GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER TO GIVE THE PAYOR.
- -- Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: i.e.
000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated by one
hyphen: i.e.  00-0000000. The table below will help determine the number to
give the payor.




- -------------------------------   ----------------------------------------------
                                  GIVE THE
                                  SOCIAL SECURITY
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:         NUMBER OF --
- -------------------------------   ----------------------------
                               
1.    An individual               The individual

2.    Two or more                 The actual owner of the
      individuals (joint          account or, if combined
      account)                    funds, the first individual
                                  on the account(1)

3.    Custodian account of        The minor(2)
      a minor (Uniform
      Gift to Minors Act)

4.    a.   The usual              The grantor-
           revocable savings      Trustee(1)
           trust (grantor is
           also trustee)

      b.   So-called trust        The actual owner(1)
           account that is
           not a legal or
           valid trust under
           state law

5.       Sole proprietorship      The owner(3)

6.       Account in the name      The ward, minor or
         of guardian or           incompetent person
         committee for a
         designated ward,
         minor or
         incompetent
         person (4)

- -------------------------------   ----------------------------------------------







                                   GIVE THE
                                   EMPLOYER
                                   IDENTIFICATION
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:          NUMBER OF
- --------------------------------   ----------------------
                                
7.       A valid trust, estate     Legal entity(5)
         or pension trust

8.       Corporate                 The corporation

9.       Association, club,        The organization
         religious, charitable,
         educational, or other
         tax-exempt
         organization

10.      Partnership               The partnership

11.      A broker or               The broker or nominee
         registered nominee

12.      Account with the          The public entity
         Department of
         Agriculture in the
         name of a public
         entity (such as a
         state or local
         government, school
         district, or prison)
         that receives
         agricultural program
         payments

- -------------------------------   ----------------------------------------------


(1)   List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish. If
      only one person on a joint account has a social security number, that
      person's number must be furnished.

(2)   Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.

(3)   You must show your individual name, but you may also enter your business
      or "doing business as" name. You may use either your social security
      number or employer identification number.

(4)   Circle the ward's, minor's or incompetent person's name and furnish such
      person's social security number.

(5)   List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or pension
      trust. (Do not furnish the identifying number of the person,
      representative or trustee unless the legal entity itself is not
      designated in the account title.)


NOTE:  IF NO NAME IS CIRCLED WHEN MORE THAN ONE NAME IS LISTED, THE NUMBER WILL
       BE CONSIDERED TO BE THAT OF THE FIRST NAME LISTED.


            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

OBTAINING A NUMBER

If you do not have a taxpayer identification number or you do not know your
number, obtain Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Number Card, at the
local office of the Social Security Administration or Form SS-4. Applications
for Employer Identification Number at the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS")
and apply for a number.

If you do not have a number, write "Applied For" in the space for the taxpayer
identification number in Part I, sign and date the substitute Form W-9 and
return it to the payor. You must provide a payor with a taxpayer identification
number within 60 days. During this 60-day period, a payor has two options for
withholding on reportable interest or dividend payments:

(1)    a payor must backup withhold on any withdrawals you make from the
       account after 7 business days after a payor receives the substitute Form
       W-9: or

(2)    a payor must backup withhold on any reportable interest or dividend
       payments made to your account, regardless of whether you make any
       withdrawals. Under this option, backup withholding must begin no later
       than 7 business days after a payor receives the Substitute Form W-9.
       Under this option, a payor must refund the amounts withheld if a payor
       receives your certified taxpayer identification number within the 60-day
       period and you are not otherwise subject to backup withholding during
       the period.

With respect to other reportable payments, if a payor does not receive your
taxpayer identification number within the 60 days, a payor must backup withhold
until you furnish your taxpayor identification number.

CERTIFICATION

For interest, dividends and broker transactions, you must sign the
certification or backup withholding will apply. If you are subject to backup
withholding and you are merely providing your correct taxpayer identification
number to a payor, you must cross out item 2 in Part III before signing the
form.

PAYEES AND PAYMENTS EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING

Payees specifically exempted from backup withholding on ALL payments include
the following:

       o   An organization exempt from tax under section 501 (a) of the
           Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), or an
           individual retirement account or a custodial account under section
           403 (b) (7) of the Code if the account satisfies the requirements of
           section 401(1) (2) of the Code.

       o   The United States or any of its agencies or instrumentalities.

       o   A State, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United
           States, or any of their political subdivisions or instrumentalities.


       o   A foreign government or any of its political subdivisions, agencies
           or instrumentalities.

       o   An international organization or any of its agencies or
           instrumentalities.

Other payees that may be exempt from backup withholding include the following:

       o   A corporation.

       o   A financial institution.

       o   A dealer in securities or commodities required to register in the
           United States, the District of Columbia, or a possession of the
           United States.

       o   A real estate investment trust.

       o   A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a) of the
           Code.

       o   An entity registered at all times during the tax year under the
           Investment Company Act of 1940.

       o   A foreign central bank of issue.

Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding include the
following

       o   Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals. Note: You
           may be subject to backup withholding if this interest is $600 or
           more and is paid in the course of the payor's trade or business and
           you have not provided your current taxpayer identification number to
           the payor.

       o   Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt interest dividends
           under section 852 of the Code).

       o   Payments described in section 6049(b) (5) of the Code to
           non-resident aliens.

       o   Payments on tax-free covenant funds under section 1451 of the Code.

       o   Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

Exempt payees described above should file Form W-9 to avoid possible erroneous
backup withholding. FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYOR. FURNISH YOUR TAXPAYER
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER. ALSO SIGN AND DATE THE FORM.

Certain payments other than interest, dividends and patronage dividends that
are not subject to information reporting are also not subject to backup
withholding. For details, see sections 6041, 6041A, 6042, 6044, 6045, 6049,
6050A and 6050N of the Code and their regulations.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICE. -- Section 6109 of the Code requires recipients of
dividend, interest, or other payments to give taxpayer identification numbers
to payors who must report the payments to IRS. The IRS uses the numbers for
identification purposes. The Payor must be given the numbers whether or not
recipients are required to the tax returns. Payors must generally withhold 28%
(or other applicable percentage) of taxable interest, dividend and certain
other payments to a payee who does not furnish a taxpayer identification number
to a payor. Certain penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES

(1) PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER. -- If you
fail to furnish your taxpayer identification number to a payor, you are subject
to a penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to
reasonable cause and not to willful neglect.

(2) CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING. -- If you
make a false statement with no reasonable basis that results in no backup
withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.

(3) CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION. -- Willfully falsifying
certifications or affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including
fines and/or imprisonment.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT YOUR TAX ADVISOR OR THE IRS.