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            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER TO GIVE THE
PAYER.--Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: e.g.,
000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated by only
one hyphen: e.g., 00-0000000. The table below will help determine the number to
give the payer.



- ----------------------------------------------------------
                                           GIVE THE
                                       SOCIAL SECURITY
    FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:            NUMBER OF--
- ----------------------------------------------------------
                              
 1.  An individual's account        The individual
 2.  Two or more individuals        The actual owner of
     (joint account)                the account or, if
                                    combined funds, any
                                    one of the
                                    individuals(1)
 3.  Husband and wife (joint        The actual owner of
     account)                       the account or, if
                                    joint funds, either
                                    person(1)
 4.  Custodian account of a minor   The minor(2)
     (Uniform Gift to Minors Act)
 5.  Adult and minor (joint         The adult or, if the
     account)                       minor is the only
                                    contributor, the
                                    minor(1)
 6.  Account in the name of         The ward, minor, or
     guardian or committee for a    incompetent person(3)
     designated ward, minor, or
     incompetent person
 7.  a. The usual revocable         The grantor-
     savings trust account          trustee(1)
        (grantor is also trustee)
     b. So-called trust account     The actual owner(1)
     that is not a legal or valid
        trust under State law
 8.  Sole proprietorship account    The owner(4)
- ----------------------------------------------------------




- ----------------------------------------------------------
                                      GIVE THE EMPLOYEE
                                        IDENTIFICATION
    FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:            NUMBER OF--
- ----------------------------------------------------------
                              
 9.  A valid trust, estate, or      The legal entity (Do
     pension trust                  not furnish the
                                    identifying number of
                                    the personal
                                    representative or
                                    trustee unless the
                                    legal entity itself is
                                    not designated in the
                                    account title.)(5)
10.  Corporate account              The corporation
11.  Religious, charitable, or      The organization
     educational organization
     account
12.  Partnership account held in    The partnership
     the name of the business
13.  Association, club, or other    The organization
     tax-exempt organization
14.  A broker or registered         The broker or nominee
     nominee
15.  Account with the Department    The public entity
     of Agriculture in the name of
     a public entity (such as a
     State or local government,
     school district, or prison)
     that receives agricultural
     program payments
- ----------------------------------------------------------


(1) List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish.
(2) Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.
(3) Circle the ward's, minor's or incompetent person's name and furnish such
    person's social security number.
(4) Show the name of the owner but you may also enter your business or "doing
    business as" name. You may use either your social security number or your
    employer identification number (if you have one).
(5) List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or pension trust.

Note: If no name is circled when there is more than one name, the number will be
      considered to be that of the first name listed.
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            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

                                     PAGE 2

OBTAINING A NUMBER
If you don't have a taxpayer identification number or you don't know your
number, obtain Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Number Card (for
individuals), or Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number (for
businesses and all other entities), at an office of the Social Security
Administration or the Internal Revenue Service.

To complete Substitute Form W-9, if you do not have a taxpayer identification
number, write "Applied For" in the space for the taxpayer identification number
in Part 1, sign and date the Form, and give it to the requester. Generally, you
will then have 60 days to obtain a taxpayer identification number and furnish it
to the requester. If the requester does not receive your taxpayer identification
number within 60 days, backup withholding, if applicable, will begin and will
continue until you furnish your taxpayer identification number to the requester.

PAYEES EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING
Payees specifically exempted from backup withholding on ALL payments include the
following:
  - A corporation.
  - A financial institution.
  - An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), or an individual
    retirement plan, or a custodial account under section 403(b)(7).
  - The United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.
  - A State, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United States, or any
    subdivision or instrumentality thereof.
  - A foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government, or
    any agency or instrumentality thereof.
  - An international organization or any agency, or instrumentality thereof.
  - A registered dealer in securities or commodities registered in the United
    States or a possession of the United States.
  - A real estate investment trust.
  - A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a).
  - An exempt charitable remainder trust, or a non-exempt trust described in
    section 4947(a)(1).
  - An entity registered at all times during the tax year under the Investment
    Company Act of 1940.
  - A foreign central bank of issue.
  Payments of dividends and patronage dividends not generally subject to backup
withholding include the following:
  - Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under section 1441.
  - Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the United
    States and which have at least one nonresident partner.
  - Payments of patronage dividends where the amount received is not paid in
    money.
  - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
  - Payments made to a nominee.
  Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding include the
following:
  - Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals. Note: You may be
    subject to backup withholding if this interest is $600 or more and is paid
    in the course of the payer's trade or business and you have not provided
    your correct taxpayer identification number to the payer.
  - Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt-interest dividends under
    section 852).
  - Payments described in section 6049(b)(5) to nonresident aliens.
  - Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under section 1451.
  - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
  - Payments made to a nominee.

EXEMPT PAYEES DESCRIBED ABOVE SHOULD FILE A SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9 TO AVOID
POSSIBLE ERRONEOUS BACKUP WITHHOLDING. FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYER, FURNISH
YOUR TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER, WRITE "EXEMPT" ON THE FACE OF THE FORM,
SIGN AND DATE THE FORM AND RETURN IT TO THE PAYER.

  Certain payments other than interest dividends, and patronage dividends, that
are not subject to information reporting are also not subject to backup
withholding. For details, see the regulations under sections 6041, 6041A(a),
6045, and 6050A.

  PRIVACY ACT NOTICE. -- Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividend,
interest, or other payments to give taxpayer identification numbers to payers
who must report the payments to IRS. The IRS uses the numbers for identification
purposes and to help verify the accuracy of your tax return. Payers must be
given the numbers whether or not recipients are required to file tax returns.
Payers must generally withhold 31% of taxable interest, dividends, and certain
other payments to a payee who does not furnish a taxpayer identification number
to a payer. Certain penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES
(1) PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER. -- If you
fail to furnish your taxpayer identification number to a payer, you are subject
to a penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to
reasonable cause and not to willful neglect.
(2) FAILURE TO REPORT CERTAIN DIVIDEND AND INTEREST PAYMENTS. -- If you fail to
include any portion of an includible payment for interest, dividends, or
patronage dividends in gross income, such failure will be treated as being due
to negligence and will be subject to a penalty of 5% on any portion of an
underpayment attributable to that failure unless there is clear and convincing
evidence to the contrary.
(3) CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING. -- If you
make a false statement with no reasonable basis which results in no imposition
of backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.
(4) CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION. -- Falsifying certifications or
affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including fines and/or
imprisonment.

                  FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT YOUR TAX
                  CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE.

Unless otherwise noted herein, all references to section numbers or to
regulations are references to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and
the regulations promulgated thereunder.