1 AS FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION ON JULY 24, 1998 REGISTRATION NO. 333- - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 --------------------- FORM S-1 REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 --------------------- INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) DELAWARE 3661 75-2269056 (State or other jurisdiction of (Primary Standard Industrial (I.R.S. employer incorporation or organization) Classification Code number) identification number) WILLIAM H. MINA SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 1255 WEST 15TH STREET, SUITE 600 1255 W. 15TH STREET, SUITE 600 PLANO, TEXAS 75075 PLANO, TEXAS 75075 (972) 578-6100 (972) 578-6100 (Address, including zip code, and telephone number, FACSIMILE: (972) 578-6113 including area code, of the registrant's principal (Name, address, including zip code, and telephone executive offices) number, including area code, of agent for service) Copies to: CARMELO M. GORDIAN, ESQ. KENNETH M. SIEGEL, ESQ. RONALD G. SKLOSS, ESQ. PAUL R. TOBIAS, ESQ. J. MATTHEW LYONS, ESQ. S. DAWN SMITH, ESQ. BROBECK, PHLEGER & HARRISON LLP WILSON SONSINI GOODRICH & ROSATI, 301 CONGRESS AVENUE, SUITE 1200 PROFESSIONAL CORPORATION AUSTIN, TEXAS 78701 650 PAGE MILL ROAD (512) 477-5495 PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA 94304 FACSIMILE: (512) 477-5813 (650) 493-9300 FACSIMILE: (650) 493-6811 --------------------- APPROXIMATE DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF PROPOSED SALE TO THE PUBLIC: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement. If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, check the following box. [ ] If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [ ] ________ If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [ ] ________ If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. [ ] ________ If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, check the following box. [ ] --------------------- CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROPOSED MAXIMUM PROPOSED MAXIMUM TITLE OF EACH CLASS OF AMOUNT TO OFFERING PRICE AGGREGATE AMOUNT OF SECURITIES TO BE REGISTERED BE REGISTERED(1) PER SHARE(2) OFFERING PRICE(2) REGISTRATION FEE - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Common Stock, $0.001 par value..................... 6,612,500 shares $17.00 $112,412,500 $33,162 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) Includes 862,500 shares that the Underwriters have the option to purchase to cover over-allotments, if any. (2) Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(a). --------------------- THE REGISTRANT HEREBY AMENDS THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT ON SUCH DATE OR DATES AS MAY BE NECESSARY TO DELAY ITS EFFECTIVE DATE UNTIL THE REGISTRANT SHALL FILE A FURTHER AMENDMENT THAT SPECIFICALLY STATES THAT THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL THEREAFTER BECOME EFFECTIVE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 8(a) OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR UNTIL THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT SHALL BECOME EFFECTIVE ON SUCH DATE AS THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, ACTING PURSUANT TO SUCH SECTION 8(a), MAY DETERMINE. - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS SUBJECT TO COMPLETION OR AMENDMENT. A REGISTRATION STATEMENT RELATING TO THESE SECURITIES HAS BEEN FILED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION. THESE SECURITIES MAY NOT BE SOLD NOR MAY OFFERS TO BUY BE ACCEPTED PRIOR TO THE TIME THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT BECOMES EFFECTIVE. THIS PROSPECTUS SHALL NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFER TO SELL OR THE SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY NOR SHALL THERE BE ANY SALE OF THESE SECURITIES IN ANY STATE IN WHICH SUCH OFFER, SOLICITATION OR SALE WOULD BE UNLAWFUL PRIOR TO REGISTRATION OR QUALIFICATION UNDER THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY SUCH STATE. SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JULY 24, 1998 5,750,000 SHARES INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. LOGO COMMON STOCK (PAR VALUE $0.001 PER SHARE) --------------------- Of the 5,750,000 shares of Common Stock offered, 4,600,000 shares are being offered hereby in the United States and 1,150,000 shares are being offered in a concurrent international offering outside the United States. The initial public offering price and the aggregate underwriting discount per share will be identical for both offerings. See "Underwriting". Of the 5,750,000 shares of Common Stock being offered, 3,841,870 shares are being sold by the Company and 1,908,130 shares are being sold by the Selling Stockholders. See "Principal and Selling Stockholders". The Company will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the shares being sold by the Selling Stockholders. Prior to the offerings, there has been no public market for the Common Stock of the Company. It is currently estimated that the initial public offering price per share will be between $15.00 and $17.00. For factors to be considered in determining the initial public offering price, see "Underwriting". SEE "RISK FACTORS" COMMENCING ON PAGE 5 FOR CERTAIN CONSIDERATIONS RELEVANT TO AN INVESTMENT IN THE COMMON STOCK. Application will be made to have the Common Stock approved for quotation on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol "INTI", subject to official notice of issuance. --------------------- THESE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED BY THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION NOR HAS THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION PASSED UPON THE ACCURACY OR ADEQUACY OF THIS PROSPECTUS. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE. --------------------- INITIAL PUBLIC UNDERWRITING PROCEEDS TO PROCEEDS TO SELLING OFFERING PRICE DISCOUNT(1) COMPANY(2) STOCKHOLDERS -------------- ------------ ----------- ------------------- Per Share..................... $ $ $ $ Total(3)...................... $ $ $ $ - --------------- (1) The Company and the Selling Stockholders have agreed to indemnify the Underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933. See "Underwriting". (2) Before deducting estimated expenses of $740,000 payable by the Company. (3) The Company has granted the U.S. Underwriters an option for 30 days to purchase up to an additional 690,000 shares at the initial public offering price per share, less the underwriting discount, solely to cover over-allotments. Additionally, the Company has granted the International Underwriters a similar option with respect to an additional 172,500 shares as part of the concurrent International offering. If such options are exercised in full, the total initial public offering price, underwriting discount and proceeds to Company will be $ , $ and $ , respectively. See "Underwriting". --------------------- The shares offered hereby are offered severally by the U.S. Underwriters, as specified herein, subject to receipt and acceptance by them and subject to their right to reject any order in whole or in part. It is expected that certificates for the shares will be ready for delivery in New York, New York, on or about , 1998, against payment therefor in immediately available funds. GOLDMAN, SACHS & CO. DAIN RAUSCHER WESSELS A DIVISION OF DAIN RAUSCHER INCORPORATED HAMBRECHT & QUIST --------------------- The date of this Prospectus is , 1998. 3 [GRAPHIC] [Graphic depicting a human eye, part of a freestanding binocular viewer and the Company's name superimposed upon one another on a multi-colored background.] Text: Upper Left corner of graphic: "An eye for surveillance" Lower Right corner of graphic: "A mind for business" The Company intends to furnish to its stockholders annual reports containing audited financial statements examined by its independent auditors. "GeoProbe", "Spider", "OpenSeven" and the Company's logo are registered trademarks of Inet. This Prospectus also contains trade names, trademarks and service marks of organizations other than the Company, which are the property of their respective owners. Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms "Inet" and the "Company" refer to Inet Technologies, Inc. and its predecessors and consolidated subsidiaries. In this Prospectus, references to "dollars" and "$" are United States dollars. --------------------- CERTAIN PERSONS PARTICIPATING IN THE OFFERINGS MAY ENGAGE IN TRANSACTIONS THAT STABILIZE, MAINTAIN OR OTHERWISE AFFECT THE PRICE OF THE COMMON STOCK, INCLUDING OVER-ALLOTMENT, STABILIZING AND SHORT-COVERING TRANSACTIONS IN SUCH SECURITIES, AND THE IMPOSITION OF A PENALTY BID, IN CONNECTION WITH THE OFFERINGS. FOR A DESCRIPTION OF THESE ACTIVITIES, SEE "UNDERWRITING". 2 4 [DESCRIPTION OF ARTWORK IN FOLDOUT OF INSIDE FRONT COVER] [Graphic depicting the implementation of the Company's Geoprobe and Spectra products within a simplified SS7 network. The elements of the SS7 network are shown from left to right beginning with the Customer A's call routed from its telephone to the central office of the calling party's local telephone company, then to a Signal Transfer Point (STP) where the Geoprobe collects and processes raw signaling data, then to another STP, then to the central office of the receiving party's local telephone company and finally to Customer B's telephone. Spectra is shown implemented at the STP level to conduct diagnostic testing and monitoring of SS7 signals. In the upper right hand corner of the graphic is a photograph of the Spectra.] Text: Text Down Left Margin of Graphic: "The Signaling Network. The Signaling network carries a continuous, two-way stream of diverse messages that simultaneously control all calls, services and elements in a telecommunications network. Some messages carry instructions for individual calls that include dialed digits, call status (busy or available) and the activation and deactivation of special call services. Other messages carry instructions for maintenance functions that include indicators for failed links, overloaded switched and other network conditions that could affect call completion." "The Geoprobe System. 1) Inet's Geoprobe collects all messages directly from the signaling network. 2) The messages are processed at each collection site. Each individual message is organized and connected in sequence with all associated messages. The result - complete, organized and detailed data about every call, service and maintenance condition occurring in the network. 3) The prepared data is made available for advanced processing by surveillance, business and third- party applications within seconds of its collection." "The Spectra. 1) Off Line, the Spectra tests network elements and services in development laboratories. 2) Deployed in a live network, the Spectra can be used as a troubleshooting tool to monitor signaling traffic on connected links." Text at Upper Left Center of Graphic: "Inet provides telecommunications hardware and software to local, long distance, cellular and PCS carriers worldwide. Inet's products help manufacturers and carriers evaluate and improve the performance and revenue potential of signaling networks." Text Below photograph of Spectra: "Conformance Testing, Load Benchmarking, Traffic & Element Emulation, Network Troubleshooting." Text in center of Graphic of certain data obtained by the GeoProbe from a call: "Call Attempt: A to B. Call Time: 03:20:00 AM. Setup Time: 00:00:05. Call Route: NY/Portland. Call Status: Answered. Call Duration: 00:03:36." Heading at bottom of Graphic: "GEOPROBE SURVEILLANCE & BUSINESS OR THIRD-PARTY APPLICATIONS" Text Below Heading at bottom of Graphic: "Surveillance. Helps to ensure that the network is running smoothly and efficiently. Generates alarms and records statistics on network events and conditions. Trouble-shoots network problems quickly. "Fraud Management. Provides a real-time data feed to legacy fraud systems, which detect suspicious activity occurring in the network. Provides an opportunity to reduce revenue lost to wireline and wireless fraud. "Service Quality Assurance. Verifies that customers are receiving a high quality of service, call by call and service by service. Pinpoints network and service usage trends. Preprocesses data for use with external applications. "Marketing. Provides marketing data to help users make decisions regarding growth and element deployment in the network by call volume, customer base and services offered. "Billing. Tracks usage of the signaling network by interconnecting networks. Reconciles revenue between service providers for trunk connectivity, call termination and the delivery of services. "Third-Party Applications. Supports the development of custom software and the formatting of data with Application Programming Interface tools." 5 PROSPECTUS SUMMARY The following summary should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by, the more detailed information and financial data appearing elsewhere in this Prospectus, including the more detailed information and the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Prospectus. Unless otherwise indicated herein, all information in this Prospectus (i) reflects the recent reincorporation of the Company in Delaware and a 10-for-1 split of the Common Stock and (ii) assumes no exercise of the Underwriters' over-allotment options. See "Underwriting". THE COMPANY Inet provides solutions that enable telecommunications carriers to more effectively design, deploy, diagnose, monitor and manage communications networks that carry signaling information used to manage telephone calls. Inet's products also address the fundamental business needs of telecommunications carriers, such as improved billing, targeted sales and marketing, fraud prevention and enhanced call routing. Inet provides these comprehensive solutions primarily through its GeoProbe and Spectra product offerings. The GeoProbe system provides real-time monitoring of Common Channel Signaling System #7 ("SS7") networks and serves as an open platform for business applications developed by Inet, its customers or third parties. GeoProbe's monitoring applications enable early warning of network faults, collection of statistics for performance evaluation, real-time call tracing and troubleshooting. GeoProbe's associated business applications provide fraud detection tools, reconciliation of billing between carriers, service quality reports and marketing data. The Spectra product can be integrated within the GeoProbe platform or used on a stand-alone basis to provide diagnostic, emulation and load generation capabilities for use in the design, deployment, commissioning and diagnosis of signaling networks. Inet's objective is to be the dominant provider of advanced signaling network management solutions and associated business applications for telecommunications networks worldwide. Key elements of Inet's strategy to achieve this objective include expanding its global market share, increasing its domestic sales and penetration of its existing customer base, enhancing its technological leadership position in SS7 network management solutions, expanding its product offerings by leveraging its core competency in SS7, and building relationships with strategic partners. As of June 30, 1998, the Company had sold its solutions to over 300 customers in 40 countries. The Company's target customers include telecommunications network carriers and equipment manufacturers throughout North America, Latin America, Europe and the Asia/Pacific region. To date, the Company's network carrier customers include AT&T, British Telecom, KPN Telecom, MCI, o.tel.o communications, Portugal Telecom, Singapore Telecom, Sprint, SPT Telecom, Telia, Telstra and Worldcom, and its equipment manufacturer customers include DSC Communications, Ericsson, Motorola and Nortel. The Company was incorporated in Texas as "INET, Inc." in 1989 and was subsequently reincorporated in Delaware as "Inet Technologies, Inc." in 1998. The Company's executive offices are located at 1255 West 15th Street, Suite 600, Plano, Texas 75075, and its telephone number is (972) 578-6100. 3 6 THE OFFERINGS Common Stock offered by the Company......................... 3,841,870 shares Common Stock offered by the Selling Stockholders............ 1,908,130 shares Common Stock to be outstanding after the offerings.......... 44,722,450 shares(1) Use of proceeds............................................. For working capital and general corporate purposes, including possible acquisitions. See "Use of Proceeds". Proposed Nasdaq National Market symbol...................... INTI - --------------- (1) Excludes 1,991,000 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of options outstanding at June 30, 1998, with exercise prices ranging from $0.60 to $4.20 per share and with a weighted-average exercise price of $1.66 per share. See "Management -- 1998 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan" and Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA) SIX MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, JUNE 30, --------------------------- ----------------- 1995 1996 1997 1997 1998 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- STATEMENTS OF INCOME DATA: Revenues................................. $17,531 $42,041 $57,701 $25,090 $34,165 Income from operations................... 2,239 13,288 19,096 7,550 10,793 Net income............................... $ 1,659 $ 8,936 $12,714 $ 5,027 $ 7,248 ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= Basic net income per share............... $ 0.04 $ 0.22 $ 0.31 $ 0.12 $ 0.18 Diluted net income per share............. $ 0.04 $ 0.22 $ 0.30 $ 0.12 $ 0.17 Shares used in computing basic net income per share(1)........................... 39,600 40,998 41,244 41,237 41,256 Shares used in computing diluted net income per share(1).................... 41,207 41,451 42,110 41,767 42,665 JUNE 30, 1998 ------------------------ ACTUAL AS ADJUSTED(2) ------- -------------- BALANCE SHEET DATA: Cash and cash equivalents................................... $20,482 $ 76,909 Working capital............................................. 30,679 87,106 Total assets................................................ 49,183 105,610 Stockholders' equity........................................ 36,852 93,279 - --------------- (1) See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the determination of shares used in computing basic and diluted net income per share. (2) Adjusted to give effect to the sale by the Company of 3,841,870 shares of Common Stock in the offerings at an assumed initial public offering price of $16.00 per share (assuming no exercise of the Underwriters' over-allotment options and after deducting the estimated underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company). See "Capitalization" and "Use of Proceeds". 4 7 RISK FACTORS In addition to the other information in this Prospectus, prospective purchasers of the Common Stock offered hereby should consider carefully the following factors in evaluating the Company and its business. All statements, trend analysis and other information contained in this Prospectus relative to markets for the Company's products and trends in revenue, gross margin and anticipated expense levels, as well as other statements, including such words as "anticipate", "believe", "estimate", "expect", "intend", "may", "plan" and "should" and other similar expressions, constitute forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to business and economic risks and uncertainties. The Company's actual results may differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed below as well as those discussed elsewhere in this Prospectus. FLUCTUATIONS IN QUARTERLY FINANCIAL RESULTS The Company has experienced significant fluctuations in quarterly operating results based on a number of factors, many of which are outside the Company's control. Such factors have included the demand for the Company's products and services; the size and timing of specific orders by the Company's customers; the level of product and price competition encountered by the Company; the length of the sales cycle of the Company's products; the Company's ability to develop, introduce and market new products and technologies on a timely basis; the introduction of products and technologies by the Company's competitors; the market acceptance of such new products and technologies; changes in pricing policies by the Company or its competitors; the mix of products and services sold by the Company; the timing of product shipments and product installations by the Company; the capital spending patterns of the Company's customers; the mix of domestic and international sales; and changes in the timing and level of operating expenses. The Company's operating results may fluctuate in the future due to a number of factors, including, but not limited to, those listed above as well as satisfaction of contractual customer acceptance criteria; the amount and timing of recognition of revenues; the relative percentages of products sold through the Company's direct and indirect sales channels; customer order deferrals in anticipation of enhancements or new products offered by the Company or its competitors; competition by existing and emerging competitors; the Company's timing of and investments in research and development activities; the Company's ability to implement its sales and marketing strategy; changes in the cost or availability of materials needed to produce the Company's products; the Company's ability to attract and retain experienced personnel; actual or anticipated changes in government laws and regulations related to the telecommunications market or judicial or administrative actions with respect to such laws or regulations; the nature and pace of enforcement of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (the "Telecommunications Act"); the progress and timing of the privatization of telecommunications markets and the worldwide deregulation of the international telecommunications industry; the Company's ability to control costs; software defects and other product quality problems with the Company's products; intellectual property disputes; changes in the Company's strategy; the extent of consolidation within the telecommunications industry; expansion of the Company's international operations; currency exchange rate fluctuations; and changes in general worldwide economic conditions. Furthermore, a large portion of the Company's operating expenses, including rent, salaries and capital lease expenses, are set based upon expected future revenues. Accordingly, if revenues are below expectations, the Company's operating results are likely to be adversely and disproportionately affected because such operating expenses are not variable in the short term, and cannot be quickly reduced to respond to anticipated decreases in revenues. The amount of revenues associated with particular product sales can vary significantly. If individual, large sales represent a greater percentage of total revenues, as the Company anticipates may happen, the deferral or loss of one or more significant sales could materially adversely affect 5 8 operating results in a particular quarter, particularly if there are significant sales and marketing expenses associated with the deferred or lost sales. The Company's operating results are also likely to fluctuate due to factors which impact the organizations that are likely to be prospective customers of the Company's products. Expenditures by these organizations tend to vary in cycles that reflect overall economic conditions and individual budgeting and buying patterns. The Company's business would be adversely affected by a decline in the economic prospects of its customers or the economy generally, which could alter current or prospective customers' capital spending priorities or budget cycles or extend the Company's sales cycle with respect to certain customers. In addition, the Company's operating results historically have been influenced by certain seasonal fluctuations, with revenues from Spectra tending to be strongest in the fourth quarter of each year. The Company believes that this seasonality has been due to the capital appropriation practices of many of its customers. There can be no assurance that the capital appropriation practices of the Company's customers will not change in the future. As a result of all of the foregoing, the Company believes that future revenues, expenses and operating results are likely to vary significantly from quarter to quarter, and period-to-period comparisons of historical operating results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as any indication of future performance. Moreover, although the Company's revenues have increased in recent periods, there can be no assurance that the Company's revenues will grow in future periods, that they will grow at past rates or that the Company will remain profitable on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. In addition, it is likely that in some future quarters the Company's operating results will be below the expectations of public market analysts or investors. In such event, or in the event that adverse conditions prevail, or are perceived to prevail, with respect to the Company's business or generally, the market price of the Common Stock would likely be materially and adversely affected. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations". DEPENDENCE ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY The Company has derived all of its revenues from sales of products and related services to the telecommunications industry. Intense competition, regulatory and legal uncertainty, rapid technological change and short product life cycles characterize the telecommunications industry. In addition, the telecommunications industry has undergone a period of rapid growth and consolidation during the past few years. The Company's business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected in the event of a significant slowdown in the growth of this industry. Further, consolidations of prospective customers of the Company may delay or cause cancellations of significant sales of the Company's products, which could materially adversely affect the Company's operating results in a particular period. See "Business -- Industry Background". REGULATORY UNCERTAINTIES Growth in the markets for the Company's products has been driven in part by privatization and deregulation of certain telecommunications markets worldwide. Privatization and deregulation have been, and can be expected to continue to be, slow and complicated processes. Any reversal or slowdown in the pace of this privatization or deregulation could have a material adverse effect on the markets for the Company's products. Moreover, the consequences of deregulation are subject to many uncertainties, including judicial and administrative proceedings that affect the pace at which the changes contemplated by deregulation occur, resolution of questions concerning which parties will finance such changes, and other regulatory, economic and political factors. For example, in the U.S. certain litigation is pending which challenges the validity of the Telecommunications Act and the local telephone competition rules adopted by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") to implement the Telecommunications Act. Such litigation may delay implementation of the Telecommunications Act, which could have a material adverse effect on the demand for the 6 9 Company's products. Any invalidation, repeal or modification of the requirements imposed by the Telecommunications Act or the FCC could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the uncertainties associated with deregulation have in the past and could in the future cause customers of the Company to delay purchasing decisions pending the resolution of such uncertainties. See "Business -- Industry Background -- The Telecommunications Industry". LENGTHY SALES CYCLE Sales of the Company's products are made predominately to large telecommunications service providers and involve significant capital expenditures and lengthy implementation processes. Prospective customers generally commit significant resources to an evaluation of the Company's and its competitors' products and require each vendor to expend substantial time, effort and money educating the prospective customer about the value of the vendor's solutions. Consequently, sales to this type of customer generally require an extensive sales effort throughout the customer's organization and final approval by an executive officer or other senior level employee. The Company frequently experiences delays following initial contact with a prospective customer and expends substantial funds and management effort pursuing these sales. Additionally, delays associated with potential customers' internal approval and contracting procedures, procurement practices, testing and acceptance processes are common and may cause potential sales to be delayed or foregone. As a result of these or other factors, the sales cycle for the Company's products is long, typically ranging from six to 24 months for GeoProbe sales and up to six months for occasional, large Spectra sales. Accordingly, the Company's ability to forecast the timing and amount of specific sales is limited, and the deferral or loss of one or more significant sales could materially adversely affect operating results in a particular quarter, particularly if there are significant sales and marketing expenses associated with the deferred or lost sales. See "-- Fluctuations in Quarterly Financial Results" and "Business -- Sales, Marketing and Support -- Sales and Marketing". PRODUCT CONCENTRATION; RELIANCE ON SS7 NETWORKS The Company's two principal products, GeoProbe and Spectra, generated substantially all of the Company's revenues in 1996, 1997 and the six months ended June 30, 1998 and are expected to continue to account for a substantial majority of the Company's revenues for the foreseeable future. As a result, factors adversely affecting GeoProbe and Spectra, such as the condition of the telecommunications market, competition, technological change and disputes regarding proprietary rights utilized in these products, would have a material adverse effect on the pricing of and demand for these products. Any downturn in the demand for either or both of such products would have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in developing any other products or taking any other steps to reduce the risk associated with any slowdown in demand for GeoProbe and Spectra. The Company's products are designed primarily as management solutions for SS7 signaling networks. Inet's future operating results are dependent in significant part on the continued viability and expansion of SS7 signaling networks. There can be no assurance that the market for SS7 management solutions and related applications will continue to grow or remain viable. The Company's business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected if the market for SS7 network solutions fails to grow or grows more slowly than the Company currently anticipates. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Business -- Industry Background". COMPETITION The market for SS7-based telecommunications network management applications is relatively new, intensely competitive, both in the U.S. and internationally, and subject to rapid technological 7 10 change, evolving industry standards and regulatory developments. Competition is expected to persist, intensify and increase in the future. The Company competes with a number of U.S. and international suppliers that vary in size and in the scope and breadth of the products and services offered. GeoProbe principally competes with products offered by Hewlett-Packard Company ("Hewlett-Packard"). Spectra principally competes with products offered by Hewlett-Packard, Tekelec and Tektronix, Inc. ("Tektronix"). Certain of the Company's competitors have, in relation to the Company, longer operating histories, larger installed customer bases, longer-standing relationships with customers, greater name recognition and significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, customer service, public relations, distribution and other resources. Additionally, it is possible that new competitors or alliances among competitors could emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share. As a result, such competitors may be able to more quickly develop or adapt to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, or devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products. Increased competition is likely to result in price reductions, reduced margins and loss of market share. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors or that competitive pressures faced by the Company will not materially adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Business -- Competition". NEED TO MANAGE GROWTH AND EXPANSION The Company has recently experienced rapid and significant growth that has placed, and is expected to continue to place, a significant strain on the Company's management, information systems and operations. For example, the Company's revenues have increased from $12.2 million in 1994 to $57.7 million in 1997 and to $34.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 1998, and the number of its employees has increased from 88 at December 31, 1994 to 230 at December 31, 1997 and to 310 at June 30, 1998. In addition, the Company's executive officers have no experience managing a public company. The Company's ability to effectively manage significant additional growth will require it to improve its financial, operational and management information and control systems and procedures and to effectively expand, train, motivate and manage its employees. The failure to manage growth effectively would have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. The Company anticipates that continued growth, if any, will require it to recruit and hire a substantial number of new employees, particularly sales and marketing personnel and technical personnel with SS7 knowledge and experience, both in the U.S. and internationally. Competition for such personnel is intense, and the Company has at times in the past experienced difficulty in recruiting qualified personnel. The Company historically has filled a portion of its new personnel needs with non-U.S. citizens holding temporary work visas that allow such persons to work in the U.S. for only a limited period of time. Accordingly, any change in U.S. immigration policy limiting the issuance of temporary work visas could adversely affect the Company's ability to recruit new personnel. Furthermore, the addition of significant numbers of new personnel requires the Company to incur significant start-up expenses, including procurement of office space and equipment, initial training costs and low utilization rates of new personnel. There can be no assurance that the Company will successfully recruit additional personnel as needed or that the start-up expenses incurred in connection with the hiring of additional personnel would not materially adversely affect the Company's future operating results. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Business -- The Inet Strategy". DEPENDENCE ON KEY PERSONNEL The Company's future success will depend to a significant extent upon the continued service and performance of a relatively small number of key senior management, technical, sales and marketing personnel, particularly the Company's three founders, Samuel S. Simonian, Elie S. Akilian and Mark A. Weinzierl, none of whom is bound by an employment agreement. The Company's 8 11 success also depends upon its ability to continue to attract, motivate and retain other highly qualified management, technical, and sales and marketing personnel, particularly personnel with SS7 knowledge and experience. The process of locating such personnel with the combination of skills and attributes necessary to implement the Company's strategy is lengthy. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to retain its key personnel or successfully attract, assimilate or retain other sufficiently qualified key personnel in the future. The loss of any existing key personnel or the inability to attract, motivate and retain additional qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Management". RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND DEPENDENCE ON NEW PRODUCTS The market for the Company's products is characterized by rapid technological advances, evolving industry and customer-specific protocol standards, changes in customer requirements and frequent new product introductions and enhancements. The introduction of telecommunications network management products involving superior technologies or the evolution of alternative technologies or new industry protocol standards could render the Company's existing products, as well as products currently under development, obsolete and unmarketable. The Company believes its future success will depend in part upon its ability, on a timely and cost-effective basis, to continue to: enhance the GeoProbe and Spectra products; develop and introduce new products for the telecommunications network management market and other markets; address evolving industry protocol standards and changing customer needs; and achieve broad market acceptance for its products. There can be no assurance the Company will achieve these objectives. The Company's future success will also depend in part on the Company's ability to develop solutions for networks based on emerging technologies (e.g., Asynchronous Transfer Mode and Internet telephony) which are likely to be characterized by continuing technological developments, evolving industry standards and changing customer requirements. There can be no assurance that the Company will successfully develop competitive products for these emerging technologies, and the failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Business -- Products -- Products Under Development" and "-- Research and Development". INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS Revenues from customers located outside of the U.S. represented 32.3%, 49.4%, 52.6% and 49.5% of the Company's total revenues in 1995, 1996, 1997 and the six months ended June 30, 1998, respectively, and international revenues are expected to continue to account for a significant percentage of total revenues for the foreseeable future. Inet believes that continued growth and profitability will require expansion of its sales in international markets. Consequently, the risks associated with international operations could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. RISKS INHERENT IN INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS. There are various risks inherent in international operations, including: management of geographically dispersed operations; longer accounts receivable payment cycles; the ability to establish relationships with government-owned or subsidized telecommunications providers; general economic conditions in each country; currency exchange rate fluctuations; seasonal reductions in business activity particular to certain markets; loss of revenues, property and equipment from expropriation, nationalization, war, insurrection, terrorism and other political risks; the overlap of different tax structures; and involuntary renegotiation of contracts with foreign governments and telecommunications carriers. International expansion of the Company's business will require significant management attention and financial resources. Traditionally, international operations are characterized by higher operating expenses, largely resulting from the establishment of international offices, the hiring of additional personnel, the localization and marketing of products for particular international markets, and the development 9 12 of relationships with international service providers. Moreover, in order to further expand internationally, the Company may be required to establish relationships with additional distributors and third-party integrators. There can be no assurance that the Company will effectively establish such relationships. If international revenues are not adequate to offset the additional expense of expanding international operations, the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. During the last six months of 1997 and continuing into 1998, the Asia/Pacific region has experienced unstable local economies and significant devaluations in local currencies. These instabilities may continue or worsen, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations as approximately 17% of the Company's sales in 1997 were derived from customers located in this region. FOREIGN TAX CONSIDERATIONS. The Company or its subsidiaries generally will be subject to various taxes in foreign countries where the Company operates. The Company's ability to claim a foreign tax credit against its U.S. federal income taxes is subject to a number of limitations, which could result in an effective tax rate on the Company's earnings higher than which may have been experienced without international operations. TECHNOLOGY EXPORT CONSIDERATIONS. The Company relies heavily on equipment incorporating technology that is developed primarily, or in some cases exclusively, in the U.S. The Company's current international expansion plans are dependent upon using this U.S.-developed technology in foreign countries. Export of technology from the U.S. or import into a foreign country may be prohibited or may be subject to duties or other charges of possibly punitive scale, delays from customs brokers or government agencies, and regulatory or similar issues. Problems with technology export could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATIONS. Through June 30, 1998, international sales have been denominated solely in U.S. dollars, and accordingly the Company has not been exposed to fluctuations in non-U.S. currency exchange rates. However, Inet expects that in future periods an increasing portion of international sales may be denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, thereby exposing the Company to gains and losses on non-U.S. currency transactions. The Company may choose to limit such exposure by entering into various hedging strategies. There can be no assurance that any such hedging strategies undertaken by Inet would be successful in avoiding exchange-related losses. There can be no assurance that laws or administrative practices relating to taxation, foreign exchange or other matters of countries in which the Company operates or will operate will not change. Any such change could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations". DEPENDENCE ON SOLE AND LIMITED SOURCE SUPPLIERS; DEPENDENCE ON SUBCONTRACTORS AND LICENSED TECHNOLOGY Certain components used in the Company's GeoProbe and Spectra products are available from only a single supplier or a limited number of sources. At present, the Company's products utilize certain semiconductors that are available from only one manufacturer and other components that are available from a limited number of suppliers. While alternative suppliers have been identified for certain key components, those alternative sources have not been qualified by the Company. The Company's qualification process could be lengthy, and there can be no assurance that additional sources would become available to the Company on a timely basis, or if such sources were to become available, that the components would be comparable in price and quality to the Company's current components. The Company has no long-term agreements with its suppliers and generally makes its purchases with purchase orders on an "as-needed basis". Furthermore, certain 10 13 components require an order lead-time of approximately six months. Other components that currently are readily available may become difficult to obtain in the future. Accordingly, the Company makes advance purchases of certain components in relatively large quantities to ensure that it has an adequate and readily available supply. The Company's failure to order sufficient quantities of these components sufficiently in advance of product delivery deadlines could prevent the Company from adequately responding to unanticipated increases in customer orders. In the past, the Company has experienced delays in the receipt of certain of its key components, which have resulted in delays in product deliveries. There can be no assurance that deliveries of key components and parts will occur in a timely manner in the future. The inability to obtain sufficient key components as required or to develop alternative sources if and as required in the future could result in delays or reductions in product shipments or increases in product costs, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. The Company relies exclusively upon third-party subcontractors to manufacture its subassemblies. The Company has also retained, from time to time, third-party design services in the development of application-specific integrated circuits. The Company's reliance on third-party subcontractors involves a number of risks, including the potential absence of adequate capacity, the unavailability of or interruption in access to certain process technologies, and reduced control over product quality, delivery schedules, manufacturing yields and costs. Shortages of raw materials or production capacity constraints experienced by the Company's subcontractors could negatively affect the Company's ability to meet its production obligations and result in increased prices for affected parts. Any disruption in the Company's relationships with third-party subcontractors and the Company's inability to develop alternative sources if and as required in the future could result in delays or reductions in product shipments or increases in product costs, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Business -- Manufacturing". The Company relies upon certain software that it licenses from third parties, including software that is integrated with the Company's internally developed software and used in its products to perform key functions. There can be no assurance that these third-party software licenses will continue to be available to the Company on commercially reasonable terms. The inability to maintain any such software licenses could result in shipment delays or reductions until equivalent software could be developed or licensed and integrated into the Company's products, which could materially adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Business -- Proprietary Rights". POTENTIAL ACQUISITIONS The Company may in the future pursue acquisitions of businesses, products and technologies, or the establishment of joint venture arrangements, that could complement or expand the Company's business. The negotiation of potential acquisitions or joint ventures as well as the integration of an acquired or jointly developed business, technology or product could cause diversion of management's time and resources. Future acquisitions by the Company could result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, amortization of goodwill and other intangibles, research and development write-offs and other acquisition-related expenses. Further, no assurance can be given that any acquired business or joint venture will be successfully integrated with the Company's operations. If any such acquisition or joint venture were to occur, there can be no assurance that the Company will receive the intended benefits of the acquisition or joint venture. Future acquisitions and joint ventures, whether or not consummated, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. 11 14 PROPRIETARY RIGHTS The telecommunications industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent allegations of patent infringement. The Company has received, and may receive in the future, notices from holders of patents that raise issues as to possible infringement by the Company's products. As the number of telecommunications network management products increases and the functionality of these products further overlaps, the Company believes that it may become increasingly subject to allegations of infringement. To date, the Company has engaged in correspondence with third-party holders of patents as a result of two such notices. The Company believes that its products do not infringe any valid patents cited in the notices received. However, questions of infringement and the validity of patents in the field of telecommunications signaling technologies involve highly technical and subjective analyses. There can be no assurance that any such patent holders or others will not in the future initiate legal proceedings against the Company or that, if any such proceedings were initiated, the Company would be successful in defending against such proceedings. Any such proceeding could be time consuming and expensive to defend or resolve, result in substantial diversion of management resources, cause product shipment delays, or force the Company to enter into royalty or license agreements rather than dispute the merits of any such proceeding initiated against the Company. There can be no assurance that any such royalty or license agreements would be available on terms acceptable to the Company, if at all. Any such claims against the Company, with or without merit, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. The Company's continued success is dependent in part upon its proprietary technology. To protect its proprietary technology, the Company relies on a combination of technical innovation, trade secret, copyright and trademark laws, non-disclosure agreements and, to a lesser extent, patents, each of which affords only limited protection. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect the Company's proprietary rights in the products to the same extent as do the laws of the U.S. Moreover, although the Company holds one U.S. patent, has additional patent applications pending and is in the process of preparing additional patent applications for filing, there can be no assurance that the Company will receive additional patents. Despite the measures taken by the Company, it may be possible for a third party to copy or otherwise obtain and use the Company's proprietary technology and information without authorization. Policing unauthorized use of the Company's products is difficult, and litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce the Company's intellectual property rights. Any such litigation could be time consuming and expensive to prosecute or resolve, result in substantial diversion of management resources, and have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in protecting its proprietary technology or that the Company's proprietary rights will provide a meaningful competitive advantage to the Company. See "Business -- Proprietary Rights". PRODUCT LIABILITY Products as complex as those offered by the Company may contain undetected defects or errors when first introduced or as enhancements are released that, despite testing by the Company, are not discovered until after a product has been installed and used by customers, which could result in delayed market acceptance of the product or damage to the Company's reputation and business. While the Company has on occasion released products containing defects or errors, to date the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations have not been materially adversely affected by products containing defects or errors. The Company attempts to include provisions in its agreements with customers that are designed to limit the Company's exposure to potential liability for damages arising out of defects or errors in or the use of the Company's products. However, the nature and extent of such limitations tend to vary from customer to customer and it is possible that such limitations may not be effective as a result of unfavorable judicial decisions or laws enacted in the future. Although the Company has not experienced any 12 15 product liability suits to date, the sale and support of the Company's products entails the risk of such claims. The Company's defense against such suits in the future, regardless of their merit, could result in substantial expense to the Company, diversion of management time and attention, and damage to the Company's business reputation and its ability to retain existing customers or attract new customers. Any successful product liability claim brought against the Company could materially adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations, particularly given that the Company's products are frequently used by customers in business critical applications. See "-- Year 2000 Compliance" and "Business -- Products -- Products Under Development" and "-- Research and Development". CONTROL BY PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS Upon completion of the offerings, Messrs. Simonian, Akilian and Weinzierl will beneficially own 28.0%, 28.2% and 28.1% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock (27.5%, 27.7% and 27.5%, respectively, if the Underwriters' over-allotment options are exercised in full). Consequently, two or more of such individuals, acting together, will be able to control the outcome of all matters submitted for stockholder action, including the election of the Board of Directors of the Company and the approval of significant corporate transactions, and will effectively control the management and affairs of the Company, which may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company. In addition, Messrs. Simonian, Akilian and Weinzierl will constitute three of the six members of the Board of Directors and will have significant influence in directing the actions taken by the directors. See "Management" and "Principal and Selling Stockholders". YEAR 2000 COMPLIANCE Many currently-installed computer systems and software products are coded to accept only two-digit entries in date code fields. These date code fields will need to accept four-digit entries to distinguish 21st century dates from 20th century dates. As a result, telecommunications equipment, computer systems and/or software used by many companies may need to be upgraded to comply with such "Year 2000" requirements. Significant uncertainty exists in the telecommunications and software industries concerning the potential effects associated with such compliance. The Company believes that the purchasing patterns of customers and potential customers may be significantly affected by Year 2000 issues. Many companies are expending significant resources to correct or replace their current software systems to achieve Year 2000 compliance. These expenditures may result in reduced funds available to purchase products such as those offered by the Company. Many potential customers may also defer purchasing Year 2000 compliant products until they believe it is absolutely necessary, thus resulting in potentially deferred sales. Conversely, Year 2000 issues may cause other companies to accelerate purchases, thereby causing an increase in short-term demand and a consequent decrease in long-term demand for products. Additionally, Year 2000 issues could cause a significant number of companies, including current customers of the Company, to reevaluate their current system needs and as a result consider switching to other systems or suppliers. These Year 2000 issues could materially adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. The products currently offered by the Company have been designed to be Year 2000 compliant, and its current contracts with customers frequently require that the Company warrant Year 2000 compliance. The Company has in the past sold versions of Spectra that are not Year 2000 compliant, and the Company has developed and is offering to customers an upgrade to bring such older versions into compliance with Year 2000 requirements. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that the Company's products, particularly when such products incorporate third-party software, contain all date code changes necessary to ensure Year 2000 compliance. Although the Company has not experienced any Year 2000-related product liability claims or lawsuits to date, the sale and support of products that are not Year 2000 compliant entail the risk of such claims and lawsuits. The Company's defense against any future lawsuits, regardless of their merit, could result 13 16 in substantial expense to the Company as well as the diversion of management time and attention. In addition, Year 2000 product liability claims, regardless of the merit or eventual outcome of such claims, could affect the Company's business reputation and its ability to retain existing customers or attract new customers which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. See "-- Product Liability". For internal software application requirements, the Company utilizes off-the-shelf and custom software developed internally and by third parties. The Company has reviewed its internal management information and other systems in order to identify those products, services or systems that are not Year 2000 compatible. The total cost of these Year 2000 compliance activities is not anticipated to be material to the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations. SECURITY The Company has included security features in certain of its products that are intended to protect the privacy and integrity of customer data. Despite the existence of these security features, the Company's products may be vulnerable to breaches in security due to defects in the security mechanisms, as well as vulnerabilities inherent in the operating system or hardware platform on which the product runs, and/or the networks linked to that platform. Security vulnerabilities, regardless of origin, could jeopardize the security of information stored in and transmitted through the computer systems of the Company's customers. Solving any security problems may require significant capital expenditures and adversely affect the Company's reputation and product acceptance which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. See "-- Product Liability". ANTI-TAKEOVER PROVISIONS Certain provisions of the Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws may have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company or unsolicited acquisition proposals that a stockholder may consider favorable, including provisions: authorizing the issuance of "blank check" preferred stock; providing for a classified Board of Directors with staggered, three-year terms; prohibiting cumulative voting in the election of directors; requiring super-majority voting to effect certain amendments to the Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws; limiting the persons who may call special meetings of stockholders; prohibiting stockholder action by written consent; and establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholders meetings. Certain provisions of Delaware law and the Company's stock incentive plans may also have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company or unsolicited acquisition proposals. See "Management -- 1998 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan" and "Description of Capital Stock -- Certain Anti-Takeover, Limited Liability and Indemnification Provisions". NO PRIOR PUBLIC MARKET FOR THE COMMON STOCK; POSSIBLE VOLATILITY OF SHARE PRICE Prior to the offerings, there has been no public market for the Common Stock and there can be no assurance that an active trading market will develop or be sustained after the offerings. The initial public offering price for the Common Stock will be determined by negotiations among the Company, the Selling Stockholders and the representatives of the Underwriters, and may not be representative of the price that will prevail in the open market. See "Underwriting" for a discussion of the factors to be considered in determining the initial public offering price. Factors that may cause the market price of the Common Stock to fluctuate significantly after the offerings include variations in the Company's results of operations; future sales of additional shares of Common Stock; the announcement of technological innovations or new products by the Company, its competitors and others; market analysts' estimates of the Company's performance; 14 17 and general market conditions. The public markets have experienced volatility that has particularly affected the market prices of securities of many technology companies for reasons that have often been unrelated to operating results. Such volatility may adversely affect the market price of the Common Stock and the Company's visibility and credibility in its markets. POTENTIAL EFFECT OF SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE Sales of a substantial number of shares of Common Stock after the offerings could adversely affect the market price of the Common Stock and could impair the Company's ability to raise capital through the sale of equity securities. Upon completion of the offerings, the Company will have outstanding 44,722,450 shares of Common Stock (45,584,950 shares if the Underwriters' over-allotment options are exercised in full), assuming no exercise of options after June 30, 1998. Of these shares, the 5,750,000 shares offered hereby (6,612,500 shares if the Underwriters' over-allotment options are exercised in full) will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), unless purchased by "affiliates" of the Company as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act ("Rule 144"). The remaining 38,972,450 shares of Common Stock outstanding upon completion of the offerings will be "restricted securities" as that term is defined in Rule 144. Upon the expiration of lock-up agreements between the Company's stockholders and the Underwriters (the "Lock-Up Agreements"), beginning 180 days after the date of this Prospectus, 37,871,500 shares held by certain stockholders of the Company will become eligible for sale pursuant to the volume, manner of sale and notice requirements of Rule 144 and 1,191,950 shares held by certain other stockholders of the Company will become eligible for sale without regard to the volume limitations and manner of sale and notice requirements of Rule 144. In addition, as of June 30, 1998, there were outstanding options to purchase an aggregate of 1,991,000 shares of Common Stock. Pursuant to the lock-up provisions set forth in the stock option agreements used under the Company's 1995 Employee Stock Option Plan, 1,097,000 shares underlying such options will become eligible for sale pursuant to Rule 701 under the Securities Act ("Rule 701") beginning 180 days after the date of this Prospectus, and the remaining 894,000 shares underlying such options will become eligible for sale pursuant to Rule 701 more than 180 days after the date of this Prospectus as such options vest. See "Shares Eligible for Future Sale". IMMEDIATE SUBSTANTIAL DILUTION The initial public offering price will be substantially higher than the book value per share of the outstanding Common Stock. As a result, purchasers of Common Stock in the offerings will incur immediate, substantial dilution. In addition, the Company has issued options to acquire Common Stock at prices substantially below the initial public offering price. To the extent such options are exercised, there will be further dilution. See "Dilution". 15 18 USE OF PROCEEDS Based on an assumed initial public offering price of $16.00 per share, the Company will receive approximately $56.4 million from the sale of shares of Common Stock to be sold by the Company pursuant to the offerings (approximately $69.3 million if the Underwriters' over-allotment options are exercised in full) after deducting the estimated underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The principal purposes of the offerings are to increase the Company's equity capital, to create a public market for the Common Stock, to facilitate future access by the Company to public equity markets, to provide liquidity for certain of the Company's existing stockholders and to provide increased visibility of the Company in a marketplace where many of its competitors are publicly held companies. The Company currently intends to use the net proceeds of the offerings for working capital and general corporate purposes, including financing accounts receivable and capital expenditures made in the ordinary course of its business. The Company may also apply a portion of the proceeds of the offerings to acquire businesses, products and technologies, or enter into joint venture arrangements, that are complementary to the Company's business and product offerings. Although the Company has not identified any specific businesses, products, technologies or joint ventures that it may acquire or enter into, nor are there any current agreements or negotiations with respect to any such transactions, the Company from time to time evaluates such opportunities. Pending such uses, the net proceeds will be invested in government securities and other short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments. The Company will not receive any proceeds from the sale of Common Stock by the Selling Stockholders. DIVIDEND POLICY The Company has not declared or paid any cash dividends on its capital stock since 1993 and does not intend to pay any cash dividends on its Common Stock in the foreseeable future. Future dividends, if any, will be determined by the Board of Directors. The Company's revolving credit facility restricts the payment of cash dividends without the bank's consent. 16 19 DILUTION The net tangible book value of the Company at June 30, 1998 was $36.9 million, or $0.90 per share of Common Stock. Net tangible book value represents the amount of total tangible assets of the Company reduced by the amount of its total liabilities. After giving effect to the Company's sale of 3,841,870 shares of Common Stock in the offerings at an assumed initial public offering price of $16.00 per share (assuming no exercise of the Underwriters' over-allotment options and after deducting the estimated underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company), the Company's pro forma net tangible book value at June 30, 1998 would have been $93.3 million, or $2.09 per share of Common Stock. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $1.19 per share to the Company's existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $13.91 per share to new investors purchasing shares of Common Stock in the offerings. The following table illustrates the per share dilution in net tangible book value to new investors: Assumed initial public offering price per share............. $16.00 Net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 1998..... $ 0.90 Increase per share attributable to new investors.......... 1.19 ------ Pro forma net tangible book value per share after the offerings................................................. 2.09 ------ Dilution per share to new investors in the offerings........ $13.91 ====== The following table sets forth, as of June 30, 1998, the differences in the number of shares purchased, consideration paid and the average price per share paid to the Company by existing stockholders and by investors purchasing shares of Common Stock in the offerings at an assumed initial public offering price of $16.00 (assuming no exercise of the Underwriters' over-allotment options and before deducting the estimated underwriting discount and estimated offering expenses): SHARES PURCHASED TOTAL CONSIDERATION -------------------- --------------------- AVERAGE PRICE NUMBER PERCENT AMOUNT PERCENT PER SHARE ---------- ------- ----------- ------- ------------- Existing stockholders(1)... 40,880,580 91.4% $ 37,000 0.1% *(2) New investors(1)........... 3,841,870 8.6 61,469,920 99.9 $16.00 ---------- ----- ----------- ----- Total............ 44,722,450 100.0% $61,506,920 100.0% ========== ===== =========== ===== - --------------- (1) The net effect of sales by the Selling Stockholders in the offerings will be to reduce the number of shares held by existing stockholders to 38,972,450 or 87.1% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding after the offerings, and to increase the number of shares held by new investors to 5,750,000 or 12.9% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding after the offerings. (2) Less than $0.01 per share. The preceding table assumes no exercise of any stock options outstanding as of June 30, 1998. As of June 30, 1998, there were outstanding stock options to purchase a total of 1,991,000 shares of Common Stock, with exercise prices ranging from $0.60 to $4.20 per share and with a weighted-average exercise price of $1.66 per share. To the extent these options are exercised, new investors will experience further dilution. See "Management -- 1998 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan" and Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 17 20 CAPITALIZATION The following table sets forth the capitalization of the Company as of June 30, 1998, and such capitalization as adjusted to reflect the sale by the Company of 3,841,870 shares of Common Stock in the offerings at an assumed initial public offering price of $16.00 per share. See "Use of Proceeds". JUNE 30, 1998 --------------------- ACTUAL AS ADJUSTED ------- ----------- (IN THOUSANDS) Stockholders' equity: Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value, no shares authorized; and 25,000,000 shares authorized and none issued....... $ -- $ -- Common Stock, $0.001 par value, 175,000,000 shares authorized; 40,919,422 shares issued; and 44,722,450 shares issued, as adjusted(1).......................... 41 45 Additional paid-in capital................................ 648 56,854 Treasury stock, at cost (38,842 shares)................... (217) -- Retained earnings......................................... 36,380 36,380 ------- ------- Total stockholders' equity............................. 36,852 93,279 ------- ------- Total capitalization................................... $36,852 $93,279 ======= ======= - --------------- (1) Excludes 1,991,000 shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of options outstanding as of June 30, 1998, with exercise prices ranging from $0.60 to $4.20 per share and with a weighted-average exercise price of $1.66 per share. See "Management -- 1998 Stock Option/ Stock Issuance Plan" and Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 18 21 SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations", the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto and the other financial information included elsewhere in this Prospectus. The statements of income data for the years ended December 31, 1995, 1996 and 1997 and the balance sheet data at December 31, 1996 and 1997 are derived from the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Prospectus which have been audited and reported on by Ernst & Young LLP, independent auditors. The statements of income data for the years ended December 31, 1993 and 1994 and the balance sheet data at December 31, 1993, 1994 and 1995 are derived from financial statements not included herein which have been audited and reported on by Ernst & Young LLP, independent auditors. The statements of income data for the six months ended June 30, 1997 and 1998 and the balance sheet data as of June 30, 1998 have been derived from unaudited interim consolidated financial statements. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring entries) which, in the opinion of the Company's management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. SIX MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, JUNE 30, ----------------------------------------------- ----------------- 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1997 1998 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA) STATEMENTS OF INCOME DATA: Revenues.................................... $12,036 $12,247 $17,531 $42,041 $57,701 $25,090 $34,165 Cost of revenues............................ 3,172 2,358 4,305 11,138 12,579 5,196 7,693 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Gross profit.............................. 8,864 9,889 13,226 30,903 45,122 19,894 26,472 Operating expenses: Sales and marketing....................... 446 1,588 2,699 5,566 7,069 4,015 3,563 General and administrative................ 3,452 3,899 4,323 7,530 14,181 6,045 9,084 Research and development.................. 1,418 2,697 3,965 4,519 4,776 2,284 3,032 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total operating expenses............ 5,316 8,184 10,987 17,615 26,026 12,344 15,679 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Income from operations...................... 3,548 1,705 2,239 13,288 19,096 7,550 10,793 Other income (expense): Interest income........................... 46 24 75 20 147 49 322 Interest expense.......................... (15) (10) (6) (42) (123) (44) -- Other..................................... (14) (17) (5) (6) (8) 2 -- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Income before provision for income taxes.... 3,565 1,702 2,303 13,260 19,112 7,557 11,115 Provision for income taxes.................. 1,235 468 644 4,324 6,398 2,530 3,867 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net income.................................. $ 2,330 $ 1,234 $ 1,659 $ 8,936 $12,714 $ 5,027 $ 7,248 ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= Basic net income per share.................. $ 0.06 $ 0.03 $ 0.04 $ 0.22 $ 0.31 $ 0.12 $ 0.18 Diluted net income per share................ $ 0.06 $ 0.03 $ 0.04 $ 0.22 $ 0.30 $ 0.12 $ 0.17 Shares used in computing basic net income per share(1).............................. 39,600 39,600 39,600 40,998 41,244 41,237 41,256 Shares used in computing diluted net income per share(1).............................. 39,600 39,600 41,207 41,451 42,110 41,767 42,665 DECEMBER 31, --------------------------------------------- JUNE 30, 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- -------- (IN THOUSANDS) BALANCE SHEET DATA: Cash and cash equivalents.............................. $ 243 $ 166 $ 181 $ 742 $ 3,386 $20,482 Working capital........................................ 3,746 4,569 6,130 15,101 24,290 30,679 Total assets........................................... 5,472 7,551 18,641 27,105 38,308 49,183 Stockholders' equity................................... 4,737 5,971 7,629 16,614 29,386 36,852 - --------------- (1) See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the determination of shares used in computing basic and diluted net income per share. 19 22 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto included elsewhere in this Prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to business and economic risks and uncertainties. All statements, trends and other information contained in this Prospectus relative to markets for the Company's products and trends in revenue, gross margin and anticipated expense levels, as well as other statements, including such words as "anticipate", "believe", "plan", "estimate", "expect", "intend", "may" and "should" and other similar expressions, constitute forward-looking statements. The Company's actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including, but not limited to, those set forth under "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Prospectus. OVERVIEW Inet was founded in 1989, and during the early stages of its operations it focused primarily on developing and selling diagnostic tools that addressed a predecessor to the SS7 signaling protocol. As the telecommunications industry increasingly adopted SS7, the Company shifted its focus to developing and deploying SS7-based solutions as well as broadening its product offerings. Spectra was first introduced in December 1990 and is currently in its ninth generation release. Beginning in 1993, the Company focused a significant portion of its product development efforts on developing a complete monitoring and surveillance solution for SS7 networks, culminating in the introduction of GeoProbe in late 1995. The Company continues to focus significant resources on the development of enhancements to Spectra and enhancements and add-on applications to GeoProbe. Historically, the Company has generated substantially all of its revenues from Spectra and GeoProbe. Revenues attributable to Spectra represented a majority of total revenues in 1997. Revenues attributable to GeoProbe represented a majority of total revenues in the six months ended June 30, 1998. Although Inet expects Spectra revenues to continue to represent a significant portion of total revenues for the foreseeable future, Spectra sales are expected to continue to decline as a percentage of total revenues as a result of increasing sales of GeoProbe. The remaining revenues are derived from sales of other products and training, warranty and support services related to the Company's products. Revenues from GeoProbe sales are recognized when the system has been delivered to the customer and installed at the customer's premises. Unbilled receivables represent GeoProbe revenues recognized but not billable pursuant to the individual contract until formal customer acceptance. Formal customer acceptance generally has been received within 60 days of installation. Revenues from sales of Spectra and other products are recognized upon shipment. During the last three years, a substantial and increasing portion of the Company's total revenues were derived from customers located outside of the U.S., and Inet believes that continued growth and profitability will require expansion of its sales in international markets. The Company currently maintains a product support facility and a sales support facility outside London, England and a product development facility in the Republic of Armenia, and expects to establish additional international sales and other offices in the future. Through June 30, 1998, international sales have been denominated solely in U.S. dollars, and accordingly the Company has not been exposed to fluctuations in non-U.S. currency exchange rates. However, Inet expects that in future periods an increasing portion of international sales may be denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, thereby exposing the Company to gains and losses on non-U.S. currency transactions. The Company may choose to limit such exposure by entering into various hedging strategies. There can be no assurance that any such hedging strategies undertaken by Inet would be successful in 20 23 avoiding exchange rate-related losses. For a discussion of a number of other risks associated with international operations, see "Risk Factors -- International Operations". RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the percentage of total revenues represented by certain items reflected in the Company's consolidated statements of income: SIX MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, JUNE 30, ------------------------ ------------- 1995 1996 1997 1997 1998 ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL REVENUES: Revenues............................................ 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Cost of revenues.................................... 24.6 26.5 21.8 20.7 22.5 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Gross profit...................................... 75.4 73.5 78.2 79.3 77.5 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Operating expenses: Sales and marketing............................... 15.4 13.2 12.2 16.0 10.4 General and administrative........................ 24.6 17.9 24.6 24.1 26.6 Research and development.......................... 22.6 10.8 8.3 9.1 8.9 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Total operating expenses.................. 62.6 41.9 45.1 49.2 45.9 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Income from operations.............................. 12.8 31.6 33.1 30.1 31.6 Other income (expense).............................. 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 0.0 0.9 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Income before provision for income taxes............ 13.1 31.5 33.1 30.1 32.5 Provision for income taxes.......................... 3.6 10.2 11.1 10.1 11.3 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Net income.......................................... 9.5% 21.3% 22.0% 20.0% 21.2% ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 1997 AND 1998 REVENUES The Company's revenues increased 36.2% from $25.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 1997 to $34.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 1998, primarily due to increased sales of GeoProbe. International revenues increased in absolute dollars from $13.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 1997 to $16.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 1998, but decreased from 55.0% of total revenues in the 1997 period to 49.5% of total revenues in the 1998 period. COST OF REVENUES Cost of revenues consists primarily of hardware expenses related to the manufacturing of GeoProbe and Spectra. Cost of revenues increased 48.1% from $5.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 1997 to $7.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 1998. Cost of revenues represented 20.7% and 22.5% of total revenues in the six months ended June 30, 1997 and 1998, respectively. The increase in cost of revenues in absolute dollars primarily resulted from increased costs directly associated with an increase in the number of GeoProbe and Spectra units sold. The Company believes that for at least the remainder of 1998, cost of revenues should not vary significantly as a percentage of total revenues from the level experienced in the six months ended June 30, 1998. OPERATING EXPENSES SALES AND MARKETING EXPENSES. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel, travel and facilities expenses related to sales and marketing, distributor commissions and expenses of trade shows and advertising. Such expenses decreased 11.3% from $4.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 1997 to $3.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 1998. The decrease in 21 24 absolute dollars was primarily related to reduced trade show activities and reduced commissions paid to distributors. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of total revenues were 16.0% and 10.4% in the six months ended June 30, 1997 and 1998, respectively. The decrease as a percentage of total revenues during the 1998 period was primarily due to relatively higher growth in total revenues in combination with decreased trade show activities and reduced commissions paid to distributors. The Company believes that sales and marketing expenses will increase, both in absolute dollars and, for at least the remainder of 1998, as a percentage of total revenues from the levels experienced in the six months ended June 30, 1998. GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel, facilities and other costs of the finance, administrative and executive departments of the Company as well as fees and expenses associated with legal and accounting requirements. Such expenses increased 50.3% from $6.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 1997 to $9.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 1998. The increase in absolute dollars was primarily related to increased staffing and related costs associated with the growth of the Company's business during the 1998 period, as well as increased depreciation expense associated with a new management information system. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenues were 24.1% and 26.6% in the six months ended June 30, 1997 and 1998, respectively. The Company anticipates that general and administrative expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future as the Company accommodates its growth, adds related infrastructure and incurs expenses related to being a public company. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES. Research and development expenses have historically consisted primarily of salaries and other compensation expenses associated with the Company's research and development activities. Such expenses increased 32.7% from $2.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 1997 to $3.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 1998, representing 9.1% and 8.9% of total revenues, respectively. The increase in absolute dollars was primarily due to increased staffing and related personnel costs associated with the Company's research and development efforts. The Company expects that research and development expenses in future periods will increase in absolute dollars as these investments are crucial to the Company's ability to evolve its technologies and expand its product offerings to meet its customers' needs. In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 86, software development costs are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established, at which time subsequent costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers. To date, either the establishment of technological feasibility of the Company's products and their general release have substantially coincided or costs incurred subsequent to the achievement of technological feasibility have not been material. As a result, software development costs qualifying for capitalization have been insignificant, and the Company has not capitalized any software development costs. OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) Other income (expense) increased from $7,000 in the six months ended June 30, 1997 to $322,000 in the six months ended June 30, 1998. The increase resulted from increased interest earned on higher balances of cash and cash equivalents resulting from increased cash flow from operations and decreased interest expense due to the repayment of substantially all of the Company's indebtedness in November 1997. PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES The Company recorded income tax expense of $2.5 million and $3.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 1997 and 1998, respectively. The Company's effective income tax rates were 33.5% and 34.8% in the six months ended June 30, 1997 and 1998, respectively. The increase in the 22 25 Company's effective tax rate is due to growth in the Company's net income and a higher percentage of revenues from domestic sources in the six months ended June 30, 1998. YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1995, 1996 AND 1997 REVENUES Total revenues increased 139.8% from $17.5 million in 1995 to $42.0 million in 1996, and increased an additional 37.2% from 1996 to $57.7 million in 1997. The increase from 1995 to 1996 was primarily due to revenues attributable to GeoProbe, which were first recognized in 1996. The increase from 1996 to 1997 was primarily due to increased unit sales of both GeoProbe and Spectra. Revenues from other sources collectively accounted for less than 5% of total revenues in 1996 and 1997. International revenues represented 32.3%, 49.4% and 52.6% of total revenues in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. COST OF REVENUES Cost of revenues increased 158.7% from $4.3 million in 1995 to $11.1 million in 1996, and increased an additional 12.9% from 1996 to $12.6 million in 1997. Cost of revenues represented 24.6%, 26.5% and 21.8% of total revenues in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. The increase both in absolute dollars and as a percentage of total revenues during 1996 primarily resulted from additional start-up manufacturing, materials and integration expenses associated with the initial release of GeoProbe. The decrease as a percentage of total revenues during 1997 primarily resulted from the absence of such start-up expenses as well as a decrease in the cost of semiconductor memory chips. There can be no assurance that additional expenses associated with the initial release of other new products will not be incurred in the future. New product offerings or changes in the Company's product mix can affect the cost of revenues as a percentage of total revenues. OPERATING EXPENSES SALES AND MARKETING EXPENSES. Sales and marketing expenses increased 106.2% from $2.7 million in 1995 to $5.6 million in 1996, and increased an additional 27.0% from 1996 to $7.1 million in 1997. The increase in absolute dollars in 1996 was primarily related to increased commissions paid to distributors, increased staffing as the Company established new domestic sales offices and increased marketing and promotional activities. The increase in absolute dollars in 1997 was primarily related to increased staffing as the Company established new domestic sales offices and increased marketing and promotional activities, partly offset by reduced commissions paid to distributors. Such expenses as a percentage of total revenues were 15.4%, 13.2% and 12.2% in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. The decreases as a percentage of total revenues during 1996 and 1997 were primarily due to relatively higher growth in total revenues. GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES. General and administrative expenses increased 74.2% from $4.3 million in 1995 to $7.5 million in 1996, and increased an additional 88.3% to $14.2 million in 1997. The increases in absolute dollars were primarily related to increased staffing and related costs associated with the growth of the Company's business and, to a lesser extent in 1997, the establishment of bad debt reserves. Such expenses as a percentage of total revenues were 24.6%, 17.9% and 24.6% in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. The decrease as a percentage of total revenues during 1996 was primarily due to relatively higher growth in total revenues and the Company's ability to leverage its base of resources to support a larger organization. General and administrative expenses increased as a percentage of total revenues during 1997 primarily due to increased staffing and related costs incurred in anticipation of future growth and because the Company had not previously established bad debt reserves. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES. Research and development expenses increased 14.0% from $4.0 million in 1995 to $4.5 million in 1996, and increased an additional 5.7% to $4.8 million in 1997. The increases in absolute dollars were primarily due to costs associated with increased staffing dedicated to research and development activities. Such expenses represented 22.6%, 23 26 10.8% and 8.3% of total revenues during 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. The decreases as a percentage of total revenues in 1996 and 1997 were primarily attributable to increased revenues relative to research and development expenditures. OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) Other income (expense) was $64,000, ($28,000) and $16,000 in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. The decrease in 1996 resulted from increased interest expense attributable to additional indebtedness incurred to finance the growth of the Company's business and decreased interest earned on reduced balances of cash and cash equivalents. The increase in 1997 resulted from increased interest earned on higher balances of cash and cash equivalents resulting from increased cash flow from operations, partially offset by increased interest expense attributable to additional indebtedness. PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES The Company recorded income tax expense of $644,000, $4.3 million and $6.4 million in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. The Company's effective income tax rates were 28.0%, 32.6% and 33.5% in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. The effective income tax rate was higher in 1996 and 1997 than in 1995 primarily due to higher levels of income. SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL RESULTS The following tables set forth unaudited consolidated statements of income data for the ten quarters ended June 30, 1998, as well as such data expressed as a percentage of the Company's total revenues for such periods. This data has been derived from unaudited interim consolidated financial statements that, in the opinion of management, have been prepared on a basis consistent with the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere herein and include all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of such information when read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto. The operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period. QUARTER ENDED --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1996 1997 1998 -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------- MAR. 31 JUNE 30 SEPT. 30 DEC. 31 MAR. 31 JUNE 30 SEPT. 30 DEC. 31 MAR. 31 JUNE 30 ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA) Revenues.................... $15,824 $6,349 $ 4,764 $15,104 $11,608 $13,482 $12,136 $20,475 $15,512 $18,653 Cost of revenues............ 5,556 1,306 1,289 2,987 2,580 2,616 3,345 4,039 3,645 4,048 ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Gross profit............... 10,268 5,043 3,475 12,117 9,028 10,866 8,791 16,436 11,867 14,605 ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Operating expenses: Sales and marketing........ 640 989 1,183 2,754 2,109 1,906 1,718 1,336 1,544 2,019 General and administrative........... 1,866 1,654 1,632 2,377 2,951 3,094 3,480 4,655 4,718 4,366 Research and development... 1,202 1,115 1,141 1,062 1,155 1,129 1,293 1,199 1,156 1,876 ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Total operating expenses............... 3,708 3,758 3,956 6,193 6,215 6,129 6,491 7,190 7,418 8,261 ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Income (loss) from operations................. 6,560 1,285 (481) 5,924 2,813 4,737 2,300 9,246 4,449 6,344 Interest income............. 6 6 6 2 31 18 43 55 125 197 Interest expense............ (4) (12) (20) (6) (18) (26) (68) (12) -- -- Other income (expense)...... -- (3) -- (3) 3 (1) -- (9) -- -- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Income (loss) before provision for income taxes...................... 6,562 1,276 (495) 5,917 2,829 4,728 2,275 9,280 4,574 6,541 Provision (benefit) for income taxes............... 2,140 416 (162) 1,930 947 1,583 762 3,106 1,537 2,330 ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net income (loss)........... $ 4,422 $ 860 $ (333) $ 3,987 $ 1,882 $3,145 $ 1,513 $ 6,174 $ 3,037 $ 4,211 ======= ======= ======== ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= Basic net income per share...................... $ 0.11 $ 0.02 $ (0.01) $ 0.10 $ 0.05 $ 0.08 $ 0.04 $ 0.15 $ 0.07 $ 0.10 Diluted net income per share...................... $ 0.11 $ 0.02 $ (0.01) $ 0.10 $ 0.05 $ 0.08 $ 0.04 $ 0.15 $ 0.07 $ 0.10 Shares used in computing basic net income per share(1)................... 40,391 41,200 41,200 41,200 41,224 41,250 41,250 41,250 41,250 41,263 Shares used in computing diluted net income per share(1)................... 41,197 41,200 41,200 41,746 41,756 41,778 42,415 42,491 42,664 42,665 - --------------- (1) See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the determination of shares used in computing basic and diluted net income per share. 24 27 QUARTER ENDED --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1996 1997 1998 -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------- MAR. 31 JUNE 30 SEPT. 30 DEC. 31 MAR. 31 JUNE 30 SEPT. 30 DEC. 31 MAR. 31 JUNE 30 ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL REVENUES: Revenues.................... 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Cost of revenues............ 35.1 20.6 27.1 19.8 22.2 19.4 27.6 19.7 23.5 21.7 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Gross profit............... 64.9 79.4 72.9 80.2 77.8 80.6 72.4 80.3 76.5 78.3 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Operating expenses: Sales and marketing........ 4.0 15.6 24.8 18.2 18.2 14.1 14.1 6.5 9.9 10.8 General and administrative........... 11.8 26.0 34.2 15.8 25.4 23.0 28.6 22.7 30.4 23.4 Research and development... 7.6 17.6 24.0 7.0 10.0 8.4 10.7 5.9 7.5 10.1 Total operating expenses............ 23.4 59.2 83.0 41.0 53.6 45.5 53.4 35.1 47.8 44.3 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Income (loss) from operations................. 41.5 20.2 (10.1) 39.2 24.2 35.1 19.0 45.2 28.7 34.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Interest income............. 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.8 1.1 Interest expense............ (0.0) (0.2) (0.4) (0.0) (0.1) (0.2) (0.6) (0.1) (0.0) 0.0 Other income (expense)...... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Income (loss) before provision for income taxes...................... 41.5 20.1 (10.4) 39.2 24.4 35.1 18.8 45.3 29.5 35.1 Provision (benefit) for income taxes............... 13.6 6.6 (3.4) 12.8 8.2 11.8 6.3 15.1 9.9 12.5 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Net income (loss)........... 27.9% 13.5% (7.0)% 26.4% 16.2% 23.3% 12.5% 30.2% 19.6% 22.6% ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== The Company's operating results historically have been influenced by certain seasonal fluctuations, with revenues from Spectra tending to be strongest in the fourth quarter of each year. The Company believes that this seasonality has been due to the capital appropriation practices of many of its customers. Notwithstanding this historical seasonality, the levels of revenues and net income achieved during the quarter ended March 31, 1996 were disproportionately high relative to the levels of revenues and net income achieved during any other quarter of 1996 primarily due to the initial release of GeoProbe. Except for the quarter ended March 31, 1996, cost of revenues fluctuated between 19.4% and 27.6% of total revenues during the ten quarters ended June 30, 1998. Such costs were 35.1% of total revenues in the quarter ended March 31, 1996 primarily due to additional start-up manufacturing, materials and integration expenses associated with the initial release of GeoProbe. Sales and marketing expenses generally decreased as a percentage of total revenues during each quarter of 1997 primarily due to decreased sales through indirect sales channels, which typically require the payment of higher commissions than sales through the Company's direct sales organization. Sales through indirect sales channels may increase in future periods. General and administrative expenses increased in absolute dollars during each quarter from the quarter ended September 30, 1996 through the quarter ended March 31, 1998. General and administrative expenses fluctuated between 11.8% and 34.2% of total revenues during the ten quarters ended June 30, 1998. The growth of general and administrative expenses in absolute dollars has been primarily due to increases in personnel and related costs required to support the growth of the Company. Such expenses have fluctuated as a percentage of total revenues primarily due to variability in total revenues and because certain of such expenses were incurred in anticipation of future revenues. Research and development expenses in absolute dollars remained relatively flat during the nine quarters preceding the quarter ended June 30, 1998, during which quarter research and development spending increased. However, such expenses fluctuated between 5.9% and 24.0% of total revenues during those periods primarily due to variability in total revenues. The Company expects that research and development expenses in future periods will increase as a percentage of total revenues as these investments are crucial to the Company's ability to evolve its technologies and expand its product offerings to meet its customers' needs. Other than during the quarter ended September 30, 1996, income from operations fluctuated between 19.0% and 45.2% of total revenues during the ten quarters ended June 30, 1998. During the quarter ended September 30, 1996, loss from operations represented 10.1% of total revenues 25 28 primarily due to lower revenues. A large portion of the Company's operating expenses, including rent, salaries and capital lease expenses, are set based upon expected future revenues. Accordingly, if revenues are below expectations, operating results are likely to be adversely and disproportionately affected because such operating expenses are not variable in the short term, and cannot be quickly reduced to respond to anticipated decreases in revenues. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Since its inception, the Company has funded its operations and met its capital expenditure requirements primarily through cash flows from operations and bank borrowings. The Company had working capital of $30.7 million at June 30, 1998, compared with $24.3 million at December 31, 1997. At June 30, 1998, the Company had $20.5 million in cash and cash equivalents, an increase of $17.1 million from $3.4 million in cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 1997. The Company currently maintains a $10.0 million revolving credit facility with a commercial bank that expires in June 2000. Up to $5.0 million of the credit facility may be used to issue letters of credit. At the Company's option, borrowings under the credit facility bear interest at either (i) the bank's prime rate less up to 0.50% or (ii) the London interbank offered rate (LIBOR), as adjusted to meet specified Federal Reserve requirements with respect to Eurocurrency liabilities, plus up to 1.50%. The credit facility is secured by all of the Company's accounts receivable, inventories, property, equipment and investments and contains customary restrictive covenants, including covenants requiring the Company to maintain certain financial ratios and restricts the payment of cash dividends without the bank's consent, and requires the payment of a commitment fee equal to 0.125% of the unused portion of the facility. At June 30, 1998, no amounts were outstanding under the credit facility, and the amount available to the Company, after considering outstanding letters of credit, was $9.4 million. Cash provided by operating activities was $759,000, $1.8 million and $7.7 million in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively, and $1.0 million and $19.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 1997 and 1998, respectively. Operating cash flows have increased primarily due to increased levels of income from operations, offset in 1996 by an increase in trade accounts receivable and a decrease in deferred revenue, and offset in 1997 by increases in trade accounts and unbilled receivables and a decrease in accounts payable. Operating cash flows during the six months ended June 30, 1998 increased primarily due to increased levels of income from operations, an increase in deferred revenue and a decrease in trade accounts and unbilled receivables. Cash used in investing activities was primarily related to purchases of property and equipment, and aggregated $1.0 million, $2.1 million and $3.8 million in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively, and aggregated $1.5 million and $2.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 1997 and 1998, respectively. Financing activities related primarily to proceeds of borrowings and repayment of borrowings and provided cash of $300,000 and $837,000 in 1995 and 1996, respectively, used cash of $1.3 million in 1997 and provided cash of $1.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 1997. At June 30, 1998, the Company did not have any material commitments for capital expenditures. The Company may in the future pursue acquisitions of businesses, products or technologies, or enter into joint venture arrangements, that could complement or expand the Company's business and product offerings. Any material acquisition or joint venture could result in a decrease in the Company's working capital depending on the amount, timing and nature of the consideration to be paid. See "Risk Factors -- Potential Acquisitions". Inet believes that the net proceeds received by the Company from the offerings, together with current cash balances, potential cash flows from operations and available borrowings under its revolving credit facility will be sufficient to meet its anticipated cash needs for working capital, capital expenditures and other activities for at least the next 12 months. Thereafter, if current sources are not sufficient to meet the Company's needs, it may seek additional equity or debt financing. In addition, any material acquisition of complementary businesses, products or technologies or 26 29 material joint venture could require the Company to obtain additional equity or debt financing. There can be no assurance that such additional financing would be available on acceptable terms, if at all. YEAR 2000 COMPLIANCE The products currently offered by the Company have been designed to be Year 2000 compliant, and its current contracts with customers frequently require that the Company warrant Year 2000 compliance. The Company has in the past sold versions of Spectra that are not Year 2000 compliant, and the Company has developed and is offering to customers an upgrade to bring such older versions into compliance with Year 2000 requirements. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that the Company's products, particularly when such products incorporate third-party software, contain all date code changes necessary to ensure Year 2000 compliance. Although the Company has not experienced any Year 2000-related product liability claims or lawsuits to date, the sale and support of products that are not Year 2000 compliant entail the risk of such claims and lawsuits. The Company's defense against any future lawsuits, regardless of their merit, could result in substantial expense to the Company as well as the diversion of management time and attention. In addition, Year 2000 product liability claims, regardless of the merit or eventual outcome of such claims, could affect the Company's business reputation and its ability to retain existing customers or attract new customers which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. For internal software application requirements, the Company utilizes off-the-shelf and custom software developed internally and by third parties. The Company has reviewed its internal management information and other systems in order to identify those products, services or systems that are not Year 2000 compliant. The total cost of these Year 2000 compliance activities is not anticipated to be material to the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations. See "Risk Factors -- Year 2000 Compliance". 27 30 BUSINESS OVERVIEW Inet provides solutions that enable telecommunications carriers to more effectively design, deploy, diagnose, monitor and manage communications networks that carry signaling information used to manage telephone calls. Inet's products also address the fundamental business needs of telecommunications carriers, such as improved billing, targeted sales and marketing, fraud prevention and enhanced call routing. Inet provides these comprehensive solutions primarily through its GeoProbe and Spectra product offerings. The GeoProbe system provides real-time monitoring of Common Channel Signaling System #7 ("SS7") networks and serves as an open platform for business applications developed by Inet, its customers or third parties. GeoProbe's monitoring applications enable early warning of network faults, collection of statistics for performance evaluation, real-time call tracing and troubleshooting. GeoProbe's associated business applications provide fraud detection tools, reconciliation of billing between carriers, service quality reports and marketing data. The Spectra product can be integrated within the GeoProbe platform or used on a stand-alone basis to provide diagnostic, emulation and load generation capabilities for use in the design, deployment, commissioning and diagnosis of signaling networks. Inet's objective is to be the dominant provider of advanced signaling network management solutions and associated business applications for telecommunications networks worldwide. Key elements of Inet's strategy to achieve this objective include expanding its global market share, increasing its domestic sales and penetration of its existing customer base, enhancing its technological leadership position in SS7 network management solutions, expanding its product offerings by leveraging its core competency in SS7, and building relationships with strategic partners. As of June 30, 1998, the Company had sold its solutions to over 300 customers in 40 countries. The Company's target customers include telecommunications network carriers and equipment manufacturers throughout North America, Latin America, Europe and the Asia/Pacific region. To date, the Company's network carrier customers include AT&T, British Telecom, KPN Telecom, MCI, o.tel.o communications, Portugal Telecom, Singapore Telecom, Sprint, SPT Telecom, Telia, Telstra and Worldcom, and its equipment manufacturer customers include DSC Communications, Ericsson, Motorola and Nortel. INDUSTRY BACKGROUND THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY Historically, telecommunications carriers operated in a highly regulated environment with little or no competition. Recently, governments worldwide have begun to deregulate the telecommunications industry in order to reduce costs and improve service. Deregulation has allowed the emergence of many new telecommunications carriers and has increased the level of competition. New entrants to the global telecommunications landscape include competitive long distance and local exchange carriers; competitors to government post, telephone and telegraph companies ("PTTs") outside the U.S.; wireless carriers; resellers such as calling card providers; and Internet telephony providers. Greater competition is forcing telecommunications carriers to differentiate themselves by providing advanced, value-added services and features. Examples of these services include toll-free "800" numbers, prepaid calling cards, Caller ID, customized routing and billing and voice messaging. Carriers in a growing number of markets are also being required to provide Local Number Portability ("LNP"), which enables open access to competitors by allowing telephone numbers to be moved, or "ported", from one carrier to another. 28 31 Telecommunications network architectures have significantly increased in complexity in order to accommodate the functionality requirements of value-added services and LNP. These "intelligent networks" allow various functions and service resources to be created and distributed flexibly throughout the network. For example, intelligent network functions enable carriers to provision, monitor and bill for multiple services in an efficient manner, which reduces cost and increases quality of service to the customer. The growth of intelligent networks, coupled with a significant worldwide increase in demand for telecommunications and Internet-related data services, has resulted in corresponding demand for telecommunications infrastructure and advanced networking technologies, including network management and diagnostic systems. Telecommunications networks operate in real time and are mission-critical to their end users. Thus, telecommunications carriers must provide the very highest quality and reliability of service to remain competitive. SS7 AND MODERN TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK ARCHITECTURES A telecommunications network not only must convey information between points, it also must determine the best routes for connections, control the allocation of resources used to transfer the information and keep transaction records for billing and measurement purposes. A simple telephone call, or other network service such as voice message retrieval or a conference call, involves two types of information: the call content (voice, computer data or video) and information about the call (such as the party initiating the call and the number being called) which is required to connect, manage and bill for the transaction. This information about a telephone call or other service is generally referred to as "signaling". The first generation of telephone networks were designed to pass both call content and signaling over a single internal network path, called a "trunk", from the source of the call to the called destination. Signaling information was passed via audio tones or voltage changes on the telephone line or trunk connection. It became apparent, however, that the "single path" method of transferring both call content and signaling becomes inefficient and unreliable as network traffic grows, leading to network congestion and service quality problems. Single path signaling also lacks flexibility because the control information cannot be separated easily from the call content flowing over a trunk. As a result, advanced services cannot be offered in networks in which single path signaling is used. These problems were first recognized during the 1960s and were subsequently resolved through the development and deployment of "Common Channel Signaling". In Common Channel Signaling, the call content is separated from the signaling information. The signaling information is then passed over an entirely separate path through the carrier's network, while the call content is passed over a trunk. Signaling paths in the network are connected to a set of systems that control and monitor the progress of calls and other transactions and route the signaling information as required. The signaling paths, or "links", and signaling network control systems comprise a separate network infrastructure, called a "signaling network", that operates in parallel with the network of trunks used to convey call content. The technique is called Common Channel Signaling because signaling information for multiple calls passes over a shared, or "common", set of signaling channels. This method of combining signaling information for multiple calls results in much higher overall network efficiency. 29 32 The following illustration depicts a simplified carrier network incorporating Common Channel Signaling: [ILLUSTRATION] [Illustration of two boxes, each representing a telephone switching office, each connected to separate customer telephones. The two switching offices are connected by two lines. The top connecting line depicts the voice path between the two switched offices. A second line depicting the signaling link extends from the bottom of each switching office and connects at a bubble in the center of the illustration depicting the signaling network.] Modern signaling networks are based on a globally standardized architecture and set of protocols called SS7, or sometimes referred to internationally as "C7". Since the mid-1980s, SS7 has been implemented by telecommunications carriers worldwide, including incumbent carriers, emerging competitive service providers, Internet service providers, and wireless carriers. SS7 utilizes digital packet-switching technology and is designed to be robust, flexible, and scalable, enabling telecommunications carriers to provide new services quickly and to optimize the network bandwidth used for trunk connections. When a call is placed, the originating location's call switching equipment uses the SS7 network to "look ahead" and determine whether the destination is busy or otherwise unavailable before allocating a trunk to the call and connecting both parties. The look ahead operation also enables information such as Caller ID to be passed before the call is actually connected. The SS7 network's speed and power allow these operations to occur almost instantly, which significantly reduces the time required to process each call and improves service to the end user. The principal components of an SS7 network are: - SIGNALING SERVICE POINT ("SSP"). A subsystem of a telephone switch that connects to the SS7 network and processes signaling information associated with that particular switch. SSPs are the origination and termination points for SS7 messages in the network. SSPs exchange messages with other SSPs, STPs, and SCPs throughout the network. - SIGNAL TRANSFER POINT ("STP"). A router that controls the flow of messages among the other elements in the SS7 network. An STP may include additional functionality that allows it to access external databases in addition to performing simple routing based on the source and destination address information included in network messages. - SERVICE CONTROL POINT ("SCP"). A database server that provides additional information for call routing, billing and other services. - LINKS. A set of dedicated digital channels through which the SS7 messages flow among SSPs, STPs, SCPs and other devices throughout the network. These are typically 56 or 64 kilobits-per-second (kbps) standard digital connections. 30 33 The following illustration depicts the basic architecture of an SS7 signaling network: [ILLUSTRATION] [Illustration depicting a telephone at the bottom left (labeled 'New York Caller') and a telephone at the bottom right (labeled 'Inet Operator'), each linked linearly to a circle (representing an SSP) and then a box (representing an STP), with each STP connected to a bubble labeled 'Telecommunications Carrier's Network.'] SS7: AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE In order to better illustrate the critical role of the SS7 network in modern telecommunications and to demonstrate the complexity of this network, consider the example of a person in New York who wishes to call the toll-free "800" number for Inet. The caller picks up the telephone and dials 1-800-WOW-INET. At the caller's local phone company's central office, an SSP collects the dialed digits and analyzes them, attempting to determine the destination location. Since the number dialed is an "800" number, the SSP uses the SS7 network to query an SCP database. The SCP translates the "800" number into the local phone number assigned to Inet's headquarters (972-578-6100), and returns the number through the SS7 network back to the SSP. The originating SSP then sends a "call setup" message, indicating the 972 number, to the nearest STP. This STP determines that the call must be routed through the long distance carrier associated with the "800" number, and forwards the message through the particular long distance carrier's STP, which in turn determines that the call should terminate at Inet's office in Plano, Texas. The message is then routed by the long distance company's STP to the local phone company's STP in Dallas, and finally to the SSP at the local central office in Plano that will deliver the call to Inet's internal telephone system. When the SSP in Plano receives the call setup message, it first checks to see if Inet's number is busy. If the number is available to receive a call, the SSP in Plano acknowledges the call setup message by sending an acknowledgement message back to the originating SSP through the SS7 network, and simultaneously sends SS7 messages to set up a voice channel between the two central offices. All of these interactions take place in less than one second. At this point, Inet's phone begins to ring. When Inet's operator answers the phone, the SSP in Plano sends an "answer" message through the SS7 network back to the originating SSP, which completes the voice connection. After both parties hang up the phone and the call ends, additional messages are sent through the SS7 network to close the call, free up the voice trunks, and bill for the call. THE NEED FOR SS7 NETWORK MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS As the example above demonstrates, even a relatively simple transaction like an "800" call requires a sophisticated series of SS7 network operations. Long-distance authorization codes, pre-paid calling cards, cellular phones, LNP and other advanced services increase the number of SS7 31 34 messages required for each network transaction, which in turn tends to increase the number of STPs, SCPs and links required in the network. Each SS7 network typically contains equipment and software manufactured by multiple vendors. Moreover, multiple SS7 networks are connected between carriers, often spanning international boundaries. The entire "network of networks" must operate as a seamless whole, in real time, with a minimal number of errors. Any indication of trouble in the network must be detected and diagnosed as quickly as possible. Network capacity utilization must be monitored continuously for "bottlenecks" and other conditions. To maintain reliability, each new connection between two carriers' networks must be certified and approved by the engineering staffs at both carriers before traffic is allowed to flow through the connection. In the past, when SS7 networks were used exclusively on wireline networks to complete standard telephone calls, it was sufficient for carriers to employ localized diagnostic equipment and a large number of technicians who could be dispatched in reasonable time to any point where trouble was suspected or where new connections were being installed. However, this approach is not readily scalable. It requires significant numbers of personnel with specialized domain expertise and does not adequately provide for diagnosis of network-wide, interrelated conditions that tend to arise in complex environments. The combination of new and different types of interconnected SS7 networks (such as satellite and cellular networks), increased traffic levels and complexity within each SS7 network and strict performance requirements has led to an increased need for systems and software that enable carriers to get a complete picture of all signaling network facilities and monitor any or all SS7 message traffic in real time. Comprehensive network management solutions are required to enable advanced intelligent networks to reach their full potential. There is also a growing need for SS7 network management systems to be fully integrated into the overall collection of systems that manage all aspects of a carrier's operations, such as billing, service order entry, provisioning, repair, and service definition. Seamless integration of SS7 management with applications that enable a carrier to use and leverage the information gathered in its SS7 network allows a carrier to improve its customer service, reduce costs, and increase operational efficiency. To provide a carrier with these advantages, an SS7 network management system must offer a suite of software applications above and beyond more traditional management functions such as monitoring and diagnostics. THE INET SOLUTION Inet provides solutions that enable telecommunications carriers to more effectively design, deploy, diagnose, monitor and manage communications networks that carry signaling information used to manage telephone calls. Inet's products also address the fundamental business needs of carriers, such as improved billing, targeted sales and marketing, fraud prevention and enhanced call routing. Inet provides these comprehensive solutions primarily through its GeoProbe and Spectra product offerings. Inet's GeoProbe system provides real-time, network-wide monitoring and serves as an open platform for business applications developed by Inet, its customers or third parties. GeoProbe's monitoring applications enable early warning of network faults, collection of statistics for performance evaluations, real-time call tracing and troubleshooting. GeoProbe's associated business applications provide fraud detection tools, reconciliation of billing between carriers, service quality reports and marketing data. GeoProbe provides many advantages, including: - GLOBAL NETWORK VIEW. GeoProbe is designed to provide a comprehensive view of a carrier's entire SS7 network. This design ensures that all relevant events and/or signaling throughout the carrier's network, regardless of their point of origin, path and termination point, are properly correlated and processed for presentation to network management systems or personnel. In the absence of such a global approach, carriers must rely on a patchwork of systems scattered throughout their networks in order to diagnose problems. Inet's 32 35 proprietary call tracking technology enables a carrier to reconstruct an entire call and its related transactions at any time during or after the call. Traditional sampling techniques, by contrast, tend to produce erroneous and inaccurate results because collected data is usually incomplete and only local in scope. - REAL-TIME FUNCTIONALITY. GeoProbe is designed to collect, process and present data in real time, even under extreme network load conditions. This key attribute makes real-time management and operation of SS7 networks possible. Without a real-time monitoring system, carrier networks are more vulnerable to overloads, fraud and delayed problem resolution, which can lead to customer dissatisfaction and compromised network integrity. - ADVANCED ENGINEERING AND PLANNING CAPABILITIES. GeoProbe continuously provides an accurate and detailed view of real-time and historical statistics on a carrier's SS7 network usage and the service applications delivered through the network. This allows carriers to implement network designs optimized for cost and performance, and to refine network configuration over time based on changes in demand. For example, a carrier can use data collected by GeoProbe to identify a point in the network that is constricting traffic flow. The carrier can then install additional equipment at that point, increasing the throughput of its entire network. - FAST, COST-EFFECTIVE DIAGNOSTICS. GeoProbe's software applications rapidly isolate problems between interconnected SS7 elements and networks, enabling telecommunications carriers to reduce downtime, maintenance and costs. - REDUNDANCY AND RELIABILITY. GeoProbe is available with various levels of redundancy in order to guard against data loss and help ensure that critical applications remain operational. Available redundancy features include power, interfaces, processors, storage devices and transport network access, and certain business applications such as billing. - VENDOR INDEPENDENCE. All GeoProbe applications are based on data captured directly from the SS7 network, as opposed to information provided in vendor-specific format by individual network elements such as STPs and SCPs. As a result, carriers can use GeoProbe regardless of which vendors' equipment is deployed in their SS7 network. The Spectra product is a vendor-independent tool that provides diagnostic, emulation and load generation capabilities for use in the design, deployment, commissioning and diagnosis of SS7 networks. Spectra can be integrated within the GeoProbe platform or used on a stand-alone basis with a carrier's own equipment. Spectra can also be used by equipment manufacturers to design and test SS7 network equipment. Key benefits of Inet's Spectra product are: - EASE OF USE. Spectra provides a multitude of easy-to-access emulation and diagnostic functions. These capabilities allow testing and troubleshooting personnel to quickly and effectively perform tasks that would otherwise require lengthy set-up times and programming efforts. - COMPREHENSIVE CAPABILITIES. Spectra provides customers with the ability to monitor, emulate and generate signaling data for use in troubleshooting, validation, conformance and regression testing of switches and other network equipment. Spectra's load generation capabilities and multiple emulation functions can test the various layers of the SS7 protocol, up to and including the signaling information involved with complex applications, such as LNP. - MULTIPLE PROTOCOL SUPPORT. Spectra enables network equipment manufacturers and telecommunications carriers to perform end-to-end testing of applications utilizing multiple signaling protocols, such as country-specific variations of SS7. Spectra alleviates the need to use multiple diagnostic tools and provides easy and consolidated access to test results. 33 36 - VERSATILE CONFIGURATION AND COMPATIBILITY WITH GEOPROBE. Inet offers Spectra in a rack-mounted version that supports up to 16 links and a portable version that supports up to eight links. Spectra's versatility is enhanced by its portability and the ability to integrate with the GeoProbe system. Together, GeoProbe and Spectra represent an integrated and comprehensive set of solutions for signaling network design, monitoring, management, testing and diagnosis. THE INET STRATEGY Inet's objective is to be the dominant provider of advanced signaling network management solutions and associated business applications for telecommunications networks. Key elements of Inet's strategy to achieve this objective include: EXPAND GLOBAL MARKET SHARE. The Company is pursuing business in markets throughout the world that are in the process of being deregulated or privatized. The percentage of the Company's revenues attributable to international markets exceeded 50% of its revenues in 1997 and is expected to remain a substantial portion of the Company's revenues going forward. The Company believes that its future growth and profitability require continued expansion in international markets. Inet also selectively pursues incumbent carriers in newly emerging markets and in advanced but monopolistic markets in order to establish its presence in these markets prior to the time at which such a market is deregulated or privatized. The Company intends to expand its international presence by adding offices in key global markets. ACCELERATE DOMESTIC SALES AND INCREASE PENETRATION OF EXISTING CUSTOMER BASE. Inet intends to seek additional revenue opportunities by working closely with its installed customer base to identify opportunities for the sale of additional GeoProbe systems, add-on business applications and other products. Based on experience with its existing customers, the Company believes that achieving early widespread deployment of the GeoProbe in a particular carrier's network provides significant ongoing opportunities for sales of additional GeoProbe systems and add-on applications. The Company is expanding its domestic sales force in order to pursue opportunities with its installed customer base, as well as first-time sales to new customers. ENHANCE TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP POSITION. The Company intends to maintain its position as a technological leader in SS7 network management and associated business solutions. To accomplish this objective, the Company intends to, among other things, continue investing in research and development, including new product development and enhancements to its current products. EXPAND PRODUCT OFFERINGS. Inet believes that it has gained significant expertise in SS7 technologies in the course of the design, development and implementation of its Spectra and GeoProbe product offerings and through its work with its existing customer base. The Company intends to leverage its core competency in SS7 to expand its current product offerings and to develop new product offerings for complementary signaling environments such as ISDN, Asynchronous Transfer Mode and Internet telephony. BUILD RELATIONSHIPS WITH STRATEGIC PARTNERS. Inet intends to build strategic relationships with complementary software vendors and signaling equipment manufacturers worldwide in order to integrate the Company's product offerings with others' products and/or to create joint-marketing opportunities. In addition, the Company intends to augment its sales efforts by establishing and expanding relationships with other telecommunications equipment vendors, systems consulting and integration firms and network management providers. 34 37 PRODUCTS GEOPROBE The GeoProbe system contains the following key elements: - A core hardware platform designed as a scalable, distributed, RISC-based multi-processing data I/O platform, which captures network data traffic and processes that data through multiple software applications. - Advanced SS7 network monitoring software applications. - The Company's OpenSeven application programming interface ("API"), which enables customers and third party developers to customize and extend the features of the system. - A suite of business software applications which enable a carrier to leverage the data collected by the GeoProbe system, such as call billing and usage measurement, customer quality assurance, LNP and traffic engineering. The following illustration depicts the functional architecture of the GeoProbe system: [TARGET CHART] [Illustration of four concentric circles depicting the functional architecture of the GeoProbe system. In the outermost circle (which a legend indicates to be the Business-Level Applications) is text describing the following types of applications: 'Real-Time Fraud Data Feed,' 'Third Party Applications,' 'Marketing Applications,' 'Service Quality Assurance (in beta testing)' and 'Interconnect Billing Reconciliation.' The next circle inward is the interface to the Application Programming Interface tools labeled 'OpenSeven API.' The next inward circle contains the following Surveillance-Level Applications: 'Alarms,' 'Network Performance,' 'Call Completion Stats,' 'Mass Call Detection,' 'Global Call Trace,' 'Service Performance' and 'Signal Unit Storage.'] The GeoProbe system provides a network-wide view regardless of topology or number of protocols in use. GeoProbe passively (i.e., non-intrusively) monitors all messages that flow over each signaling link and can automatically correlate these messages to reconstruct every call in a carrier's network. This capability provides comprehensive call analysis for troubleshooting, problem detection, and network integrity assurance. In addition, the information collected by GeoProbe improves a carrier's ability to optimize its network and provide enhanced services to its customers. GeoProbe provides call data and network status information to users via a graphical user interface and through Web-based reporting applications. GeoProbe displays maps that represent network elements (e.g., SSPs, STPs and SCPs). When failures or user-specified events occur, an icon representing the affected network element changes to alert the user to potential trouble or the 35 38 occurrence of the failure or event. GeoProbe also provides users with a wide range of flexibility to configure their system to set up triggers (i.e., event detection), filters, alarms and statistics. The GeoProbe platform contains three elements: SpIprobes, SpIstations and SpIservers. This modular design accommodates growth in a carrier's network and facilitates the implementation of enhanced features simply by adding processor cards to the SpIprobes or deploying additional SpIstations. The following illustration depicts the elements of the GeoProbe platform in a simplified SS7 network environment: [ILLUSTRATION] [Illustration depicting the elements of the GeoProbe platform in a simplified SS7 network environment. One the left of the graphic is a PC workstation labeled 'SpIstation' contained in a shaded box and denoted as the 'Regional Operations Center(s)'. Below this picture is an elliptical bubble made up of dashed lines and connected to the shaded box by a dashed line. Inside the bubble are the words 'Transport Network (TCP/IP).' Below the bubble is a shaded box also connected to the bubble by dashed lines. Inside the shaded box denoted as the 'Centralized Network Operations Center' is a computer server labeled 'SpIserver' and a PC workstation labeled 'SpIstation.' On the right side of the graphic is a second bubble containing the following elements of the SS7 Network interconnected by solid black lines: STP, SCP, STP and SSP. Also within the second bubble are two SpIprobes, each connected to one of the STPs in the second bubble and also connected by dashed lines to the elliptical bubble on the left side of the graphic.] SPIPROBE. SpIprobes are typically co-located with the carrier's STPs because STPs have the greatest concentration of links and all SS7 messages must traverse through the STPs. The SpIprobe passively monitors each link at each STP site. The SpIprobe contains four primary subsystems: - An Interface subsystem that provides a passive, non-intrusive physical interface to the monitored links. - A Processor subsystem based on RISC architecture that processes data passed from the Interface. - A Controller subsystem that provides command and control for redundancy, communication and other "housekeeping" activities. - A Storage subsystem which provides storage for captured signal units and statistics. SPISERVER. SpIserver is a UNIX-based computer that acts as a central file server for the GeoProbe system. SpIserver is located at the carrier's Network Operations Center and serves as the processing core for the alarm distribution, system configuration and database functions of GeoProbe. SpIservers are scalable so that additional applications and system upgrades can be easily added without the need for additional SpIservers. SPISTATION. SpIstations are UNIX-based workstations that can be located wherever the customer needs network information. Each SpIstation features a graphical user interface through which the user can view network information provided by GeoProbe. This displayed information includes SS7 network configuration and status. GEOPROBE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS. Inet has developed a number of software applications for use with GeoProbe. These applications incorporate Oracle's relational database and the X-Windows OSF/Motif toolkit. In addition, Inet's OpenSeven API provides the carrier's personnel or a third party 36 39 software developer with the ability to expand or customize existing applications or develop new applications to meet their needs. The following applications are available for use in the GeoProbe system: - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ APPLICATION FUNCTIONALITY - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Surveillance Alarms Statistics - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Billing Call billing Usage measurement - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Fraud Management Feed to real-time fraud detection systems - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Marketing Customer quality assurance Local Number Portability Traffic engineering - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Service Quality Assurance Performance monitoring (in beta testing) - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pricing for a GeoProbe system varies based on a number of factors, such as the amount of network traffic, number of links monitored, network configuration, number of protocols present, and number and type of add-on applications. GeoProbe prices generally have ranged from $350,000 to $8.6 million, and in 1997 averaged approximately $1.4 million. GeoProbe system add-ons are priced according to similar metrics. Since 1995, the Company has sold GeoProbe systems to over 30 customers worldwide. SPECTRA Inet's Spectra diagnostic unit, designed to serve either as a stand-alone tool or to be integrated with GeoProbe, provides telecommunications carriers with the ability to quickly and cost-effectively design, deploy and maintain their networks. Spectra offers a wide array of filters, traps, traces and other diagnostic capabilities. Spectra also can be used by equipment manufacturers in the design of new products through its extensive emulation and conformance packages and its ability to simulate network conditions. Spectra is a multi-protocol diagnostic tool targeted to the needs of advanced SS7/C7, PCS, GSM, IS-41, X.25 and ISDN networks and development environments. Spectra is designed for ease-of-use, with an intuitive user interface featuring pop-up menus and single-keystroke commands. Spectra can be configured by the user to change message text and monitoring scenarios and to save commonly used configurations, filters, tests and other settings for quick setup. Spectra translates complex SS7 messages into plain language, and its display format shows network statistics and test results in an easy-to-understand format. Spectra can be purchased in either a portable version, capable of monitoring up to eight full-duplex links, or in a rack-mounted configuration that can monitor up to 16 full-duplex links. Depending on configuration and enhancements, prices for a Spectra unit generally have ranged from $30,000 to $120,000. Since the first Spectra sale in 1990, over 2,000 Spectras have been sold to over 300 customers worldwide. OTHER CURRENT PRODUCTS - SPIDER The Company also produces a wireless modem known as Spider for use by law enforcement, field service, sales force automation and other wireless data applications. One of the most compact wireless CDPD modems on the market today, Spider is a single Type III PCMCIA computer card and does not rely on external power. Spider provides a full duplex, RC4 data-encrypted, 19.2 kbps 37 40 cellular packet data link to LANs, intranets and other networks, including the Internet. Spider comes bundled with management software to enable the user to manage signal strength while simplifying installation and use. PRODUCTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT The Company utilizes a common standards-based open architecture approach in the design of its products. This approach facilitates and accelerates the development of new applications and products and permits the Company to enhance existing products by substituting new hardware or software modules. This modular approach also helps to extend the life cycles of the Company's products, ensure compatibility among successive generations of products and simplify the manufacturing process. Some of the Company's current and planned product development efforts include a number of add-on marketing applications built on its Service Quality Assurance application that will enable carriers to offer improved customizable services to corporate clients; a high speed link interface module for GeoProbe; and an ISDN interface which should be available to address the needs of its current customers to interface with ISPs, in late 1998. Among the enhancements being developed for Spectra are an API to provide access to the new testing automation tools on the market today and a Japanese interface. Products as complex as those currently under development by the Company frequently are subject to delays, and there can be no assurance that the Company will not encounter difficulties that could delay or prevent the successful and timely development, introduction and marketing of these potential new products. Moreover, even if such potential new products are developed and introduced, there can be no assurance that they will achieve any significant degree of market acceptance. Failure to release these or any other potential new products on a timely basis, or failure of these or any other potential new products, if and when released, to achieve any significant degree of market acceptance, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. See "Risk Factors -- Rapid Technological Change and New Products" and "-- Product Liability". CUSTOMERS As of June 30, 1998, the Company had sold versions of its products to over 300 customers in over 40 countries. In 1997, British Telecom accounted for approximately 14% of the Company's revenues. No customer accounted for 10% or more of the Company's revenues in 1996. The Company's target customers include telecommunications network carriers and equipment manufacturers throughout North America, Latin America, Europe and the Asia/Pacific region. 38 41 The following is a list of customers in various market segments which have purchased in excess of $250,000 worth of the Company's products since 1996. LONG DISTANCE CARRIERS (IXCS) WIRELESS CARRIERS PTTS EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS - ------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------- ----------------------- AT&T 3608 Communications British Telecom Ascend MCI Airtouch Cable & Wireless Bellcore Sprint AT&T Wireless KPN Telecom Cisco Worldcom Bell Atlantic Mobile Latvia PTT DSC Bell South Mobility o.tel.o Ericsson LOCAL EXCHANGE CARRIERS Cellular One-Maryland communications Motorola Entel-Chile Portugal Telecom Nortel Brooks Fiber LA Cellular SPT Telecom PT NEC Nusantara Cincinnati Bell Startel Telecom Italia Communication Frontier Telebahia Telia Intermedia Western Wireless Telstra Communications LDI SALES, MARKETING AND SUPPORT SALES AND MARKETING The Company sells the GeoProbe and Spectra to telecommunications carriers and equipment manufacturers globally through both direct and indirect channels. The direct channel is used domestically for both product lines with the Company's sales force structured around a two-tier model -- strategic accounts and geographic accounts. Internationally, the Company uses both channels -- GeoProbe is sold directly and in cooperation with system integrators, distributors and consultants, while Spectra is sold primarily via distributors. The Company maintains six sales offices in the U.S. and a sales support facility outside London, England. The Company plans to open a sales office in Germany in 1998. The GeoProbe sales cycle (excluding the cycle for subsequent applications and enhancements, which varies widely) ranges from six to 24 months between initial customer contact and commitment to purchase. A GeoProbe system requires a relatively large investment and is subject to the attendant delays frequently associated with customers' internal procedures to approve large capital expenditures and lengthy decision-making processes. The sales cycle for GeoProbe can also be expected to be subject to a number of significant risks, including carriers' budgetary constraints and technology assessments and other internal acceptance review over which the Company has little or no control. The sales cycle for Spectra is typically 90 days, consisting mostly of a technical evaluation process. However, the sales cycle for occasional, large Spectra sales can range up to six months. See "Risk Factors -- Lengthy Sales Cycle". The Company's primary marketing activities include raising potential customer awareness of the benefits of actively managed SS7 networks and identification of new opportunities with existing customers. To accomplish these tasks, Inet uses direct sales and marketing efforts, advertising in trade magazines, exhibitions at industry trade shows and presence on the Internet via the Company's website. These activities focus on generating qualified sales leads and demonstration opportunities for the Company's products. The Company provides extensive training and support for its direct sales force and its worldwide distributors, including classroom training, product brochures, demonstration systems and promotional literature. 39 42 SERVICES, SUPPORT AND WARRANTY The Company believes that customer service, support and training are important to building and maintaining strong customer relationships. The Company services, repairs and provides technical support for its products. Support services include 24-hour technical support, remote access diagnostic and servicing capabilities, installation support and advance replacements for emergency situations. The extent and nature of customer interaction with the support organization are shared with the sales organization via a common database. The Company maintains an in-house repair facility and provides on-going telephone assistance to customers from its support center in Plano, Texas. In addition, the Company services its European customers from a product support office outside London, England. As Inet's customers become more geographically diverse, the Company may open service centers in other key locations. The Company typically warrants its products against defects in materials and workmanship for one year after the sale and thereafter offers extended service warranties. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT The Company's product development efforts include expenditures for research and development, new product design and enhancement of existing products. Research and development expenses were $4.0 million, $4.5 million, $4.8 million and $3.0 million in 1995, 1996, 1997 and the six months ended June 30, 1998, respectively. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations". The Company's primary development facilities are located in its Plano, Texas headquarters. In 1997, the Company opened a development facility in the Republic of Armenia, and at June 30, 1998 employed 12 individuals at such facility. The Company believes that recruiting and retaining highly skilled engineering personnel is essential to its success. To the extent that the Company is not successful in attracting and retaining qualified technical personnel, its business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially adversely affected. The Company's products are designed to comply with a significant number of standards and regulations, some of which are evolving as new technologies are deployed. For sales to customers in the U.S., the Company's products must comply with various standards established by Bellcore and the American National Standards Institute. Internationally, the Company's products must comply with standards established by telecommunications authorities in various countries as well as with recommendations of the International Telecommunications Union and the European Telephone Standards Institute. The failure of the Company's products to comply, or delays in compliance, with the various existing and evolving standards could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business and operating results. MANUFACTURING Inet's production process consists of procurement and inspection of components, final assembly, burn-in, quality control testing and packaging. Inet outsources the manufacturing of its hardware to a number of Dallas, Texas-area contract manufacturers. The Company has obtained ISO 9001 certification for in-house processes and has obtained the CE certification for shipments to the European Community. Inet generally uses industry-standard components for its products which are available from multiple sources. However, a few key components are currently available from only a single supplier or a limited number of sources. The Company attempts to minimize the need for these components. If any such components should become unavailable, Inet believes that it could design similar functionality into the product using other components. See "Risk Factors -- Dependence on Sole and Limited Source Suppliers; Dependence on Subcontractors and Licensed Technology". 40 43 COMPETITION The market for SS7-based telecommunications network management applications is relatively new, intensely competitive, both in the U.S. and internationally, and subject to rapid technological change, evolving industry standards and regulatory developments. Competition is expected to persist, intensify and increase in the future. The Company competes with a number of U.S. and international suppliers that vary in size and in the scope and breadth of the products and services offered. GeoProbe principally competes with products offered by Hewlett-Packard. Spectra principally competes with products offered by Hewlett-Packard, Tekelec and Tektronix. Certain of the Company's competitors have, in relation to the Company, longer operating histories, larger installed customer bases, longer-standing relationships with customers, greater name recognition and significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, customer service, public relations, distribution and other resources. Additionally, it is possible that new competitors or alliances among competitors could emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share. As a result, such competitors may be able to more quickly develop or adapt to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements, or devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products. Increased competition is likely to result in price reductions, reduced margins and loss of market share. The Company believes that its ability to compete successfully depends on numerous factors, both within and outside the Company's control, including: responsiveness to telecommunications service providers' needs; the Company's ability to support existing and new industry standards; the development of technical innovations; the attraction and retention of qualified personnel; regulatory changes; the quality, reliability and security of the Company's and its competitors' products and services; sufficient market presence by the Company; the ability to execute a strategy of rapid expansion; ease of use of the Company's products; the pricing policies of the Company's competitors and suppliers; the timing of introductions of new products and services by the Company and its competitors; and general market and economic conditions. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors or that competitive pressures faced by the Company will not materially adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS The telecommunications industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent allegations of patent infringement. The Company has received, and may receive in the future, notices from holders of patents that raise issues as to possible infringement by the Company's products. As the number of telecommunications network management products increases and the functionality of these products further overlaps, the Company believes that it may become increasingly subject to allegations of infringement. To date, the Company has engaged in correspondence with third-party holders of patents as a result of two such notices. The Company believes that its products do not infringe any valid patents cited in the notices received. However, questions of infringement in the field of telecommunications signaling technologies involve highly technical and subjective analyses. There can be no assurance that any such patent holders or others will not in the future initiate legal proceedings against the Company or that, if any such proceedings were initiated, the Company would be successful in defending against such proceedings. Any such proceeding could be time consuming and expensive to defend, prosecute or resolve, result in substantial diversion of management resources, cause product shipment delays, or force the Company to enter into royalty or license agreements rather than dispute the merits of any such proceeding initiated against the Company. There can be no assurance that any such royalty or license agreements would be available on terms acceptable to the Company, if at all. Any such claims against the Company, with or without merit, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. 41 44 The Company's continued success is dependent in part upon its proprietary technology. To protect its proprietary technology, the Company relies on a combination of technical innovation, trade secret, copyright and trademark laws, non-disclosure agreements and, to a lesser extent, patents, each of which affords only limited protection. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect the Company's proprietary rights in the products to the same extent as do the laws of the U.S. Moreover, although the Company holds one U.S. patent, has additional patent applications pending and is in the process of preparing additional patent applications for filing, there can be no assurance that the Company will receive additional patents. Despite the measures taken by the Company, it may be possible for a third party to copy or otherwise obtain and use the Company's proprietary technology and information without authorization. Policing unauthorized use of the Company's products is difficult, and litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce the Company's intellectual property rights. Any such litigation could be time consuming and expensive to prosecute or resolve, result in substantial diversion of management resources, and have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in protecting its proprietary technology or that the Company's proprietary rights will provide a meaningful competitive advantage to the Company. The Company relies upon certain software that it licenses from third parties, including software that is integrated with the Company's internally developed software and used in its products to perform key functions. There can be no assurance that these third-party software licenses will continue to be available to the Company on commercially reasonable terms. The inability to maintain any such software licenses could result in shipment delays or reductions until equivalent software could be developed or licensed and integrated into the Company's products, which could materially adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. EMPLOYEES As of June 30, 1998, the Company had 310 employees, of whom 167 were engaged in product development, 33 were engaged in sales and marketing, 54 were engaged in customer support services, 21 were engaged in manufacturing and 35 were engaged in administrative and other business support functions. The Company believes it has experienced good employee relations to date. FACILITIES The Company is headquartered in Plano, Texas, where it currently leases 67,000 square feet of office space, of which 50,000 square feet are occupied. The Company also leases sales offices in Georgia, New Jersey, Maryland, Illinois and California. Additionally, the Company leases three international offices, two outside of London, England which provide product and sales support to many of the Company's customers located in Europe, and another in the Republic of Armenia which serves as a research and development facility. The Company currently plans to open a sales office in Germany in 1998. Although the Company is evaluating the lease of additional space for its headquarters operations, the Company believes that its existing facilities are adequate for its current needs and that additional space will be available as needed. 42 45 MANAGEMENT DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Set forth below is certain information concerning the directors and executive officers of the Company. NAME AGE POSITION(S) ---- --- ----------- Samuel S. Simonian.......... 43 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director Elie S. Akilian............. 42 Executive Vice President and Director Mark A. Weinzierl........... 34 Executive Vice President, Secretary and Director William H. Mina............. 53 Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Director Robert G. Mechaley, Jr...... 47 Director Nominee SAMUEL S. SIMONIAN co-founded and has served as President and director of Inet since 1989, and as its Chief Executive Officer since March 1994. Mr. Simonian holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington. Prior to co-founding Inet, Mr. Simonian worked from 1979 to 1989 at Electrospace Systems, Inc. in its antenna control systems division and its switching department. Currently, Mr. Simonian also serves as Inet's chief technical officer. Mr. Simonian is the nephew of William H. Mina's spouse. ELIE S. AKILIAN co-founded Inet in 1989 and has served as Executive Vice President and director of the Company since March 1989. Mr. Akilian received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington. Prior to co-founding Inet, Mr. Akilian worked from 1980 to 1989 at Electrospace Systems, Inc. in its switching department. Currently, Mr. Akilian oversees Inet's sales and marketing organization. MARK A. WEINZIERL co-founded Inet in 1989 and has served as Executive Vice President, Secretary and director of the Company since March 1990. Mr. Weinzierl received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Iowa State University in 1986 and attended the University of Texas at Dallas M.B.A. program. Prior to co-founding Inet, Mr. Weinzierl worked from 1986 to 1989 at Electrospace Systems, Inc. in its switching department. Currently, Mr. Weinzierl oversees Inet's support services and manufacturing organizations. WILLIAM H. MINA has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company since February 1997 and as a director of the Company since June 1996. From 1985 to February 1997, Mr. Mina was employed by Wafra Investment Advisory Group Inc. ("Wafra"), a New York based investment banking firm. While at Wafra, he served in various positions, including Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Mina holds an M.B.A. from Southern Methodist University and a B.A. in Business Administration from Dallas Baptist University. Mr. Mina is married to Samuel Simonian's aunt. ROBERT G. MECHALEY, JR. has consented to become a director of the Company upon consummation of the offerings. Mr. Mechaley has served as a Director and President and Chief Executive Officer of Wildfire Communications, Inc. since August 1996. Prior to that time, Mr. Mechaley served as Senior Vice President with AT&T Wireless Services from June 1993 to July 1996. BOARD OF DIRECTORS The Board of Directors is currently composed of four members. Upon consummation of the offerings, the Company intends to increase the number of directors to six and elect Mr. Mechaley and one additional non-employee to fill the two resulting vacancies. Within 90 days following the completion of the offerings, the Company intends to establish a Compensation Committee and an 43 46 Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. Each director holds office until the next annual meeting of the stockholders or until his successor is duly elected and qualified. The Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws provide that, beginning with the first annual meeting of stockholders following the offerings, the Board of Directors will be divided into three classes, with each class serving staggered, three-year terms. See "Description of Capital Stock -- Certain Anti-Takeover, Limited Liability and Indemnification Provisions -- Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaw Provisions". The Company anticipates that, for an undetermined period following the offerings, directors of the Company will not be paid any fees or compensation for service as members of the Board of Directors or any committee thereof, but will be reimbursed for any reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attending meetings of the Board of Directors and any committees thereof. In addition, directors who are not employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries periodically receive automatic grants of non-qualified options under the Company's 1998 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan. See "-- 1998 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan". LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND INDEMNIFICATION MATTERS The Company's Bylaws provide for mandatory indemnification of directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Prior to consummation of the offerings, the Company intends to obtain directors' and officers' liability insurance and expects to enter into indemnification agreements with all of its directors and executive officers. In addition, the Company's Certificate of Incorporation limits the liability of directors of the Company to the Company or its stockholders for breaches of the directors' fiduciary duties to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. See "Description of Capital Stock--Certain Anti-Takeover, Limited Liability and Indemnification Provisions". COMPENSATION COMMITTEE INTERLOCKS AND INSIDER PARTICIPATION During 1997, the Company had no compensation committee or other committee of the Board of Directors performing similar functions. Decisions concerning compensation of executive officers were made during such year by the Board of Directors, each member of which also served as an executive officer. EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS The officers serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors. The Company does not presently have an employment contract in effect with any of its executive officers. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The following table provides certain summary information concerning the compensation earned by the Company's Chief Executive Officer and the other executive officers of the Company whose 44 47 salary and bonus exceeded $100,000 for services rendered in all capacities to the Company and its subsidiaries during 1997 (collectively, the "Named Officers"). SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE LONG-TERM ANNUAL COMPENSATION COMPENSATION --------------------------- ------------- NAME AND OTHER ANNUAL OPTIONS ALL OTHER PRINCIPAL POSITION(S) SALARY BONUS COMPENSATION(1) (# OF SHARES) COMPENSATION --------------------- -------- -------- --------------- ------------- ------------ Samuel S. Simonian......... $201,400 $355,253 $16,500 -- $ 216(2) President and Chief Executive Officer Elie S. Akilian............ 201,400 328,573(3) 16,500 -- 216(2) Executive Vice President Mark A. Weinzierl.......... 201,400 323,573(3) 16,500 -- 216(2) Executive Vice President and Secretary William H. Mina(4)......... 155,833 107,500(5) 16,500 110,000 16,379(6) Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer - --------------- (1) Represents a retainer and fees received for services rendered as a director of the Company. (2) Represents life insurance premiums paid on behalf of such officer. (3) Includes $3,323 earned during 1996 but paid in 1997. (4) Mr. Mina commenced employment with the Company in February 1997. Prior to that time, Mr. Mina had served on the Company's Board of Directors. (5) Includes $57,500, the fair market value as determined by the Board of Directors on the date of issuance of 50,000 shares of Common Stock issued to Mr. Mina as a bonus in connection with his commencement of employment with the Company. (6) Consists of contributions to Mr. Mina's participation in the Company's 401(k) plan. OPTION GRANTS The following table provides certain information concerning stock options granted to each of the Named Officers during 1997. No stock appreciation rights were granted to these individuals during such year. INDIVIDUAL GRANTS POTENTIAL REALIZABLE ----------------------------------------------------- VALUE AT ASSUMED NUMBER OF % OF TOTAL ANNUAL RATES OF SECURITIES OPTIONS STOCK PRICE APPRECIATION UNDERLYING GRANTED TO FOR OPTION TERM(2) OPTIONS EMPLOYEES EXERCISE PRICE EXPIRATION ------------------------- NAME GRANTED(1) IN 1997 PER SHARE DATE 5% 10% ---- ---------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- Samuel S. Simonian....... -- -- -- -- -- -- Elie S. Akilian.......... -- -- -- -- -- -- Mark A. Weinzierl........ -- -- -- -- -- -- William H. Mina.......... 110,000(1) 29% $ 1.15 2/28/07 $79,555 $201,608 - --------------- (1) The options were granted on March 1, 1997 and will become fully vested and exercisable upon the consummation of the offerings. (2) Future value assumes appreciation in the market value of the Common Stock of 5% and 10% per year over the ten-year option period. The actual value realized may be greater than or less than the potential realizable values set forth in the table. 45 48 YEAR-END OPTION VALUES No options were exercised by the Named Officers during 1997. The following table provides certain information concerning option holdings at December 31, 1997 with respect to each of the Named Officers. NUMBER OF SECURITIES VALUE OF UNEXERCISED UNDERLYING UNEXERCISED IN-THE-MONEY OPTIONS OPTIONS AT DECEMBER 31, 1997 AT DECEMBER 31, 1997 ---------------------------- ---------------------------- NAME EXERCISABLE UNEXERCISABLE EXERCISABLE UNEXERCISABLE ---- ----------- ------------- ----------- ------------- Samuel S. Simonian.................... -- -- -- -- Elie S. Akilian....................... -- -- -- -- Mark A. Weinzierl..................... -- -- -- -- William H. Mina....................... -- 110,000(1) -- $485,870(2) - --------------- (1) The options will become fully exercisable upon the consummation of the offerings. (2) Value is determined by subtracting the exercise price from the fair market value of the Common Stock at December 31, 1997 ($5.57 per share), as determined by independent appraisal, multiplied by the number of shares underlying the options. 1998 STOCK OPTION/STOCK ISSUANCE PLAN The Company's 1998 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan (the "1998 Plan") is intended to serve as the successor equity incentive program to the Company's existing 1995 Employee Stock Option Plan (the "Predecessor Plan"). The 1998 Plan became effective on July 23, 1998 upon adoption by the Board of Directors and was subsequently approved by the stockholders on July 23, 1998. Common Stock has initially been authorized for issuance under the 1998 Plan in the amount of 6,750,000. In addition, the share reserve will automatically be increased on the last trading day of January each calendar year, beginning in January 2000, by a number of shares equal to one percent (1%) of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar year, but no such annual increase shall exceed 500,000 shares. However, in no event may any one participant in the 1998 Plan receive option grants or direct stock issuances for more than 1,000,000 shares in the aggregate per calendar year. Outstanding options under the Predecessor Plan will be incorporated into the 1998 Plan upon the date of the offerings, and no further option grants will be made under the Predecessor Plan. The incorporated options will continue to be governed by their existing terms, unless the Plan Administrator elects to extend one or more features of the 1998 Plan to those options. However, except as otherwise noted below, the outstanding options under the Predecessor Plan contain substantially the same terms and conditions summarized below for the Discretionary Option Grant Program in effect under the 1998 Plan. The 1998 Plan is divided into three separate components: (i) the Discretionary Option Grant Program under which eligible individuals in the Company's employ or service (including officers, non-employee Board members and consultants) may, at the discretion of the Plan Administrator, be granted options to purchase shares of Common Stock at an exercise price determined by the Plan Administrator, (ii) the Stock Issuance Program under which such individuals may, in the Plan Administrator's discretion, be issued shares of Common Stock directly, through the purchase of such shares at a price determined by the Plan Administrator or as a bonus tied to the performance of services and (iii) the Automatic Option Grant Program under which option grants will automatically be made at periodic intervals to eligible non-employee Board members to purchase 46 49 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price equal to 100% of the fair market value of those shares on the grant date. The Discretionary Option Grant Program and the Stock Issuance Program will be administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board. The Compensation Committee, as Plan Administrator, will have complete discretion to determine which eligible individuals are to receive option grants or stock issuances, the time or times when such option grants or stock issuances are to be made, the number of shares subject to each such grant or issuance, the status of any granted option as either an incentive stock option or a non-statutory stock option under the U.S. federal tax laws, the vesting schedule to be in effect for the option grant or stock issuance and the maximum term for which any granted option is to remain outstanding. The administration of the Automatic Option Grant Program is self-executing in accordance with the express provisions of that program. The exercise price for the shares of Common Stock subject to option grants made under the Plan may be paid in cash or in shares of Common Stock valued at fair market value on the exercise date. The option may also be exercised through a same-day sale program without any cash outlay by the optionee. In addition, the Plan Administrator may provide financial assistance to one or more participants in the 1998 Plan in connection with their acquisition of shares, by allowing such individuals to deliver a full-recourse, interest-bearing promissory note in payment of the option exercise price and or direct issue price any associated withholding taxes incurred in connection with such acquisition. In the event of an acquisition of the Company, whether by merger or asset sale or a sale by the stockholders of more than 50% of the total combined voting power of the Company recommended by the Board, each outstanding option under the Discretionary Option Grant Program which is not to be assumed by the successor corporation or otherwise continued will automatically accelerate in full, and all unvested shares under the Discretionary Option Grant and Stock Issuance Programs will immediately vest, except to the extent the Company's repurchase rights with respect to those shares are to be assigned to the successor corporation or otherwise continued in effect. The Plan Administrator will have the authority under the Discretionary Option Grant Program to provide that the shares subject to options granted under that program will automatically vest (i) upon an acquisition of the Company, whether or not those options are assumed or continued, (ii) a hostile change in control of the Company effected through a successful tender offer for more than 50% of the Company's outstanding voting stock or by proxy contest for the election of Board members or (iii) in the event the individual's service is terminated, whether involuntarily or through a resignation for good reason, within a designated period (not to exceed eighteen (18) months) following an acquisition in which those options are assumed or otherwise continued in effect or a hostile change in control. The vesting of outstanding shares under the Stock Issuance Program may be accelerated upon similar terms and conditions. Options currently outstanding under the Predecessor Plan will accelerate either at the time of an acquisition or a change in control or upon the termination of the optionee's service following an acquisition or change in control. Stock appreciation rights are authorized for issuance under the Discretionary Option Grant Program which provide the holders with the election to surrender their outstanding options for an appreciation distribution from the Company equal to the excess of (i) the fair market value of the vested shares of Common Stock subject to the surrendered option over (ii) the aggregate exercise price payable for such shares. Such appreciation distribution may be made in cash or in shares of Common Stock. There are currently no outstanding stock appreciation rights under the Predecessor Plan. The Plan Administrator has the authority to effect the cancellation of outstanding options under the Discretionary Option Grant Program (including options incorporated from the Predecessor Plan) in return for the grant of new options for the same or different number of option shares with an exercise price per share based upon the fair market value of the Common Stock on the new grant date. 47 50 Under the Automatic Option Grant Program, each individual who is serving as a non-employee member of the Board on the date the underwriting agreement for the offerings is executed and who has not previously been in the employ of the Company will receive at that time an option grant for 20,000 shares of Common Stock with a exercise price equal to the price per share at which the Common Stock is to be sold in the offerings. Each individual who first joins the Board after the effective date of the offerings as a non-employee Board member will also receive an option grant for 20,000 shares of Common Stock at the time of his or her commencement of Board service, provided such individual has not otherwise been in the prior employ of the Company. In addition, at each Annual Stockholders Meeting, beginning with the 1999 Annual Meeting, each individual who is to continue to serve as a non-employee Board member will receive an option grant to purchase 10,000 shares of Common Stock, whether or not such individual has been in the prior employ of the Company. Each automatic grant will have an exercise price equal to the fair market value per share of Common Stock on the grant date and will have a maximum term of 10 years, subject to earlier termination following the optionee's cessation of Board service. Each automatic option will be immediately exercisable; however, any shares purchased upon exercise of the option will be subject to repurchase, at the option exercise price paid per share, should the optionee's service as a non-employee Board member cease prior to vesting in the shares. The 20,000-share grant will vest in three equal and successive annual installments over the optionee's period of Board service. Each additional 10,000-share grant will vest upon the optionee's completion of one year of Board service measured from the grant date. However, each outstanding option will immediately vest upon (i) certain changes in the ownership or control of the Company or (ii) the death or disability of the optionee while serving as a Board member. The Board may amend or modify the 1998 Plan at any time, subject to any required stockholder approval. The 1998 Plan will terminate on the earliest of (i) July 23, 2008, (ii) the date on which all shares available for issuance under the 1998 Plan have been issued as fully-vested shares or (iii) the termination of all outstanding options in connection with certain changes in control or ownership of the Company. EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN The Company's Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "Purchase Plan") was adopted by the Board of Directors on July 23, 1998 and approved by the stockholders on July 23, 1998. The Purchase Plan is designed to allow eligible employees of the Company and participating subsidiaries to purchase shares of Common Stock, at semi-annual intervals, through their periodic payroll deductions under the Purchase Plan. A reserve of 750,000 shares of Common Stock has been established for this purpose. The Purchase Plan will be implemented in a series of successive offering periods, each with a maximum duration of 24 months. However, the initial offering period will begin on the day the Underwriting Agreement is executed in connection with the offerings and will end on the last business day in July 2000. The next offering period will commence on the first business day in August 2000, and subsequent offering periods will commence as designated by the Plan Administrator. Individuals who are eligible employees on the start date of any offering period may enter the Purchase Plan on that start date or on any subsequent semi-annual entry date (February 1 or August 1 each year). Individuals who become eligible employees after the start date of the offering period may join the Purchase Plan on any subsequent semi-annual entry date within that period. Payroll deductions may not exceed 15% of the participant's base salary for each semi-annual period of participation, and the accumulated payroll deductions will be applied to the purchase of shares on the participant's behalf on each semi-annual purchase date (the last business day in January and July each year), at a purchase price per share not less than eighty-five percent (85%) 48 51 of the lower of (i) the fair market value of the Common Stock on the participant's entry date into the offering period or (ii) the fair market value on the semi-annual purchase date. In no event, however, may any participant purchase more than 1,000 shares, nor may all participants in the aggregate purchase more than 187,500 shares on any one semi-annual purchase date. Should the fair market value of the Common Stock on any semi-annual purchase date be less than the fair market value of the Common Stock on the first day of the offering period, then the current offering period will automatically end and a new offering period will begin, based on the lower fair market value. The Board may amend or modify the Purchase Plan following any semi-annual purchase date. The Purchase Plan will terminate on the last business day in July 2008, unless sooner terminated by the Board. CERTAIN TRANSACTIONS In February 1997, the Company issued 50,000 shares of Common Stock to Mr. Mina, the Company's Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, as a bonus in connection with the commencement of Mr. Mina's employment with the Company. Pursuant to a Registration Rights Agreement dated as of July 17, 1998 (the "Registration Rights Agreement") by and among the Company and Messrs. Simonian, Akilian and Weinzierl, the Company has agreed to provide such stockholders with certain rights to include their respective shares of Common Stock in any Company-initiated registered offering of shares of Common Stock ("piggyback rights"). In addition, under the Registration Rights Agreement, beginning 180 days after the date of this Prospectus, such stockholders have the right, subject to certain conditions and limitations, to require the Company to file up to six registration statements under the Securities Act covering all or part of such stockholders' shares of Common Stock. The Company has agreed to bear substantially all expenses associated with offerings by such stockholders under the Registration Rights Agreement, other than underwriting commissions and discounts attributable to sales by such stockholders. The Company and each such stockholder have agreed to indemnify the others from certain liabilities which may arise in connection with any offering made pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement. Since the beginning of the Company's 1997 fiscal year, Wildfire Communications, Inc. ("Wildfire") has purchased approximately $87,600 of the Company's products. Robert G. Mechaley, a nominee to become a director of the Company, is the President and Chief Executive Officer and a director of Wildfire. All future transactions, including loans, between the Company and its officers, directors, principal stockholders and their affiliates will be approved by a majority of the Board of Directors, including a majority of the disinterested directors on the Board of Directors, and will continue to be on terms no less favorable to the Company than could be obtained from unaffiliated third parties. 49 52 PRINCIPAL AND SELLING STOCKHOLDERS The following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership of the Company's Common Stock as of June 30, 1998, and as adjusted to reflect the sale of shares offered hereby, by (i) each person who is known by the Company to own beneficially more than five percent of the Company's Common Stock, (ii) each of the Company's directors, director-nominees and Named Officers, (iii) all current executive officers, directors and director-nominees as a group, and (iv) each of the other Selling Stockholders. SHARES BENEFICIALLY SHARES BENEFICIALLY OWNED BEFORE THE OWNED AFTER THE OFFERINGS(1) NUMBER OFFERINGS(1)(2) ------------------------ OF SHARES ----------------------- BENEFICIAL OWNER NUMBER PERCENTAGE OFFERED NUMBER PERCENTAGE ---------------- ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- Samuel S. Simonian(3)........... 13,037,000(4) 31.9% 500,000 12,537,000(4) 28.0% Elie S. Akilian(3).............. 13,134,000(5) 32.1 500,000 12,634,000(5) 28.2 Mark A. Weinzierl(3)............ 13,057,500 31.9 500,000 12,557,500 28.1 William H. Mina................. 193,000(6) * 50,000 143,000(6) * Robert G. Mechaley, Jr.......... 0 -- 0 0 * All executive officers, directors and director-nominees as a group (five persons)................ 39,421,500(7) 96.2 1,550,000 37,871,500(7) 84.5 Other Selling Stockholders: Brandenburg Life Foundation... 15,000 * 1,000 14,000 * Pierce Brockman............... 280,000 * 120,000 160,000 * Chad Harper................... 40,000 * 20,000 20,000 * Roy Henke..................... 40,000 * 25,000 15,000 * Steve Holcomb................. 40,000 * 29,000 11,000 * Mike Reiman................... 280,000 * 120,000 160,000 * Gary Ruwaldt.................. 131,580 * 13,130 118,450 * George Zahar.................. 400,000 * 30,000 370,000 * - --------------- * Indicates less than 1%. (1) Beneficial ownership is calculated in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission under Rule 13d-3(d)(i). In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, shares of Common Stock subject to options held by that person that are currently exercisable or become exercisable within 60 days following June 30, 1998 are deemed outstanding. However, such shares are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise indicated in the footnotes to this table, the persons and entities named in the table have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all shares beneficially owned, subject to community property laws where applicable. (2) Assumes no exercise of the Underwriters' over-allotment options. (3) The address for such stockholder is 1255 W. 15th Street, Suite 600, Plano, Texas 75075. (4) Includes 264,000 shares held by such stockholder's minor children. (5) Includes 176,000 shares held by such stockholder's minor children. (6) Includes 110,000 shares purchasable upon the exercise of options and 33,000 shares held jointly by such stockholder and his spouse. (7) Includes 110,000 shares purchasable upon the exercise of options. See notes (4), (5) and (6) above. The Company will pay all costs and expenses of the offerings, other than the underwriting discount relating to shares sold by the Selling Stockholders, the fees and disbursements of legal counsel and other advisors to the Selling Stockholders and stock transfer and other taxes attributable to the sale of shares by the Selling Stockholders which will be borne by the Selling Stockholders. 50 53 DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK AUTHORIZED CAPITAL STOCK The authorized capital stock of the Company consists of 175,000,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 25,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Preferred Stock"). The following summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, copies of which are filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement of which this Prospectus is a part. COMMON STOCK The holders of Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding Preferred Stock, the holders of Common Stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefor. In addition, the Company's revolving credit facility restricts the payment of cash dividends without the bank's consent. See "Dividend Policy". In the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of Common Stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights of Preferred Stock, if any, then outstanding. The Common Stock has no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Common Stock. All outstanding shares of Common Stock are fully paid and nonassessable, and the shares of Common Stock to be issued in the offerings will be fully paid and nonassessable. As of June 30, 1998, there were outstanding 40,880,580 shares of Common Stock and options to purchase 1,991,000 shares of Common Stock. Upon completion of the offerings, 44,722,450 shares of Common Stock (45,584,950 shares if the Underwriters' over-allotment options are exercised in full) will be outstanding, assuming no exercise of options after June 30, 1998. PREFERRED STOCK The Board of Directors has the authority to issue the Preferred Stock in one or more series and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions thereof, including dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, redemption prices, liquidation preferences and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, without further vote or action by the stockholders. The issuance of Preferred Stock may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company without further action by the stockholders and may adversely affect the voting and other rights of the holders of Common Stock. The issuance of Preferred Stock with voting and conversion rights may adversely affect the voting power of the holders of Common Stock, including the loss of voting control to others. No shares of Preferred Stock are outstanding, and the Company has no current plans to issue any shares of Preferred Stock. CERTAIN ANTI-TAKEOVER, LIMITED LIABILITY AND INDEMNIFICATION PROVISIONS SECTION 203 OF THE DELAWARE GENERAL CORPORATION LAW The Company is subject to Section 203 ("Section 203") of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL") which subject to certain exceptions, prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless (i) prior to such date, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, (ii) upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation 51 54 outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the number of shares outstanding those shares owned (x) by persons who are directors and also officers and (y) by employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer, or (iii) on or subsequent to such date, the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder. Section 203 defines business combinations to include (i) any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder, (ii) any sale, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation involving the interested stockholder, (iii) subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder, (iv) any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock of any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder, or (v) the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits provided by or through the corporation. In general, Section 203 defines an interested stockholder as any entity or person beneficially owning 15% or more or the outstanding voting stock of the corporation and any entity or person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by such entity or person. CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION AND BYLAW PROVISIONS The Company's Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws include provisions that may have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company or an unsolicited acquisition proposal that a stockholder might consider favorable, including a proposal that might result in the payment of a premium over the market price for the shares held by stockholders. These provisions are summarized in the following paragraphs. CLASSIFIED BOARD OF DIRECTORS. The Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws provide, beginning with the first annual meeting of stockholders following the offerings, for the Board of Directors to be divided into three classes of directors serving staggered, three-year terms. The classification of the Board of Directors has the effect of requiring at least two annual stockholder meetings, instead of one, to replace a majority of members of the Board of Directors. SUPERMAJORITY VOTING. The Certificate of Incorporation requires the approval of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the Company's combined voting power to effect certain amendments to the Certificate of Incorporation. The Bylaws may be amended by either (a) a majority of the Board of Directors or (b) the holders of a majority of the Company's voting stock, provided that certain amendments approved by stockholders require the approval of at least 66 2/3% of the Company's combined voting power. AUTHORIZED BUT UNISSUED OR UNDESIGNATED CAPITAL STOCK. The Company's authorized capital stock consists of 175,000,000 shares of Common Stock and 25,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock. No Preferred Stock will be designated upon consummation of the offerings. After the offerings, the Company will have outstanding 44,722,450 shares of Common Stock (45,584,950 shares if the Underwriters' over-allotment options are exercised in full). The authorized but unissued (and in the case of Preferred Stock, undesignated) stock may be issued by the Board of Directors in one or more transactions. In this regard, the Company's Certificate of Incorporation grants the Board of Director broad power to establish the rights and preferences of authorized and unissued Preferred Stock. The issuance of shares of Preferred Stock pursuant to the Board of Directors' authority described above could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to holders of Common Stock and adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of such holders and may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the 52 55 Company. The Board of Directors does not currently intend to seek stockholder approval prior to any issuance of Preferred Stock, unless otherwise required by law. SPECIAL MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS. The Bylaws provide that special meetings of stockholders of the Company may be called only by the Board of Directors, or by the Company's Chairman of the Board, President or Chief Executive Officer. NO STOCKHOLDER ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT. The Certificate of Incorporation and the Bylaws provide that an action required or permitted to be taken at any annual or special meeting of the stockholders of the Company may only by taken at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders. This provision prevents stockholders from initiating or effecting any action by written consent, and thereby taking actions opposed by the Board of Directors. NOTICE PROCEDURES. The Bylaws establish advance notice procedures with regard to all stockholder proposals, including proposals entered relating to the nomination of candidates for election as directors, the removal of directors and amendments to the Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws to be brought before meetings of stockholders of the Company. These procedures provide that notice of such stockholder proposals must be timely given in writing to the Secretary of the Company prior to the meeting. Generally, to be timely, notice must be received by the Secretary of the Company not more than 60 days nor less than 10 days prior to the meeting. The notice must contain certain information specified in the Bylaws. LIMITATION OF DIRECTOR LIABILITY. The Certificate of Incorporation limits the liability of directors of the Company (in their capacity as directors but not in their capacity as officers) to the Company or its stockholders to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL. Specifically, directors of the Company will not be personally liable for monetary damages for breach of a director's fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability (i) for any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the Company or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section 174 of the DGCL, which relates to unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or redemptions, or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. INDEMNIFICATION ARRANGEMENTS. The Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws require the directors and officers of the Company to be indemnified and permit the advancement to them of expenses in connection with actual or threatened proceedings and claims arising out of their status as such, to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL. Prior to consummation of the offerings, the Company will enter into indemnification agreements with each of its directors and executive officers that provide for indemnification and expense advancement to the fullest extent permitted under the DGCL. OTHER ANTI-TAKEOVER PROVISIONS See "Management -- 1998 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan" for a discussion of certain provisions of the 1998 Plan which may have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company or unsolicited acquisition proposals. TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR The Transfer Agent and Registrar for the Common Stock is ChaseMellon Shareholder Services, L.L.C., 2323 Bryan Street, Suite 2300, Dallas, Texas 75201, telephone: (214) 965-2235. 53 56 SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE Prior to the offerings, there has been no public market for the Common Stock. Future sales of substantial amounts of Common Stock in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices and impair the Company's ability to raise capital through the sale of equity securities. Upon completion of the offerings, the Company will have outstanding 44,722,450 shares of Common Stock (45,584,950 shares if the Underwriters' over-allotment options are exercised in full), assuming no exercise of options after June 30, 1998. Of these shares, the 5,750,000 shares offered hereby (6,612,500 shares if the Underwriters' over-allotment options are exercised in full) will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, unless purchased by "affiliates" of the Company as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. The remaining 38,972,450 shares of Common Stock outstanding upon completion of the offerings will be "restricted securities" as that term is defined in Rule 144. Upon the expiration of the Lock-Up Agreements beginning 180 days after the date of this Prospectus, 37,871,500 shares held by certain stockholders of the Company will become eligible for sale pursuant to the volume limitations, manner of sale and notice requirements of Rule 144 and 1,191,950 shares held by certain other stockholders of the Company will become eligible for sale without regard to the volume limitations, manner of sale and notice requirements of Rule 144. In addition, as of June 30, 1998, there were outstanding options to purchase an aggregate of 1,991,000 shares of Common Stock. Pursuant to the lock-up provisions set forth in the stock option agreements used under the Company's 1995 Employee Stock Option Plan, 1,097,000 shares underlying such options will become eligible for sale pursuant to Rule 701 beginning 180 days after the date of this Prospectus, and the remaining 894,000 shares underlying such options will become eligible for sale pursuant to Rule 701 more than 180 days after the date of this Prospectus as such options vest. In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, a person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who owns shares that were purchased from the Company (or any affiliate thereof) at least one year previously, is entitled to sell in "brokers' transactions" or to market makers, within any three-month period commencing 90 days after the date of this Prospectus, a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of (i) one percent of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock (approximately 447,000 shares immediately after the offerings, or approximately 456,000 shares if the Underwriters' over-allotment options are exercised in full) or (ii) the average weekly trading volume in the Common Stock during the four calendar weeks preceding the date on which the required notice of such sale is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Sales under Rule 144 are generally subject to the availability of current public information about the Company. Any person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who owns shares that were purchased from the Company (or any affiliate thereof) at least two years previously and who has not been an affiliate of the Company at any time during the 90 days preceding a sale, would be entitled to sell such shares under Rule 144(k) without regard to the volume limitations or manner of sale, public information or notice requirements of Rule 144. Under Rule 701, persons who purchase shares from the Company upon exercise of options granted prior to the date of this Prospectus are entitled to sell such shares in the public markets commencing 90 days after the date of this Prospectus in reliance on Rule 144 without having to comply with the holding period requirements thereof and, in the case of non-affiliates of the Company, without having to comply with the volume limitations or public information or notice requirements thereof. Within 90 days after the date of this Prospectus, the Company intends to file registration statements under the Securities Act covering the shares of Common Stock reserved for issuance under the Company's stock incentive plans and not eligible for sale pursuant to Rule 701. See "Management -- 1998 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan" and "-- Employee Stock Purchase Plan". Such registration statements will become effective upon filing, thus permitting the resale of 54 57 such shares in the public markets without restriction under the Securities Act subject, however, to applicable lock-up arrangements and limitations applicable to affiliates. Commencing 180 days after the date of this Prospectus, the holders of 37,728,500 shares of Common Stock will be entitled to certain "piggyback" and demand registration rights under the Securities Act with respect to such shares. Such rights are scheduled to expire not later than October 2003. See "Certain Transactions". 55 58 CERTAIN U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS OF COMMON STOCK The following is a general discussion of certain anticipated United States federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of the Common Stock by a "Non-U.S. Holder". A Non-U.S. Holder is a person that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) is not a "U.S. person," (ii) is not, and has not been, engaged in a U.S. trade or business, (iii) is not subject to tax pursuant to provisions of U.S. tax laws applicable to certain former U.S. citizens or residents and (iv) in the case of an individual, is not present in the U.S. for 183 days or more during the relevant tax year of the ownership and disposition of the Common Stock. A U.S. person means a citizen or resident of the U.S. for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a corporation, partnership or other entity created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any state thereof, an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source, or a trust that meets the following two tests: (A) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust, and (B) one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust. The following discussion does not consider specific facts and circumstances that may be relevant to the taxation of a particular Non-U.S. Holder. Specifically, this discussion does not address the U.S. tax consequences to any person who might own, or be considered as owning under certain attribution rules, 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Common Stock or who acquired or holds Common Stock other than for investment. In addition, the following discussion assumes that the investment in the Common Stock will be characterized for U.S. federal income tax purposes in a manner consistent with such investment. While counsel believes that such characterization should be given such investment, there can be no assurance that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") will not assert that a different characterization should apply. The discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), judicial decisions, administrative pronouncements, and existing and proposed Treasury Regulations issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury now in effect. Each prospective investor should understand that future legislative, administrative and judicial changes could modify the tax consequences described below, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion is limited to U.S. federal income tax consequences and does not address any state, local or non-U.S. consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of the Common Stock. EACH NON-U.S. HOLDER IS URGED TO CONSULT HIS, HER OR ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR WITH RESPECT TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES TO HIM, HER OR IT OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF THE COMMON STOCK, INCLUDING THE TAX CONSEQUENCES UNDER STATE, LOCAL AND NON-U.S. TAX LAWS AND PROPOSED CHANGES IN APPLICABLE LAWS. DIVIDENDS The Company does not anticipate paying a dividend to stockholders in the foreseeable future. In the event a dividend is paid by the Company, the payment will be a taxable dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent of the current or accumulated earnings and profits of the Company. Each Non-U.S. Holder who receives a taxable dividend will be subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax equal to 30% of the taxable dividend unless such Non-U.S. Holder is eligible for a reduced tax rate or tax exemption under an applicable income tax treaty. Currently, for purposes of determining whether tax is to be withheld at the 30% rate or at a reduced treaty rate, the Company will ordinarily presume that dividends paid to an address in a foreign country are paid to a resident of such country absent knowledge that such presumption is not warranted. Under the Final Regulations (defined below) effective for payments made after December 31, 1999, Non-U.S. Holders will be required to satisfy certain applicable certification 56 59 requirements to claim treaty benefits. Other recently adopted Treasury Regulations provide special rules to determine whether, for purposes of determining the applicability of a tax treaty, dividends paid to a Non-U.S. Holder that is an entity should be treated as paid to the entity or those holding an interest in that entity. GAIN ON DISPOSITIONS A Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on gain realized on the sale or exchange of Common Stock. FEDERAL ESTATE TAXES Common Stock held by an individual Non-U.S. Holder at the date of his or her death will be included in his or her gross estate for United States federal estate tax purposes unless an applicable estate tax treaty provides otherwise. BACKUP WITHHOLDING AND INFORMATION REPORTING DIVIDENDS The Company must report annually to the IRS and to each Non-U.S. Holder the amount of dividends paid to and the tax withheld, if any, with respect to such holder. These information reporting requirements apply regardless of whether withholding was reduced by an applicable tax treaty. Copies of these information returns may also be available under the provisions of a specific treaty or agreement with the tax authorities in the country in which the Non-U.S. Holder resides. DISPOSITIONS OF COMMON STOCK The payment of the proceeds from the disposition of shares of Common Stock through the U.S. office of a broker will be subject to information reporting and backup withholding unless the holder, under penalties of perjury, certifies, among other things, its status as a Non-U.S. Holder, or otherwise establishes an exemption. Generally, the payment of the proceeds from the disposition of shares of Common Stock to or through a non-U.S. office of a broker will not be subject to backup withholding and will not be subject to information reporting. In the case of the payment of proceeds from the disposition of shares of Common Stock through a non-U.S. office of a broker that is a U.S. person or a U.S.-related person (as defined by U.S. tax laws) information reporting (but not backup withholding) is required on the payment unless the broker has documentary evidence in its files of the holder's Non-U.S. Holder status and has no actual knowledge to the contrary. Any amounts withheld from a payment to a Non-U.S. Holder under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a credit against such holder's U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle such holder to a refund, provided that the required information is furnished to the IRS. Non-U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of these rules to their particular situations, the availability of an exemption therefrom and the procedures for obtaining such an exemption, if available. On October 6, 1997, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued final Treasury Regulations (the "Final Regulations") regarding the withholding and information reporting rules. The Final Regulations are generally effective for payments made after December 31, 1999, subject to certain transition rules. The Final Regulations generally do not alter the substantive withholding and information reporting requirements, but rather unify current certification procedures and forms and clarify reliance standards. PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS CONCERNING THE EFFECT TO THEM, IF ANY, OF THE FINAL REGULATIONS. 57 60 LEGAL MATTERS The validity of the Common Stock offered hereby will be passed upon for the Company and the Selling Stockholders by Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison LLP, Austin, Texas. Certain legal matters in connection with the offerings will be passed upon for the Underwriters by Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, Palo Alto, California. EXPERTS The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company at December 31, 1995, 1996 and 1997, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1997, appearing in this Prospectus and Registration Statement have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent auditors, as set forth in their report thereon appearing elsewhere herein, and are included in reliance upon such report given upon the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION The Company has filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission"), Washington, D.C. 20549, a Registration Statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the Common Stock offered hereby. This Prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the Registration Statement and the exhibits and schedules to the Registration Statement. For further information with respect to the Company and the Common Stock offered hereby, reference is made to the Registration Statement and the exhibits and schedules filed as a part of the Registration Statement. Statements contained in this Prospectus concerning the contents of any contract or any other document are not necessarily complete; reference is made in each instance to the copy of such contract or any other document filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement. Each such statement is qualified in all respects by such reference to such exhibit. The Registration Statement, including exhibits and schedules thereto, may be inspected without charge at the Commission's principal office in Washington, D.C., and copies of all or any part thereof may be obtained from the Public Reference Section of the Commission, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549, and at the Commission's regional offices located at Citicorp Center, 500 West Madison Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, Illinois 60661 and at 7 World Trade Center, 13th Floor, New York, New York 10048 after payment of fees prescribed by the Commission. The Commission also maintains a Web site which provides online access to reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the Commission at the address http://www.sec.gov. 58 61 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Auditors........... F-2 Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1996 and 1997 and June 30, 1998 (Unaudited)............................. F-3 Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years ended December 31, 1995, 1996, and 1997 and the Six Months ended June 30, 1997 and 1998 (Unaudited)........................ F-4 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Years ended December 31, 1995, 1996 and 1997 and the Six Months ended June 30, 1998 (Unaudited).................... F-5 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years ended December 31, 1995, 1996, and 1997 and the Six Months ended June 30, 1997 and 1998 (Unaudited)........................ F-6 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.................. F-7 F-1 62 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS Board of Directors Inet Technologies, Inc. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Inet Technologies, Inc. (the Company), as of December 31, 1996 and 1997, and the related consolidated statements of income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the three years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Inet Technologies, Inc. at December 31, 1996 and 1997, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the three years then ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP ------------------------------------ Dallas, Texas February 17, 1998 except for Note 1, as to which the date is July 23, 1998 F-2 63 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ASSETS DECEMBER 31, ------------------- JUNE 30, 1996 1997 1998 -------- -------- ------------ (UNAUDITED) (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE DATA) Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents................................ $ 742 $ 3,386 $20,482 Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $50,000 and $500,000 at December 31, 1996 and 1997, respectively, and $663,000 at June 30, 1998.................................................. 13,236 15,832 11,438 Unbilled receivables..................................... 3,413 5,355 2,208 Inventories.............................................. 6,513 6,963 7,279 Other current assets..................................... 304 1,565 1,508 ------- ------- ------- Total current assets............................. 24,208 33,101 42,915 Property and equipment, net................................ 2,893 5,162 6,194 Other assets............................................... 4 45 74 ------- ------- ------- Total assets..................................... $27,105 $38,308 $49,183 ======= ======= ======= LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable......................................... $ 3,434 $ 1,329 $ 1,814 Accrued compensation and benefits........................ 1,076 2,237 2,042 Foreign sales commissions payable........................ 881 256 425 Deferred revenue......................................... 2,339 3,271 6,512 Deferred income taxes.................................... 773 759 118 Other accrued liabilities................................ 604 959 1,325 ------- ------- ------- Total current liabilities........................ 9,107 8,811 12,236 Deferred tax liabilities................................... 34 111 95 Note payable............................................... 1,350 -- -- Commitments Stockholders' equity: Preferred stock, $.001 par value: Authorized shares -- 25,000,000 Issued shares -- None................................. -- -- -- Common stock, $.001 par value: Authorized shares -- 175,000,000 Issued shares -- 40,850,422 and 40,900,422 at December 31, 1996 and 1997, respectively, and 40,919,422 at June 30, 1998....................................... 41 41 41 Additional paid-in capital............................... 372 430 648 Retained earnings........................................ 16,418 29,132 36,380 Treasury stock, 38,842 common shares at December 31, 1996 and 1997 and June 30, 1998, at cost................... (217) (217) (217) ------- ------- ------- Total stockholders' equity....................... 16,614 29,386 36,852 ------- ------- ------- Total liabilities and stockholders' equity....... $27,105 $38,308 $49,183 ======= ======= ======= See accompanying notes. F-3 64 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME SIX MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, JUNE 30, --------------------------- ----------------- 1995 1996 1997 1997 1998 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- (UNAUDITED) (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA) Net revenues............................. $17,531 $42,041 $57,701 $25,090 $34,165 Cost of revenues......................... 4,305 11,138 12,579 5,196 7,693 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Gross profit................... 13,226 30,903 45,122 19,894 26,472 Operating expenses: Sales and marketing expenses........... 2,699 5,566 7,069 4,015 3,563 General and administrative expenses.... 4,323 7,530 14,181 6,045 9,084 Research and development expenses...... 3,965 4,519 4,776 2,284 3,032 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- 10,987 17,615 26,026 12,344 15,679 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Income from operations......... 2,239 13,288 19,096 7,550 10,793 Other income (expense): Interest income........................ 75 20 147 49 322 Interest expense....................... (6) (42) (123) (44) -- Other.................................. (5) (6) (8) 2 -- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Other income (expense), net.............. 64 (28) 16 7 322 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Income before provision for income taxes................. 2,303 13,260 19,112 7,557 11,115 Provision for income taxes............... 644 4,324 6,398 2,530 3,867 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net income..................... $ 1,659 $ 8,936 $12,714 $ 5,027 $ 7,248 ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= Basic net income per common share........ $ 0.04 $ 0.22 $ 0.31 $ 0.12 $ 0.18 ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= Diluted net income per common share...... $ 0.04 $ 0.22 $ 0.30 $ 0.12 $ 0.17 ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= See accompanying notes. F-4 65 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY COMMON STOCK ADDITIONAL TREASURY STOCK TOTAL ------------------- PAID-IN RETAINED --------------- STOCKHOLDERS' SHARES AMOUNT CAPITAL EARNINGS SHARES AMOUNT EQUITY ---------- ------ ---------- -------- ------ ------ ------------- (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE DATA) Balance at December 31, 1994...................... 39,250,422 $39 $109 $ 5,823 -- $ -- $ 5,971 Net income................ -- -- -- 1,659 -- -- 1,659 ---------- --- ---- ------- ------ ----- ------- Balance at December 31, 1995...................... 39,250,422 39 109 7,482 -- -- 7,630 Issuance of common stock upon exercise of employee stock options................ 1,600,000 2 2 -- -- -- 4 Income tax benefit from exercise of employee stock options.......... -- -- 261 -- -- -- 261 Purchase of common stock of the Company......... -- -- -- -- 38,842 (217) (217) Net income................ -- -- -- 8,936 -- -- 8,936 ---------- --- ---- ------- ------ ----- ------- Balance at December 31, 1996...................... 40,850,422 41 372 16,418 38,842 (217) 16,614 Issuance of common stock.................. 50,000 -- 58 -- -- -- 58 Net income................ -- -- -- 12,714 -- -- 12,714 ---------- --- ---- ------- ------ ----- ------- Balance at December 31, 1997...................... 40,900,422 41 430 29,132 38,842 (217) 29,386 Issuance of common stock (unaudited)............ 19,000 -- 106 -- -- -- 106 Net income (unaudited).... -- -- -- 7,248 -- -- 7,248 Stock option compensation expense (unaudited).... -- -- 112 -- -- -- 112 ---------- --- ---- ------- ------ ----- ------- Balance at June 30, 1998 (unaudited)............... 40,919,422 $41 $648 $36,380 38,842 $(217) $36,852 ========== === ==== ======= ====== ===== ======= See accompanying notes. F-5 66 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS SIX MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, JUNE 30, --------------------------- ----------------- 1995 1996 1997 1997 1998 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- (UNAUDITED) (IN THOUSANDS) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income............................... $ 1,659 $ 8,936 $12,714 $ 5,027 $ 7,248 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization.......... 602 1,038 1,521 632 1,139 Deferred income taxes.................. 12 857 63 -- (848) Stock option compensation expense...... -- -- -- -- 112 Tax benefit of employee stock options............................. -- 261 -- -- -- Change in assets and liabilities: (Increase) decrease in trade accounts receivable............... (2,388) (5,891) (2,596) 1,952 4,394 (Increase) decrease in unbilled receivables....................... -- (3,413) (1,942) (511) 3,147 (Increase) decrease in inventories....................... (7,988) 2,222 (450) (792) (316) (Increase) decrease in other assets............................ (234) 176 (1,303) (3,953) 219 Increase (decrease) in accounts payable........................... 633 2,057 (2,105) (1,331) 485 Increase (decrease) in accrued compensation and benefits......... 274 633 1,161 345 (195) Increase (decrease) in foreign sales commissions payable............... 125 733 (624) (698) 169 Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue........................... 7,861 (5,809) 932 258 3,241 Increase in accrued liabilities..... 203 43 355 55 366 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net cash provided by operating activities............................. 759 1,843 7,726 984 19,161 CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property and equipment...... (1,044) (2,119) (3,790) (1,496) (2,171) ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net cash used in investing activities.... (1,044) (2,119) (3,790) (1,496) (2,171) CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Proceeds of stock option exercises....... -- 4 -- -- -- Treasury stock purchase.................. -- (217) -- -- -- Issuance of common stock................. -- -- 58 58 106 Payments of note payable................. (400) (3,400) (7,068) (2,950) -- Proceeds from note payable............... 700 4,450 5,718 3,900 -- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities............................. 300 837 (1,292) 1,008 106 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Net increase in cash and cash equivalents............................ 15 561 2,644 496 17,096 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period................................. 166 181 742 742 3,386 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- Cash and cash equivalents at end of period................................. $ 181 $ 742 $ 3,386 $ 1,238 $20,482 ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES: Interest paid............................ $ 6 $ 42 $ 123 $ 44 $ -- ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= Income taxes paid........................ $ 409 $ 3,511 $ 6,390 $ 5,480 $ 3,925 ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= See accompanying notes. F-6 67 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (INFORMATION AS OF JUNE 30, 1998 AND FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 1997 AND 1998 IS UNAUDITED) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES THE COMPANY Inet Technologies, Inc. (the "Company") provides solutions that enable telecommunications carriers to more effectively design, deploy, diagnose, monitor and manage communications networks that carry signaling information used to manage telephone calls. The Company's products also address the fundamental business needs of telecommunications carriers, such as improved billing, targeted sales and marketing, fraud prevention and enhanced call routing. The Company provides these comprehensive solutions primarily through its GeoProbe and Spectra product offerings. In connection with its planned initial public offering, in July 1998 the Company changed its state of incorporation from Texas to Delaware (the "Reincorporation"), also changing its name from Inet, Inc. to Inet Technologies, Inc. With the Reincorporation, the Company effected a change in par value of the Company's common stock from no par value to $.001 par value, an increase in authorized common stock from 25,000,000 to 175,000,000 shares and created a preferred class of stock with 25,000,000 authorized shares. Also in July 1998, the Company's Board of Directors approved a ten-for-one split of the Company's common stock to be paid as a stock dividend on July 23, 1998, to shareholders of record on July 23, 1998. The accompanying financial statements have been retroactively restated to reflect these actions including the effect of the stock split on all applicable share and per share amounts. In connection with these actions the treasury shares held at June 30, 1998 will be retired. CONSOLIDATION The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. UNAUDITED INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 1998 and for the six months ended June 30, 1997 and 1998 have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information and with Rule 10-01 of Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements. They do reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring entries) which, in the opinion of the Company's management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 1998 are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the full year. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS All highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less are classified as cash equivalents. The carrying value of cash equivalents approximates fair market value. F-7 68 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED) INVENTORIES Inventories are valued at the lower of standard cost, which approximates actual cost determined on a first-in, first-out basis, or market. Inventories consist of the following (in thousands): DECEMBER 31 --------------- JUNE 30 1996 1997 1998 ------ ------ ------- Raw materials............................................ $3,603 $3,401 $2,969 Work-in-process.......................................... 2,077 1,940 2,355 Finished goods........................................... 833 1,622 1,955 ------ ------ ------ $6,513 $6,963 $7,279 ====== ====== ====== PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, as follows: Computers and other equipment....................... 3-5 Years Software............................................ 3 Years Office furniture and fixtures....................... 7 Years Leasehold improvements.............................. Term of lease DEFERRED REVENUE Deferred revenue primarily represents amounts billed to customers under terms specified in contracts in which completion of contractual terms or delivery of the product has not occurred and revenue is not yet recognized. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 86, software development costs are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established, at which time subsequent costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers. To date, either the establishment of technological feasibility of the Company's products and their general release have substantially coincided or costs incurred subsequent to the achievement of technological feasibility have not been material. As a result, software development costs qualifying for capitalization have been insignificant, and the Company has not capitalized any software development costs. Research and development expenditures are charged to expense in the period incurred. REVENUE RECOGNITION Revenue is generally recognized when the Company has completed substantially all manufacturing and/or software development to customer specifications, factory testing has been completed, and the product has been shipped. For systems where installation and system integration are the responsibility of the Company, revenue is recognized when the system has been delivered to and installed at the customer's premises. Unbilled receivables represent revenue recognized but not billable pursuant to the individual contract until formal customer acceptance. Formal customer acceptance generally has been received within 60 days of installation. F-8 69 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED) Effective January 1, 1998, the Company adopted the provisions of Statement of Position (SOP) 97-2, Software Revenue Recognition, which did not require a significant change to the Company's revenue recognition policies. STOCK OPTIONS The Company has elected to follow Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, "Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees" (APB 25), in accounting for its employee stock options. Under APB 25, if the exercise price of an employee's stock options equals or exceeds the market price of the underlying stock on the date of grant, no compensation expense is recognized. CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of trade accounts receivable. The Company sells products and services to customers associated with the telecommunications industry, both within the United States and internationally. The Company continually evaluates the creditworthiness of its customers' financial condition and generally does not require collateral. The Company has not experienced significant losses on uncollectible accounts. RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES The Company's future results of operations and financial condition could be impacted by the following factors, among others: timely introduction of new products by the Company, market acceptance of new products introduced by the Company, trends in the telecommunications industry, intense customer competition, and changes in the terms and conditions of its customer sales contracts. EARNINGS PER SHARE In 1997, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement No. 128, Earnings per Share. Statement 128 replaced the calculation of primary and fully diluted earnings per share with basic and diluted earnings per share. Unlike primary earnings per share, basic earnings per share excludes any dilutive effects of options, warrants, and convertible securities. Diluted earnings per share is very similar to the previously reported fully diluted earnings per share. All earnings per share amounts for all periods have been presented, and where appropriate, restated to conform to the Statement 128 requirements. STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS NO. 130 In 1997, the FASB issued Statement No. 130, Reporting Comprehensive Income. Statement 130 establishes standards for the reporting and display of comprehensive income and its components in a full set of general-purpose financial statements, and was effective for the Company beginning January 1, 1998. For all periods presented, the Company had no components of comprehensive income other than net income. STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS NO. 131 In 1997, the FASB issued Statement No. 131, Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information. Statement 131 establishes standards for the way that public business enterprises report information about operating segments in annual financial statements and requires that those enterprises report selected information about operating segments in interim financial F-9 70 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED) reports issued to shareholders. Statement 131 is effective for financial statements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1997, and will be adopted by the Company in connection with its 1998 annual financial statements. The adoption of Statement 131 will have no impact on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows. ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. 2. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands): DECEMBER 31, --------------- JUNE 30, 1996 1997 1998 ------ ------ -------- Computer and other equipment............................ $4,019 $5,664 $ 7,052 Software................................................ 624 2,049 2,683 Office furniture, fixtures, and leasehold improvements.......................................... 641 1,311 1,460 ------ ------ ------- 5,284 9,024 11,195 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization.......... 2,391 3,862 5,001 ------ ------ ------- $2,893 $5,162 $ 6,194 ====== ====== ======= 3. NOTE PAYABLE The Company has had available a line of credit facility with a bank providing for borrowings of up to $10,000,000. This line of credit facility was renewed effective June 15, 1998, and extended through June 15, 2000. In connection with the renewal and extension, the per annum useage fee on unused portions of the line was reduced from 1/4% to 1/8%. At December 31, 1997, $369,646 was used to support letters of credit under this line. Borrowings under this facility bear interest payable quarterly at LIBOR plus 1.5% (7.47% at December 31, 1997) and are collateralized by the Company's accounts receivable, inventories, and property and equipment. An additional $563,172 of letters of credit were outstanding at another bank at December 31, 1997, which are collateralized by an equal amount of the Company's cash balances. 4. INCOME TAXES Components of the provision for income taxes were as follows (in thousands): SIX MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, JUNE 30, ------------------------- ----------------- 1995 1996 1997 1997 1998 ----- ------- ------- ------- ------- Current federal provision................ $556 $3,222 $5,706 $2,256 $4,431 Current state provision.................. 75 245 616 244 285 Deferred federal expense (benefit)....... 13 857 (82) (32) (698) Current foreign provision................ -- -- 13 5 -- Deferred state expense................... -- -- 145 57 (151) ---- ------ ------ ------ ------ Total income tax provision..... $644 $4,324 $6,398 $2,530 $3,867 ==== ====== ====== ====== ====== F-10 71 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED) The provision for income taxes is reconciled with the federal statutory rate as follows (in thousands): SIX MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, JUNE 30, ----------------------- ----------------- 1995 1996 1997 1997 1998 ----- ------ ------ ------- ------- Provision computed at federal statutory rate................................. $ 783 $4,508 $6,689 $2,646 $3,890 Utilization of research and development tax credits.......................... (186) (63) (305) (121) (46) Foreign Sales Corporation income exemption............................ (43) (287) (500) (198) (329) State income taxes, net of federal tax effect............................... 50 162 481 190 282 Other.................................. 40 4 33 13 70 ----- ------ ------ ------ ------ $ 644 $4,324 $6,398 $2,530 $3,867 ===== ====== ====== ====== ====== The significant components of the Company's deferred tax liabilities and assets are as follows (in thousands): DECEMBER 31, --------------- JUNE 30, 1996 1997 1998 ----- ------- -------- Deferred tax liabilities: Deferred revenue....................................... $(869) $(1,524) $ (951) Depreciation........................................... (34) (62) (46) Other, net............................................. (49) (49) (49) ----- ------- ------ Total deferred tax liabilities................. (952) (1,635) (1,046) Deferred tax assets: Reserves and other accrued expenses not currently deductible for tax purposes......................... 145 765 1,024 ----- ------- ------ Total deferred tax assets...................... 145 765 1,024 ----- ------- ------ Deferred income tax liabilities, net of deferred income tax assets............................................. $(807) $ (870) $ (22) ===== ======= ====== 5. OPERATING LEASES The Company leases its corporate office facility as well as certain equipment under noncancelable operating lease agreements. Rental expense for these operating leases was $470,517, $586,588, and $867,893 in 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively. At December 31, 1997, future minimum lease payments under noncancelable operating leases are as follows (in thousands): 1998........................................................ $ 772 1999........................................................ 575 2000........................................................ 4 ------ $1,351 ====== F-11 72 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED) 6. STOCK OPTIONS The Company has had an Employee Stock Option Plan (the "1995 Plan" or the "Predecessor Plan" -- see below ) which provides for incentive options and nonqualified options that may be granted to key employees, officers, directors, and consultants of the Company. At December 31, 1997, the Company had reserved 6,000,000 shares of its common stock for issuance in connection with the 1995 Plan, which is administered by the Stock Option Committee of the Company's Board of Directors (the "Committee"). Options have been granted generally at prices not less than the fair value of the Company's common stock as determined by the Committee at the dates of grant based on fair market valuation studies performed by a nationally recognized independent investment banking firm. Options granted under the 1995 Plan vest at rates established by the Committee and expire ten years after the date of grant. The exercisability of options granted under the 1995 plan is also subject to various conditions as determined by the Committee including, among other things, an initial public offering of the Company's stock. Options granted in the first quarter of 1998 at $4.20 per share had a fair market value of $5.57 per share, which will result in a total of $692,000 compensation expense which will be recognized ratably over the vesting period of three years beginning in the first quarter. Stock option transactions for the years ended December 31, 1995, 1996, and 1997 and the six months ended June 30, 1998, are summarized as follows: YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, SIX MONTHS ENDED ---------------------------------------------------------------------- JUNE 30, 1995 1996 1997 1998 --------------------- ---------------------- --------------------- --------------------- WEIGHTED WEIGHTED WEIGHTED WEIGHTED AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE EXERCISE EXERCISE EXERCISE EXERCISE OPTIONS PRICE OPTIONS PRICE OPTIONS PRICE OPTIONS PRICE ---------- -------- ----------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- Outstanding at beginning of period:.............. 1,620,000 $0.003 2,914,000 $ 0.27 1,220,000 $ 0.64 1,531,750 $0.80 Granted................... 1,435,000 0.60 145,000 0.96 381,750 1.31 506,000 4.20 Exercised................. -- -- (1,600,000) 0.003 -- -- -- -- Forfeited................. (141,000) 0.52 (239,000) 0.60 (70,000) 0.86 (46,750) 1.10 ---------- ----------- ---------- ---------- Outstanding at end of period.................. 2,914,000 0.27 1,220,000 0.64 1,531,750 0.80 1,991,000 1.66 ========== =========== ========== ========== Exercisable at end of period.................. 1,600,000 0.003 -- -- -- -- -- -- ========== =========== ========== ========== Weighted-average fair value of options granted during the period....... $ 1.43 $ 1.93 $ 2.59 $ 21.22 ========== =========== ========== ========== At December 31, 1997, 4,468,250 shares were available for future grants to employees under the 1995 Plan. Information related to options outstanding at December 31, 1997, is summarized below: OPTIONS OUTSTANDING ------------------------------------ WEIGHTED AVERAGE OUTSTANDING AT REMAINING EXERCISE PRICES DECEMBER 31, 1997 CONTRACTUAL LIFE --------------- ----------------- ---------------- $0.60............................. 1,088,000 7.5 1.15............................. 423,750 9.0 4.20............................. 20,000 9.5 F-12 73 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123, "Accounting for Stock Based Compensation," (SFAS 123) requires the disclosure of pro forma net income and earnings per share information computed as if the Company had accounted for its employee stock options granted subsequent to December 31, 1994, under the fair value method set forth in SFAS 123. The fair value for these options was estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model with no volatility and the following weighted-average assumptions for 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively: risk-free interest rates of 7.79%, 6.33%, and 6.29%; no dividends; and an expected life of 3.5 years. The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. Because the Company's employee stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management's opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of its employee stock options. In addition, because options vest over several years and additional option grants are expected, the effects of these hypothetical calculations are not likely to be representative of similar future calculations. For purposes of pro forma disclosures, the estimated fair value of the options is amortized to expense over the options' vesting period. The Company's pro forma information follows (in thousands except for per share information): YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, --------------------------- 1995 1996 1997 ------ ------ ------- Pro forma net income.................................. $1,613 $8,863 $12,609 Pro forma net income per common share................. $ 0.04 $ 0.22 $ 0.31 Pro forma net income per common share -- assuming dilution............................................ $ 0.04 $ 0.21 $ 0.30 The Company's 1998 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan (the "1998 Plan") is intended to serve as the successor equity incentive program to the Company's existing 1995 Employee Stock Option Plan (the "Predecessor Plan"). The 1998 Plan became effective on July 23, 1998 upon adoption by the Board of Directors and was subsequently approved by the stockholders on July 23, 1998. Common Stock has initially been authorized for issuance under the 1998 Plan in the amount of 6,750,000 shares. In addition, the share reserve will automatically be increased on the last trading day of January each calendar year, beginning in January 2000, by a number of shares equal to one percent (1%) of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar year, but no such annual increase shall exceed 500,000 shares. However, in no event may any one participant in the 1998 Plan receive option grants or direct stock issuances for more than 1,000,000 shares in the aggregate per calendar year. Outstanding options under the Predecessor Plan will be incorporated into the 1998 Plan upon the date of the offerings, and no further option grants will be made under the Predecessor Plan. The incorporated options will continue to be governed by their existing terms, unless the Plan Administrator elects to extend one or more features of the 1998 Plan to those options. However, except as otherwise noted below, the outstanding options under the Predecessor Plan contain substantially the same terms and conditions summarized below for the Discretionary Option Grant Program in effect under the 1998 Plan. F-13 74 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED) The 1998 Plan is divided into three separate components: (i) the Discretionary Option Grant Program under which eligible individuals in the Company's employ or service (including officers, non-employee Board members and consultants) may, at the discretion of the Plan Administrator, be granted options to purchase shares of Common Stock at an exercise price determined by the Plan Administrator, (ii) the Stock Issuance Program under which such individuals may, in the Plan Administrator's discretion, be issued shares of Common Stock directly, through the purchase of such shares at a price determined by the Plan Administrator or as a bonus tied to the performance of services and (iii) the Automatic Option Grant Program under which option grants will automatically be made at periodic intervals to eligible non-employee Board members to purchase shares of Common Stock at an exercise price equal to 100% of the fair market value of those shares on the grant date. The Company's Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "Purchase Plan") was adopted by the Board of Directors on July 23, 1998 and approved by the stockholders on July 23, 1998. The Purchase Plan is designed to allow eligible employees of the Company and participating subsidiaries to purchase shares of Common Stock, at semi-annual intervals, through their periodic payroll deductions under the Purchase Plan. A reserve of 750,000 shares of Common Stock has been established for this purpose. The Purchase Plan will be implemented in a series of successive offering periods, each with a maximum duration of 24 months. However, the initial offering period will begin on the day the Underwriting Agreement is executed in connection with the offerings and will end on the last business day in July 2000. The next offering period will commence on the first business day in August 2000, and subsequent offering periods will commence as designated by the Plan Administrator. 7. OPERATIONS The Company operates in a single industry segment and markets its products through its sales personnel and certain foreign distributors. The distribution of the Company's revenues as a percent of total net revenues is as follows: SIX MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, JUNE 30, ----------------------- ---------------- 1995 1996 1997 1997 1998 ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ United States........................... 67.7% 50.6% 47.4% 45.0% 50.5% Export: Asia-Pacific Region................... 16.4 15.7 17.4 18.2 9.1 Europe................................ 10.0 29.5 31.0 33.6 34.9 Other................................. 5.9 4.2 4.2 3.2 5.5 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Total export sales............ 32.3 49.4 52.6 55.0 49.5 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== In 1995 and 1997, the Company had one customer each year which accounted for approximately 10% and 14%, respectively, of net revenues. 8. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PROGRAM The Company has a retirement savings plan structured under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the "Code"). The plan covers substantially all employees meeting minimum service F-14 75 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED) requirements. Under the plan, employees may elect to reduce their current compensation by up to 15%, subject to certain maximum dollar limitations prescribed by the "Code", and have the amount contributed to the plan as salary deferral contributions. The Company may make contributions to the plan at the discretion of the Board of Directors. The Company accrued a discretionary contribution to the plan totaling $233,242, $700,291, and $1,040,164 in 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively. 9. EARNINGS PER SHARE The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands, except share and per share data): SIX MONTHS ENDED YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, JUNE 30, --------------------------------------- ------------------------- 1995 1996 1997 1997 1998 ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- Numerator: Net income for basic and diluted earnings per share...................... $ 1,659 $ 8,936 $ 12,714 $ 5,027 $ 7,248 =========== =========== =========== =========== =========== Denominator: Denominator for basic earnings per share -- weighted average shares.... 39,600,000 40,997,800 41,243,610 41,237,290 41,256,300 Effect of dilutive securities: Employee stock options..... 1,607,410 453,550 866,330 529,550 1,408,320 ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- Dilutive potential common shares..................... 1,607,410 453,550 866,330 529,550 1,408,320 ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- Denominator for diluted earnings per share -- adjusted weighted-average shares and assumed conversion................. 41,207,410 41,451,350 42,109,940 41,766,840 42,664,620 =========== =========== =========== =========== =========== Net income per common share.... $ 0.04 $ 0.22 $ 0.31 $ 0.12 $ 0.18 =========== =========== =========== =========== =========== Net income per common share -- assuming dilution... $ 0.04 $ 0.22 $ 0.30 $ 0.12 $ 0.17 =========== =========== =========== =========== =========== For additional disclosures regarding the employee stock options, see Note 6. F-15 76 UNDERWRITING Subject to the terms and conditions of the Underwriting Agreement, the Company and the Selling Stockholders have agreed to sell to each of the U.S. Underwriters named below, and each of such U.S. Underwriters, for whom Goldman, Sachs & Co., Dain Rauscher Wessels, a division of Dain Rauscher Incorporated ("Dain Rauscher Wessels"), and Hambrecht & Quist LLC are acting as representatives, has severally agreed to purchase from the Company and the Selling Stockholders, the respective number of shares of Common Stock set forth opposite its name below: NUMBER OF SHARES OF COMMON UNDERWRITER STOCK ----------- --------- Goldman, Sachs & Co. ....................................... Dain Rauscher Wessels....................................... Hambrecht & Quist LLC....................................... --------- Total............................................. 4,600,000 ========= Under the terms and conditions of the Underwriting Agreement, the Underwriters are committed to take and pay for all of the shares offered hereby, if any are taken. The U.S. Underwriters propose to offer the shares of Common Stock in part directly to the public at the initial public offering price set forth on the cover page of this Prospectus, and in part to certain securities dealers at such price less a concession of $ per share. The U.S. Underwriters may allow, and such dealers may reallow, a concession not in excess of $ per share to certain brokers and dealers. After the shares of Common Stock are released for sale to the public, the offering price and other selling terms may from time to time be varied by the representatives. The Company and the Selling Stockholders have entered into an underwriting agreement (the "International Underwriting Agreement") with the underwriters of the international offering (the "International Underwriters") providing for the concurrent offer and sale of 1,150,000 shares of Common Stock in an international offering outside the United States. The offering price and aggregate underwriting discounts and commissions per share for the two offerings are identical. The closing of the offering made hereby is a condition to the closing of the international offering, and vice versa. The representatives of the International Underwriters are Goldman Sachs International, Dain Rauscher Wessels, and Hambrecht & Quist LLC. Pursuant to an Agreement between the U.S. and International Underwriting Syndicates (the "Agreement Between") relating to the two offerings, each of the U.S. Underwriters named herein has agreed that, as a part of the distribution of the shares offered hereby and subject to certain exceptions, it will offer, sell or deliver the shares of Common Stock, directly or indirectly, only in the United States of America (including the States and the District of Columbia), its territories, its possessions and other areas subject to its jurisdiction (the "United States") and to U.S. persons, which term shall mean, for purposes of this paragraph: (a) any individual who is a resident of the United States or (b) any corporation, partnership or other entity organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof and whose office most directly involved with the purchase is located in the United States. Each of the International Underwriters has agreed pursuant to the Agreement Between that, as a part of the distribution of the shares offered as a part of the international offering, and subject to certain exceptions, it will (i) not, directly or indirectly, offer, sell U-1 77 or deliver shares of Common Stock (a) in the United States or to any U.S. persons or (b) to any person who it believes intends to reoffer, resell or deliver the shares in the United States or to any U.S. Persons, and (ii) cause any dealer to whom it may sell such shares at any concession to agree to observe a similar restriction. Pursuant to the Agreement Between, sales may be made between the U.S. Underwriters and the International Underwriters of such number of shares of Common Stock as may be mutually agreed. The price of any shares so sold shall be the initial public offering price, less an amount not greater than the selling concession. The Company has granted the U.S. Underwriters an option exercisable for 30 days after the date of the Prospectus to purchase up to an aggregate of 690,000 shares of Common Stock to cover over-allotments, if any. If the U.S. Underwriters exercise their over-allotment option, the U.S. Underwriters have severally agreed, subject to certain conditions, to purchase approximately the same percentage thereof that the number of shares to be purchased by each of the U.S. Underwriters shown in the foregoing table bears to the 4,600,000 shares of Common Stock offered. The Company has granted the International Underwriters a similar option to purchase up to an aggregate of 172,500 additional shares of Common Stock. The Company and its stockholders have agreed, during the period beginning from the date of this Prospectus and continuing to and including the date 180 days after the date of this Prospectus, not to offer, sell, contract to sell or otherwise dispose of any shares of Common Stock or any securities of the Company (other than pursuant to employee stock incentive plans existing, or on the conversion or exchange of convertible or exercisable securities outstanding, on the date hereof) which are substantially similar to the shares of Common Stock or which are convertible or exchangeable into shares of Common Stock or any securities which are substantially similar to the shares of Common Stock, without the prior written consent of Goldman, Sachs & Co. on behalf of the Underwriters, except for the shares of Common Stock offered in connection with the concurrent U.S. and international offerings. The representatives of the Underwriters have informed the Company that they do not expect sales to accounts over which the Underwriters have discretionary authority to exceed five percent of the total number of shares of Common Stock offered by them. Prior to the offerings, there has been no public market for the shares of Common Stock. The initial public offering price will be negotiated among the Company, the Selling Stockholders and the representatives of the Underwriters. Among the factors to be considered in determining the initial public offering price of the Common Stock, in addition to prevailing market conditions, are the Company's historical performance, estimates of the business potential and earnings prospects of the Company, an assessment of the Company's management and the consideration of the above factors in relation to market valuation of companies in related businesses. In connection with the offerings, the Underwriters may purchase and sell the Common Stock in the open market. These transactions may include over-allotment and stabilizing transactions and purchases to cover short positions created by the Underwriters in connection with the offerings. Stabilizing transactions consist of certain bids or purchases for the purpose of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of the Common Stock; and short positions created by the Underwriters involve the sale by the Underwriters of a greater number of Common Stock than they are required to purchase from the Company in the offerings. The Underwriters also may impose a penalty bid, whereby selling concessions allowed to broker-dealers in respect of the securities sold in the offering may be reclaimed by the Underwriters if such shares of Common Stock are repurchased by the Underwriters in stabilizing or covering transactions. These activities may stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the market price of the Common Stock, which may be higher than the price that might otherwise prevail in the open market; and these activities, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time. These transactions may be effected on the Nasdaq National Market, in the over-the-counter market or otherwise. U-2 78 Application will be made to have the Common Stock approved for quotation on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol "INTI", subject to official notice of issuance. The Company and the Selling Stockholders have agreed to indemnify the several Underwriters against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. U-3 79 DESCRIPTION OF ARTWORK ON INSIDE BACK COVER [Picture of an individual dressed in a business suit looking through a free-standing, binocular viewer. In the upper left corner is the Company's logo.] Text: Text at Upper Right Corner, Flush Right: "Inet's hardware and software solutions help local, long distance and wireless telecommunications carriers worldwide develop, deploy and optimize their intelligent networks and advanced services. These solutions can improve efficiency, increase profitability, manage fraud, test services and evaluate network elements in the growing telecommunications market. Inet's products help carriers and manufacturers see how operational changes impact their customers. So they can manage their networks and their business better." Text superimposed over middle of picture: "An eye for surveillance, a mind for business" 80 ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ NO PERSON HAS BEEN AUTHORIZED TO GIVE ANY INFORMATION OR TO MAKE ANY REPRESENTATIONS OTHER THAN THOSE CONTAINED IN THIS PROSPECTUS, AND, IF GIVEN OR MADE, SUCH INFORMATION OR REPRESENTATIONS MUST NOT BE RELIED UPON AS HAVING BEEN AUTHORIZED. THIS PROSPECTUS DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFER TO SELL OR THE SOLICITATION OF AN OFFER TO BUY ANY SECURITIES OTHER THAN THE SECURITIES TO WHICH IT RELATES OR THE SOLICITATION OF ANY OFFER TO BUY SUCH SECURITIES IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH SUCH OFFER OR SOLICITATION IS UNLAWFUL. NEITHER THE DELIVERY OF THIS PROSPECTUS NOR ANY SALE MADE HEREUNDER SHALL, UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES, CREATE ANY IMPLICATION THAT THERE HAS BEEN NO CHANGE IN THE AFFAIRS OF THE COMPANY SINCE THE DATE HEREOF OR THAT THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS CORRECT AS OF ANY TIME SUBSEQUENT TO ITS DATE. --------------------- TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ---- Prospectus Summary......................... 3 Risk Factors............................... 5 Use of Proceeds............................ 16 Dividend Policy............................ 16 Dilution................................... 17 Capitalization............................. 18 Selected Consolidated Financial Data....... 19 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations............................... 20 Business................................... 28 Management................................. 43 Certain Transactions....................... 49 Principal and Selling Stockholders......... 50 Description of Capital Stock............... 51 Shares Eligible for Future Sale............ 54 Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Holders of Common Stock............................. 56 Legal Matters.............................. 58 Experts.................................... 58 Additional Information..................... 58 Index to Consolidated Financial Statements............................... F-1 Underwriting............................... U-1 --------------------- UNTIL , 1998 (THE 25TH DAY AFTER THE DATE OF THIS PROSPECTUS), ALL DEALERS EFFECTING TRANSACTIONS IN THE COMMON STOCK, WHETHER OR NOT PARTICIPATING IN THIS DISTRIBUTION, MAY BE REQUIRED TO DELIVER A PROSPECTUS. THIS IS IN ADDITION TO THE OBLIGATION OF DEALERS TO DELIVER A PROSPECTUS WHEN ACTING AS UNDERWRITERS AND WITH RESPECT TO THEIR UNSOLD ALLOTMENTS OR SUBSCRIPTIONS. ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ 5,750,000 SHARES INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. COMMON STOCK (PAR VALUE $0.001 PER SHARE) --------------------- [INET LOGO] --------------------- GOLDMAN, SACHS & CO. DAIN RAUSCHER WESSELS A DIVISION OF DAIN RAUSCHER INCORPORATED HAMBRECHT & QUIST REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNDERWRITERS ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ 81 PART II INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS All capitalized terms used and not defined in Part II of this Registration Statement shall have the meaning assigned to them in the Prospectus which forms a part of this Registration Statement. ITEM 13. OTHER EXPENSES OF ISSUANCE AND DISTRIBUTION. The following table sets forth the costs and expenses, other than the underwriting discount, payable by the registrant in connection with the sale of Common Stock being registered. All amounts are estimates except the SEC registration fee and the NASD filing fee. SEC registration fee........................................ $ 33,162 NASD fee.................................................... 11,742 Nasdaq National Market listing fee.......................... 17,500 Printing and engraving expenses............................. 100,000 Legal fees and expenses..................................... 350,000 Accounting fees and expenses................................ 190,000 Blue sky fees and expenses.................................. 10,000 Transfer agent fees......................................... 15,000 Miscellaneous............................................... 12,596 -------- Total............................................. $740,000 ======== - --------------- * To be included by amendment. ITEM 14. INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS. Subsection (a) of Section 145 ("Section 145") of the DGCL empowers a corporation to indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the corporation) by reason of the fact that he is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with such action, suit or proceeding if he acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interest of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful. Subsection (b) of Section 145 empowers a corporation to indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by right of the corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that such person acted in any of the capacities set forth above, against expenses (including attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if he acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, except that no indemnification may be made in respect to any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper. Section 145 further provides that to the extent a director or officer of a corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in the defense of any such action, suit or proceeding referred II-1 82 to in subsections (a) and (b) of Section 145 or in the defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, he shall be indemnified against expenses (including attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection therewith; that the indemnification provided for by Section 145 shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights which the indemnified party may be entitled; that indemnification provided by Section 145 shall, unless otherwise provided when authorized or ratified, continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of such person's heirs, executors and administrators; and empowers the corporation to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of a director or officer of the corporation against any liability asserted against him and incurred by him in any such capacity, or arising out of his status as such, whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify him against such liabilities under Section 145. Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL provides that a certificate of incorporation may contain a provision eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, provided that such provision shall not eliminate or limit the liability of the director (i) for any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section 174 of the DGCL, or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. Article VI of the registrant's Charter provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL as the same exists or as it may hereafter be amended, no director of the registrant shall be personally liable to the registrant or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director. Section 11.1 of the registrant's Bylaws further provides that the registrant shall, to the maximum extent and in the manner permitted by the DGCL, indemnify each of its directors and officers against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines, settlements, and other amounts actually and reasonably incurred in connection with any proceeding, arising by reason of the fact that such person is or was an agent of the registrant. Prior to consummation of the offerings, the registrant will enter into indemnification agreements with each of its directors and executive officers that provide for indemnification and expense advancement to the fullest extent permitted under the DGCL. Prior to consummation of the offerings, the registrant intends to obtain officers' and directors' liability insurance. Reference is made to Section 9 of the Underwriting Agreements filed as Exhibits 1.1 and 1.2 hereto, indemnifying the officers and directors of the registrant against certain liabilities. ITEM 15. RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES. Since July 1, 1995, the registrant has issued and sold or otherwise transferred the below listed unregistered securities. These issuances were deemed exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance on Rule 701 promulgated under the Securities Act or Section 4(2) of the Securities Act. 1. In March 1996, the registrant issued and sold 1,600,000 shares (net of repurchases) of its Common Stock to employees for an aggregate purchase price of $4,000 pursuant to exercises of options granted by the registrant. 2. In February 1997, the registrant issued 50,000 shares of its Common Stock to William H. Mina as a bonus in connection with the commencement of his employment with the Company. II-2 83 3. The Company has from time to time granted stock options to employees. The following table sets forth certain information regarding such grants: NUMBER EXERCISE PRICE OF SHARES PER SHARE --------- -------------- July 1, 1995 through June 30, 1996.................... 50,000 $0.60 July 1, 1996 through June 30, 1997.................... 456,750 1.15 July 1, 1997 through the date hereof.................. 526,000 4.20 ITEM 16. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES. (a) Exhibits: 1.1 Form of U.S. Underwriting Agreement. 1.2 Form of International Underwriting Agreement. 3.1 Certificate of Incorporation. 3.2 Bylaws. 4.1* Specimen Common Stock certificate. 4.2 See Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 for provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws of the registrant defining the rights of holders of Common Stock. 5.1 Opinion of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison LLP. 10.1 Lease dated as of May 1, 1996 by and among Pitman Partners, Ltd., Rosewood Property Company and the registrant. 10.2 Loan Agreement dated as of June 26, 1997 by and between NationsBank of Texas, N.A. and the registrant. 10.3 Inet Technologies, Inc. 1998 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan. 10.4 Form of Indemnification Agreement between the registrant and each of its directors and executive officers. 10.5 Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 17, 1998 by and among the registrant, Samuel S. Simonian, Elie S. Akilian and Mark A. Weinzierl. 10.6 Renewal, Extension and First Amendment to Loan Agreement entered into to be effective as of June 15, 1998 between the Company and NationsBank, N.A. 10.7 Fourth Amendment to Office lease dated as of July 15, 1998 by and among Pitman Partners, Ltd., Rosewood Property Company and the registrant. 21.1 Subsidiaries of the registrant. 23.1 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP. 23.2 Consent of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison LLP (included in the opinion filed as Exhibit 5.1). 24.1 Power of attorney pursuant to which amendments to this registration statement may be filed (included on the signature page in Part II hereof). 27.1 Financial data schedule for the period ended June 30, 1998. 27.2 Financial data schedule for the period ended June 30, 1997. 27.3 Financial data schedule for the period ended December 31, 1997. 27.4 Financial data schedule for the period ended December 31, 1996. 27.5 Financial data schedule for the period ended December 31, 1995. 99.1 Consent of Robert G. Mechaley, Jr. - --------------- * To be included by amendment. II-3 84 (b) Financial Statement Schedules: The following financial statement schedule of the Company is included in Part II of this registration statement: PAGE ---- Report of Independent Auditors on Financial Statement Schedule.................................................. S-1 Schedule II -- Valuation and Qualifying Accounts............ S-2 Schedules not listed above have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the Consolidated Financial Statements or the Notes thereto. ITEM 17. UNDERTAKINGS. The registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the Underwriters at the closing specified in the Underwriting Agreements certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the Underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the DGCL, the Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws of the registrant, the Underwriting Agreement, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act, and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer, or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered hereunder, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question of whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue. The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that: 1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of Prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of Prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this Registration Statement as of the time it was declared effective. 2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of Prospectus shall be deemed to be a new Registration Statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. II-4 85 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Plano, State of Texas, on this 24th day of July, 1998. INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. By: /s/ SAMUEL S. SIMONIAN ------------------------------------ Samuel S. Simonian President and Chief Executive Officer POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each individual whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Samuel S. Simonian and William H. Mina and each of them, his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement, and to sign any registration statement for the same offering covered by this registration statement that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, and all post-effective amendments thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and all documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or his or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. PURSUANT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, THIS REGISTRATION STATEMENT HAS BEEN SIGNED BY THE FOLLOWING PERSONS IN THE CAPACITIES AND ON THE DATES INDICATED: NAME TITLE DATE ---- ----- ---- /s/ SAMUEL S. SIMONIAN President, Chief Executive Officer July 24, 1998 - ----------------------------------------------------- and Director (principal Samuel S. Simonian executive officer) /s/ ELIE S. AKILIAN Executive Vice President and July 24, 1998 - ----------------------------------------------------- Director Elie S. Akilian /s/ MARK A. WEINZIERL Executive Vice President and July 24, 1998 - ----------------------------------------------------- Director Mark A. Weinzierl /s/ WILLIAM H. MINA Senior Vice President, Chief July 24, 1998 - ----------------------------------------------------- Financial Officer and Director William H. Mina (principal financial and accounting officer) II-5 86 REPORT OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP, INDEPENDENT AUDITORS Board of Directors Inet Technologies, Inc. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Inet Technologies, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 1996 and 1997, and the related consolidated statements of income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 1997, and have issued our report thereon dated February 17, 1998, except for Note 1, as to which the date is July 23, 1998, (included elsewhere in this Registration Statement). Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in Item 16(b) of this Registration Statement. This schedule is the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion based on our audits. In our opinion, the financial statement schedule referred to above, when considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in all material respects the information set forth therein. /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP ------------------------------------ Dallas, Texas February 17, 1998 except for Note 1, as to which the date is July 23, 1998 S-1 87 INET TECHNOLOGIES, INC. SCHEDULE II -- VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1995, 1996, AND 1997 (IN THOUSANDS) ADDITIONS BALANCE AT CHARGED TO BALANCE BEGINNING COSTS AND AT END OF DESCRIPTION OF YEAR EXPENSES DEDUCTIONS(1) YEAR ----------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ---------- Year ended December 31, 1995: Deducted from asset accounts -- Allowance for doubtful accounts............ $50 $ 58 $63 $ 45 === ==== === ==== Year ended December 31, 1996: Deducted from asset accounts -- Allowance for doubtful accounts............ $45 $ 12 $ 7 $ 50 === ==== === ==== Year ended December 31, 1997: Deducted from asset accounts -- Allowance for doubtful accounts............ $50 $452 $ 2 $500 === ==== === ==== - --------------- (1) Activity includes uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries. S-2 88 INDEX TO EXHIBITS EXHIBIT NUMBER DESCRIPTION ------- ----------- 1.1 Form of U.S. Underwriting Agreement. 1.2 Form of International Underwriting Agreement. 3.1 Certificate of Incorporation. 3.2 Bylaws. 4.1* Specimen Common Stock certificate. 4.2 See Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 for provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws of the registrant defining the rights of holders of Common Stock. 5.1 Opinion of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison LLP. 10.1 Lease dated as of May 1, 1996 by and among Pitman Partners, Ltd., Rosewood Property Company and the registrant. 10.2 Loan Agreement dated as of June 26, 1997 by and between NationsBank of Texas, N.A. and the registrant. 10.3 Inet Technologies, Inc. 1998 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan. 10.4 Form of Indemnification Agreement between the registrant and each of its directors and executive officers. 10.5 Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 17, 1998 by and among the registrant, Samuel S. Simonian, Elie S. Akilian and Mark A. Weinzierl. 10.6 Renewal, Extension and First Amendment to Loan Agreement entered into to be effective as of June 15, 1998 between the Company and NationsBank, N.A. 10.7 Fourth Amendment to office lease dated as of July 15, 1998 by and among Pitman Partners, Ltd., Rosewood Property Company and the registrant. 21.1 Subsidiaries of the registrant. 23.1 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP. 23.2 Consent of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison LLP (included in the opinion filed as Exhibit 5.1). 24.1 Power of attorney pursuant to which amendments to this registration statement may be filed (included on the signature page in Part II hereof). 27.1 Financial data schedule for the period ended June 30, 1998. 27.2 Financial data schedule for the period ended June 30, 1997. 27.3 Financial data schedule for the period ended December 31, 1997. 27.4 Financial data schedule for the period ended December 31, 1996. 27.5 Financial data schedule for the period ended December 31, 1995. 99.1 Consent of Robert G. Mechaley, Jr. - --------------- * To be included by amendment.