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                           AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
                                       OF
                                 PALMWORKS, INC.
                              a Nevada corporation
                          Adopted as of April 20, 2000

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                                 PALMWORKS, INC.
                           AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
                                TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                         Page

                                    ARTICLE I
                                     Offices

Section 1.        Principal Office.........................................1
Section 2.        Other Offices............................................1

                                   ARTICLE II
                            Meetings of Stockholders

Section 1.        Place of Meetings........................................1
Section 2.        Annual Meetings..........................................1
Section 3.        Special Meetings.........................................1
Section 4.        Notice of Meetings.......................................1
Section 5.        Purpose of Meetings......................................2
Section 6.        Quorum...................................................2
Section 7.        Record Date..............................................2
Section 8.        Voting...................................................2
Section 9.        Consent of Stockholders in Lieu of Meeting...............3

                                   ARTICLE III
                                    Directors

Section 1.        Powers...................................................3
Section 2.        Number and Term of Office................................3
Section 3.        Place of Meetings........................................3
Section 4.        Annual Organizational Meeting............................3
Section 5.        Regular Meetings.........................................4
Section 6.        Special Meetings.........................................4
Section 7.        Quorum...................................................4
Section 8.        Committees...............................................4
Section 9.        Action of Directors in Lieu of Meeting...................4
Section 10.       Compensation.............................................5

                                   ARTICLE IV
                                     Notices

Section 1.        Notice, What Constitutes.................................5
Section 2.        Waiver of Notice.........................................5







                                    ARTICLE V
                                    Officers

Section 1.        Number and Qualifications................................5
Section 2.        Compensation.............................................6
Section 3.        Term of Office...........................................6
Section 4.        Subordinate Officers, Committees and Agents..............6
Section 5.        The President............................................6
Section 6.        The Vice President.......................................6
Section 7.        The Secretary............................................6
Section 8.        The Treasurer............................................6

                                   ARTICLE VI
                              Certificates of Stock

Section 1.        Issuance.................................................7
Section 2.        Transfer Agent and Registrar.............................7
Section 3.        Lost Certificates........................................7
Section 4.        Transfer of Stock........................................7
Section 5.        Registered Stockholders..................................8

                                   ARTICLE VII
                     Indemnification of Officers, Directors,

                  Employees and Agents; Insurance..........................8

                                  ARTICLE VIII
                               General Provisions

Section 1.        Dividends...............................................10
Section 2.        Reserves................................................10
Section 3.        Checks..................................................10
Section 4.        Fiscal Year.............................................10
Section 5.        Seal....................................................10
Section 6.        Amendments..............................................10




                           AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
                                       OF
                                 PALMWORKS, INC.

Article I

                                     Offices

Section 1.  Principal  Office.  The  principal  office shall be 2525 South Shore
Boulevard,  Suite 309,  League  City,  Texas  77573,  or such other  location as
determined by the board of directors.

Section 2. Other Offices.  The  Corporation  may also have offices at such other
places both within and outside of the State of Nevada.

Article II

                            Meetings of Stockholders

Section 1. Place of Meetings. Meetings of the stockholders shall be held at such
time and place  within or outside of the State of Nevada as shall be  designated
from time to time by the board of directors.

Section 2. Annual Meetings. The board of directors may determine the place, date
and time of the annual meetings of the stockholders,  but if no such place, date
and time is  fixed,  the  meeting  for any  calendar  year  shall be held at the
Corporation's  known place of business at 10:00 a.m. on the 1st day of August of
each year,  commencing  in 2000.  If that day is not a business day, the meeting
shall  be held  on the  next  succeeding  business  day.  At  that  meeting  the
stockholders  entitled  to vote shall elect such  directors  and  transact  such
business as may properly be brought before the meeting.

Section 3.  Special  Meetings.  Special  meetings of the  stockholders,  for any
purpose or purposes,  unless otherwise  prescribed by statute or by the articles
of  incorporation,  may be  called by the  president  and shall be called by the
president  or  secretary at the request in writing of a majority of the board of
directors,  or at the  request in writing of  stockholders  owning a majority in
amount of the entire capital stock of the Corporation issued and outstanding and
entitled  to vote.  Such  request  shall  state the  purpose or  purposes of the
proposed meeting.

Section 4.  Notice of  Meetings.  Notices of  meetings  shall be in writing  and
signed by the president or a vice president,  or the secretary,  or an assistant
secretary,  or by such other person or persons as the directors shall designate.
Such notice  shall state the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called
and the time and place  where it is to be held,  which may be within or  without
the State of Nevada. A copy of such notice shall be either delivered  personally
or shall be mailed,  postage prepaid,  to each stockholder of record entitled to
vote at such meeting not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before
such  meeting.  If  mailed,  it  shall  be  directed  to a  stockholder  at such
stockholder's address as it appears upon the records of the Corporation and upon
such mailing of any such notice, the service thereof shall be complete,  and the
time of the notice  shall  begin to run from the date upon which such  notice is
deposited in the mail for transmission to such stockholder.  In the event of the
transfer  of stock  after  delivery  or mailing of the notice of, and before the
holding of, the meeting,  it shall not be necessary to deliver or mail notice of
the meeting to the transferee.

Section 5. Purpose of Meetings.  Business  transacted at any special  meeting of
stockholders shall be limited to the purposes stated in the notice.

Section 6. Quorum. Stockholders holding at least a majority of the voting power,
present in person or  represented  by proxy,  shall  constitute  a quorum at all
meetings of the stockholders for the transaction of business except as otherwise
provided  by statute or by the  articles of  incorporation.  If,  however,  such
quorum shall not be present or represented  at any meeting of the  stockholders,
the stockholders  entitled to vote thereat,  present in person or represented by
proxy, shall have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice
other  than  announcement  at the  meeting,  until a quorum  shall be present or
represented.  At such  adjourned  meeting at which a quorum  shall be present or
represented  any business may be transacted  which might have been transacted at
the meeting as originally notified.



Section 7.  Record  Date.  The board of  directors  may  prescribe  a period not
exceeding sixty (60) days before any meeting of the stockholders during which no
transfer of stock on the books of the  Corporation may be made, or may fix a day
not more than sixty (60) days before the holding of any such  meeting as the day
as of which stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at such meetings must
be determined. Only stockholders of record on that day are entitled to notice or
to vote at such meeting.

Section 8. Voting.

(a) An act of stockholders  who hold at least a majority of the voting power and
are  present  at a  meeting  at  which a  quorum  is  present  is the act of the
stockholders  unless the  statutes  or  articles  of  incorporation  provide for
different proportions.

(b)  Except  as  hereinafter  provided,  every  stockholder  of  record  of  the
Corporation  shall be entitled at each meeting of  stockholders  to one vote for
each  share of stock  standing  in such  stockholder's  name on the books of the
Corporation.

(c) At any meeting of the  stockholders,  any stockholder may designate  another
person or  persons  to act as a proxy or  proxies  as  provided  by law.  If any
stockholder  designates  two or more  persons to act as  proxies,  a majority of
those  persons  present at the meeting,  or, if only one shall be present,  then
that one  shall  have  and may  exercise  all of the  powers  conferred  by such
stockholder upon all of the persons so designated  unless the stockholder  shall
otherwise provide.  No such proxy shall be valid after the expiration of six (6)
months from the date of its creation,  unless it is coupled with an interest, or
unless  the  stockholder  specifies  in it the length of time for which it is to
continue  in force,  which may not  exceed  seven (7) years from the date of its
creation.  Subject to the above,  any proxy properly  created is not revoked and
continues  in full force and effect until  another  instrument  or  transmission
revoking it or a properly  created  proxy  bearing a later date is filed with or
transmitted  to the secretary of the  Corporation  or another  person or persons
appointed by the  Corporation to count the votes of  stockholders  and determine
the validity of proxies and ballots.

Section 9. Consent of  Stockholders  in Lieu of Meeting.  Any action required or
permitted  to be taken at a meeting may be taken  without a meeting if a written
consent  thereto is signed by  stockholders  holding at least a majority  of the
voting  power,  unless the  provisions  of the  statutes  or of the  articles of
incorporation  require a greater  proportion  of voting power to authorize  such
action,  in which case,  such greater  proportion of written  consents  shall be
required.

Article III

                                    Directors

Section 1. Powers. The business of the Corporation shall be managed by its board
of directors  which may exercise all such powers of the  Corporation  and do all
such  lawful  acts  and  things  as are  not by  statute,  by  the  articles  of
incorporation,  or by these bylaws  directed or required to be exercised or done
by the stockholders.

Section 2. Number and Term of Office.

(a) The board of directors shall consist of such number of directors,  not fewer
than one (1) nor more than ten (10), as may be  determined  from time to time by
resolution of the board of directors. Except as hereinafter provided,  directors
shall be elected at the annual  meeting of the  stockholders  and each  director
shall serve until his or her successor shall be elected and qualified,  or until
his or her earlier resignation or removal.



(b) Vacancies, including those caused by an increase in the number of directors,
may be  filled by a  majority  of the  remaining  directors  though  less than a
quorum. When one or more directors shall give notice of their resignation to the
board of  directors,  effective at a future date,  the board of directors  shall
have the  power to fill such  vacancy  or  vacancies  to take  effect  when such
resignation or resignations shall become effective, each director to hold office
until such director's successor is appointed and elected.

(c) Any  director  may be  removed  from  office  by the  vote  of  stockholders
representing  not less than  two-thirds  (2/3) of the voting power of the issued
and outstanding stock entitled to voting power,  except that (i) if the articles
of incorporation  provide for the election of directors by cumulative voting, no
director may be removed from office under the  provisions of this section except
upon the vote of  stockholders  owning  sufficient  shares to have prevented his
election  to  office  in  the  first  instance,  and  (ii)  if the  articles  of
incorporation  require  the  concurrence  of a larger  percentage  of the  stock
entitled to voting power in order to remove a director.

Section 3. Place of Meetings. The board of directors of the Corporation may hold
meetings,  both  regular and special,  either  within or outside of the State of
Nevada.

Section  4.  Annual  Organizational  Meeting.  The first  meeting  of each newly
elected  board of  directors  shall be held  within  thirty  (30) days after the
adjournment of the annual  meetings of  stockholders.  No notice of such meeting
shall be  necessary  to be  given to the  newly  elected  directors  in order to
legally constitute the meeting, provided a quorum shall be present. In the event
such  meeting  is not held,  the  meeting  may be held at such time and place as
shall  be  specified  in a notice  given as  hereinafter  provided  for  special
meetings of the board of directors, or as shall be specified in a written waiver
signed by all of the directors.

Section 5.  Regular  Meetings.  Meetings of the board of  directors  may be held
without  notice at such time and place as shall from time to time be  determined
by the board of directors.

Section 6. Special  Meetings.  Special meetings of the board of directors may be
called by the  president or secretary  on the written  request of one  director.
Written notice of special  meetings of the board of directors  shall be given to
each director by telephone or in writing at least twenty-four (24) hours (in the
case of notice by telephone or facsimile) or forty-eight (48) hours (in the case
of notice by  telegram) or three (3) days (in the case of notice by mail) before
the time at which the meeting is to be held.  Every such notice  shall state the
date,  time and place of the  meeting,  but need not describe the purpose of the
meeting  unless  required by the  articles  of  incorporation,  these  bylaws or
provided by law.

Section 7.  Quorum.  A majority  of the board of  directors,  at a meeting  duly
assembled,  shall be necessary to  constitute  a quorum for the  transaction  of
business  and the act of a majority of the  directors  present at any meeting at
which a quorum is present shall be the act of the board of directors,  except as
may  be  otherwise  specifically  provided  by  statute  or by the  articles  of
incorporation.



Section 8. Committees.

(a) The board of directors may, by resolution  passed by a majority of the whole
board of directors,  designate one or more committees, each committee to consist
of one or  more  of the  directors  of the  Corporation,  which,  to the  extent
provided in the resolution,  shall have and may exercise the powers of the board
of directors in the  management of the business and affairs of the  Corporation,
and may have power to authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all
papers which may require it. Such  committee or committees  shall have such name
or names as may be  determined  from time to time by  resolution  adopted by the
board of directors.  The board of directors may appoint  natural persons who are
not directors to serve on committees.

(b) The committees  shall keep regular  minutes of their  proceedings and report
the same to the board of directors when required.

Section 9.  Action of  Directors  in Lieu of  Meeting.  Any action  required  or
permitted  to be taken  at any  meeting  of the  board  of  directors  or of any
committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if, before or after the action,
a written consent thereto is signed by all the members of the board of directors
or of the committee,  as the case may be, and the written  consent is filed with
the minutes of proceedings of the board of directors or committee.

Section 10. Compensation.  The directors may be paid their expenses,  if any, of
attendance at each meeting of the board of directors and may be paid a fixed sum
for  attendance  at each meeting of the board of directors or a stated salary as
director.  No  such  payment  shall  preclude  any  director  from  serving  the
Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation  therefor.  Members
of special or standing committees may be allowed like compensation for attending
committee meetings.

Article IV

                                     Notices

Section 1. Notice, What Constitutes. Notices to directors and stockholders shall
be  in  writing  and  delivered   personally  or  mailed  to  the  directors  or
stockholders  at their  addresses  appearing  on the  books of the  Corporation.
Notice by mail  shall be  deemed to be given at the time when the same  shall be
mailed.  Notice  to  directors  may  also be  given by  telegram,  facsimile  or
telephone.

Section 2. Waiver of Notice.

(a) Whenever all parties entitled to vote at a meeting,  whether of directors or
stockholders,  consent,  either by a writing on the  records  of the  meeting or
filed with the  secretary,  or by  presence  at such  meeting  and oral  consent
entered on the minutes,  or by taking part in the  deliberations at such meeting
without objection,  the doings of such meetings shall be as valid as if had at a
meeting  regularly  called and noticed,  and at such meeting any business may be
transacted   which  is  not  excepted  from  the  written   consent  or  to  the
consideration  of which no objection for want of notice is made at the time, and
if any meeting be irregular  for want of notice or of such  consent,  provided a
quorum was  present at such  meeting,  the  proceedings  of said  meeting may be
ratified and approved and rendered likewise valid and the irregularity or defect
therein  waived by a writing  signed by all parties  having the right to vote at
such meetings;  and such consent or approval of stockholders  may be by proxy or
attorney, but all such proxies and powers of attorney must be in writing.



(b) Whenever any notice whatever is required to be given under the provisions of
the statutes, the articles of incorporation or these bylaws, a waiver thereof in
writing, signed by the person or persons entitled to said notice, whether before
or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent thereto.

Article V

                                    Officers

Section 1. Number and  Qualifications.  The officers of the Corporation shall be
chosen by the board of directors at its first meeting and thereafter  after each
annual  meeting of  stockholders.  The  officers to be elected  shall  include a
president, a secretary and a treasurer. Any person may hold two or more offices.
The board of directors may also appoint vice presidents and additional  officers
or assistant officers as it shall deem necessary.

Section  2.  Compensation.  The  salaries  of all  officers  and  agents  of the
Corporation shall be fixed by the board of directors.

Section 3. Term of Office.  The  officers of the  Corporation  shall hold office
until  their  successors  are  chosen  and  qualified.  Any  officer  elected or
appointed  by  the  board  of  directors  may be  removed  at  any  time  by the
affirmative vote of a majority of the board of directors.  Any vacancy occurring
in any office of the  Corporation  by death,  resignation,  removal or otherwise
shall be filled by the board of directors.

Section 4. Subordinate  Officers,  Committees and Agents. The board of directors
may elect any other  officers  and appoint any  committees,  employees  or other
agents  as it  desires  who shall  hold  their  offices  for the terms and shall
exercise the powers and perform the duties as shall be  determined  from time to
time  by  the  board  of  directors  to be  required  by  the  business  of  the
Corporation. The directors may delegate to any officer or committee the power to
elect subordinate officers and retain or appoint employees or other agents.

Section 5. The President.  The president shall be the chief executive officer of
the Corporation, shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and the board
of  directors,  shall have general and active  management of the business of the
Corporation,  and  shall see that all  orders  and  resolutions  of the board of
directors are carried into effect.

Section 6. The Vice President.  If appointed,  the vice president  shall, in the
absence or  disability  of the  president,  perform the duties and  exercise the
powers of the  president  and shall  perform  such other  duties as the board of
directors may from time to time prescribe.

Section 7. The Secretary.  The secretary  shall attend all meetings of the board
of directors and all meetings of the stockholders and record all the proceedings
of the meetings of the Corporation and of the board of directors in a book to be
kept for that purpose and shall perform like duties for the standing  committees
when  required.  The secretary  shall give, or cause to be given,  notice of all
meetings of the stockholders and special meetings of the board of directors, and
shall  perform such other duties as may be  prescribed by the board of directors
or president,  under whose  supervision  the  secretary  shall be. The secretary
shall keep in safe custody the seal of the  Corporation  and, when authorized by
the board of directors,  affix the same to any instrument requiring it and, when
so  affixed,  it  shall  be  attested  by the  secretary's  signature  or by the
signature of the treasurer or an assistant secretary.

Section 8. The Treasurer.  The treasurer shall have the custody of the corporate
funds and  securities  and shall keep in full and accurate  accounts of receipts
and  disbursements  in books  belonging to the Corporation and shall deposit all
moneys  and  other  valuable  effects  in the  name  and to  the  credit  of the
Corporation in such depositories as may be designated by the board of directors.
The treasurer  shall disburse the funds of the  Corporation as may be ordered by
the board of directors taking proper vouchers for such disbursements,  and shall
render to the president and the board of directors,  at the regular  meetings of
the board of directors,  or when the board of directors so requires,  an account
of all the treasurer's  transactions as treasurer and of the financial condition
of the  Corporation.  If required by the board of  directors,  he shall give the
Corporation  a bond in such sum and with  such  surety or  sureties  as shall be
satisfactory  to the board of  directors  for the  faithful  performance  of the
duties of the treasurer's office and for the restoration to the Corporation,  in
case of the treasurer's death,  resignation,  retirement or removal from office,
of all books, papers, vouchers, money and other property of whatever kind in his
possession or under his control belonging to the Corporation.



Article VI

                              Certificates of Stock

Section 1. Issuance.  Every stockholder shall be entitled to have a certificate,
signed by the  president or a vice  president  and the treasurer or an assistant
treasurer,  or the  secretary  or an  assistant  secretary  of the  Corporation,
certifying the number of shares owned by such  stockholder  in the  Corporation.
When the  Corporation  is  authorized  to issue shares of more than one class or
more than one  series of any  class,  there  shall be set forth upon the face or
back of the  certificate,  or the  certificate  shall have a statement  that the
Corporation  will furnish to any stockholder  upon request and without charge, a
full or summary  statement  of the  voting  powers,  designations,  preferences,
limitations, restrictions and relative rights of the various classes of stock or
series  thereof.  If any officer or  officers  who shall have  signed,  or whose
facsimile  signature or signatures shall have been used on, any such certificate
or certificates  shall cease to be such officer or officers of the  Corporation,
whether because of death,  resignation or otherwise,  before such certificate or
certificates  shall have been delivered by the Corporation,  such certificate or
certificates  may  nevertheless  be adopted by the Corporation and be issued and
delivered  as though the  person or  persons  who  signed  such  certificate  or
certificates,  or whose facsimile  signature or signatures  shall have been used
thereon, had not ceased to be the officer or officers of such Corporation.

Section  2.  Transfer   Agent  and  Registrar.   Whenever  any   certificate  is
countersigned  or  otherwise  by a transfer  agent or transfer  clerk,  and by a
registrar,  then a facsimile of the  signatures of the officers or agents of the
Corporation may be printed or lithographed  upon such certificate in lieu of the
actual signatures.

Section  3.  Lost  Certificates.  The  board  of  directors  may  direct  a  new
certificate  or  certificates  to be  issued  in  place  of any  certificate  or
certificates  theretofore issued by the Corporation alleged to have been lost or
destroyed,  upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person  claiming
the certificate of stock to be lost or destroyed. When authorizing such issuance
of a new  certificate  or  certificates,  the  board of  directors  may,  in its
discretion  and as a condition  precedent to the issuance  thereof,  require the
owner of such lost or destroyed  certificate  or  certificates,  or such owner's
legal  representative,  to advertise the same in such manner as it shall require
and/or  give the  Corporation  a bond in such sum as it may direct as  indemnity
against any claim that may be made against the  Corporation  with respect to the
certificate alleged to have been lost or destroyed.

Section 4. Transfer of Stock.  Upon surrender to the Corporation or the transfer
agent  of  the  Corporation  of  a  certificate  for  shares  duly  endorsed  or
accompanied  by proper  evidence  of  succession,  assignment  or  authority  to
transfer,  it shall be the duty of the Corporation to issue a new certificate to
the  person  entitled  thereto,  cancel  the  old  certificate  and  record  the
transaction upon its books.

Section  5.  Registered  Stockholders.  The  Corporation  shall be  entitled  to
recognize the exclusive  right of a person  registered on its books as the owner
of shares to receive  dividends,  and to vote as such owner,  and to hold liable
for  calls  and  assessments  a person  registered  on its books as the owner of
shares,  and shall not be bound to recognize  any equitable or other claim to or
interest in such share or shares on the part of any other person, whether or not
it shall have express or other notice thereof,  except as otherwise  provided by
the laws of Nevada.



Article VII

                     Indemnification of Officers, Directors,
                         Employees and Agents; Insurance

(a) The Corporation shall indemnify, to the maximum extent permitted by the law,
any  person  who was or is a party  or is  threatened  to be made a party to any
threatened,  pending or completed  action,  suit or  proceeding,  whether civil,
criminal,  administrative or investigative,  except an action by or in the right
of the Corporation, by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director,
officer,  employee  or agent of the  Corporation,  or is or was  serving  at the
request of the Corporation as a director,  officer, employee or agent of another
corporation,  partnership,  joint venture,  trust or other  enterprise,  against
expenses,  including  attorneys'  fees,  judgments,  fines and  amounts  paid in
settlement  actually and reasonably  incurred by such person in connection  with
such  action,  suit or  proceeding  if such person  acted in good faith and in a
manner which such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best
interests  of the  Corporation,  and,  with  respect to any  criminal  action or
proceeding,  had no  reasonable  cause to  believe  such  person's  conduct  was
unlawful. The termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment,  order,
settlement,  conviction,  or upon a plea of no lo contendere or its  equivalent,
shall not, of itself,  create a presumption  that the person did not act in good
faith and in a manner  which such  person  reasonably  believed  to be in or not
opposed to the best interests of the Corporation,  and that, with respect to any
criminal action or proceeding,  such person had reasonable cause to believe that
his conduct was unlawful.

(b) The Corporation shall indemnify, to the maximum extent permitted by the law,
any  person  who was or is a party  or is  threatened  to be made a party to any
threatened,  pending  or  completed  action  or suit by or in the  right  of the
Corporation  to procure a judgment  in its favor by reason of the fact that such
person is or was a director,  officer, employee or agent of the Corporation,  or
is or was serving at the  request of the  Corporation  as a  director,  officer,
employee or agent of another corporation,  partnership,  joint venture, trust or
other enterprise  against  expenses,  including  attorneys'  fees,  actually and
reasonably  incurred by such person in connection with the defense or settlement
of such action or suit if such person  acted in good faith and in a manner which
such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of
the Corporation,  but no indemnification  shall be made in respect of any claim,
issue or matter as to which  such  person  has been  adjudged  to be liable  for
negligence  or  misconduct  in the  performance  of  such  person's  duty to the
Corporation unless and only to the extent that the court in which such action or
suit was brought  determines upon application that,  despite the adjudication of
liability  but in view of all the  circumstances  of the  case,  such  person is
fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses as the court deems
proper.

(c) To the extent that a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation
has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or
proceeding  referred to in Sections  7(a) and 7(b) hereof,  or in defense of any
claim,  issue  or  matter  therein,  such  person  shall be  indemnified  by the
Corporation against expenses, including attorneys' fees, actually and reasonably
incurred by such person in connection with such defense.

(d) Any indemnification under Sections 7(a) and 7(b) hereof, unless ordered by a
court,  shall be made by the Corporation only as authorized in the specific case
upon a determination that indemnification of the director,  officer, employee or
agent is proper in the circumstances  because such person has met the applicable
standard  of  conduct  set  forth  in  Sections  7(a)  and  7(b)  hereof.   Such
determination shall be made:

(i)  by the stockholders;

(ii) by the  board of  directors  by  majority  vote of a quorum  consisting  of
     directors who were not parties to such act, suit or proceeding;

(iii)if such a quorum of  disinterested  directors  so  orders,  by  independent
     legal counsel in a written opinion; or

(iv) if  such a  quorum  of  disinterested  directors  cannot  be  obtained,  by
     independent legal counsel in a written opinion.



(e)  Expenses  incurred  in  defending  a  civil  or  criminal  action,  suit or
proceeding may be paid by the Corporation in advance of the final disposition of
such action,  suit or proceeding as authorized by the board of directors  unless
it is ultimately  determined that such director,  officer,  employee or agent is
not entitled to be indemnified by the  Corporation as authorized in this section
or as provided by law.

(f)      The indemnification provided by this Section 7(f):

(i) does not exclude any other rights to which a person seeking  indemnification
may  be  entitled  under  any  bylaw,   agreement,   vote  of   stockholders  or
disinterested  directors  or  otherwise,  both as to  action  in  such  person's
official  capacity  and as to action in  another  capacity  while  holding  such
office; and

(ii) shall  continue  as to a person who has ceased to be a  director,  officer,
employee  or agent and shall inure to the  benefit of the heirs,  executors  and
administrators of such a person.

(g) The Corporation may purchase and maintain  insurance on behalf of any person
who is or was a director,  officer, employee or agent of the Corporation,  or is
or as serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee
or agent of another  corporation,  partnership,  joint  venture,  trust or other
enterprise  against any liability  asserted  against such person and incurred by
such  person in any such  capacity,  or arising out of such  person's  status as
such,  whether or not the  Corporation  would have the power to  indemnify  such
person against such liability under the provisions of this section.

Article VIII

                               General Provisions

Section 1.  Dividends.  Dividends  upon the  capital  stock of the  Corporation,
subject to the  provisions  of the  articles of  incorporation,  if any,  may be
declared by the board of directors at any regular or special meeting pursuant to
law.  Dividends  may be paid in cash,  in property,  or in shares of the capital
stock, subject to the provisions of the articles of incorporation.

Section 2. Reserves.  Before payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out
of any funds of the Corporation  available for dividends such sum or sums as the
directors  from time to time, in their  absolute  discretion,  think proper as a
reserve or reserves to meet contingencies,  or for equalizing dividends,  or for
repairing  or  maintaining  any property of the  Corporation,  or for such other
purpose  as  the  directors  shall  think  conducive  to  the  interest  of  the
Corporation,  and the  directors  may modify or abolish any such reserves in the
manner in which it was created.

Section 3. Checks.  All checks or demands for money and notes of the Corporation
shall be signed by such  officer or officers or such other  person or persons as
the board of directors may from time to time designate.

Section 4. Fiscal  Year.  The fiscal year of the  Corporation  shall be fixed by
resolution of the board of directors.

Section 5. Seal.  The  Corporation  may have a  corporate  seal in the form of a
circle  containing the name of the Corporation,  the year of  incorporation  and
such other  details as may be  approved  by the board of  directors.  Nothing in
these bylaws shall require the  impression of a corporate  seal to establish the
validity of any document executed on behalf of the Corporation.



Section 6.  Amendments.  These  bylaws may be altered or repealed at any regular
meeting  of the  stockholders  or of the board of  directors  or at any  special
meeting  of the  stockholders  or of the  board of  directors  if notice of such
alteration or repeal be contained in the notice of such special meeting.

                                  CERTIFICATION

         I hereby  certify  that the  foregoing  Bylaws were duly adopted by the
board of directors of the Corporation as of the 20th day of April, 2000.

                           Ellen S. Eckler, Secretary