This alteration is
approximately equivalent to the moderate biodegradation level 3 quoted by
Volkman et al. (1984) and Trolio et al. (1999). It is likely that this
biodegradation occurred after the original oil migrated to the surface (at
outcrop).
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 24
CN746 is also characterised by the presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons,
including C(24) tetracyclic terpenes, various oleanene isomers and other C(29)
and C(30) triterpenes. Additionally, ring degraded lupanes and ursanes, and
oleanane and lupane are present in this sample. No C(30) steranes could be
detected, and bicadinanes are either absent or of very low abundance. Sterane
distributions strongly favour C(29) and C(27) diasteranes and rearranged hopanes
are of very low abundance, the n-alkanes present have a very strong
odd-over-even carbon number predominance, and the Pr/Ph ratio is 8.6. All these
parameters point to generation of the oil from which the bitumen formed from a
strongly terrestrially-dominated, low maturity source rock, deposited in an oxic
environment. This source rock contained angiosperm organic matter, so is likely
to have been Cretaceous or younger (Moldowan et al., 1994). The absence or very
low abundance of bicadinanes suggests an age older than Oligocene/Miocene
(Waples and Wulff, 1996), at which time dipterocarpaceae plants evolved in PNG
(these give rise to bicadinanes). Therefore, a Palaeogene or late Cretaceous
source is a strong possibility. It should be noted, however, that the absence of
biomarkers such as bicadinanes is a weak age constraint, as a source rock may
contain no input from the particular precursor vegetation that gives rise to
bicadinanes.
CN746 bitumen has most similarities with the subfamily 2A of Waples and Wulff
(1996) which includes the Bwata-1 condensate. The published Pr/Ph ratio of
Bwata-1 condensate is 6.4 which is similar to that of CN746, although apparently
Bwata-1 condensate does not contain the alkenes seen in CN746. Sample CN746 does
not resemble the three samples from the Aure Scarp (two Ieru/Chim Formations,
one Mendi Formation) that were analysed by Robertson Research (1991), nor the
inclusion oils from the Barune Sandstone (Volk et al., 2001) or the Toro
Sandstone (George et al., 1997). Biomarker distributions clearly show that CN746
was not derived from a Jurassic source rock which is thought to have sourced the
Iagifu oils in the Papuan fold belt (George et al., 1997).
One alternative explanation is that the CN746 bitumen was formed from the
biodegradation of a mature oil and that the immature biomarkers of the bitumen
were picked up as the original oil migrated past organic-rich, low maturity
source rocks to the surface. An argument against this theory is that all the
maturity parameters that could be measured for the solid bitumen, including
hopane, sterane, alkylnaphthalene, alkylphenanthrene and methyldibenzothiophene
ratios indicate a maturity in the early oil window, 0.6-0.7% VRE. This
consistency of maturity parameters suggests generation from a genuine, early
oil-window source rock.
In summary, the solid bitumen sample CN746 was generated from an early mature,
Palaeogene or late Cretaceous source rock that contained predominantly
terrestrial organic matter, and in particular angiosperm-derived organic matter,
deposited in an oxic
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 25
environment. A coal source is possible. Alteration of oil to form the solid
bitumen found at the outcrop likely occurred during moderate biodegradation,
once the oil reached the surface. Biodegradation of a pre-existing oil column is
an unlikely mechanism for formation of this bitumen. It may be an early, polar
rich expulsion product that has migrated up a thrust and been slightly
biodegraded at the surface.
4.3 SOLID RESERVOIR BITUMEN FROM A VUG IN A SANDSTONE, 91.24M, SUBU-1 (CN383)
Both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of CN383 show evidence for
significant biodegradation. Most of the n-alkanes, isoprenoids,
alkylcyclohexanes and medium to high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons have
been removed, leaving biomarkers as the predominant group of compounds in the
TIC. This alteration is approximately equivalent to the biodegradation level 5
quoted by Volkman et al. (1984) and Trolio et al. (1999). CN383 also contains
evidence for a separate generation of non-degraded, low molecular weight oil.
Thus, C(7) - C(9) n-alkenes, alkylcyclohexanes and alkylbenzenes are present in
this sample in high abundance. It is likely that the solid bitumen in the vug is
mainly represented by the strongly biodegraded portion of the extract, but that
solvent extraction has also removed a fresh charge of condensate composition
from this sample. Insufficient data on the non-biodegraded portion of this
extract makes it difficult to further characterise this charge.
The biodegraded component of CN383 contains large amounts of
4(beta)(H)-19-isopimarane, ent-beyerane and isopimarane, which are diterpenoids
that are probably derived from conifer resins (Noble et al., 1985, 1986).
Biomarker distributions are strongly dominated by rearranged triterpanes,
including Ts, C(29) Ts, diahopanes and a series of unidentified, early-eluting
rearranged triterpanes that sometimes co-occur with diahopanes (Moldowan et al.,
1991; Telnaes et al., 1992; George et al., 1997), and by diasteranes. C(29)
steranes dominate over C(27) steranes, and C(30) steranes are present. These
distributions are typical of a clay-rich marine source rock containing a
substantial amount of coniferous terrestrial organic matter. No oleananes or
bicadinanes could be detected in CN383. This sample has most similarities with
family 3 of Waples and Wulff (1996), which includes the lagifu oils (George et
al., 1997). These are believed to be derived from Jurassic source rocks. Sample
CN383 does not resemble the three samples from the Aure Scarp (two leru/Chim
Formations, one Mendi Formation) that were analysed by Robertson Research
(1991), nor the inclusion oils from the Barune Sandstone (Volk et al., 2001) or
the Toro Sandstone (George et al., 1997).
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 26
Most biomarker and aromatic thermal-maturity dependent ratios show that the
biodegraded component of CN383 has a peak oil generative window maturity, 0.8 -
1.0% VRE.
In summary, the solid reservoir bitumen from a vug in Subu-1 (CN383) was
generated from a Jurassic, clay-rich, marine source rock in the peak of the oil
window that contained a substantial amount of coniferous terrestrial organic
matter. The mechanism by which the solid bitumen formed in the sandstone vug is
uncertain at present, but may relate to bacterial sulphate reduction.
Sulphate-reducing bacteria are capable of biodegrading oil and precipitating
framboidal pyrite (e.g. Wilkes et al., 2000). A later fresh charge of condensate
to the host rock may have overprinted the composition of biodegraded solid
bitumen in this sample.
4.4 SOLID BITUMEN FROM A BLACK SANDSTONE, 75.57M, SUBU-1 (CN360)
Surprisingly, solid bitumen extracted from the porespace of a black sandstone
less than 16m higher in Subu-1 (CN360) has a significantly different composition
compared to the vug bitumen (CN383). CN360 appears to be less biodegraded, with
high molecular weight n-alkanes present above a UCM hump. This distribution may
indicate extraction of 2 generations of bitumen form this sandstone: a highly
biodegraded phase, and a slightly biodegraded phase. Additionally, CN360 also
contains evidence for a separate generation of non-degraded, low molecular
weight oil. Thus, C(7)-C(9) alkene and alkylcyclohexanes are present in this
sample in high abundance and with a similar composition as in CN383, again
perhaps representing a fresh charge of condensate composition in this sample.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are virtually absent from the extract of CN360. The
biomarker composition of CN360 is significantly different compared to the vug
bitumen (CN383). In particular, CN360 has a low content of diahopanes and
rearranged hopanes, lower diasterane/sterane ratios, a higher relative abundance
of C(34) and C(35) homohopanes, 2(alpha)(H)- methylhopanes and C(30) steranes,
and a higher C(29) (Alpha)(Beta) hopane/C(38) (Alpha)(Beta) hopane ratio.
Additionally, 29,30-bisnorhopane was detected in CN360, whereas this biomarker
was not detected in CN383. CN360 contains less tetracyclic terpanes relative to
tricyclic terpanes. The sum of these terpane and sterane distributions is
suggestive of a marine source rock containing prokaryotic-dominated organic
matter, less terrestrial organic matter, deposited in a less clay-rich, possibly
calcareous-influenced depositional environment. No oleananes or bicadinanes
could be detected in CN360, so there is no evidence for angiosperm plants or
dipterocarpaceae plants. However, the small amount of diterpenoids detected in
CN360 is consistent with some conifer resin input into the source rock. The
maturity of CN360 is somewhat less than CN383, but is still in the peak oil
window (~0.8% VRE).
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 27
CN360 has similarities with the oil stains extracted from Mendi Formation
limestones at the Aure Scarp that were analysed by Robertson Research (1991). In
particular, the Ts/Tm ratio, the relative amounts of tricyclic and tetracyclic
terpanes, the C(29) (A)(B) hopane/C(29) (A)(B) hopane ratio, the sterane and
diasterane distribution and the relative abundance of C(34) and C(35)
homohopanes appear similar, although this is based on a qualitative visual
comparison of chromatograms. In these respects, CN360 also has some similarities
in hopane and sterane content to the inclusion oil from the Toro Sandstone at
Iagifu (George et al., 1997), and the inclusion oil from the Barune Sandstone
(Volk et al., 2001), although these contain oleanane so may be of younger source
age than CN360. It should be noted, however, that the absence of a biomarker
such as oleanane is a very weak age constraint, as a Cretaceous or Tertiary
marine source rock may contain little angiosperm-derived terrestrial organic
matter, and therefore would not contain oleanane.
Overall, CN360 is dissimilar to the other two samples from the Aure Scarp
(Ieru/Chim Formations) that were analysed by Robertson Research (1991), and to
the Iagifu oils (George et al., 1997). At this stage it is not possible to
relate CN360 to any of the oil families defined by Waples and Wulff (1996).
In summary, the solid bitumen in the black sandstone in Subu-1 (CN360) was
generated from a marine source rock in the peak oil window that contained
dominantly prokaryotic organic matter, and was possibly deposited in a
calcareous-influenced depositional environment. Compared to the source of CN383,
this source rock was less clay-rich and contained less terrestrial organic
matter. A later fresh charge of condensate composition may have overprinted the
biodegraded solid bitumen in this sample.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 28
5 FUTURE GEOCHEMICAL WORK
1. Analyse more solid bitumens and EOMs from Subu-1, as well as from
Subu-2, using GC and GC-MS to ascertain (a) the extent of
variability in the source of the bitumens, (b) the extent of
variability in maturity of the solid bitumens, and (c) the
geochemical characterisation and prevalence of the apparently fresh
generation of condensate, so as to determine whether this is a
natural hydrocarbon charge or a contaminant introduced from drilling
mud additives.
2. Investigate the significance of the organic acid derivatives that
occur in the aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of the two samples
analysed from Subu-1.
3. Reconstruct pre-biodegradation signatures of some of the solid
bitumens using asphaltene pyrolysis.
4. Ascertain the source potential of the fine grained rock section(s)
in Subu-1 and Subu-2 in terms of the quality and maturity of their
organic matter.
5. Carry out a carbon isotopic study of extracts and fractions of solid
bitumens to aid in interpretation of their genesis. In particular,
this will help in relating the solid bitumens in the Subu wells and
in the outcrop to the oil and oil seep data provided by Waples and
Wulff (1996).
6. Carry out a sulphur isotopic study of elemental sulphur, organic
sulphur, pyrite and any sulphate to aid in interpretation of the
role sulphur played in bitumen formation.
7. Carry out a Molecular Composition of Inclusions (MCI) study on one
interval from Subu-1 (114.85m; CN392) in order to characterise
pristine oil trapped prior to solid bitumen formation.
8. Analyse Puri-1 oil and Bwata-1 condensate under the same analytical
conditions as the solid bitumens, in order to more confidently
compare their geochemical compositions and origins.
9. Correlate and compare all the solid bitumens, extracts, Puri-1 oil,
Bwata-1 condensate and the potential source rock extracts in terms
of their molecular and isotopic distribution patterns, and integrate
the findings with other CSIRO data generated in this project and
with the regional geological framework to locate the probable
migration pathways and locations of prospective hydrocarbon
occurrences.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 29
6 CONCLUSIONS
Solid bitumen in a volcanoclastic sandstone, McDowell Scarp (outcrop sample
CN746)
The solid bitumen in sample CN746 was generated from an early mature, Palaeogene
or late Cretaceous source rock that contained predominantly terrestrial organic
matter, and in particular angiosperm-derived organic matter, deposited in an
oxic environment. A coal source is possible. Alteration of oil to form the solid
bitumen found at the outcrop likely occurred during moderate biodegradation,
once the oil reached the surface. Biodegradation of a pre-existing oil column is
an unlikely mechanism for formation of this bitumen. It may be an early, polar
rich expulsion product that has migrated up a thrust and been slightly
biodegraded at the surface. This solid bitumen has most similarities with the
subfamily 2A of Waples and Wulff (1996) which includes the Bwata-1 condensate.
Solid reservoir bitumen from a vug in a sandstone, 91.24m, Subu-1 (CN383)
The solid reservoir bitumen from a vug was generated from a Jurassic, clay-rich,
marine source rock in the peak oil window that contained a substantial amount of
coniferous terrestrial organic matter. The mechanism by which the solid bitumen
formed in the sandstone vug is uncertain at present, but may relate to bacterial
sulphate reduction. Sulphate-reducing bacteria are capable of biodegrading oil
and precipitating framboidal pyrite. A later fresh charge of condensate
composition may have overprinted the biodegraded solid bitumen in this sample.
This solid bitumen has most similarities with family 3 of Waples and Wulff
(1996), which includes the Iagifu oils (George et al., 1997).
Solid bitumen from a black sandstone, 75.57m, Subu-1 (CN360)
The solid bitumen in the black sandstone in Subu-1 (CN360) was generated from a
marine source rock in the peak oil window that contained dominantly prokaryotic
organic matter, and was possibly deposited in a calcareous-influenced
depositional environment. Compared to the source of CN383, this source rock was
less clay-rich and contained less terrestrial organic matter. A later fresh
charge of condensate composition may have overprinted the biodegraded solid
bitumen in this sample. CN360 has similarities with the oil stains extracted
from Mendi Formation limestones at the Aure Scarp that were analysed by
Robertson Research (1991).
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 30
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CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page 33
APPENDIX A
PEAK ASSIGNMENTS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page Ai
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table A1: Peak assignments for terpanes in the m/z 123, 191, 177 and 205 mass
and MRM chromatograms.
Table A2: Peak assignments for steranes, diasteranes and methylsteranes in the
m/z 217, 218, 259 and 231 mass chromatograms and MRM chromatograms.
Table A3: Peak assignments for triaromatic steroids in the m/z 231 mass
chromatogram.
Table A4: Peak abbreviations for aromatic hydrocarbons, with the diagnostic m/z
ions.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page Aii
Table A1: Peak assignments for terpanes in the m/z 123, 191, 177 and 205 mass
and MRM chromatograms.
Peak Terpane assignments
- ---- -------------------
BS Bicyclic sesquiterpane
C(29) Section C(29) rearranged triterpane
Ts C(27)18(Alpha)(H),22,29,30-trisnorneohopane
TNH C(27)17(Alpha)(H),18(Alpha)(H),21(beta)(H)-trisnorhopane
C(30) Section C(30)rearranged triterpane
Tm C(27)17(Alpha)(H),22,29,30-trisnorhopane
C(27)(Beta) C(27)17(beta)(H),22,29,30-trisnorhopane
25,30-BNH C(28)17(Alpha)(H),25,30-bisnorhopane
29,30-BNH C(28)17(Alpha)(H),29,30-bisnorhopane
28,30-BNH C(28)28,30-bisnorhopane
25-nor C(29)25-nor-17(Alpha)(H)-hopane
C(29)* C(29)17(Alpha)(H)-diahopane
C(31)Section C(31)rearranged triterpane
C(29) (Alpha)(Beta) 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-30-norhopane
C(29)Ts 18(Alpha)(H)-30-norneohopane
C(30)* C(30)17(Alpha)(H)-diahopane
C(29) (Beta)(Alpha) 17(Beta)(H),21(Alpha)(H)-30-norhopane
C(30)25-nor S C(30)25-nor-17(Alpha)(H)-hopane (22S)
C(30)25-nor R C(30)25-nor-17(Alpha)(H)-hopane (22R)
Oleanane 18(Alpha)(H)-oleanane (+ 18(beta)(H)-oleanane)
C(30) (Alpha)(Beta) 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-hopane
C(30) (Beta)(Alpha) 17(Beta)(H),21(Alpha)(H)-hopane
C(31)* C(31)17(Alpha)(H)-diahopane
C(31) (Alpha)(Beta) 22S 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-homohopane (22S)
C(31) (Alpha)(Beta) 22R 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-homohopane (22R)
G Gammacerane
C(31) (Beta)(Alpha) 22S+R 17(Beta)(H),21(Alpha)(H)-homohopane (22S and 22R)
C(32)* C(32)17(Alpha) (H)-diahopane
C(32) (Alpha)(Beta) 22S 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-bishomohopane (22S)
C(32) (Alpha)(Beta) 22R 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-bishomohopane (22R)
C(33) (Alpha)(Beta) 22S 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-trishomohopane (22S)
C(33) (Alpha)(Beta) 22R 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-trishomohopane (22R)
C(34) (Alpha)(Beta) 22S 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-tetrakishomohopane (22S)
C(34) (Alpha)(Beta) 22R 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-tetrakishomohopane (22R)
C(35) (Alpha)(Beta) 22S 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-pentakishomohopane (22S)
C(35) (Alpha)(Beta) 22R 17(Alpha)(H),21(Beta)(H)-pentakishomohopane (22R)
2(Alpha)(Me) 2(Alpha)-methylhopane
Continued...
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page A1
Table A1 (Continued): Peak assignments for terpanes in the m/z 123, 191, 177 and
205 mass and MRM chromatograms.
Peak Terpane assignments Evidence
- ---- ------------------------- --------
a C(29) triterpene (unidentified) MS
b Olean-18-ene MS, GC RT
c C(30) triterpene (D:A-Friedolean-6-ene ??) MS (tentative)
d C(30) triterpene (unidentified) MS
e C(30) triterpene (unidentified) MS
f C(30) triterpene (ursene? + ?) MS
g C(30) triterpene (diene?: unidentified) MS
h Olean-13(18)-ene MS, GC RT
i Olean-12-ene + ? MS, GC RT
j Olean-18-ene MS, GC RT
k Olean-11,13(18)-diene? MS
l C(29) hopane (28-nor-17(Alpha)(h)-hopane?? MS
m 18(Alpha)-Olean-12-ene MS, GC RT
n C(30) triterpene (probably diploptene) MS
o C(30) triterpene (D:C-Friedours-7-ene??) MS
p C(30) triterpene MS
q C(29) triterpane?? MS
C(29) (Beta)(Beta) 17(Beta)(H),21(Beta)(H)-30-norhopane MS, GC RT
C(30) (Beta)(Beta) 17(Beta)(H),21(Beta)(H)-norhopane MS, GC RT
C(31) (Beta)(Beta) 17(Beta)(H),21(Beta)(H)-homohopane MS, GC RT
C(32) (Beta)(Beta) 17(Beta)(H),21(Beta)(H)-bishomohopane MS, GC RT
Oleanene identifications partly based on GC retention times from Armanios
(1994).
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page A2
Table A2: Peak assignments for steranes, diasteranes and methylsteranes in the
m/z 217, 218, 259 and 231 mass chromatograms and MRM chromatograms.
Peak Sterane, diasterane and methylsterane assignments Abbreviation
- ---- ------------------------------------------------- ------------
a 13(Beta)(H),17(Alpha)(H)-diacholestane (20S) C(27)(Beta)(Alpha) 20S diasterane
b 13(Beta)(H),17(Alpha)(H)-diacholestane (20R) C(27)(Beta)(Alpha) 20R diasterane
c 13(Alpha)(H),17(Beta)(H)-diacholestane (20S) C(27)(Alpha)(Beta) 20S diasterane
d 13(Alpha)(H),17(Beta)(H)-diacholestane (20R) C(27)(Alpha)(Beta) 20R diasterane
e 5(Alpha)(H),14(Alpha)(H),17(Alpha)(H)-cholestane (20S) C(27)(Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20S sterane
f 5(Alpha)(H),14(Beta)(H),17(Beta)(H)-cholestane (20R) C(27)(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) 20R sterane
g 5(Alpha)(H),14(Beta)(H),17(Beta)(H)-cholestane (20S) C(27)(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) 20S sterane
h 5(Alpha) (H),14(Alpha)(H), 17(Beta)(H)-cholestane (20R) C(27)(Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20R sterane
i 24-methyl-13(Beta)(H),17(Alpha)(H)-diacholestane (20S)* C(28)(Beta)(Alpha) 20S diasterane
j 24-methyl-13(Beta)(H),17(Alpha)(H)-diacholestane (20R)* C(28)(Beta)(Alpha)20R diasterane
k 24-methyl-13(Alpha)(H),17(Beta) (H)-diacholestane (20S) C(28)(Alpha)(Beta)20S diasterane
l 24-methyl-13(Alpha)(H),17(Beta)(H)-diacholestane (20R)* C(28)(Alpha)(Beta) 20R diasterane
m 24-methyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Alpha)(H),17(Alpha)(H)-cholestane(20S)* C(28)(Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20S sterane
n 24-methyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Beta)(H),17(Beta)(H)-cholestane (20R) C(28)(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) 20R sterane
o 24-methyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Beta)(H),17(Beta)(H)-cholestane (20S) C(28)(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) 20S sterane
p 24-methyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Alpha)(H),17(Alpha)(H)-cholestane (20R) C(28)(Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20R sterane
q 24-ethyl-13(Beta)(H),17(Alpha)(H)-diacholestane (20S) C(29)(Beta)(Alpha) 20S diasterane
r 24-ethyl-13(Beta)(H),17(Alpha)(H)-diacholestane (20R) C(29)(Beta)(Alpha) 20R diasterane
s 24-ethyl-13(Alpha)(H),17(Beta)(H)-diacholestane (20S) C(29)(Alpha)(Beta) 20S diasterane
t 24-ethyl-13(Alpha)(H),17(Beta)(H)-diacholestane (20R) C(29)(Alpha)(Beta) 20R diasterane
u 24-ethyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Alpha),(H)17(Alpha) (H)-cholestane (20S) C(29)(Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20S sterane
v 24-ethyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Beta)(H),17(Beta)(H)-cholestane (20R) C(29) (Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) 20R sterane
w 24-ethyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Beta)(H),17(Beta)(H)-cholestane (20S) C(29)(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta)20S sterane
x 24-ethyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Alpha)(H), 17(Alpha)(H)-cholestane (20R) C(29)(Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20R sterane
y 24-n-propyl-13(Beta)(H),17(Alpha)(H)-diacholestane (20S) C(30)(Beta)(Alpha)20S diasterane
z 24-n-propyl-13(Beta)(H),17(Alpha)(H)-diacholestane (20R) C(30)(Beta)(Alpha)20R diasterane
A 24-n-propyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Alpha)(H), 17(Alpha)(H)-cholestane (20S) C(30)(Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20S sterane
B 24-n-propyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Beta)(H), 17(Beta)(H)-cholestane (20R) C(30)(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) 20R sterane
C 24-n-propyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Beta)(H), 17(Beta)(H)-cholestane (20S) C(30)(Alpha)(Beta)(Beta) 20S sterane
D 24-n-propyl-5(Alpha)(H),14(Alpha)(H), 17(Alpha)(H)-cholestane (20R) C(30)(Alpha)(Alpha)(Alpha) 20R sterane
* = isomeric peaks (24S and 24R).
Continued...
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page A3
Table A2 (Continued): Peak assignments for steranes, diasteranes and
methylsteranes in the m/z 217, 218, 259 and 231 mass chromatograms and MRM
chromatograms.
Peak Sterane, diasterane and methylsterane assignments Abbreviation
- ---- ------------------------------------------------- ------------
E 2(Alpha)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (20S) 2(Alpha)-methyl 20S
F 3(Beta)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (20S) 3(Beta)-methyl 20S
G 2(Alpha)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (14(Beta),17(Beta)(H), 2(Alpha)-methyl (Beta)(Beta) 20R
20R)
H 2(Alpha)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (14(Beta),17(Beta)(H), 2(Alpha)-methyl (Beta)(Beta) 20S
20S)
I 3(Beta)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (14(Beta),17(Beta)(H), 3(Beta)-methyl (Beta)(Beta) 20R
20R)
J 3(Beta)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (14(Beta),17(Beta)(H), 3(Beta)-methyl (Beta)(Beta) 20S
20S)
K 4(Alpha)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (20S) 4(Alpha)-methyl 20S
L 4(Alpha)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (14(Beta),17(Beta)(H), 4(Alpha)-methyl (Beta)(Beta) 20R
20R)
M 4(Alpha)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (14(Beta),17(Beta)(H), 4(Alpha)-methyl (Beta)(Beta) 20S
20S)
N 2(Alpha)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (20R) 2(Alpha)-methyl 20R
O 3(Beta)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (20R) 3(Beta)-methyl 20R
P 4(Alpha), 23S, 24S-trimethylcholestane (20R) 4(Alpha),23S,24S dinost 20R
Q 4(Alpha), 23S, 24R-trimethylcholestane (20R) 4(Alpha),23S,24R dinost 20R
R 4(Alpha)-methyl-24-ethylcholestane (20R) 4(Alpha)-methyl 20R
S 4(Alpha), 23R, 24R-trimethylcholestane (20R) 4(Alpha),23R,24R dinost 20R
T 4(Alpha), 23R, 24S-trimethylcholestane (20R) 4(Alpha),23R,24S dinost 20R
dinost = dinosterane isomers
Table A3: Peak assignments for triaromatic steroids in the m/z 231 mass
chromatogram.
Peak Name of Sterane with the Same Side Chain (X) Structure Carbon Number
- ---- ------------------------------------------------------ -------------
1 pregnane (X = ethyl) 20
2 20-methylpregnane (X = 2-propyl) 21
3 20-ethylpregnanes (X = 2-butyl)* 22
4 cholestane (20S) 26
5 cholestane (20R) + ergostane (20S) 26, 27
6 24-ethylcholestane (20S) 28
7 24-methylcholestane (20R) 27
8 24-ethylcholestane (20R) 28
9 24-n-propylcholestane (20S)** 29
10 24-n-propylcholestane (20R) 29
* = epimeric peaks a and b at C(20).
** = epimeric peaks a and b at C(24).
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page A4
Table A4: Peak abbreviations for the aromatic hydrocarbons, with diagnostic m/z
ions.
Aromatic compound assignment Abbreviation Ion
- ---------------------------- ------------ ---
Ethylbenzene EB 106
meta- and para-Xylene m-+p-xylene 106
ortho-Xylene o-xylene 106
Isopropylbenzene iPB 120
n-Propylbenzene nPB 120
1-Methyl-3-ethylbenzene 1M3EB 120
1-Methyl-4-ethylbenzene 1M4EB 120
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-TMB 120
1-Methyl-2-ethylbenzene 1M2EB 120
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-TMB 120
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,3-TMB 120
Isobutylbenzene iBB 134
sec-Butylbenzene sBB 134
1-Methyl-3-isopropylbenzene 1M3IB 134
1-Methyl-4-isopropylbenzene 1M4IB 134
1-Methyl-2-isopropylbenzene 1M2IB 134
1,3-Diethylbenzene 1,3-DEB 134
1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1M3PB 134
1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene 1M4PB 134
1,4-Diethylbenzene 1,4-DEB 134
n-Butylbenzene nBB 134
1,2-Diethylbenzene 1,2-DEB 134
1,3-Dimethyl-5-ethylbenzene 1,3-D5EB 134
1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1M2PB 134
1,4-Dimethyl-2-ethylbenzene 1,4-D2EB 134
1,3-Dimethyl-4-ethylbenzene 1,3-D4EB 134
1,2-Dimethyl-4-ethylbenzene 1,2-D4EB 134
1,3-Dimethyl-2-ethylbenzene 1,3-D2EB 134
1,2-Dimethyl-3-ethylbenzene 1,2-D3EB 134
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-TeMB 134
1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-TeMB 134
1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,4-TeMB 134
Continued...
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page A5
Table A4 (Continued): Peak abbreviations for the aromatic hydrocarbons, with the
diagnostic m/z ions.
Aromatic compound assignment Abbreviation Ion
- ---------------------------- ------------ ---
Naphthalene N 128
2-Methylnaphthalene 2-MN 142
1-Methylnaphthalene 1-MN 142
2-Ethylnaphthalene 2-EN 156
1-Ethylnaphthalene 1-EN 156
2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-DMN 156
2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,7-DMN 156
1,3- and 1,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,3- and 1,7-DMN 156
1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,6-DMN 156
1,4- and 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4- and 2,3-DMN 156
1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,5-DMN 156
1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,2-DMN 156
1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,8-DMN 156
1,3,7-Trimethylnaphthalene 1,3,7-TMN 170
1,3,6-Trimethylnaphthalene 1,3,6-TMN 170
1,3,5- and 1,4,6-Trimethylnaphthalene 1,3,5- and 1,4,6-TMN 170
2,3,6-Trimethylnaphthalene 2,3,6-TMN 170
1,2,7-Trimethylnaphthalene 1,2,7-TMN 170
1,6,7-Trimethylnaphthalene 1,6,7-TMN 170
1,2,6-Trimethylnaphthalene 1,2,6-TMN 170
1,2,4-Trimethylnaphthalene 1,2,4-TMN 170
1,2,5-Trimethylnaphthalene 1,2,5-TMN 170
1,2,3-Trimethylnaphthalene 1,2,3-TMN 170
1,3,6,7-Tetramethylnaphthalene 1,3,6,7-TeMN 184
1,2,4,6-, 1,2,4,7- and 1,2,4,6-, 1,2,4,7- and 184
1,4,6,7-Tetramethylnaphthalene 1,4,6,7-TeMN
1,2,5,7-Tetramethylnaphthalene 1,2,5,7-TeMN 184
2,3,6,7-Tetramethylnaphthalene 2,3,6,7-TeMN 184
1,2,6,7-Tetramethylnaphthalene 1,2,6,7-TeMN 184
1,2,3,7-Tetramethylnaphthalene 1,2,3,7-TeMN 184
1,2,3,6-Tetramethylnaphthalene 1,2,3,6-TeMN 184
1,2,5,6- and 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylnaphthalene 1,3,6,7- and 1,2,3,5-TeMN 184
Continued...
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page A6
Table A4 (Continued): Peak abbreviations for the aromatic hydrocarbons, with the
diagnostic m/z ions.
Aromatic compound assignment Abbreviation Ion
- ---------------------------- ------------ ---
1,2,4,6,7-Pentamethylnaphthalenes 1,2,4,6,7-PMN 198
1,2,3,5,7-Pentamethylnaphthalenes 1,2,3,5,7-PMN 198
1,2,3,6,7-Pentamethylnaphthalenes 1,2,3,6,7-PMN 198
1,2,3,5,6-Pentamethylnaphthalenes 1,2,3,5,6-PMN 198
Phenanthrene P 178
3-Methylphenanthrene 3-MP 192
2-Methylphenanthrene 2-MP 192
9-Methylphenanthrene 9-MP 192
1-Methylphenanthrene 1-MP 192
3-Ethylphenanthrene 3-EP 206
9-, 2- and 1 + Ethylphenanthrene + 9-EP, 2-EP, 1-EP, 3,6-DMP 206
3,6-Dimethylphenanthene
3,5- and 2,6-Dimethylphenanthrene 3,5- and 2,6-DMP 206
2,7-Dimethylphenanthrene 2,7-DMP 206
1,3-, 3,9-, 2,10- and 3,10-Dimethylphenanthrene 1,3-, 3,9-, 2,10- and 3,10- 206
1,6-, 2,9- and 2,5-Dimethylphenanthrene 1,6-, 2,9- and 2,5-DMP 206
1,7-Dimethylphenanthrene 1,7-DMP 206
2,3-, 1,9-, 4,9- and 4,10-Dimethylphenanthrene 2,3-, 1,9-, 4,9- and 4,10-DMP 206
1,8-Dimethylphenanthrene 1,8-DMP 206
1,2-Dimethylphenanthrene 1,2-DMP 206
Trimethylphenanthrenes TMPs 220
Tetramethylphenanthrenes TeMPs 234
1-Isohexyl-2-methyl-6-isopropylnaphthalene i-HMN 197
Biphenyl Bp 154
2-Methylbiphenyl 2-MBp 168
Diphenylmethane DPM 168
3-Methylbiphenyl 3-MBp 168
4-Methylbiphenyl 4-MBp 168
Dibenzofuran DBF 168
2,3'-Dimethylbiphenyl 2,3'-DMBp 182
2,5-Dimethylbiphenyl 2,5-DMBp 182
2,4- + 2,4'-Dimethylbiphenyl 2,4- + 2,4'-DMBp 182
2,3-Dimethylbiphenyl 2,3-DMBp 182
3-Methyldiphenylmethane 3-MDPM 182
4-Methyldiphenylmethane 4-MDPM 182
3-Ethylbiphenyl 3-EBp 182
3,5-Dimethylbiphenyl 3,5-DMBp 182
Continued...
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page A7
Table A4 (Continued): Peak abbreviations for the aromatic hydrocarbons, with the
diagnostic m/z ions.
Aromatic compound assignment Abbreviation Ion
- ---------------------------- ------------ ---
3,3'-Dimethylbiphenyl 3,3'-DMBp 182
4-Ethylbiphenyl 4-EBp 182
3,4'-Dimethylbiphenyl 3,4'-DMBp 182
4,4'-Dimethylbiphenyl 4,4'-DMBp 182
Fluorene Fl 166
2-Methylfluorene 2-MFl 180
3-Methylfluorene 3-MFl 180
1-Methylfluorene 1-MFl 180
4-Methylfluorene 4-MFl 180
Fluoranthene Fa 202
Pyrene Py 202
Methylfluoranthenes MFa 216
2-Methylpyrene 2-MPy 216
4-Methylpyrene 4-MPy 216
1-Methylpyrene 1-MPy 216
Dibenzothiophene DBT 184
4-Methyldibenzothiophene 4-MDBT 198
2-Methyldibenzothiophene 2-MDBT 198
3-Methyldibenzothiophene 3-MDBT 198
1-Methyldibenzothiophene 1-MDBT 198
4-Ethyldibenzothiophene 4-ETDBT 212
4,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 4,6-DMDBT 212
2,4-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 2,4-DMDBT 212
2,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 2,6-DMDBT 212
3,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 3,6-DMDBT 212
3,7-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 3,7-DMDBT 212
1,4-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 1,4-DMDBT 212
1,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 1,6-DMDBT 212
1,8-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 1,8-DMDBT 212
1,3-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 1,3-DMDBT 212
1,9-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 1,9-DMDBT 212
1,2-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 1,2-DMDBT 212
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page A8
APPENDIX B
CN746 (SOLID BITUMEN FROM OUTCROP SAMPLE)
PEAK ASSIGNMENTS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page Bi
[A: FID, ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS CHART]
[B: FID, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS CHART]
Figure B1: Gas chromatograms (FID) for the bitumen outcrop sample (CN746),
showing (a) the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons and (b) the distribution
of aromatic hydrocarbons. UCM = undifferentiated complex mixture.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B1
[A: TIC, ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS CHART]
[B: TIC, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS CHART]
Figure B2: Total ion chromatograms (TIC) for the bitumen outcrop sample (CN746),
showing (a) the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons and (b) the distribution
of aromatic hydrocarbons. Numbers refer to n-alkane chain length, Pr = pristane,
Ph = phytane, iC13 = C(13) isoprenoid, etc.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B2
[N-ALKANES CHART]
[CHART]
Figure B3: Partial m/z 85.10 mass chromatograms for the bitumen outcrop sample
(CN746), showing the distribution of n-alkanes, methylalkanes and isoprenoids.
Numbers refer to n-alkane chain length, Pr = pristane, Ph = phytane, iC13 =
C(13) isoprenoid, etc.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B3
[ISOPRENOIDS CHART]
[CHART]
[CHART]
Figure B4: Partial m/z 113.13 and 125.13 mass chromatograms for the bitumen
outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of isoprenoids and
(Beta)-carotane. Numbers refer to n-alkane chain length, Pr = pristane, Ph =
phytane, iC13 = C(13) isoprenoid, etc.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B4
[N-ALKYLCYCLOHEXANES CHART]
[METHYLALKYLCYCLOHEXANES CHART]
Figure B5: Partial m/z 83.09 and 97.10 mass chromatograms for the bitumen
outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) n-alkylcyclohexanes and
(b) methylalkylcyclohexanes. Numbers refer to n-alkylcyclohexane and
methylalkylcyclohexane chain length. Peaks marked with "x" are due to n-alkane
interference.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B5
[BICYCLIC SESQUITERPANES CHART]
[TRICYCLIC AND TETRACYCLIC TERPANES CHART]
Figure B6: Partial m/z 123.12 and 191.18 mass chromatograms for the bitumen
outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) C(14) to C(16) bicyclic
sesquiterpanes and (b) tricyclic/tetracyclic terpanes. 14b refers to C(14)
bicyclic sesquiterpanes, 19/3 refers to C(19) tricyclic terpane, 24/4 refers to
C24 tetracyclic terpane, and so on. dL = 10 (Beta) (H)-de-A- lupane, dU =
10 (Beta) (H)-de-A-ursane
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B6
[HOPANES CHART]
[DEMETHYLHOPANES CHART]
[METHYLHOPANES CHART]
Figure B7a: Partial m/z 191.18, 177.16 and 205.20 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) hopanes, (b)
demethylhopanes and (c) methylhopanes respectively. Hopane abbreviations are
listed in Table A1, together with identifications of unusual hopanes, hopenes
and oleanenes (a-r).
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B7
[a: TIC CHART]
[CHART]
[CHART]
Figure B7b: Partial TIC, and m/z 191.18 and 410.4 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of unusual hopanes,
hopenes and oleanenes. Data acquired using a magnet scan programme and linear
heating rate. Hopane abbreviations are listed in Table A1, together with
identifications of unusual hopanes, hopenes and oleanenes (a-r).
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B8
[C(27) HOPANES CHART]
[C(28) HOPANES CHART]
[C(29) HOPANES CHART]
Figure B8: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 370.4, 384.4, and 398.4 -- 191.2) for
the bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) C(27), (b)
C(28) and (c) C(29) hopanes. Hopane abbreviations are listed in Table A1.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B9
[C(30) HOPANES CHART]
[C(31) HOPANES CHART]
[C(32) HOPANES CHART]
Figure B9: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 412.4, 426.4, and 440.4 --> 191.2) for
the bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) C(30), (b)
C(31) and (c) C(32) hopanes. Hopane abbreviations are listed in Table A1.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B10
[C(33) HOPANES CHART]
[C(34) HOPANES CHART]
[C(35) HOPANES CHART]
Figure B10: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 454.5, 468.5, and 482.5 --> 191.2)
for the bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) C(33),
(b) C(34) and (c) C(35) hopanes. Hopane abbreviations are listed in Table A1.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B11
[STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[STERANES CHART]
Figure B11: Partial m/z (a) 217.20 and (b) 218.20 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of steranes and
diasteranes. Sterane and diasterane abbreviations are listed in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B12
[DIASTERANES CHART]
[METHYLSTERANES CHART]
Figure B12: Partial m/z (a) 259.24 and (b) 231.21 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of diasteranes and
methylsteranes. Sterane and diasterane abbreviations are listed in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B13
[C(27) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[C(28) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[C(29) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
Figure B13: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 372.4, 386.4, and 400.4 --> 217.2)
for the bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) C(27),
(b) C(28) and (c) C(29) steranes and diasteranes. Sterane and diasterane
abbreviations are listed in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B14
[C(26) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[C(30) STERANES AND DIASTERANES (24-N-PROPYLCHOLESTANES) CHART]
[C(30) METHYLSTERANES CHART]
Figure B14: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 358.4, 414.4 --> 217.2; 414.4 -->
231.2) for the bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a)
C(26) and (b) C(30) steranes and diasteranes, and (c) C(30) methylsteranes.
Sterane, diasterane and methylsterane abbreviations are listed in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B15
[HOPANES CHART]
[STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
Figure B15: Partial added MRM chromatograms for the bitumen outcrop sample
(CN746), showing (a) the distribution of C(27) to C(35) hopanes (m/z 370.4 +
384.4 + 398.4 + 412.4 + 426.4 + 440.4 + 454.4 + 468.4 + 4820.4 --> 191.2), and
(b) the distribution of C(27) to C(29) steranes and diasteranes (m/z 372.4 +
386.4 + 400.4 --> 217.2). Hopane abbreviations are listed in Table A1, sterane
and diasterane abbreviations are listed in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B16
[C(2) ALKYLBENZENES CHART]
[C(3) ALKYLBENZENES CHART]
[C(4) ALKYLBENZENES CHART]
Figure B16: Partial m/z 106.08, 120.09 and 134.11 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) C(2)
(ALKYLBENZENES), (b) C(3) (ALKYLBENZENES) and (c) C(4) (ALKYLBENZENES)
respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B17
[NAPHTHALENE CHART]
[METHYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
Figure B17: Partial m/z 128.06, 142.08 and 156.09 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) naphthalene, (b)
methylnaphthalenes and (c) ethylnaphthalenes and dimethylnaphthalenes
respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B18
[C(3) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
[C(4) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
[C(5) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
Figure B18: Partial m/z 170.11, 184.13 and 198.14 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a)
trimethylnaphthalenes, (b) tetramethylnaphthalenes and (c)
pentamethylnaphthalenes respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B19
[CHART]
[CHART]
[CHART]
Figure B19: Partial m/z 197.13, 183.12 and 198.14 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a)
iso-hexylmethylnaphthalene, and (b) and (c) cadalene.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B20
[PHENANTHRENE CHART]
[METHYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
Figure B20: Partial m/z 178.08, 192.09 and 206.11 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) phenanthrene,
(b) methylphenanthrenes and (c) ethylphenanthrenes and dimethylphenanthrenes
respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B21
[C(3) ALKYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
[C(4) ALKYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
Figure B21: Partial m/z 220.13 and 234.14 mass chromatograms for the bitumen
outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) trimethylphenanthrenes
and (b) retene and tetramethylphenanthrenes. Peak abbreviations are listed in
Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B22
[BIPHENYL CHART]
[METHYLBIPHENYLS, DIPHENYLMETHANE AND DIBENZOFURAN CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLBIPHENYLS AND METHYLDIPHENYLMETHANES CHART]
Figure B22: Partial m/z 154.08, 168.09 and 182.07 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) biphenyl, (b)
methylbiphenyls, diphenylmethane and dibenzofuran, and (c) dimethylbiphenyls,
ethylbiphenyls and methyldiphenylmethanes respectively. Peak abbreviations are
listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B23
[FLUORENE CHART]
[METHYLFLUORENES CHART]
[FLUORANTHENE AND PYRENE CHART]
[METHYLPYRENES AND METHYLFLUORANTHENES CHART]
Figure B23: Partial m/z 166.08, 180.09, 202.08 and 216.09 mass chromatograms for
the bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a) fluorene,
(b) methylfluorenes, (c) fluoranthene and pyrene, and (d) methylfluoranthenes
and methylpyrenes respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B24
[DIBENZOTHIOPHENE CHART]
[METHYLDIBENZOTHIOPHENES CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLDIBENZOTHIOPHENES CHART]
Figure B24: Partial m/z 184.03, 198.05 and 212.07 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen outcrop sample (CN746), showing the distribution of (a)
dibenzothiophene, (b) methyldibenzothiophenes and (c) dimethyldibenzothiophenes
and ethyldibenzothiophenes respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table
A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen sample CN746 from outcrop, Page B25
APPENDIX C
CN383 (SOLID BITUMEN FROM VUG, SUBU-1, 91.24M)
PEAK ASSIGNMENTS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page Ci
[a: FID, ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS CHART]
[b: FID, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS CHART]
Figure C1: Gas chromatograms (FID) for the bitumen from vug sample (CN383,
Subu-1, 91.24m), showing (a) the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons and (b)
the distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons. UCM = undifferentiated complex
mixture.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C1
[a: TIC, ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS CHART]
[b: TIC, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS CHART]
Figure C2: Total ion chromatograms (TIC) for the bitumen from vug sample (CN383,
Subu-1, 91.24m), showing (a) the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons and (b)
the distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons. UCM = undifferentiated complex
mixture.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C2
[N-ALKANES CHART]
[CHART]
Figure C3: Partial m/z 85.10 mass chromatograms for the bitumen from vug sample
(CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of n-alkanes, methylalkanes
and iso-prenoids. Numbers refer to n-alkane chain length, Pr = pristane, Ph =
phytane, iC13 = C13 isoprenoid, etc.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C3
[ISOPRENOIDS CHART]
[CHART]
[CHART]
Figure C4: Partial m/z 113.13 and 125.13 mass chromatograms for the bitumen from
vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of isoprenoids and
B-carotane. Numbers refer to n-alkane chain length, Pr = pristane, Ph =
phytane, iC13 = C(13) isoprenoid, etc.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C4
[n-ALKYLCYCLOHEXANES CHART]
[METHYLALKYLCYCLOHEXANES CHART]
Figure C5: Partial m/z 83.09 and 97.10 mass chromatograms for the bitumen from
vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of (a)
n-alkylcyclohexanes and (b) methylalkylcyclohexanes. Numbers refer to
n-alkylcyclohexane and methylalkylcyclohexane chain length. Peaks marked with
"x" are due to n-alkane interference.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C5
[BICYCLIC SESQUITERPANES CHART]
[TRICYCLIC AND TETRACYCLIC TERPANES CHART]
Figure C6: Partial m/z 123.12 and 191.18 mass chromatograms for the bitumen from
vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of (a) C(14) to
C(16) bicyclic sesquiterpanes and (b) tricyclic/tetracyclic terpanes. 14b
refers to C(14) bicyclic sesquiterpanes, 19/3 refers to C(19) tricyclic terpane,
24/4 refers to C(24) tetracyclic terpane, and so on.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C6
[HOPANES CHART]
[DEMETHYLHOPANES CHART]
[METHYLHOPANES CHART]
Figure C7: Partial m/z 191.18, 177.16 and 205.20 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of (a)
hopanes, (b) demethylhopanes and (c) methylhopanes respectively. Hopane
abbreviations are listed in Table A1.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C7
[C(27) HOPANES CHART]
[C(28) HOPANES CHART]
[C(29) HOPANES CHART]
Figure C8: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 370.4, 384.4, and 398.4 --> 191.2) for
the bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of
(a) C(27), (b) C(28) and (c) C(29) hopanes. Hopane abbreviations are listed in
Table A1.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C8
[C(30) HOPANES CHART]
[C(31) HOPANES CHART]
[C(32) HOPANES CHART]
Figure C9: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 412.4, 426.4, and 440.4 --> 191.2) for
the bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of
(a) C(30), (b) C(31) and (c) C(32) hopanes. Hopane abbreviations are listed in
Table A1.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C9
[C(33) HOPANES CHART]
[C(34) HOPANES CHART]
[C(35) HOPANES CHART]
Figure C10: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 454.5, 468.5, and 482.5 --> 191.2)
for the bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the
distribution of (a) C(33), (b) C(34) and (c) C(35) hopanes. Hopane abbreviations
are listed in Table A1.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C10
[STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[STERANES CHART]
Figure C11: Partial m/z (a) 217.20 and (b) 218.20 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of
steranes and diasteranes. Sterane and diasterane abbreviations are listed in
Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C11
[DIASTERANES CHART]
[METHYLSTERANES CHART]
Figure C12: Partial m/z (a) 259.24 and (b) 231.21 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of
diasteranes and methylsteranes. Sterane and diasterane abbreviations are listed
in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C12
[C(27) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[C(28) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[C(29) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
Figure C13: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 372.4, 386.4, and 400.4 --> 217.2)
for the bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the
distribution of (a) C (27), (b) C (28) and (c) C (29) steranes and diasteranes.
Sterane and diasterane abbreviations are listed in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C13
[C(26) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[C(30) STERANES AND DIASTERANES (24-n- PROPYLCHOLESTANES) CHART]
[C(30) METHYLSTERANES CHART]
Figure C14: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 358.4, 414.4 --> 217.2; 414.4 -->
231.2) for the bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the
distribution of (a) C(26) and (b) C(30) steranes and diasteranes, and (c) C(30)
methylsteranes. Sterane, diasterane and methylsterane abbreviations are listed
in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C14
[HOPANES CHART]
[CHART]
Figure C15: Partial added MRM chromatograms for the bitumen from vug sample
(CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing (a) the distribution of C(27) to C(35) hopanes
(m/z 370.4 + 384.4 + 398.4 + 412.4 + 426.4 + 440.4 + 454.4 + 468.4 + 4820.4 ->
191.2), and (b) the distribution of C27 to C29 steranes and diasteranes (m/z
372.4 + 386.4 + 400.4 --> 217.2). Hopane abbreviations are listed in Table A1,
sterane and diasterane abbreviations are listed in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C15
[C(2) ALKYLBENZENES CHART]
[C(3) ALKYLBENZENES CHART]
[C(4) ALKYLBENZENES CHART]
Figure C16: Partial m/z 106.08, 120.09 and 134.11 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of (a)
C(2) alkylbenzenes, (b) C(3) alkylbenzenes and (c) C(4) alkylbenzenes
respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C16
[NAPHTALENE CHART]
[METHYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
Figure C17: Partial m/z 128.06, 142.08 and 156.09 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of (a)
naphthalene, (b) methylnaphthalenes and (c) ethylnaphthalenes and
dimethylnaphthalenes respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C17
[C(3) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
[C(4) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
[C(5) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
Figure C18: Partial m/z 170.11, 184.13 and 198.14 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of (a)
trimethylnaphthalenes, (b) tetramethylnaphthalenes and (c)
pentamethylnaphthalenes respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C18
[CHART]
[CHART]
[CHART]
Figure C19: Partial m/z 197.13, 183.12 and 198.14 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of (a)
iso-hexylmethylnaphthalene, and (b) and (c) cadalene.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C19
[PHENANTHRENE CHART]
[METHYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
Figure C20: Partial m/z 178.08, 192.09 and 206.11 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of (a)
phenanthrene, (b) methylphenanthrenes and (c) ethylphenanthrenes and
dimethylphenanthrenes respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C20
[C(3) ALKYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
[C(4) ALKYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
Figure C21: Partial m/z 220.13 and 234.14 mass chromatograms for the bitumen
from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of (a)
trimethylphenanthrenes and (b) retene and tetramethylphenanthrenes. Peak
abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C21
[BIPHENYL CHART]
[METHYLBIPHENYLS, DIPHENYLMETHANE AND DIBENZOFURAN CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLBIPHENYLS AND METHYLDIPHENYLMETHANES CHART]
Figure C22: Partial m/z 154.08, 168.09 and 182.07 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of (a)
biphenyl, (b) methylbiphenyls, diphenylmethane and dibenzofuran, and (c)
dimethylbiphenyls, ethylbiphenyls and methyldiphenylmethanes respectively. Peak
abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C22
[FLUORENE CHART]
[METHYLFLUORENES CHART]
[FLUORANTHENE AND PYRENE CHART]
[METHYLPYRENES AND METHYLFLUORANTHENES CHART]
Figure C23: Partial m/z 166.08, 180.09, 202.08 and 216.09 mass chromatograms for
the bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of
(a) fluorene, (b) methylfluorenes, (c) fluoranthene and pyrene, and (d)
methylfluoranthenes and methylpyrenes respectively. Peak abbreviations are
listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C23
[DIBENZOTHIOPHENE CHART]
[METHYLDIBENZOTHIOPHENES CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLDIBENZOTHIOPHENES CHART]
Figure C24: Partial m/z 184.03, 198.05 and 212.07 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from vug sample (CN383, Subu-1, 91.24m), showing the distribution of (a)
dibenzothiophene, (b) methyldibenzothiophenes and (c) dimethyldibenzothiophenes
and ethyldibenzothiophenes respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table
A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from vug, sample CN383, Page C24
APPENDIX D
CN360 (SOLID BITUMEN FROM BLACK SANDSTONE,
SUBU-1, 75.57M)
PEAK ASSIGNMENTS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil solid bitumen geochemistry preliminary report, Page Di
[A: FID, ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS CHART]
[B: FID, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONES CHART]
Figure D1: Gas chromatograms (FID) for the bitumen from the black sandstone
sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing (a) the distribution of aliphatic
hydrocarbons and (b) the distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons. UCM =
undifferentiated complex mixture.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D1
[A: TIC, ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS CHART]
[B: TIC, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS CHART]
Figure D2: Total ion chromatograms (TIC) for the bitumen from the black
sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing (a) the
distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons and (b) the distribution of aromatic
hydrocarbons. UCM = undifferentiated complex mixture.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D2
[N-ALKANES CHART]
[CHART]
Figure D3: Partial m/z 85.10 mass chromatograms for the bitumen from the black
sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the distribution of n-alkanes,
methylalkanes and isoprenoids. Numbers refer to n-alkane chain length, Pr =
pristane, Ph = phytane, iC13 = C13 isoprenoid, etc.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D3
[ISOPRENOIDS CHART]
[CHART]
[CHART]
Figure D4: Partial m/z 113.13 and 125.13 mass chromatograms for the bitumen from
the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the distribution of
isoprenoids and (Beta)-carotane. Numbers refer to n-alkane chain length, Pr =
pristane, Ph = phytane, iC13 = C13 isoprenoid, etc.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D4
[N-ALKYLCYCLOHEXANES CHART]
[METHYLALKYLCYCLOHEXANES CHART]
Figure D5: Partial m/z 83.09 and 97.10 mass chromatograms for the bitumen from
the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the distribution of
(a) n-alkylcyclohexanes and (b) methylalkylcyclohexanes. Numbers refer to
n-alkylcyclohexane and methylalkylcyclohexane chain length. Peaks marked with
"x" are due to n-alkane interference.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D5
[BICYCLIC SESQUITERPANES CHART]
[TRICYCLIC AND TETRACYCLIC TERPANES CHART]
Figure D6: Partial m/z 123.12 and 191.18 mass chromatograms for the bitumen from
the black sandstone sample (CN360. Subu-1. 75.57m), showing the distribution of
(a) C14 to C16 Bicyclic sesquiterpanes and (b) tricyclic/tetracyclic terpanes.
14b refers to c14 bicyclic sesquiterpanes, 16/3 refers to c19 tricyclic terpane,
24/2 refers to c24 tetracyclic terpane. and so on
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D6
[HOPANES CHART]
[DEMETHYLHOPANES CHART]
[METHYLHOPANES CHART]
Figure D7: Partial m/z 191.18, 177.16 and 205.20 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) hopanes, (b) demethylhopanes and (c) methylhopanes
respectively. Hopane abbreviations are listed in Table A1.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D7
[C(27) HOPANES CHART]
[C(28) HOPANES CHART]
[C(29) HOPANES CHART]
Figure D8: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 370.4, 384.4, and 398.4/191.2) for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) C(27), (b) C(28) and (c) C(29) hopanes. Hopane abbreviations
are listed in Table A1.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D8
[C(30) HOPANES CHART]
[C(31) HOPANES CHART]
[C(32) HOPANES CHART]
Figure D9: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 412.4, 426.4, and 440.4/191.2) for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) C(30), (b) C(31) and (c) C(32) hopanes. Hopane abbreviations
are listed in Table A1.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D9
[C(33) HOPANES CHART]
[C(34) HOPANES CHART]
[C(35) HOPANES CHART]
Figure D10: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 454.5, 468.5, and 482.5/191.2) for
the bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) C(33), (b) C(34) and (c) C(35) hopanes. Hopane abbreviations
are listed in Table A1.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D10
[STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[STERANES CHART]
Figure D11: Partial m/z (a) 217.20 and (b) 218.20 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of steranes and diasteranes. Sterane and diasterane abbreviations
are listed in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D11
[DIASTERANES(BA) CHART]
[METHYLSTERANES CHART]
Figure D12: Partial m/z (a) 259.24 and (b) 231.21 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of diasteranes and methylsteranes. Sterane and diasterane
abbreviations are listed in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D12
[C(27) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[C(28) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[C(29) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
Figure D13: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 372.4, 386.4, and 400.4/217.2) for
the bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) C(27), (b) C(28) and (c) C(29) steranes and diasteranes.
Sterane and diasterane abbreviations are listed in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D13
[C(26) STERANES AND DIASTERANES CHART]
[C(30) STERANES AND DIASTERANES (24-n-PROPYLCHOLESTANES) CHART]
[C(30) METHYLSTERANES CHART]
Figure D14: Partial MRM chromatograms (m/z 358.4, 414.4 217.2; 414.4/231.2) for
the bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) C(26) and (b) C(30) steranes and diasteranes, and (c) C(30)
methylsteranes, Sterane, diasterane and methylsterane abbreviations are listed
in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D14
[HOPANES CHART]
[CHART]
Figure D15: Partial added MRM chromatograms for the bitumen from the black
sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing (a) the distribution of C(27)
to C35 hopanes (m/z 370.4 + 384.4 + 398.4 + 412.4 + 426.4 + 440.4 + 454.4 +
468.4 + 4820.4/191.2), and (b) the distribution of C(27) to C(29) steranes and
diasteranes (m/z 372.4 + 386.4 + 400.4/217.2). Hopane abbreviations are listed
in Table A1, sterane and diasterane abbreviations are listed in Table A2.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D15
[C(2) ALKYLBENZENES CHART]
[C(3) ALKYLBENZENES CHART]
[C(4) ALKYLBENZENES CHART]
Figure D16: Partial m/z 106.08, 120.09 and 134.11 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) C(2) alkylbenzenes, (b) C(3) alkylbenzenes and (c) C(4)
alkylbenzenes respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D16
[NAPHTHALENE CHART]
[METHYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
Figure D17: Partial m/z 128.06, 142.08 and 156.09 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) naphthalene, (b) methylnaphthalenes and (c)
ethylnaphthalenes and dimethylnaphthalenes respectively. Peak abbreviations are
listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D17
[C(3) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
[C(4) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
[C(5) ALKYLNAPHTHALENES CHART]
Figure D18: Partial m/z 170.11, 184.13 and 198.14 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) trimethylnaphthalenes, (b) tetramethylnaphthalenes and (c)
pentamethylnaphthalenes respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D18
[CHART]
[CHART]
[CHART]
Figure D19: Partial m/z 197.13, 183.12 and 198.14 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) iso-hexylmethylnaphthalene, and (b) and (c) cadalene.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D19
[PHENANTHRENE CHART]
[METHYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
Figure D20: Partial m/z 178.08, 192.09 and 206.11 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) phenanthrene, (b) methylphenanthrenes and (c)
ethylphenanthrenes and dimethylphenan-threnes respectively. Peak abbreviations
are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D20
[C(3) ALKYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
[C(4) ALKYLPHENANTHRENES CHART]
Figure D21: Partial m/z 220.13 and 234.14 mass chromatograms for the bitumen
from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) trimethylphenanthrenes and (b) retene and
tetramethylphenanthrenes. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D21
[BIPHENYL CHART]
[METHYLBIPHENYLS, DIPHENYLMETHANE AND DIBENZOFURAN CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLBIPHENYLS AND METHYLDIPHENYLMETHANES CHART]
Figure D22: Partial m/z 154.08, 168.09 and 182.07 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) biphenyl, (b) methylbiphenyls, diphenylmethane and
dibenzofuran, and (c) dimethylbiphenyls, ethylbiphenyls and
methyldiphenylmethanes respectively. Peak abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D22
[FLUORENE CHART]
[METHYLFLUORENES CHART]
[FLUORANTHENE AND PYRENE CHART]
[METHYLPYRENES AND METHYLFLUORANTHENES CHART]
Figure D23: Partial m/z 166.08, 180.09, 202.08 and 216.09 mass chromatograms for
the bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) fluorene, (b) methylfluorenes, (c) fluoranthene and pyrene,
and (d) methylfluoranthenes and methylpyrenes respectively. Peak abbreviations
are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D23
[DIBENZOTHIOPHENE CHART]
[METHYLDIBENZOTHIOPHENES CHART]
[C(2) ALKYLDIBENZOTHIOPHENES CHART]
Figure D24: Partial m/z 184.03, 198.05 and 212.07 mass chromatograms for the
bitumen from the black sandstone sample (CN360, Subu-1, 75.57m), showing the
distribution of (a) dibenzothiophene, (b) methyldibenzothiophenes and (c)
dimethyldibenzothiophenes and ethyldibenzothiophenes respectively. Peak
abbreviations are listed in Table A4.
CSIRO Petroleum Interoil, bitumen from black sandstone, sample CN360, Page D24