INDEX
PART I PAGE
Item 1. Business 1
Item 2. Properties 34
Item 3. Legal Proceedings 34
Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders 34
Executive Officers of the Registrant 34
PART II
Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity and Related Shareholder Matters 35
Item 6. Selected Financial Data 35
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations 35
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk 35
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 36
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on
Accounting and Financial Disclosure 36
PART III
Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant 36
Item 11. Executive Compensation 36
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management 36
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions 36
PART IV
Item 14. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules, and Reports on Form 8-K 36
The Business Section and other parts of this Form 10-K contain forward-looking
statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The Company's actual results
may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking
statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not
limited to, those discussed in the subsection entitled "Forward-Looking
Statements" in the Company's Management's Discussion and Analysis that has been
incorporated by reference into Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K.
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Pennsylvania Manufacturers Corporation (the "Company" or "PMC"), headquartered
in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, is a Pennsylvania insurance holding company.
Presently, the Company operates in two principal segments, property and casualty
reinsurance through PMA Reinsurance Corporation ("PMA Re"), and workers'
compensation and standard property and casualty primary insurance through
Pennsylvania Manufacturers' Association Insurance Company ("PMAIC") and other
affiliated insurance companies (the "Property and Casualty Group"). PMA Re
emphasizes risk-exposed, excess of loss reinsurance and operates in the domestic
brokered market. The Property and Casualty Group offers workers' compensation
products and services and certain other standard lines of commercial insurance
primarily in nine contiguous jurisdictions in the Mid-Atlantic and Southern
regions of the United States, utilizing the PMA Group trade name. The domestic
insurance subsidiaries through which the Property and Casualty Group writes its
insurance products and who share results through an intercompany pooling
agreement are referred to herein as the "Pooled Companies."
During 1997, the Company established a separate specialty insurance operation
focusing on excess and surplus lines, Caliber One Management Company (Caliber
One). Caliber One did not write any business during 1997. Management
anticipates that Caliber One will primarily write multi-line business consisting
of primary and excess commercial general liability, professional liability,
excess automobile and certain property exposures beginning in 1998. Because
Caliber One's operating revenues and results were not significant in 1997, its
data was included in the Corporate and Other segment in the foregoing
discussions.
PMA Re and the Property and Casualty Group are sometimes collectively referred
to herein as the "Insurance Subsidiaries." A.M. Best & Company ("A.M. Best")
has currently assigned an "A+ (Superior)" rating to PMA Re, an "A- (Excellent)"
rating to the Pooled Companies and an "A" (Excellent) to Caliber One Indemnity
Company.
At December 31, 1997, the Company had total assets of $3.1 billion and
shareholders' equity of $478.3 million. Unless otherwise specified in this Form
10-K, dollar amounts set forth herein with respect to the Company are presented
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP").
After a period of rapid growth in the late 1980's, the Company's consolidated
total net premiums written declined from $552.0 million in 1992 to $418.3
million in 1997. Between 1993 and 1997, PMA Re's premium volume expanded as a
result of the increased demand for reinsurance in the markets in which PMA Re
participates as well as trends towards ceding companies restricting the number
of reinsurers with which they will do business. Those trends have facilitated
PMA Re's increased participation on reinsurance treaties with its existing
clients, the writing of additional layers and programs with existing clients,
and to a lesser extent, the addition of business from new ceding companies.
During this period, the market for the products written by the Property and
Casualty Group was very competitive. The Property and Casualty Group restricted
its premium volume, rather than write business at rates that were not
commensurate with the risks assumed, and introduced loss-sensitive coverages and
large-deductible programs, under which insureds pay less premium but bear a
greater portion of loss exposure. Beginning in 1992, premiums written were also
reduced as a result of the Property and Casualty Group's re-underwriting of its
book of business and, commencing in 1993, rate reductions associated with
workers' compensation benefit reform laws. Management believes that recent
initiatives undertaken and workers' compensation reforms enacted in recent years
afford the Property and Casualty Group an opportunity to increase its core
business, workers' compensation insurance, on terms acceptable to it. See "The
Property and Casualty Group -- Background and Recent Developments" below.
1
The composition of the Company's net premiums written for 1997 was as follows:
(dollar amounts in thousands)
Net premiums
written % of total
------------ ----------
PMA Re................................ $177,934 42.5%
-------- ----
The Property and Casualty Group:
Workers' Compensation............. 175,301 41.9%
Other commercial lines............ 65,047 15.6%
-------- -----
Total............................. 240,348 57.5%
-------- -----
Total................................. $418,282 100.0%
======== =====
PMA RE
BACKGROUND
PMA Re is primarily a treaty reinsurer of domestic property and casualty
business that operates in the brokered market. The Reinsurance Association of
America (the "RAA") reported that as of September 30, 1997, PMA Re was the
eighteenth largest professional reinsurer in the brokered market and the twenty-
second largest professional reinsurer in the United States market based upon
statutory capital and surplus.
In the brokered reinsurance market, the products (reinsurance coverages) are
distributed to the ultimate customer (ceding companies) through reinsurance
intermediaries, known as brokers. In exchange for providing such distribution
services, the brokers are paid commissions, known as brokerage, which is
typically based upon a percentage of the premiums ceded under a particular
contract. The brokered reinsurance market differs from the direct reinsurance
market in which reinsurers maintain their own sales forces and distribute their
products directly to their ceding company clients.
In the five-year period ended December 31, 1997, PMA Re has expanded its premium
base without changing its underwriting standards. From 1992 to 1997, PMA Re
reported premium volume growth which exceeded that of the overall reinsurance
industry. During such period, PMA Re's compound annual growth rate for net
premiums written was 13.2%, while it is estimated that the reinsurance
industry's compound annual growth rate was 8.2% for the same period based upon
information published by the RAA. Management believes that the expansion of PMA
Re's premium base has been attributable to several factors. First, PMA Re's
volume has been impacted by industry trends that have tended to increase the
demand for reinsurance. Specifically, much of the growth that has occurred in
the primary insurance market in recent years has been attributable to regional
and niche companies. Typically, these companies demand more reinsurance than
their larger counterparts. Second, there has been growth in primary industry
segments in which PMA Re specializes, such as excess and surplus lines. Third,
management believes that PMA Re has benefited from the greater selectivity by
ceding companies which have restricted the number of reinsurers with which they
will transact business. Additionally, commencing in 1996, PMA Re initiated a
target marketing program, under which certain existing accounts and new accounts
were identified as having certain desirable characteristics (such as quality
management and underwriting) and such accounts were pursued for additional or
new business. This program, as well as fallout from consolidation in the
reinsurance industry has enabled PMA Re to grow faster than the industry in 1996
and 1997. These factors have more than offset the recent trends of ceding
companies retaining more of their business and highly competitive conditions
which caused PMA Re to non-renew certain accounts and not accept certain new
business opportunities for underwriting or pricing reasons.
PMA Re's premium volume increases have largely taken the form of increased
participation levels on clients' existing programs, as well as writing of
additional layers and programs with current clients. To a lesser extent, volume
growth has been attributable to business written with new ceding company
clients.
2
REINSURANCE PRODUCTS
The following table indicates PMA Re's gross and net premiums written by major
category of business:
(dollar amounts in thousands)
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
-------- -------- --------- -------- --------
Gross premiums written (1)
Casualty................................ $151,901 $143,991 $128,736 $107,001 $ 94,482
Property................................ 72,625 63,325 63,693 36,592 28,217
Other................................... 795 842 (63) 837 1,854
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total................................... $225,321 $208,158 $192,366 $144,430 $124,553
======== ======== ======== ======== ========
Net premiums written (2)
Casualty................................ $118,889 $122,008 $107,383 $ 88,585 $ 82,016
Property................................ 58,257 41,240 45,440 23,929 18,407
Other................................... 788 805 (63) 837 1,854
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total................................... $177,934 $164,053 $152,760 $113,351 $102,277
======== ======== ======== ======== ========
(1) In 1997 and 1996, gross premiums written include $5.8 million and $3.5
million of facultative reinsurance, respectively, comprised of the
following: property, $2.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively; casualty,
$3.4 million and $2.3 million, respectively; and other lines, $0.1 million
in 1996.
(2) In 1997 and 1996, net premiums written include $2.5 million and $1.0 Million
of facultative reinsurance, respectively, comprised of the following:
property, $1.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively; casualty, $0.8
million and $0.5 million, respectively; and other lines, less than $0.1
million in 1996.
CASUALTY BUSINESS
In terms of net premiums written, casualty business has increased at a compound
annual growth rate of 7.2% in the five-year period ended December 31, 1997, and
casualty business accounted for 66.8% of net premiums written in 1997. The
following table indicates the mix of casualty business by class on the basis of
net premiums written:
(dollar amounts in thousands)
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
-------- -------- -------- ------- -------
Umbrella.................. $ 30,967 $ 40,307 $ 51,558 $38,743 $34,189
Errors and Omissions...... 13,813 19,866 7,149 7,281 4,033
General Liability......... 15,174 11,702 7,460 8,936 8,665
Medical Malpractice....... 7,373 7,411 6,835 6,355 6,657
Directors' and Officers'.. 5,897 6,210 4,586 4,156 1,815
Miscellaneous Liability... 16,431 12,811 10,350 6,006 3,690
Auto Liability............ 22,268 17,056 13,032 10,134 12,616
Workers' Compensation..... 6,966 6,645 6,412 6,974 10,351
-------- -------- -------- ------- -------
Total..................... $118,889 $122,008 $107,382 $88,585 $82,016
======== ======== ======== ======= =======
Due to the competitive conditions in the casualty market, management has
maintained a relatively conservative growth posture for casualty business in the
five-year period. PMA Re has generally focused on other liability coverages
(which include general liability, products liability, professional liability and
other more specialized liability coverages), while maintaining a relatively
stable level of auto liability premiums, and de-emphasizing workers'
compensation coverages. The decrease in 1997 casualty net premiums was
primarily attributable to
3
increased retrocessional protection purchased (see "The Company's Reinsurance
Ceded"), which offset increases in gross casualty premiums relating to new
business with existing clients and larger lines taken on existing programs. In
1997, 1996 and 1995, PMA Re decreased the amount of its excess and umbrella
business, as rates and terms for this type of business were no longer as
attractive as they had been. Much of the growth in 1995 and 1996 related to the
expansion and addition of several programs covering specialty business (which
includes professional liability, directors' and officers' liability,
environmental impairment liability, employment practices liability and other
miscellaneous specialized coverages). Such specialty business now accounts for
approximately 53.1% of in force casualty treaty business. In 1994, the growth in
other liability was mainly attributable to excess and umbrella business, as PMA
Re added several significant programs.
PROPERTY BUSINESS
Property business has increased at a compound annual growth rate of 40.4% in the
five-year period ended December 31, 1997, and accounted for 32.7% of net
premiums written in 1997. The increase in net property premiums written in 1997
was primarily the result of additional property underwriting expertise that PMA
Re added to its underwriting staff in late 1996 to broaden its product
offerings. Such expertise enabled PMA Re to increase cross-selling
opportunities with its existing treaty reinsurance clients by offering
additional and/or expanded property coverages. In addition, property premiums
ceded decreased primarily related to changes in PMA Re's property retrocessional
coverages in terms of premiums and ceding commissions (see "The Company's
Reinsurance Ceded"). The decrease in net premiums written in 1996 was primarily
attributable to higher ceding company retentions, competitive pricing conditions
and higher ceded property premiums. The growth in net property business in 1995
and 1994, of 89.9% and 30.0%, respectively, was attributable to the expansion of
several programs covering auto physical damage, inland marine risks and certain
specialty property coverages written on a surplus lines basis.
PMA Re has generally de-emphasized catastrophe coverages. As of December 31,
1997, catastrophe business accounted for approximately 4.0% of property premiums
in force. The property programs written by PMA Re generally contain per
occurrence limits and/or are not considered significantly catastrophe exposed,
either because of the locations of the insured values or the nature of the
underlying properties insured. However, as is common in property reinsurance,
PMA Re is exposed to the possibility of loss from catastrophic events due to the
aggregation of per occurrence limits and similar issues. PMA Re actively
manages this exposure through aggregate management, avoidance of catastrophe
business and retrocessional protection. As of January 1, 1998, PMA Re
maintained catastrophe retrocessional protection of $46.0 million excess of $2.0
million. Management believes that its catastrophe retrocessional coverage is
adequate to protect PMA Re against its probable maximum loss from a significant
catastrophe. See "Underwriting" and "The Company's Reinsurance Ceded" below.
FACULTATIVE REINSURANCE
Facultative reinsurance is a form of reinsurance coverage which is placed on a
risk-by-risk basis, and the reinsurer retains the right to accept or reject each
individual risk submitted by the ceding company.
Facultative differs from treaty reinsurance in that treaty reinsurance typically
covers multiple risks within a particular classification, the reinsurer does not
retain the right to accept or reject individual risks as long as such risks
conform to the contract stipulations, and the ceding company is obligated to
cede the risks to the reinsurer. Companies typically purchase facultative
reinsurance for several reasons, including: (i) to cover unusual risks; (ii) to
cover high hazard risks; (iii) to protect a ceding company's net retention
and/or treaty reinsurers; (iv) to obtain additional capacity beyond that
provided by a company's treaty reinsurers; (v) to cover risks excluded under a
company's treaties; and (vi) to cover risks under a company's new line of
business.
There are some facultative products which are variations of the above general
concept, such as automatic and semi-automatic facultative contracts. Under
automatic facultative arrangements (sometimes known as facultative obligatory
treaties), the cession is not obligatory from the ceding company's point of
view, but the acceptance of the risk is automatic from the reinsurer's
standpoint. For semi-automatic facultative contracts, the cession is not
obligatory, but the acceptance of the risk is obligatory, unless the risk falls
outside certain stipulated criteria. If the risk falls outside such criteria,
the reinsurer has the option of either: (i) accepting the risk, (ii) declining
the risk, or (iii) repricing the risk.
4
In 1997, PMA Re recorded $2.5 million of net facultative reinsurance premiums
which represented 1.4% of total net premiums written for the year, compared to
$1.0 million, or 0.6%, in 1996. PMA Re will offer facultative products as a
complement to existing treaty business, as well as offering such products to
companies with whom PMA Re does not presently have a relationship. The products
offered include traditional facultative certificates and automatic or semi-
automatic programs for both property and casualty exposures. PMA Re commenced
writing facultative reinsurance in November 1995.
MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION
PMA Re operates primarily through the domestic brokered reinsurance market in
which it has developed relationships with major reinsurance brokers enabling it
to gain access to a wide range of ceding companies with varying reinsurance and
related service needs. PMA Re's brokers that accounted for more than 10% of the
gross premiums in force as of December 31, 1997 were as follows:
(dollar amounts in thousands)
Broker Gross Premiums in Force Percentage of Total
- ------ ----------------------- --------------------
Aon Reinsurance............. $99,151 35.7%
Guy Carpenter & Company..... 64,803 23.3%
E. W. Blanch................ 38,267 13.8%
The above brokers are among the largest brokers in the reinsurance industry.
Beginning in 1996, PMA Re began a target marketing program designed to identify
companies in the smaller and medium company segments with whom PMA Re presently
has either no or an insignificant relationship, but meet desired risk profiles.
After such identification, marketing and underwriting personnel work with the
ceding company's broker to enable PMA Re to have an opportunity to participate
in the reinsurance coverage.
As of December 31, 1997, PMA Re had approximately 200 unaffiliated clients, with
no individual client accounting for more than 7.4% of gross premiums in force.
UNDERWRITING
PMA Re's underwriting process has two principal aspects: underwriting the
specific program to be reinsured and underwriting the ceding company.
Underwriting the specific program to be reinsured involves, in addition to
pricing, a review of the type of program, the total risk and the ceding
company's policy forms. Underwriting the ceding company involves an evaluation
of the expected future performance of the ceding company through an examination
of that company's management, financial strength, claims handling and
underwriting abilities. PMA Re generally conducts underwriting and claim
reviews at the offices of prospective ceding companies before entering into a
major treaty, as well as throughout the life of the reinsurance contract.
In underwriting excess-of-loss business, PMA Re has typically sought to write
treaties that are exposed to loss on a per occurrence basis within the original
policy limits of the ceding company. Management believes these layers in
general lend themselves more effectively to actuarial pricing techniques.
PMA Re's underwriters and actuaries work closely together to evaluate the
particular reinsurance program. Using the information provided by the broker,
the actuaries employ pricing models to estimate the ultimate exposure to the
treaty. The pricing models that are utilized employ various experience rating
and exposure rating techniques and are tailored in each case to the risk
exposures underlying each treaty. The underwriters then weigh the results of
the pricing models with the terms and conditions being offered to determine PMA
Re's selected price.
5
As noted above, PMA Re typically requires per occurrence limits for property
coverages and requires that the underlying insured values not be catastrophe
exposed. Also, PMA Re does not emphasize catastrophe reinsurance coverages and
has historically maintained sufficient retrocessional protection. Recent
natural catastrophes did not have a significant adverse impact on PMA Re's
combined ratio and earnings inasmuch as PMA Re has not focused on assuming
catastrophe reinsurance business or catastrophe-exposed coverages and it has had
sufficient retrocessional arrangements.
The following table indicates PMA Re's gross, ceded and net losses from recent
catastrophes as of December 31, 1997:
(dollar amounts in thousands)
Incurred PMA Re PMA Re PMA Re
Catastrophe Year Loss(1) Gross Loss Ceded Loss Net Loss
- ----------- ---- -------- ---------- ---------- --------
Hurricane Hugo................. 1989 $ 4,200,000 $13,200 $11,400 $1,800
San Francisco Earthquake....... 1989 1,000,000 2,300 1,000 1,300
Oakland Fires.................. 1991 1,700,000 2,700 1,400 1,300
Hurricane Andrew............... 1992 15,500,000 22,800 20,700 2,100
Hurricane Iniki................ 1992 1,600,000 4,100 2,900 1,200
Northridge, CA Earthquake...... 1994 12,500,000 17,600 11,700 5,900
Hurricane Fran................. 1996 1,500,000 1,300 900 400
(1) Source: Property Claims Services.
PMA Re has no significant obligations to its reinsurers as a result of the above
catastrophes.
CLAIMS ADMINISTRATION
PMA Re's claims department evaluates loss exposures, establishes individual
claim reserves, pays claims, provides claims-related services to PMA Re's
clients, audits the claims activities of current clients and assists in the
underwriting process by evaluating the claims departments of prospective
clients. PMA Re's claims department's evaluation of loss exposure includes
reviewing loss reports received from ceding companies to confirm that claims are
covered under the terms of the relevant reinsurance contract, establishing
reserves on an individual case basis and monitoring the adequacy of those
reserves. The claims department monitors the progress and ultimate outcome of
the claims to determine that subrogation, salvage and other cost recovery
opportunities have been adequately explored. The claims department performs
these functions in coordination with PMA Re's actuarial and underwriting
departments.
In addition to evaluating and adjusting claims, the claims department conducts
claims audits at the offices of prospective ceding companies. Satisfactory audit
results are required in order for reinsurance coverage to be written by PMA Re.
Also, the claims department conducts annual claims audits for many current and
former client ceding companies.
THE PROPERTY AND CASUALTY GROUP
BACKGROUND AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
The Property and Casualty Group provides workers' compensation insurance, other
commercial property and casualty insurance coverages, and related services to
entities located primarily in nine contiguous jurisdictions in the Mid-Atlantic
and Southern regions of the United States, utilizing the PMA Group trade name.
As a result primarily of the Property and Casualty Group's underwriting
decisions, the introduction of loss-sensitive coverages and large deductible
programs, competition and the impact of workers' compensation benefit reform
laws, the Property and Casualty Group's statutory net premiums written declined
from $434.7 million in 1993 to $240.3 million in 1997.
6
In 1997, the Property and Casualty Group completed a commutation program, in
which it paid approximately $118.9 million, of which $17.8 million was paid in
the fourth quarter of 1996, to injured workers in exchange for a release from
any future indemnity payments. Commutations are agreements with claimants
whereby the claimants, in exchange for a lump sum payment, release their rights
to future indemnity payments from the Property and Casualty Group. Under
Pennsylvania law, all such commutation agreements must be approved by the
individual claimant, who is generally represented by outside legal counsel, and
the Pennsylvania Workers' Compensation Board. Savings associated with these
claims were consistent with management's expectations. The number of open claims
for accident years 1991 and prior was substantially reduced as a result of the
commutation program. This reduction in open claims is expected to reduce the
possibility of any further adverse development on such reserves, although there
can be no assurances that the level of commutations will have a significant
impact on the future development of such reserves.
The operating results of the Property and Casualty Group improved in 1997
relative to 1996, largely as a result of reserve strengthening that these
companies incurred in 1996, and also as a result of expense initiatives
instituted by the Property and Casualty Group in 1997. In 1996, the Property and
Casualty Group strengthened its loss reserves by $191.4 million. Of this amount,
$110.0 million related to workers' compensation, $60.4 million related to
asbestos and environmental claims, and $21.0 million related to other lines and
loss adjustment expenses ("LAE"). The adverse development arising from workers'
compensation had reduced earnings by a cumulative $251.6 million between 1992
and 1995. The reform legislation enacted in Pennsylvania, the Property and
Casualty Group's principal marketing territory, in 1993 and 1996 has introduced
various controls and limitations on disability and medical benefits. Management
believes that the reforms and more stringent underwriting standards adopted
since 1991 have had and continue to have a beneficial effect on the Company's
accident year loss ratios. The strengthening recorded for asbestos and
environmental claims is based upon a detailed loss analysis that examined data
on an account-by-account and site-by-site basis for asbestos, and an actuarial
calendar year aggregate loss development technique for environmental claims. The
Property and Casualty Group's net survival ratio is 7.4 years at December 31,
1997 (8.2 years at December 31, 1996). See "Loss Reserves" below. In 1997, the
Property and Casualty Group did not record any adverse loss reserve development
(see "Loss Reserves"), and additionally, the impact of a lower expense base has
contributed to improved operating results for the Property and Casualty Group.
The Property and Casualty Group continues to emphasize its traditional core
business, workers' compensation. Management believes that it can capitalize on
the recent regulatory reforms, attract additional business based upon the
Property and Casualty Group's expertise in workers' compensation and reduce
expenses, because acquisition costs are lower for workers' compensation than
other lines of commercial insurance. Additionally, the Property and Casualty
Group has aligned itself with network health care providers in an attempt to
offer medical cost containment practices to its insureds. In Pennsylvania, the
Property and Casualty Group will seek to expand and retain more of its premium
base in territories which meet the Property and Casualty Group's underwriting
and actuarial criteria. Recent regulatory reforms in Pennsylvania (Acts 44 and
57) have made workers' compensation business more attractive from an
underwriting perspective than it had been in the early 1990's. The workers'
compensation system in certain other existing marketing territories
(specifically, New Jersey, North Carolina and Virginia) has also improved in
recent years. In addition, the Property and Casualty Group intends to expand
into certain new territories. In 1997, the Property and Casualty Group began
writing business in Georgia, and in 1996, in New York and South Carolina. In
all new territories, the Property and Casualty Group will undertake a target
marketing effort by identifying profiles of entities that it desires to insure.
These profiles will be communicated to the key producers in the territories. It
is also contemplated that the Property and Casualty Group will seek to expand
its relationships with larger national and regional brokerage operations in both
its existing and new territories. However, no assurance can be given that the
Property and Casualty Group will be able to accomplish the above marketing plan.
The Property and Casualty Group intends to continue writing other lines of
property and casualty insurance, but generally only if such writings are
supported by its core workers' compensation business. Effective January 1, 1997,
the Property and Casualty Group reduced its retention on commercial casualty
lines of business to $175,000 per risk from $500,000 per risk.
The Property and Casualty Group has established two internal run-off operations
to reinsure certain obligations associated with workers' compensation claims for
the years 1991 and prior of the Pooled Companies for statutory accounting
purposes. The results of the internal run-off operations are included in the
GAAP financial results of the Property and Casualty Group. See "PMA Insurance,
Cayman Ltd." and "MASCCO" below. Additionally,
7
during 1997, PMA Life Insurance Company reinsured the majority of its in force
annuity business with a third party reinsurer via a quota-share reinsurance
agreement for approximately $15.4 million. The transaction effectively makes PMA
Life Insurance Company a dormant company.
BUSINESS WRITTEN
The following table sets forth certain information on the Property and Casualty
Group's net premiums written for the years ended December 31:
(dollar amounts in thousands)
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
--------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Workers' Compensation............ $175,301 $198,198 $236,742 $267,033 $342,184
Commercial Auto.................. 28,938 35,224 39,834 38,984 48,108
Commercial Multi-Peril........... 41,713 35,108 40,659 31,123 27,306
General Liability & Umbrella..... 8,751 8,204 11,370 12,691 16,788
Other............................ (14,355) 6,245 8,511 3,320 324
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total............................ $240,348 $282,979 $337,116 $353,151 $434,710
======== ======== ======== ======== ========
WORKERS' COMPENSATION INSURANCE
Workers' compensation is a statutory system that requires employers to provide
workers' compensation benefits to their employees and their employees'
dependents for injuries and occupational diseases arising out of employment,
regardless of whether such injuries result from the employer's or the employee's
negligence. Employers may insure their workers' compensation obligations or,
subject to regulatory approval, self-insure such liabilities. State workers'
compensation statutes require that a policy cover three types of benefits:
medical expenses, disability (indemnity) benefits and death benefits. The
amounts of disability and death benefits payable for various types of claims are
established by statute, but no maximum dollar limitation exists for medical
benefits.
Workers' compensation benefits vary among states, and insurance rates are
subject to differing forms of state regulation. Based upon direct written
premium information published by A.M. Best for the most recently available year
(1996), the Property and Casualty Group is the third largest private writer of
workers' compensation insurance in Pennsylvania and between the third and
twenty-third largest writer of workers' compensation insurance in the remaining
named jurisdictions listed in the table below. The Property and Casualty Group
has focused on these jurisdictions based upon its knowledge of their workers'
compensation systems and the Property and Casualty Group's assessment of their
business, economic and regulatory climates. Rate adequacy, regulatory climate,
economic conditions and other factors in each state are closely monitored and
taken into consideration in the underwriting process. Management intends to
employ similar analyses in determining whether and to what extent the Property
and Casualty Group will sell its products in additional jurisdictions. See
"Underwriting" below. The following table sets forth statutory direct workers'
compensation business written by jurisdiction for the years ended December 31:
8
(dollar amounts in thousands)
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Pennsylvania $ 91,126 $134,171 $142,234 $169,448 $224,067
New Jersey 26,327 17,995 24,388 31,287 47,745
Virginia 19,552 17,449 26,395 29,938 31,545
Maryland 16,538 11,406 17,993 14,391 15,318
North Carolina 9,501 8,195 14,035 11,649 21,216
Delaware 7,041 7,545 5,763 4,831 4,274
Other 11,470 5,403 7,889 4,864 7,165
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total $181,555 $202,164 $238,697 $266,408 $351,330
======== ======== ======== ======== ========
Management of the Property and Casualty Group believes that conditions in the
workers' compensation market have been improving in the last several years. In
addition, several states, including Pennsylvania, have enacted reforms to the
workers' compensation benefit system.
In 1993, Pennsylvania enacted Act 44, which introduced medical cost containment
measures to the workers' compensation benefit system and expanded the period of
time during which the insurer may require an employee to accept medical
treatment from the employer's list of designated health care providers. The law
also reduced the minimum wage replacement benefit to injured workers, introduced
a credit for unemployment compensation benefits, restored the right of
subrogation against tort recoveries in work-related automobile accidents and
created new anti-fraud measures. In June 1996, Pennsylvania enacted Act 57,
which further reformed the workers' compensation system in the state. Among its
provisions, Act 57: (i) imposes application of American Medical Association
Impairment Guidelines for the assessment of permanent and total claims after the
first two years of total disability compensation payments and limits indemnity
benefits to an additional 500 weeks for workers who are not at least 50%
disabled (as measured by those guidelines); (ii) contains certain Social
Security and pension benefit offsets; (iii) further increases the time frame for
directed medical treatment; (iv) addresses certain inequities in the average
weekly wage calculation; and (v) increases the ability of employers to
demonstrate that injured workers have earning capacity.
To date, Act 44 has had a favorable impact on medical loss costs in Pennsylvania
and Act 57 has had a favorable impact on indemnity loss costs. In recognition of
these developments, in the respective first years following the enactments of
Act 44 and Act 57, the average manual rate level in Pennsylvania decreased
approximately 10% in 1994 and approximately 25% in 1997. The benefit reforms,
management's re-underwriting of the Property and Casualty Group's book of
business and the use of loss-sensitive and alternative market products have had
a favorable impact on the Property and Casualty Group's accident year loss
ratios, as evidenced below:
Property and Casualty Group's Workers' Compensation Undiscounted Accident Year
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pure Loss Ratios As Of December 31, 1997
----------------------------------------
Accident
Year Loss Ratio
---- ----------
1990 100%
1991 86%
1992 80%
1993 64%
1994 64%
1995 63%
1996 63%
1997 66%
WORKERS' COMPENSATION PRODUCTS
The Property and Casualty Group offers a variety of workers' compensation
products to its customers. Certain of these products are based on rates filed
and approved by state insurance departments ("rate-sensitive products"), while
others are priced to a certain extent on the basis of the insured's own loss
experience ("loss-sensitive
9
products"). In the last five years, the Property and Casualty Group has also
developed and sold large deductible products and other programs and services to
customers who agree to assume an even greater exposure to loss than under more
traditional loss-sensitive products ("alternative market products"). The
Property and Casualty Group decides which type of product to offer a customer
based upon the customer's needs and the underwriting review. See "Underwriting"
below. Set forth below is percentage information on the voluntary workers'
compensation direct premiums written by product type for the policy years
indicated:
1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Rate-sensitive products 62% 57% 52% 50% 54% 53% 54% 60% 73%
Loss-sensitive products 27% 30% 34% 39% 40% 46% 46% 40% 27%
Alternative market products 11% 13% 14% 11% 6% 1% 0% 0% 0%
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ====
RATE-SENSITIVE WORKERS' COMPENSATION PRODUCTS
Rate-sensitive products include fixed-cost policies and dividend paying
policies. The premium charged on a fixed-cost policy is based upon the manual
rates filed with and approved by the state insurance department and does not
increase or decrease based upon the losses incurred during the policy period.
Under policies that are subject to dividend plans, the customer may receive a
dividend based upon loss experience during the policy period. Since the late
1980s, the Property and Casualty Group has reduced its proportion of rate-
sensitive products from over 70% to approximately 62% in 1997. With the
enactment of regulatory reform in several jurisdictions in the Property and
Casualty Group's marketing territory, the Property and Casualty Group has become
more interested in this type of business and increased its writings of rate-
sensitive accounts in such jurisdictions in 1997.
LOSS-SENSITIVE WORKERS' COMPENSATION PRODUCTS
The Property and Casualty Group's loss-sensitive products adjust the amount of
the insured's premiums after the policy period expires based upon the insured's
actual losses incurred during the policy period. These loss-sensitive products
are generally subject to less price regulation than rate-sensitive products and
reduce, but do not eliminate, risk to the insurer. Under these types of
policies, claims professionals and actuaries periodically evaluate the reserves
on losses after the policy period expires to determine whether additional
premiums or refunds are owed under the policy. Such policies are typically open
for adjustments for an average of five years after policy expiration. The
Property and Casualty Group generally restricts such loss-sensitive products to
accounts developing annual minimum premiums in excess of $100,000.
ALTERNATIVE MARKET WORKERS' COMPENSATION PRODUCTS
Since 1992, the Property and Casualty Group has developed a variety of
alternative market products for larger accounts, including large deductible
policies and off-shore captive programs. Typically, the Property and Casualty
Group receives a lower up-front premium for these types of alternative market
product plans. However, under this type of business, the insured retains a
greater share of the underwriting risk than under rate-sensitive or loss-
sensitive products, which reduces the potential for unfavorable claim activity
on the accounts and encourages loss control on the part of the insured. For
example, under a large deductible policy, the customer is responsible for paying
its own losses up to the amount of the deductible for each occurrence. The
deductibles under such policies generally range from $250,000 to $1.0 million.
In addition to these products, the Property and Casualty Group offers certain
workers' compensation services to its clients unbundled from the insurance
products. See "PMA Management Corp."
WORKERS' COMPENSATION RESIDUAL MARKET BUSINESS
Workers' compensation insurers doing business in certain states are required to
provide insurance for risks which are not otherwise written on a voluntary basis
by the private market ("residual market business"). This system exists in all of
the Property and Casualty Group's current marketing jurisdictions, except
Pennsylvania and Maryland. In these two states, separate governmental entities
write all of the workers' compensation residual
10
market business. In 1997, the Property and Casualty Group wrote $5.2 million of
residual market business, which constituted approximately 3% of its voluntary
net workers' compensation premiums written. Based upon data for policy year 1997
reported by the National Council on Compensation Insurance, the percentage for
the industry as a whole, in all states, was 9.7%.
COMMERCIAL LINES
The Property and Casualty Group writes property and liability coverages for
larger and middle market accounts which satisfy its underwriting standards. See
"Underwriting" below. These coverages feature package, umbrella and commercial
automobile business. During the present soft market, prices for commercial
coverages have been particularly competitive. The Property and Casualty Group
intends to continue offering these products, but generally only if they support
the core workers' compensation business. In addition, effective January 1, 1997,
the Property and Casualty Group has reduced its retention on commercial casualty
lines of business to $175,000 per risk from $500,000 per risk. See "The
Company's Reinsurance Ceded" below.
HOME OFFICE AND FIELD OPERATIONS
As of December 31, 1997, approximately 220 employees worked in the home office
located in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, and approximately 660 employees were
assigned to field offices located throughout the Property and Casualty Group's
marketing territory.
Senior executives, financial operations, management information systems, human
resources, actuarial services and legal services are headquartered in the home
office. The definition of overall underwriting standards and major account and
alternative market underwriting support also take place in the home office. The
home office works in conjunction with senior managers from the field to
establish the Property and Casualty Group's business plan and underwriting
standards, which are then implemented by the field organization.
The field organization currently consists of three regional offices in Valley
Forge, Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Richmond, Virginia, as
well as branch offices in each of Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Virginia and North Carolina. Additionally, the Property and Casualty Group
operates smaller satellite offices in Ohio and New York. The branch offices
deliver a full range of services directly to customers located in their service
territory, and the satellite offices offer primarily underwriting and claim
adjustment services.
DISTRIBUTION
The Property and Casualty Group distributes its products through approximately
20 direct sales employees and approximately 240 independent brokers and agents.
The direct sales employees are generally responsible for certain business
located in Pennsylvania. For the year ended December 31, 1997, these employees
produced $39.2 million in direct premiums written, constituting 13% of the
Property and Casualty Group's direct written business. The brokers and agents
write business throughout the marketing territory. In 1997, the top ten brokers
and agents accounted for 22% of the Property and Casualty Group's business, the
largest of which accounted for not more than 4% of its business. All brokers and
agents are required to submit business to the Property and Casualty Group's
underwriting process before business may be accepted.
The Property and Casualty Group monitors several statistics with respect to its
producer force, including the number of years the producer has been associated
with the Property and Casualty Group, the percentage of the producer's business
that is underwritten by the Property and Casualty Group, the ranking of the
Property and Casualty Group within the producer's business, and the
profitability of the producer's business. Since 1989, the Property and Casualty
Group has reduced the number of its producers by approximately 35%. The
relationships with former brokers and agents were terminated for a variety of
reasons, including lack of profitability of a terminated producer's book of
business, absence of the types of accounts that the Property and Casualty Group
wants to write and lack of commitment by the producer to the Property and
Casualty Group's customer service program. The current distribution network
generally consists of large regional agents and brokers, local agents and
national brokers that specialize in larger to middle market accounts that
require the variety of workers' compensation, commercial lines and alternative
market products offered by the Property and Casualty Group.
11
UNDERWRITING
Home office underwriters, in consultation with casualty actuaries, determine the
general types of business to be written using a number of criteria, including
past performance, relative exposure to hazard, premium size, type of business
and other indicators of potential loss. The home office underwriting team also
establishes classes of business that the Property and Casualty Group generally
will not write, such as most coastal property exposures, certain hazardous
products and activities and certain environmental coverages. The home office
establishes the overall business goals and the underwriting authority for each
regional and branch office. It also identifies specific types of business that
must be referred to home office underwriting specialists and actuaries for
individual pricing, including large accounts over a specified dollar limit and
alternative market workers' compensation products. Underwriters and risk-control
professionals in the field report functionally to the Chief Underwriting
Officer, but also work as a team with the field marketing force to identify
business that meets prescribed underwriting standards and to develop specific
strategies to write the desired business. In performing this assessment, the
field office professionals also consult with actuaries who have been assigned to
the specific field office regarding loss trends and pricing and utilize
actuarial loss rating models to assess the projected underwriting results of
accounts.
The Property and Casualty Group also employs credit analysts. These employees
review the financial strength and stability of customers whose business is
written on loss-sensitive and alternative market products and specify the type
and amount of collateral that customers must provide under these arrangements.
REHABILITATION AND MANAGED CARE
The Property and Casualty Group uses a variety of managed care techniques to
reduce costs and losses. Disability management coordinators and point-of-service
case managers, all of whom are registered nurses, work together with claims
professionals to provide expeditious medical and disability management to
injured workers and to investigate injuries. The case managers and professionals
also help employers identify opportunities that allow injured employees to make
a gradual transition to full-time, full-duty jobs. The Property and Casualty
Group also has contracts with preferred provider networks consisting of medical
practitioners selected for their expertise in treating injured workers.
Specialties include occupational medicine, physical medicine, orthopedics and
neurology. There are also preferred pharmacy networks to reduce the cost of
medication. Finally, an automated program is used to check medical bills for
accuracy, duplication, unrelated charges and overcharges. Questionable bills are
forwarded to the Cost Containment Unit, which is staffed by registered nurses
and resolves disputed or suspect charges.
CLAIMS ADMINISTRATION
Claims services are delivered to customers primarily through employees in the
field offices. Certain specialized matters, such as asbestos and environmental
claims, are referred to a special unit in the home office. The Property and
Casualty Group also employs in-house attorneys who represent customers in
workers' compensation cases and other insurance matters.
The Property and Casualty Group has a separate, formal anti-fraud unit. The
anti-fraud unit investigates suspected false claims and other irregularities and
cooperates with regulatory and law enforcement officials in prosecuting
violators.
PMA MANAGEMENT CORP.
PMA Management Corp. offers claims, risk management and related services
primarily to self-insureds on an unbundled basis. In addition, PMA Management
Corp. offers "rent-a-captive" products for certain insureds and associations.
The purpose of a rent-a-captive program is to offer a customer an alternative
method of managing its loss exposures by obtaining many of the benefits of a
captive insurer without establishing and capitalizing its own captive; in
effect, the insured is "renting" a captive facility that the Company has already
established. Under this arrangement, the client purchases an insurance policy
from the Pooled Companies and chooses a participation level. The Pooled
Companies then cede this portion of the premium and loss exposures to a Bermuda
subsidiary of PMC. The client participates in the loss and investment
experience of the portion ceded to the Bermuda subsidiary through a dividend
mechanism. The client is responsible for any loss that may arise within its
participation level,
12
and such potential obligation is typically secured through a letter of credit or
similar arrangement. The Company's principal sources of income from its rent-a-
captive program are the premium income on the excess risk retained by the Pooled
Companies and captive management fees earned by PMA Management Corp.
PMA INSURANCE, CAYMAN LTD.
PMA Insurance, Cayman Ltd. ("PMA Cayman"), a wholly owned subsidiary of the
Company, was incorporated in Grand Cayman, and had no material operations until
1996. At December 31, 1997, PMA Cayman has $260.5 million in total assets and
$256.2 million in total reserves. Substantially all of PMA Cayman's assets are
held in trust for the benefit of the Pooled Companies. PMA Cayman is included in
the Property and Casualty Group's GAAP results.
MID-ATLANTIC STATES CASUALTY COMPANY
Mid-Atlantic States Casualty Company ("MASCCO") is a Pennsylvania insurance
company and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Prior to December 31,
1996, MASCCO was a party to a pooling agreement with the Pooled Companies.
Effective December 31, 1996, and with the approval of the Pennsylvania Insurance
Commissioner (the "Commissioner"), MASCCO withdrew from the pool and ceased
writing any new business. The Pooled Companies also ceded to MASCCO the
indemnity portion of Pennsylvania workers' compensation claims for accident
years 1991 and prior. At December 31, 1997, MASCCO had $111.6 million in total
assets and $96.2 million in total reserves. Substantially all of MASCCO's assets
are held in trust for the benefit of the Pooled Companies. MASCCO is also
included in the Property and Casualty Group's GAAP results.
Pursuant to a surplus maintenance agreement between PMC and the Commissioner,
MASCCO is required to discount its reserves at no more than 5%, maintain a
reserve to surplus ratio not in excess of 8:1 and continue to invest its assets
only in investment grade securities. At December 31, 1997, MASCCO's level of
reserves to surplus was 6.6:1.
CALIBER ONE
In 1997, the Company established a specialty insurance operation, Caliber One.
In starting Caliber One, the Company's intention is to expand PMC's access to
the insurance market by offering products and marketing to classes of business
that the neither PMA Re nor the Property and Casualty Group presently does. The
Company has hired an experienced senior underwriting professional to be the
Chief Operating Officer of this unit (see "Executive Officers of the
Registrant"), as well as other individuals with experience in underwriting and
claims management for specialty insurance.
PRODUCTS, UNDERWRITING AND DISTRIBUTION
Caliber One's initial focus will be on excess and surplus lines of insurance for
difficult risks that are typically declined by the standard market. Caliber One
plans to offer liability coverages for low frequency/high severity classes,
including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, machinery manufacturers, toy makers,
medical product manufacturers, and other difficult-to-insure product liability
risks. In addition, Caliber One plans to market environmental impairment
liability coverages, clinical trials coverage for emerging biotechnology
products, intellectual property rights liability coverages, as well as property
coverages for unprotected and vacant buildings. Caliber One's policy forms will
contain appropriate and flexible manuscript endorsements and exclusions, and in
some cases, will contain defense costs within the policy limits rather than
offering such coverage on an unlimited basis.
The underwriting of these specialty products involves a significant amount of
judgment. The senior underwriters that Caliber One has hired and those that it
intends to hire have a significant amount of experience in dealing with esoteric
high severity risks. The underwriting process involves reviewing the claim
experience of an account (if any), the claim experience of the particular class
or similar classes, and responding to special risks that an account has through
the use of policy features that can be changed for the circumstances, such as
retentions, exclusions, and endorsements. Caliber One's underwriting teams for
casualty products have been divided into three regions
13
within the U.S., each led by a regional underwriting vice president who reports
to the Chief Operating Officer. For property products, one underwriting team
will support the activities of the three regions.
Caliber One will distribute its excess and surplus lines products, on a
nationwide basis, through approximately 30 appointed surplus lines brokers. For
most product offerings, Caliber One will not grant underwriting or binding
authority to its brokers.
ACQUISITION OF CALIBER ONE INDEMNITY COMPANY
In December 1997, PMA Re acquired 100% of the common stock of Lincoln Insurance
Company ("Lincoln"), a Delaware domiciled insurance company, which was
subsequently renamed Caliber One Indemnity Company. PMA Re paid $16.0 million
to acquire the company and made an $11.3 million capital contribution to bring
Caliber One Indemnity Company's statutory surplus to $25.0 million, the minimum
surplus level required by several states to be an authorized excess and surplus
lines carrier. Caliber One Indemnity Company was essentially a shell company,
as affiliates of the former parent had taken over the business that had been
previously written by Lincoln. Additionally, an affiliate of the former parent
entered into a reinsurance transaction with Lincoln immediately prior to the
acquisition whereby such company assumed all of Lincoln's existing loss reserves
and is providing protection against adverse loss reserve development and
uncollectible reinsurance of up to $68.5 million. Also, PMA Re has entered into
a surplus maintenance agreement with Caliber One Indemnity Company whereby PMA
Re will maintain Caliber One Indemnity Company's statutory surplus such that
the amount is not less than $25.0 million and so that the net premiums written
to surplus ratio does not exceed 1.0 to 1.0.
Caliber One Indemnity Company is presently authorized as an excess and surplus
lines carrier in 32 states, and it is management's intention to be authorized in
49 states so that products can be offered on a national basis. Caliber One
Indemnity Company has obtained an "A" (Excellent) rating from A.M. Best.
THE COMPANY'S REINSURANCE CEDED
The Company follows the customary insurance practice of reinsuring with other
insurance companies a portion of the risks under the policies written by the
Insurance Subsidiaries. This reinsurance is maintained to protect the Insurance
Subsidiaries against the severity of losses on individual claims and unusually
serious occurrences in which a number of claims produce an aggregate
extraordinary loss. Although reinsurance does not discharge the Insurance
Subsidiaries from their primary maximum liabilities to their policyholders for
the full amount of the losses insured under the insurance policies, it does make
the assuming reinsurer liable to the Insurance Subsidiaries for the reinsured
portion of the risk.
The Insurance Subsidiaries' reinsurance ceded agreements generally may be
terminated at their annual anniversary by either party upon 30 to 90 days'
notice. In general, the reinsurance agreements are of the treaty variety, which
cover all underwritten risks of the types specified in the treaties. Presently,
the maximum gross lines that PMA Re will write are $5.0 million for property
covers, $1.0 million for property catastrophe covers and $7.5 million for
casualty covers. Net retentions on any one claim are $750,000 for property
covers and $1.5 million for casualty covers.
PMA Re maintains property catastrophe retrocession programs in an aggregate
amount of $46.0 million in excess of $2.0 million for multiple claims arising
from two or more risks in a single occurrence or event.
PMA Re also maintains casualty retrocession programs. PMA Re has a casualty
retrocession contract, written on a funds withheld basis, which covers
individual casualty losses and provides low-layer clash protection. For
individual losses, the contract covers $6.0 million in excess of $1.5 million on
a per occurrence basis. The contract has clash limits for losses arising from
two or more risks of $1.25 million in excess of $1.5 million. The term of the
contract is three years, and the term aggregate limit is $25.0 million plus the
amount of funds withheld.
In addition to the above programs, PMA Re maintains casualty clash protection of
$12.5 million in excess of $2.75 million per occurrence and a workers'
compensation retrocession program with limits of $53.0 million in excess of $2.0
million per occurrence.
14
Also, PMA Re maintains aggregate protection up to $22.3 million in excess of
$178.0 million for the current accident year. Effective January 1, 1998, PMA Re
added a new workers' compensation program which includes coverage of $98.0
million excess of $2.0 million per occurrence, $98.5 million excess of $1.5
million per program per occurrence and $18.5 million excess of $1.5 million per
person per occurrence.
The Property and Casualty Group has its own ceded reinsurance program, and
carries excess-of-loss per occurrence reinsurance for $103.5 million over a net
retention of $1.5 million on workers' compensation. The Property and Casualty
Group also carries excess-of-loss per risk reinsurance for $4.8 million ($49.8
million per occurrence) over a net retention of $175,000 on other casualty
lines; $2.0 million on automobile physical damage and $19.5 million ($48.5
million per occurrence) on property claims over its combined net retention of
$500,000. A property catastrophe program with a per occurrence limit of $27.7
million in excess of an $850,000 retention is maintained to provide protection
for multiple property losses involved in one occurrence. The Property and
Casualty Group also maintains reinsurance protection for its umbrella risks at
$9.0 million over a net retention of $1.0 and purchases facultative reinsurance
for certain other risks.
Effective January 1, 1998, Caliber One maintains reinsurance protection of $4.5
million excess of $500,000 per policy. For primary coverages, the reinsurance
is written on an excess of loss basis, and for excess coverages, the reinsurance
is written on a surplus share basis. Caliber One Indemnity Company is also
reinsured by an affiliate of its former parent relating to all business written
prior to its acquisition by PMA Re in December 1997 (see "Caliber One").
The Company actively manages its exposure to catastrophic events. In the
underwriting process, the Company generally avoids the accumulation of insurable
values in catastrophe prone regions. Also, in writing property reinsurance
coverages, PMA Re typically requires per occurrence loss limitations for
contracts that could have catastrophe exposure. Through per risk reinsurance,
the Company also manages its net retention in each exposure. As a result, the
Company's loss ratios have not been significantly impacted by catastrophes, and
management believes that the Company has adequate reinsurance to protect against
the estimated probable maximum gross loss from a catastrophic event; however,
though management believes it is unlikely, an especially severe catastrophic
event could exceed the Company's reinsurance and/or retrocessional protection,
and adversely impact the Company's financial position, perhaps materially.
The Company performs extensive credit reviews on its reinsurers, focusing on,
among other things, financial capacity, stability, trends, and commitment to the
reinsurance business. Prospective and existing reinsurers failing to meet the
Company's standards are excluded from the Company's reinsurance programs. In
addition, the Company requires letters of credit to support balances due from
reinsurers not authorized to transact business in the applicable jurisdictions.
LOSS RESERVES
In many cases significant periods of time, ranging up to several years or more,
may elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss
to the insurer and the insurer's payment of that loss. Liabilities for
reinsurers generally become known more slowly than for primary insurers and are
generally subject to more unforeseen development.
To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, insurers establish reserves, which
are balance sheet liabilities representing estimates of future amounts needed to
pay claims with respect to insured events which have occurred, including events
that have not been reported to the insurer. Reserves are also established for
LAE representing the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal and
other fees, and general expenses of administering the claims adjustment process.
When a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a case reserve for the
estimated amount of the ultimate payment. The estimate reflects the informed
judgment of such personnel, based on general corporate reserving practices and
the experience and knowledge of such personnel regarding the nature and value of
the specific type of claim. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis
to provide for losses incurred but not yet reported to the insurer, for the
overall adequacy of case reserves and the estimated expenses of settling claims.
Such reserves are estimated using various generally accepted actuarial
techniques.
15
As part of the reserving process, historical data is reviewed and consideration
is given to the anticipated impact of various factors such as legal
developments, changes in social attitudes and economic conditions, including the
effects of inflation. This process relies on the basic assumption that past
experience, adjusted for the effect of current developments and likely trends,
is an appropriate basis for predicting future events. The reserving process
provides implicit recognition of the impact of inflation and other factors
affecting claims payments by taking into account changes in historic payment
patterns and perceived probable trends. There is generally no precise method,
however, for subsequently evaluating the adequacy of the consideration given to
inflation or to any other specific factor, since the eventual deficiency or
redundancy of reserves is affected by many factors, some of which are
interdependent.
Estimating the Company's ultimate claims liability is necessarily a complex and
judgmental process as the amounts are based on management's informed estimates
and judgments using data currently available. As additional experience and data
become available regarding claims payment and reporting patterns, legislative
developments and economic conditions, the estimates are revised accordingly. If
the Company's ultimate net losses prove to be substantially greater than the
amounts recorded at December 31, 1997, the related adjustments could have a
material adverse impact on the Company's financial condition and results of
operations.
In 1997, the Company had favorable loss and LAE development (of which $51.8
million has offsetting impacts to earned premiums as more fully described in
"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations" incorporated herein by reference). The Company's losses
and LAE were impacted by significant loss reserve strengthening for the Property
and Casualty Group in 1996, partially offset by favorable development for PMA
Re. The components of the Company's incurred losses and LAE for prior accident
years, excluding accretion of discount, are as follows:
(dollar amounts in millions)
1997 1996 1995
------- ------- -------
PMA Re............................ $(32.1) $(35.3) $(15.0)
------ ------ ------
The Property and Casualty Group:
Workers' compensation............ (44.1) 110.0 54.7
Asbestos and environmental....... -- 60.4 23.4
Other losses and LAE............. 5.0 21.0 (11.6)
------ ------ ------
Total............................ (39.1) 191.4 66.5
------ ------ ------
Other............................. (14.8) -- --
------ ------ ------
Total............................. $(86.0) $156.1 $ 51.5
====== ====== ======
In 1997, the Property and Casualty Group recorded a reserve release of
approximately $53.9 million on prior year losses and LAE, excluding the
accretion of discount. The release primarily relates to favorable reserve
development of $9.0 million related to retrospectively rated policies for
accident years 1991 and prior and favorable development of $28.0 million related
to retrospectively rated policies pertaining to accident years 1992 through
1996. The Property and Casualty Group also recorded favorable development on
guaranteed cost workers' compensation reserves for accident years 1991 and prior
of $7.1 million, partially offset by reserve strengthening in commercial multi-
peril business for accident year 1996 of $5.0 million. Furthermore, incurred
losses on prior accident years were also affected by the cession of prior year
reserves included in the PMA Life Insurance Company transaction of $14.8
million. In 1996 and 1995, the loss ratio included $191.4 million and $66.5
million, respectively, of strengthening of unpaid losses and loss adjustment
expenses of prior accident years.
16
The following table shows the composition of changes in the reserves for losses
and LAE for the past three years:
(dollar amounts in thousands)
1997 1996 1995
----------- ---------- ----------
Balance at January 1............................................ $2,091,072 $2,069,986 $2,103,714
Less: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and LAE.......... 256,576 261,492 247,856
---------- ---------- ----------
Net balance at January 1...................................... 1,834,496 1,808,494 1,855,858
---------- ---------- ----------
Losses and LAE incurred, net:
Current year.................................................. 341,880 323,069 357,787
Prior years................................................... (86,006) 156,074 51,491
Accretion of discount (includes ($35,000) effect of the
change in the discount rate for the Property and
Casualty Group's workers' compensation unpaid
losses from 4% to 5% in 1995)................................. 51,407 57,480 13,300
---------- ---------- ----------
Total losses and LAE incurred, net.............................. 307,281 536,623 422,578
---------- ---------- ----------
Losses and LAE paid, net:
Current year.................................................. (72,399) (72,194) (71,126)
Prior years................................................... (398,475) (438,427) (398,816)
---------- ---------- ----------
Total losses and LAE paid, net.................................. (470,874) (510,621) (469,942)
---------- ---------- ----------
Net balance at December 31...................................... 1,670,903 1,834,496 1,808,494
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and LAE................ 332,284 256,576 261,492
---------- ---------- ----------
Balance at December 31.......................................... $2,003,187 $2,091,072 $2,069,986
========== ========== ==========
The following table shows how the Company's losses have been paid and reserves
re-estimated over time, compared to the liability initially estimated:
17
CONSOLIDATED LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE DEVELOPMENT
(dollar amounts in millions)
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
I. Initial estimated
liability for unpaid
losses and LAE net
of reinsurance
recoverables $1,246.1 $1,457.4 $1,632.2 $1,734.6 $1,824.3 $1,941.0 $1,932.0 $1,855.9 $1,808.5 $1,834.5 $1,670.9
II. Amount of reserve paid, net of reinsurance through:
- - one year later........ 305.2 322.3 444.6 470.8 490.5 442.4 407.8 398.9 437.6 398.8 --
- - two years later....... 504.4 601.1 771.5 842.0 848.8 779.1 746.1 763.7 780.0
- - three years later..... 691.8 825.9 1,042.6 1,133.8 1,127.0 1,066.8 1,055.9 1,072.9
- - four years later...... 834.0 1,011.4 1,258.0 1,353.1 1,364.9 1,329.2 1,330.6
- - five years later...... 955.8 1,165.8 1,421.4 1,539.4 1,585.4 1,573.8
- - six years later....... 1,063.1 1,283.8 1,553.1 1,715.1 1,788.9
- - seven years later..... 1,143.3 1,380.1 1,684.6 1,882.1
- - eight years later..... 1,214.0 1,478.9 1,817.3
- - nine years later...... 1,288.2 1,584.2
- - ten years later....... 1,366.9
III. Reestimated liability, net of
reinsurance as of:
- - one year later........ 1,280.1 1,468.3 1,696.0 1,795.3 1,966.8 1,998.1 1,932.3 1,907.4 1,964.6 1,748.5 --
- - two years later....... 1,303.9 1,511.9 1,742.5 1,949.9 2,067.5 2,006.5 1,982.5 2,073.4 1,866.8
- - three years later..... 1,339.1 1,553.3 1,876.0 2,034.1 2,081.5 2,060.6 2,163.9 1,986.7
- - four years later...... 1,358.5 1,607.3 1,938.2 2,040.8 2,134.8 2,258.2 2,078.3
- - five years later...... 1,368.4 1,651.5 1,935.1 2,123.0 2,302.0 2,170.3
- - six years later....... 1,391.1 1,648.7 1,985.3 2,273.3 2,209.3
- - seven years later..... 1,392.8 1,684.2 2,098.2 2,205.4
- - eight years later..... 1,425.4 1,783.6 2,052.2
- - nine years later...... 1,503.9 1,751.8
- - ten years later....... 1,484.7
IV. Indicated deficiency
(redundancy) $ 238.6 $ 294.4 $ 420.0 $ 470.8 $ 385.0 $ 229.3 $ 146.3 $ 130.8 $ 58.3 $ (86.0) $ --
V. Net liability -
December 31, $1,932.0 $1,855.9 $1,808.5 $1,834.5 $1,670.9
Reinsurance recoverables 218.7 247.9 261.5 256.6 332.3
Gross liability -
December 31, $2,150.7 $2,103.8 $2,070.0 $2,091.1 $2,003.2
VI. Re-estimated net
liability $2,078.3 $1,986.7 $1,866.8 $1,748.5 $1,670.9
Re-estimated reinsurance
recoverables 178.1 221.3 253.5 250.8 332.3
Re-estimated gross
liability $2,256.4 $2,208.0 $2,120.3 $1,999.3 $2,003.2
The columns in the above exhibit are not mutually exclusive. For example, if a
reserve established in 1987 for a claim incurred during that year had been re-
estimated during 1989, the re-estimate would be reflected in the table for each
of the statement years from 1987 and 1988 during calendar years 1989 through
1997. Conditions and trends that have affected the reserve development reflected
in the table may change and care should be exercised in making conclusions about
the relative adequacy of reserves from such development.
The 1996 aggregate workers' compensation adverse development was allocated
$102.0 million to Pennsylvania and $8.0 million to all other states in the
Company's marketing territory. Of the $102.0 million, the allocation by year is
as follows: prior to 1987: $16.0 million; 1987 to 1991: $101.0 million; and 1992
and subsequent years: ($15.0 million). In 1995, substantially all of the
workers' compensation adverse development related to accident years 1987 to 1991
in Pennsylvania. For accident years prior to 1992, the traditional paid loss
development schedules for workers' compensation had begun to exhibit an
increasing trend in loss development factors by 1993. This trend was initially
attributed to an increase in commutation activity. In 1995, management began to
question whether loss data was developing in a manner that was consistent with
the conclusion that the loss development trends were impacted solely by
commutation activity. As a result, management began to accumulate additional
data in order to determine whether there were additional causes of the increase
in the paid loss development data;
18
management obtained claim count data that was far more detailed than had been
historically utilized in the reserve setting process. This data indicated that
the paid loss development factors were not only impacted by commutation
activity, but also by a decline in the claims closure rate in Pennsylvania.
Management believes that the decline of the closure rates was due to several
interrelated factors. One factor related to the fact that efforts to
rehabilitate claimants and return them to work were not as successful as
anticipated. For accident years 1987 to 1991, in particular, extensive efforts
were made by the Company to rehabilitate claimants and return them to work at
either full or modified duty. By late 1995 and into 1996, it was recognized, by
a review of a slow down in the claims closure pattern that these rehabilitation
efforts were not impacting the closure rates as expected. Another factor
negatively impacting claims closure rates related to the economic conditions in
Pennsylvania in the early 1990's. During the period from 1990 to 1994, economic
conditions in Pennsylvania were considered to be depressed in the Company's
major industry niches for workers' compensation insurance (construction, heavy
manufacturing). Payrolls in these industries were stagnant, and in many cases,
employment was flat or declining. The Company believes that in periods of
declining employment opportunities, there is a tendency for indemnity periods to
increase, which occurred for workers who suffered injuries in these industries.
The above factors, when considered with the fact that the benefits period in
Pennsylvania was unlimited, caused the Company to believe that a substantial
portion of claimants from the pre-1992 period, who had already been out of work
five to nine years, would not return to work in any capacity. In late 1995 and
during 1996, management undertook an effort to quantify the impact of the
declining closure rates versus the increase in commutation activity. During the
fourth quarter of 1995, management strengthened the Property and Casualty
Group's workers' compensation reserves by $54.7 million; however, the
quantification of the effect of the claims closure rate was an extremely complex
process, and as such, the data was not fully understood at that time. As the
data under analysis was more mature and refined in 1996, management determined
that the workers' compensation loss reserves for Pennsylvania in the pre-1992
accident years needed to be increased substantially; therefore, the Property and
Casualty Group increased its workers' compensation reserves by $110.0 million.
Benefit reforms enacted by states in which the Property and Casualty Group
transacts business, most significantly Pennsylvania, have had a beneficial
impact on more recent accident year loss ratios. Prior to 1996, the principal
revisions of the Pennsylvania system included medical cost containment measures
and an expansion of the period of time during which the insurer may require an
employee to accept medical treatment from the employer's list of designated
health care providers. In July 1996, Pennsylvania enacted Act 57, a workers'
compensation reform bill which is expected to substantially reduce indemnity
benefit periods in Pennsylvania. In addition to regulatory reforms, the loss
ratios have been favorably impacted by the conversion to loss sensitive and
alternative market products. Such a trend is evidenced by the fact that
accident year pure loss ratios (losses recorded for the year in which the event
occurred expressed as a percentage of the earned premiums for that year) for
workers' compensation have been generally lower in more recent accident years,
as the following chart indicates:
Property and Casualty Group's Workers' Compensation Undiscounted Accident Year
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pure Loss Ratios as of December 31, 1997
----------------------------------------
Accident Years Loss Ratio
-------------- ----------
1990 100%
1991 86%
1992 80%
1993 64%
1994 64%
1995 63%
1996 63%
1997 66%
In addition, management took several steps to reduce the outstanding claims
associated with the Pennsylvania workers' compensation business written through
1991. A formal commutation program was initiated in the fourth quarter 1996 and
continued into late 1997. Commutations are agreements with claimants whereby
the claimants, in exchange for a lump sum payment, will forego their rights to
future indemnity payments from the Property and Casualty Group. Under
Pennsylvania workers' compensation laws, all such commutation arrangements must
be approved by the claimant and the Pennsylvania Workers' Compensation Board.
The Property and Casualty Group paid $101.1 million and $17.8 million in 1997
and the fourth quarter of 1996, respectively, to commute workers'
19
compensation indemnity claims. Savings associated with these claims were
consistent with management's expectations. The number of open claims for
accident years 1991 and prior was substantially reduced as a result of the
commutation program. This reduction in open claims is expected to reduce the
possibility of any further adverse development on such reserves, although there
can be no assurances that the level of commutations will have a significant
impact on the future development of such reserves.
Estimating reserves for workers' compensation claims can be more difficult than
many other lines of property and casualty insurance for several reasons,
including (i) the long payment 'tail' associated with the business; (ii) the
impact of social, political and regulatory trends on benefit levels for both
medical and indemnity payments; (iii) the impact of economic trends; and (iv)
the impact of changes in the mix of business. At various times, one or a
combination of such factors can make the interpretation of actuarial data
associated with workers' compensation loss development more difficult, and it
can take additional time to recognize changes in loss development patterns.
Under such circumstances, adjustments will be made to such reserves as loss
patterns develop and new information becomes available and such adjustments may
be material.
The adverse development in reserves associated with asbestos and environmental
claims is the result of a detailed analysis of loss and LAE reserves associated
with asbestos and environmental liability claims completed in 1996. The
reserving for asbestos and environmental claims has undergone change at both the
Company and in the insurance industry in general. For environmental and
asbestos liability claims, reserving methodology has been evolving into accepted
industry practice in the recent past; the Company's actuaries were able to apply
these methods to its loss reserves in 1997 and 1996. To reserve for
environmental claims, the Company currently utilizes a calendar year development
technique known as aggregate loss development. This technique focuses on the
aggregate losses paid as of a particular date and aggregate payment patterns
associated with such claims. Several elements including remediation studies,
remediation, defense, declaratory judgment, and third party bodily injury claims
were considered in estimating the costs and payment patterns of the
environmental and toxic tort losses. Prior to the development of these
techniques, there was a substantial range in the nature of reserving for
environmental and toxic tort liabilities. The methods employed by the Company
prior to the review performed in 1996 included a review of aggregate loss and
loss adjustment paid and case incurred data along with resulting "survival
ratios" to establish IBNR for environmental and toxic tort claims. For asbestos
claims, the Company had previously reserved costs to defend, and any
indemnification payments anticipated on, claims for which it had received notice
that it was a responsible party, plus a bulk factor applied to the estimated
case reserves to provide for potential development of indemnification and
defense cost related to such claims. In 1996, the Company performed a ground up
analysis of asbestos loss reserves using an actuarially accepted modeling
technique. Using historical information as a base and information obtained from
a review of open claims files, assumptions were made about future claims
activity in order to estimate ultimate losses. For each individual major
account, projections were made regarding new plaintiffs per year, the number of
years new claims will be reported, the average loss severity per plaintiff and
the ratio of loss adjustment expense to loss. In many cases involving larger
asbestos claims, the Company reserved up to the policy limits for the applicable
loss coverage parts for the affected accounts. Policy terms and reinsurance
treaties were applied in the modeling of future losses. Estimation of
obligations for asbestos and environmental exposures continues to be more
difficult than for other loss reserves because of several factors, including:
(i) evolving methodologies for the estimation of the liabilities; (ii) lack of
reliable historical claim data; (iii) uncertainties with respect to insurance
and reinsurance coverage related to these obligations; (iv) changing judicial
interpretations; and (v) changing government standards.
20
The Company's asbestos-related loss reserves for the years ended December 31,
were as follows:
(dollar amounts in thousands)
1997 1996 1995
---------- --------- ---------
Gross of reinsurance:
Beginning reserves.......................... $ 80,055 $ 27,611 $ 13,969
Incurred losses and LAE..................... 2,435 62,854 22,482
Calendar year payments for losses and LAE... (5,764) (10,410) (8,840)
-------- -------- --------
Ending reserves............................. $ 76,726 $ 80,055 $ 27,611
======== ======== ========
Net of reinsurance:
Beginning reserves.......................... $ 53,300 $ 23,443 $ 8,168
Incurred losses and LAE..................... (36) 39,427 21,826
Calendar year payments for losses and LAE.. (4,686) (9,570) (6,551)
-------- -------- --------
Ending reserves............................. $ 48,578 $ 53,300 $ 23,443
======== ======== ========
The Company's environmental-related loss reserves for the years ended December
31, were as follows:
(dollar amounts in thousands)
1997 1996 1995
---------- --------- ---------
Gross of reinsurance:
Beginning reserves........................... $ 35,626 $ 20,134 $ 20,952
Incurred losses and LAE...................... 1,130 22,143 3,516
Reserves acquired through purchase of Caliber
One Indemnity Company (1).................... 13,060 - -
Calendar year payments for losses and LAE..... (4,708) (6,651) (4,334)
-------- -------- --------
Ending reserves.............................. $ 45,108 $ 35,626 $ 20,134
======== ======== ========
Net of reinsurance:
Beginning reserves............................ $ 34,592 $ 20,134 $ 20,952
Incurred losses and LAE....................... 1,068 21,109 3,516
Calendar year payments for losses and LAE.... (3,965) (6,651) (4,334)
-------- -------- --------
Ending reserves............................... $ 31,695 $ 34,592 $ 20,134
======== ======== ========
(1) Such acquired reserves have been reinsured by an affiliate of the former
parent (see "Caliber One" for further discussion).
Of the total net asbestos reserves, $6.7 million, $6.8 million, and $6.7 million
related to established claims reserves at December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995,
respectively, and $41.9 million, $46.5 million, and $16.7 million related to
incurred but not reported losses at December 31, 1997, 1996, and 1995,
respectively. Of the total net environmental reserves, $11.2 million, $12.5
million, and $10.3 million related to established claims reserves at December
31, 1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively, and $20.5 million, $22.1 million, and
$9.8 million related to incurred but not reported losses at December 31, 1997,
1996, and 1995, respectively. All incurred asbestos and environmental losses
were for accident years 1986 and prior.
Management believes that its reserves for asbestos and environmental claims are
appropriately established based upon known facts, existing case law and
generally accepted actuarial methodologies. However, due to changing
interpretations by courts involving coverage issues, the potential for changes
in federal and state standards for clean-up and liability and other factors, the
ultimate exposure to the Property and Casualty Group for these claims may vary
significantly from the amounts currently recorded, resulting in a potential
future adjustment in the claims reserves recorded. Additionally, issues
involving policy provisions, allocation of liability among participating
insurers, proof of coverage and other factors make quantification of liabilities
exceptionally difficult and subject to adjustment based upon newly available
data.
21
In 1996, Commercial Lines experienced reserve strengthening of $21.0 million, as
compared to a reserve release of $11.6 million in 1995. The reserve
strengthening in 1996 was principally due to a re-estimation of loss adjustment
costs associated with general liability claims. Through 1991, the Property and
Casualty Group's mix of general liability insurance policies were weighted
towards the manufacturing classes of business. Subsequent to 1991, the Property
and Casualty Group's mix of business became more heavily weighted towards the
construction and contracting classes of business. These particular classes of
business have experienced losses due to construction defects and similar
matters, that have taken longer to emerge than the classes of business
previously written by the Property and Casualty Group. Defense costs associated
with these claims have also exceeded the original estimate of the Property and
Casualty Group's management, which was based on the patterns of indemnification
payments associated with the earlier classes of business written. When this
issue was discovered, the Property and Casualty Group factored the increased
defense costs and the emergence pattern in determining a more appropriate
reserve amount for loss handling costs. The release of reserves in 1995 was
primarily due to favorable loss experience in commercial automobile business.
PMA Re has reported net favorable development of unpaid losses and LAE of $23.3
in 1997, $28.6 million in 1996 and $15.0 million in 1995. Such favorable
development is attributable to losses emerging at a lower rate than was
anticipated when the initial accident year reserves were established.
At December 31, 1997, the Company's loss reserves were stated net of $59.9
million of salvage and subrogation, of which $50.8 million related to the
Property and Casualty Group, which was comprised of $46.0 million related to
workers' compensation and $4.8 million related to Commercial Lines. The
anticipated salvage and subrogation was $9.1 million for PMA Re. Incurred
salvage and subrogation (increased) reduced losses and LAE by ($18.5) million,
($0.6) million and $9.5 million in 1997, 1996 and 1995, respectively. The
Company's policy with respect to estimating the amounts and realizability of
salvage and subrogation is to develop accident year schedules of historic paid
salvage and subrogation by line of business, which are then projected to an
ultimate basis using actuarial projection techniques. The anticipated salvage
and subrogation is the estimated ultimate salvage and subrogation less any
amounts received by the Company. The realizability of anticipated salvage and
subrogation is reflected in the historical data that is used to complete the
projection, as historic paid data implicitly considers realization and
collectibility.
INVESTMENTS
The Company's investment policy objectives are to (i) seek competitive after-tax
income and total return, (ii) maintain very high grade asset quality and
marketability, (iii) maintain maturity distribution commensurate with the
Company's business objectives, (iv) provide portfolio flexibility for changing
business and investment climates and (v) provide liquidity to meet operating
objectives. The Company has established strategies, asset quality standards,
asset allocations and other relevant criteria for its fixed maturity and equity
portfolios. In addition, maturities are structured after projecting liability
cash flows with actuarial models. The Company also does not invest in various
types of investments, including speculative derivatives. The Company's
portfolio does not contain any significant concentrations in single issuers
(other than U.S. treasury and agency obligations), industry segments or
geographic regions.
The Company's Board of Directors is responsible for the Company's investment
policy objectives. The Company retains outside investment advisers to provide
investment advice and guidance, supervise the Company's portfolio and arrange
securities transactions through brokers and dealers. The Company's Executive
and Finance Committees of the Board of Directors meet periodically with the
investment advisers to review the performance of the investment portfolio and to
determine what actions should be taken with respect to the Company's
investments. Investments by the Pooled Companies, MASCCO and PMA Re must comply
with the insurance laws and regulations of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and
investments for Caliber One Indemnity Company must comply with the insurance
laws and regulations of Delaware. The Company's capital not allocated to the
Pooled Companies, MASCCO, PMA Re and Caliber One Indemnity Company may be
invested in securities and other investments that are not subject to such
insurance laws, but nonetheless conform to the Company's investment policy.
22
The following table summarizes the Company's investments by carrying value as of
December 31, 1997, and 1996:
(dollar amounts in millions)
1997 1996
------------------- -----------------
Carrying Carrying
Investment Value Percent Value Percent
- ---------- -------- ------- -------- -------
U.S. Treasury securities and
obligations of U.S. Government
agencies......................... $1,119.5 51.0% $1,602.8 70.8%
Obligations of states and political
subdivisions..................... -- -- 76.5 3.4%
Corporate debt securities............ 687.7 31.3% 372.8 16.5%
Mortgage backed securities........... 122.3 5.6% 74.0 3.3%
Equity securities.................... -- -- 0.3 --
Short-term investments............... 265.2 12.1% 135.0 6.0%
-------- ----- -------- ------
Total (1)............................ $2,194.7 100.0% $2,261.4 100.0%
======== ===== ======== ======
(1) As of December 31, 1997, the market value of the Company's total investments
was $2,194.7 million.
The following table indicates the composition of the Company's fixed maturities
portfolio at carrying value, excluding short-term investments, by rating as of
December 31, 1997, and 1996:
(dollar amounts in millions)
1997 1996
------------------- -----------------
Carrying Carrying
Ratings (1) Value Percent Value Percent
- ---------- -------- ------- -------- -------
Total (1)............................ $2,194.7 100.0% $2,261.4 100.0%
U.S. Treasury securities and AAA.. $1,449.0 75.1% $1,882.4 88.5%
AA................................ 150.0 7.8% 95.8 4.5%
A................................. 282.2 14.6% 147.9 7.0%
BBB............................... 48.3 2.5% -- --
-------- ----- -------- ------
Total............................. $1,929.5 100.0% $2,126.1 100.0%
======== ===== -------- ------
(1) Ratings as assigned by Standard and Poor's. Such ratings are generally
assigned at the issuance of the securities, subject to revision on the basis
of ongoing evaluations. Ratings in the table are as of December 31 of the
years indicated.
The following table sets forth scheduled maturities for the Company's
investments in fixed maturities, excluding short-term investments, based on
stated maturity dates as of December 31, 1997. Expected maturities will differ
from contractual maturities because the issuers may have the right to call or
prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties:
(dollar amounts in millions)
Carrying Value Percent
-------------- -------
1 year or less................. $ 128.9 6.7%
Over 1 year through 5 years.... 633.6 32.8%
Over 5 years through 10 years.. 396.5 20.6%
Over 10 years.................. 648.2 33.6%
Mortgage backed securities..... 122.3 6.3%
-------- -----
Total.......................... $1,929.5 100.0%
======== =====
23
The following table reflects the Company's investment results for each year in
the three-year period ended December 31, 1997:
(dollar amounts in millions)
1997 1996 1995
--------- --------- ---------
Average invested assets (1).... $2,247.7 $2,366.8 $2,395.8
Net investment income (2)...... $ 136.7 $ 133.9 $ 139.4
Net effective yield (3)........ 6.09% 5.66% 5.82%
Net realized investment gains.. $ 8.6 $ 3.0 $ 31.9
(1) Average of beginning and ending amounts of cash and investments for the
period at carrying value.
(2) After investment expenses, excluding net realized investment gains.
(3) Net investment income for the period divided by average invested assets for
the same period.
As of December 31, 1997, the duration of the Company's investments was
approximately 5.3 years and the duration of its liabilities was approximately
5.1 years.
During 1997, the Company established a securities lending program through which
securities are loaned from the Company's portfolio to qualifying third parties,
subject to certain limits, via a lending agent for short periods of time.
Borrowers of these securities must provide collateral equal to a minimum of 102%
of the market value and accrued interest of the loaned securities. Acceptable
collateral may be in the form of either cash or securities. Cash received as
collateral is invested in short-term investments, and all securities received as
collateral are of similar quality to those securities lent by the Company.
Additionally, the Company limits securities lending to 40% of statutory admitted
assets of its insurance subsidiaries, with a 2% limit on statutory admitted
assets to any individual borrower. The Company receives either a fee from the
borrower or retains a portion of the income earned on the collateral. Under the
terms of the securities lending program, the Company is indemnified against
borrower default, with the lending agent responsible to the Company for any
deficiency between the cost of replacing a security that was not returned and
the amount of collateral held by the Company. In 1997, the Company recognized
income from securities lending transactions of approximately $524,000, net of
lending fees, which was included in investment income. The Company had
approximately $175.0 million of securities on loan as of December 31, 1997.
COMPETITION
The domestic property-casualty insurance industry consists of many companies,
with no one company dominating the market. In addition, the degree and nature
of competition varies from state to state for a variety of reasons, including
the regulatory climate and other market participants in each state. In addition
to competition from other insurance companies, the Property and Casualty Group
and Caliber One compete with certain alternative market arrangements, such as
captive insurers, risk-sharing pools and associations, risk retention groups,
and self-insurance programs. PMA Re competes with other reinsurers in the
brokered market as well as reinsurers that directly underwrite reinsurance
business. Many of the Company's competitors are larger and have greater
financial resources than the Company.
The main factors upon which entities in the Company's markets compete are price,
service, product capabilities and financial security. The Property and Casualty
Group, PMA Re and Caliber One attempt to price their products in such a way that
the prices charged to their clients are commensurate with the overall
marketplace while still meeting return targets. Given the present soft pricing
environment, competing solely on the basis of price has become increasingly
difficult for the Property and Casualty Group and PMA Re, and both have had to
reject risks submitted and non-renew certain accounts in recent years, as the
market rates for such risks did not provide the opportunity to achieve what
management considers to be an acceptable return.
In terms of service, management maintains service standards to ensure that
clients are satisfied with the products and services provided by the Company.
Such standards concern turn-around time for underwriting submissions,
information flow, claims handling and the quality of other services. Management
periodically participates in surveys of intermediaries and clients to gain an
understanding of the perceptions of the Company's service as compared to its
competitors.
24
Management attempts to design products which meet the needs of clients in the
Company's markets. In recent years, the Property and Casualty Group has
developed products which reflect the evolving nature of the workers'
compensation market. Specifically, management has increased its focus on
rehabilitation and managed care to keep workers' compensation costs lower for
the employers. Additionally, the Property and Casualty Group has introduced and
refined alternative market products, as well as unbundled risk management and
claims administration services. See "The Property and Casualty Group." PMA Re
has also expanded its product line in recent years to satisfy the needs of its
client base. Products introduced by PMA Re in the last two years include:
facultative reinsurance, finite risk reinsurance, and integrated capital
management (which involves providing reinsurance as well as some type of direct
investment in a ceding company). See "PMA Re." For Caliber One, it is
management's intention to design products that meet the needs of new classes of
business and that cover emerging risks. See "Caliber One." Management
continues to review new product opportunities for the Property and Casualty
Group, PMA Re and Caliber One.
For many intermediaries and clients, financial security is measured by the
ratings assigned by independent rating agencies. Therefore, management believes
that the ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, particularly A.M.
Best, are material to the Company's operations. A.M. Best has currently
assigned an "A+" (Superior) rating to PMA Re, an "A-" (Excellent) rating to the
Pooled Companies and an "A" (Excellent) to Caliber One Indemnity Company (see
"Caliber One"). According to A.M. Best, its ratings are based on an analysis of
the financial condition and operating performance of an insurance company as
they relate to the industry in general. These ratings represent an independent
opinion of a company's financial strength and ability to meet its obligations to
policyholders. These ratings are not shareholder ratings, however, and do not
represent an opinion as to the value of the Company's stock. No assurance can
be given that these ratings can be maintained by PMA Re, the Pooled Companies
and Caliber One Indemnity Company.
YEAR 2000 ISSUE
The unprecedented advances in computer technology over the past several decades
have resulted in dramatic changes in the way companies do business. Most of
these developments have been beneficial, but some have proven costly, as
businesses have struggled to adapt to various features of the new technological
landscape. One such well-publicized problem has arisen out of the worldwide use
of the so-called "Year 2000" programming convention, in which two digit numbers
were generally used instead of four digit numbers to identify the years used in
dates. As a consequence, most computers require relatively costly reprogramming
to enable them to correctly perform date operations involving years 2000 or
later, a problem anticipated to have substantial repercussions on the business
world, since computer operations involving date calculations are pervasive.
With the assistance of outside consulting groups, the Company began evaluating
and reprogramming its own computer systems to address the Year 2000 issue in
late 1995. Management anticipates that by year-end 1998, it will have
substantially completed all necessary programming work so that Year 2000 issues
are not likely to result in any material adverse disruptions in the Company's
computer systems or its internal business operations. The cost of this work
through year-end 1997 has been approximately $3.8 million. The Company
estimates that the total remaining cost will be approximately $1.3 million,
which will be expensed in 1998.
Many experts now believe that Year 2000 problem may have a material adverse
impact on the national and global economy generally. In addition, it seems
likely that if businesses are materially damaged as a result of Year 2000
problems, at least some such businesses may attempt to recoup their losses by
claiming coverage under various types of insurance policies. Although
management has concluded that under a fair reading of the various policies of
insurance issued by it no coverage for Year 2000 problems should be considered
to exist, it is not possible to predict whether or to what extent any such
coverage could ultimately be found to exist by courts in various jurisdictions.
Accordingly, important factors which could cause actual results to differ
materially from those expressed in the forward looking statements include, but
are not limited to, the inability of the Company to accurately estimate the
impact of the Year 2000 problem on the insurance issued by, or other business
operations of, the Company.
25
REGULATORY MATTERS
GENERAL
PMA Re is licensed or accredited to transact its reinsurance business in, and is
subject to regulation and supervision by 50 states and the District of Columbia.
The Pooled Companies are licensed to transact insurance business in, and are
subject to regulation and supervision by 45 states and the District of Columbia.
Caliber One Indemnity Company is licensed in one state and is an eligible excess
and surplus lines carrier in 32 states. The Insurance Subsidiaries are
authorized and regulated in all jurisdictions where they conduct insurance
business. Inasmuch as PMA Re and the Pooled Companies are domiciled in
Pennsylvania, however, the Pennsylvania Insurance Department exercises principal
regulatory jurisdiction over them, and Delaware exercises principal jurisdiction
over Caliber One Indemnity Company. The extent of regulation by the states
varies, but in general, most jurisdictions have laws and regulations governing
standards of solvency, adequacy of reserves, reinsurance, capital adequacy and
standards of business conduct. In addition, statutes and regulations usually
require the licensing of insurers and their agents, the approval of policy forms
and related material and, for certain lines of insurance, the approval of rates.
Property and casualty reinsurers and excess and surplus lines carriers are
generally not subject to filing or other regulatory requirements applicable to
primary standard lines insurers with respect to rates, policy forms or contract
wording. The form and content of statutory financial statements are regulated.
State insurance departments in jurisdictions in which the Insurance Subsidiaries
do business also conduct periodic examinations of their respective operations
and accounts and require the filing of annual and other reports relating to
their financial condition. The Pennsylvania Department of Insurance last
conducted examinations of PMA Re and the Pooled Companies as of December 31,
1992, and the Delaware Department of Insurance last conducted an examination of
Caliber One Indemnity Company as of December 31, 1996. No adjustments to
previously filed statutory financial statements were required as a result of
such examinations. In addition, there were no substantive qualitative matters
indicated in the examination reports that had or are expected to have a material
adverse impact on the operations of PMA Re, the Pooled Companies or Caliber One
Indemnity Company. In supervising and regulating insurance companies, including
reinsurers, state insurance departments, charged primarily with protecting
policyholders and the public rather than investors, enjoy broad authority and
discretion in applying applicable insurance laws and regulations for the
protection of policyholders and the public.
INSURANCE HOLDING COMPANY REGULATION
The Company and the Insurance Subsidiaries are subject to regulation pursuant to
the insurance holding company laws of Pennsylvania and Delaware. These state
insurance holding company laws generally require an insurance holding company
and insurers and reinsurers that are members of such insurance holding company's
system to register with the state regulatory authorities, to file with those
authorities certain reports disclosing information including their capital
structure, ownership, management, financial condition, certain intercompany
transactions including material transfers of assets and intercompany business
agreements, and to report material changes in such information. Such laws also
require that intercompany transactions be fair and reasonable and that an
insurer's surplus as regards policyholders following any dividends or
distributions to shareholder affiliates be reasonable in relation to the
insurer's outstanding liabilities and adequate for its financial needs.
Under Pennsylvania and Delaware law, no person may acquire, directly or
indirectly, a controlling interest in the capital stock of the Company unless
such person, corporation or other entity has obtained prior approval from the
Commissioner(s) for such acquisition of control. Pursuant to the Pennsylvania
and Delaware law, any person acquiring, controlling or holding with the power to
vote, directly or indirectly, ten percent or more of the voting securities of an
insurance company, is presumed to have "control" of such company. This
presumption may be rebutted by a showing that control does not exist in fact.
The respective Commissioner(s), however, may find that "control" exists in
circumstances in which a person owns or controls a smaller amount of voting
securities. To obtain approval from the Commissioner(s) of any acquisition of
control of an insurance company, the proposed acquirer must file with the
Commissioner(s) an application containing information regarding the identity and
background of the acquirer and its affiliates, the nature, source and amount of
funds to be used to effect the acquisition, the financial statements of the
acquirer and its affiliates, any potential plans for disposition of the
26
securities or business of the insurer, the number and type of securities to be
acquired, any contracts with respect to the securities to be acquired, any
agreements with broker-dealers and other matters.
Other jurisdictions in which the Insurance Subsidiaries are licensed to transact
business may have requirements for prior approval of any acquisition of control
of an insurance or reinsurance company licensed or authorized to transact
business in such jurisdictions. Additional requirements in such jurisdictions
may include re-licensing or subsequent approval for renewal of existing licenses
upon an acquisition of control. As further described below, laws also govern
the holding company structure payment of dividends by the Insurance Subsidiaries
to the Company.
RESTRICTIONS ON INSURANCE SUBSIDIARIES DIVIDENDS
The principal source of funds for servicing debt of the Company and paying
dividends to shareholders of the Company is derived from receipt of dividends
from the subsidiaries. Under the Pennsylvania insurance laws, PMA Re and the
Pooled Companies may pay dividends only from unassigned funds (surplus), as
reported in the statutory financial statement filed by them with the Insurance
Department for the most recent annual period. As of December 31, 1997, PMA Re
and the Pooled Companies reported unassigned funds (surplus) in the amount of
$294.2 million. Caliber One Indemnity Company had an unassigned deficit of $6.4
million as of December 31, 1997, and therefore, cannot pay non-extraordinary
dividends; also, Caliber One Indemnity Company is directly owned by PMA Re, and
as such, its dividends may not be paid directly to PMC. Subject to such
constraints, PMA Re, any of the Pooled Companies and Caliber One Indemnity
Company may declare and pay non-extraordinary dividends subject to certain
notice requirements to the Commissioner and extraordinary dividends to
stockholders subject to certain notice and approval requirements by the
Commissioner. Under Pennsylvania law, an "extraordinary" dividend is any
dividend or other distribution which, together with other dividends and
distributions made within the preceding twelve months, exceeds the greater of
(i) 10% of such insurer's surplus as regards policyholders as shown on its last
annual statement on file with the Commissioner; or (ii) statutory net income for
the previous year. Payment of extraordinary dividends is permissible only if
the Commissioner has approved the payment of such extraordinary dividends, or if
the Commissioner has not disapproved the payment of such extraordinary dividend
within thirty days from the date the Commissioner receives notice of the
declaration of such dividend. In addition to the foregoing standards, following
the payment of any dividends, the policyholders' surplus of the insurance
company must be reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and
adequate for its financial needs. The Commissioner may bring an action to
enjoin or rescind the payment of a dividend or distribution by any insurance
company that would cause its statutory surplus to be unreasonable or inadequate
under this standard.
For the years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995, the aggregate cash
dividends paid by PMA Re and the Pooled Companies were $20.0 million, $53.6
million, and $71.5 million, respectively. None of the dividends paid was
"extraordinary" for purposes of the Pennsylvania insurance laws. For 1998, PMA
Re and the Pooled Companies collectively are permitted to declare and pay
dividends to the Company in the aggregate amount of $51.2 million, subject to
the notice requirements on dividend declarations and payments. In accordance
with its plan of operation filed with the Pennsylvania Insurance Department,
MASCCO must maintain a ratio of unpaid losses and LAE to policyholders' surplus
of no more than 8:1. As of December 31, 1997, MASCCO was in compliance with
such requirements.
RISK-BASED CAPITAL
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the "NAIC") has adopted
risk-based capital ("RBC") requirements for property/casualty insurance
companies to evaluate the adequacy of statutory capital and surplus in relation
to investment and insurance risks such as asset quality, asset and liability
matching, loss reserve adequacy and other business factors.
Under RBC requirements, regulatory compliance is determined by the ratio of a
Company's total adjusted capital, as defined by the NAIC, to its authorized
control level, also as defined by the NAIC. Companies below prescribed trigger
points in terms of such ratio are classified as follows:
27
Company action level......... 200%
Regulatory action level...... 150%
Authorized control level..... 100%
Mandatory control level...... 70%
At December 31, 1997, the ratios of the domestic insurance subsidiaries of the
Property and Casualty Group ranged from 293% to 324%, PMA Re's ratio was 355%
and Caliber One Indemnity Company's ratio was 1,922%.
RBC requirements for property/casualty insurance companies allow a discount for
workers' compensation reserves to be included in the adjusted surplus
calculation. However, the calculation for RBC requires the phase-out of non-
tabular reserve discounts previously taken for workers' compensation reserves.
The discount phase-out has increased by 20% in each year since 1994, ultimately
phasing out 100% of such discount by 1998. As a result, this phase-out
negatively impacts the RBC ratios of companies which write workers' compensation
insurance and discount such reserves on a non-tabular basis relative to
companies which write other types of property/casualty insurance. Management
believes that it will be able to maintain the Pooled Companies' RBC in excess of
regulatory requirements through prudent underwriting and claims handling,
investing and capital management. However, no assurances can be given that
developments affecting the Property and Casualty Group, many of which could be
outside of management's control, including but not limited to changes in the
regulatory environment, economic conditions and competitive conditions in the
jurisdictions in which the Property and Casualty Group writes business, will
cause the Pooled Companies' RBC to fall below required levels resulting in a
corresponding regulatory response.
EMPLOYEES
As of March 31, 1998, the Company had approximately 1,020 full-time employees.
None of the employees of the Company is represented by a labor union and the
Company is not a party to any collective bargaining agreements. The Company
considers its employee relations to be good.
28
GLOSSARY OF SELECTED INSURANCE TERMS
Actuarial analysis..................Evaluation of risks in order to attempt to
assure that premiums and loss reserves
adequately reflect expected future loss
experience and claims payments; in
evaluating risks, mathematical models are
used to predict future loss experience and
claims payments based on past loss ratios
and loss development patterns and other
relevant data and assumptions.
Adverse loss development............Increases in losses and ALAE exceeding
anticipated loss and ALAE experience over a
given period of time.
Aggregate excess reinsurance
arrangements........................Reinsurance arrangements under which a
reinsurer assumes the risks and/or loss
reserves of certain business of a ceding
company in their entirety.
Allocated loss adjustment
expenses ("ALAE")...................Allocated loss adjustment expenses include
all legal expenses and other expenses
incurred by a company in connection with the
investigation, adjustment, settlement or
litigation of claims or losses under
business covered. ALAE does not include
costs of "in-house" counsel, claims staff or
other overhead or general expense of the
reinsured.
Attachment point....................The amount of losses above which excess of
loss reinsurance becomes operative.
Automatic facultative
arrangements........................Facultative insurance contracts whereby the
ceding company has the right, but not the
obligation, to cede risks to a reinsurer and
the reinsurer is obligated to accept such
risks pursuant to the contract terms.
Broker; intermediary................One who negotiates contracts of reinsurance
between a primary insurer or other reinsured
and a reinsurer on behalf of the primary
insurer or reinsured. The broker receives
from the reinsurer a commission for
placement and other services rendered.
Broker reinsurer....................A reinsurer that markets and sells
reinsurance through brokers rather than
through its own employees.
Case reserves.......................Loss reserves established with
respect to individual reported claims.
Casualty insurance and/or
reinsurance.........................Insurance and/or reinsurance that is
concerned primarily with the losses caused
by injuries to third persons (in other
words, persons other than the policyholder)
and the legal liability imposed on the
insured resulting therefrom.
Catastrophe reinsurance.............A form of excess of loss property
reinsurance that, subject to a specified
limit, indemnifies the ceding company for
the amount of loss in excess of a specified
retention with respect to an accumulation of
losses resulting from a catastrophic event.
The actual reinsurance document is called a
"catastrophe cover."
Cede; ceding company;
cedent..............................When a company reinsures its risk with
another, it "cedes" business and is referred
to as the "ceding company" or the "cedent".
29
Claim closure rate..................The number of closed lost time workers'
compensation claims divided by total
reported lost time workers' compensation
claims by accident year as of a given
evaluation date.
Clash cover.........................A form of excess of loss casualty
reinsurance policy covering losses arising
from a single set of circumstances covered
by more than one primary policy. For
example, if an insurer covers both motorists
involved in an accident, a clash cover would
protect the insurer from suffering a net
loss in the full amount of both parties. The
clash cover would pay to the insurer a
portion of the loss in excess of the
coverage of one of the two parties.
Combined ratio......................A combination of the underwriting expense
ratio, the loss and LAE ratio, and the
policyholder dividend ratio. The loss and
LAE ratio measures the ratio of net incurred
losses and LAE to net earned premiums. The
underwriting expense ratio measures the
ratio of underwriting expenses to net
premiums written. The policyholder dividend
ratio measures policyholder dividends as a
percent of net premiums earned. Generally,
companies which write predominately long-
tailed liability risks will have a higher
combined ratio than those companies writing
predominately property risks.
Direct reinsurer, direct
underwriter, direct writer..........A reinsurer that markets and sells
reinsurance directly to its reinsureds
without the assistance of brokers.
Excess and surplus lines............Surplus lines risks are those risks not
fitting normal underwriting patterns,
involving a degree of risk that is not
commensurate with standard rates and/or
policy forms, or that will not be written by
standard carriers because of general market
conditions. Excess insurance refers to
coverage that attaches for an insured over
the limits of a primary policy or a
stipulated self-insured retention. Policies
are bound or accepted by carriers not
licensed in the jurisdiction where the risk
is located, and generally are not subject to
regulations governing premium rates or
policy language.
Excess of loss reinsurance..........The generic term describing reinsurance that
indemnifies the reinsured against all or a
specified portion of losses on underlying
insurance policies in excess of a specified
dollar amount, called a "layer" or
"retention." Also known as nonproportional
reinsurance or stop loss coverage.
Facultative reinsurance.............The reinsurance of all or a portion of the
insurance provided by a single policy. Each
policy reinsured is separately negotiated.
Gross premiums written..............Total premiums for direct insurance and
reinsurance assumed during a given period.
Incurred but not reported
("IBNR") reserves...................Loss reserves for estimated losses that have
been incurred but not yet reported to the
insurer or reinsurer.
Incurred losses.....................The total losses sustained by an insurance
company under a policy or policies, whether
paid or unpaid. Incurred losses include a
provision for claims that have occurred but
have not yet been reported to the insurer
("IBNR").
IRIS ratios.........................Financial ratios annually calculated by the
NAIC to assist state insurance departments
in monitoring the financial condition of
insurance companies.
30
Layers..............................The division of a particular reinsurance
program delineated by an attachment point
and a maximum limit. Often, a reinsurance
program will be divided into several layers,
with the lower layers (See "Low or working
layer excess of loss reinsurance") typically
having higher premiums and higher claim
frequency and the higher layers typically
having lower premiums and claim frequency.
Loss adjustment expenses
("LAE").............................The expenses of settling claims, including
legal and other fees and the portion of
general expenses allocated to claim
settlement costs.
Loss ratio/pure loss ratio..........Loss ratio is equal to losses and LAE
divided by earned premiums. The pure loss
ratio refers to losses divided by earned
premiums. Undiscounted loss ratios refer to
loss ratios that do not consider the net
effect of discounting of loss reserves; the
Company's current practice is to discount
loss reserves for workers' compensation
insurance.
Loss reserves.......................Liabilities established by insurers and
reinsurers to reflect the estimated cost of
claims payments that the insurer or
reinsurer ultimately will be required to pay
in respect of insurance or reinsurance it
has written. Reserves are established for
losses and for LAE and consist of case
reserves and IBNR reserves.
Low or working layer excess of
loss reinsurance....................Reinsurance that absorbs the losses
immediately above the reinsured's retention
layer. A low layer excess of loss reinsurer
will pay up to a certain dollar amount at
which point a higher layer reinsurer (or the
ceding company) will be liable for
additional losses.
Manual rates........................Refers to insurance rates for lines and
classes of business approved and published
by state insurance departments.
Manual rate level or average
manual rate level...................Refers to the manual rates for lines and
classes of business relative to a benchmark;
within this document, the term refers to the
manual rates, as compared to other periods,
such as a prior policy year.
Net premiums earned.................The portion of net premiums written that is
recognized for accounting purposes as income
during a period.
Net premiums written................Gross premiums written for a given period
less premiums ceded to reinsurers during
such period.
Operating ratio.....................The combined ratio, reduced by the net
investment income ratio. The net investment
income ratio is the ratio of net investment
income to net premiums earned. The ratio
measures a company's operating
profitability, exclusive of realized gains
and federal income taxes.
Per occurrence......................A form of insurance or reinsurance under
which the date of the loss event is deemed
to be the date of the occurrence, regardless
of when reported and permits all losses
arising out of one event to be aggregated
instead of being handled on a risk-by-risk
basis.
Primary insurer.....................An insurance company that issues insurance
policies to the general public or to certain
non-insurance entities.
31
Pro rata reinsurance................A generic term describing all forms of
reinsurance in which the reinsurer shares a
proportional part of the original premiums
and losses of the reinsured. Pro rata
reinsurance also is known as proportional
reinsurance, quota share reinsurance and
participating reinsurance.
Property insurance
and/or reinsurance..................Insurance and/or reinsurance that
indemnifies a person with an insurable
interest in tangible property for his
property loss, damage or loss of use.
Pure loss ratio.....................See "Loss ratio/pure loss
ratio" above.
Reinsurance.........................The practice whereby one party, called the
reinsurer, in consideration of a premium
paid to it, agrees to indemnify another
party, called the reinsured, for part or all
of the liability assumed by the reinsured
under a policy or policies of insurance that
it has issued. The reinsured may be referred
to as the original or primary insurer, the
direct writing company or the ceding
company.
Retention, retention layer..........The amount or portion of risk that an
insurer or reinsurer retains for its own
account. Losses in excess of the retention
layer are paid by the reinsurer or
retrocessionaire. In proportional treaties,
the retention may be a percentage of the
original policy's limit. In excess of loss
business, the retention is a dollar amount
of loss, a loss ratio or a percentage.
Retrocession;
retrocessionaire....................A transaction whereby a reinsurer cedes to
another reinsurer (the "retrocessionaire")
all or part of the reinsurance it has
assumed. Retrocession does not legally
discharge the ceding reinsurer from its
liability with respect to its obligations to
the reinsured.
Semi-automatic facultative
arrangements........................Facultative reinsurance contracts where the
ceding company has the right, but not the
obligation to cede risks to a reinsurer and
the reinsurer is obligated to accept such
risks as long as they are within stated
criteria. If a risk falls outside such
criteria, the reinsurer has the option of
either: (i) accepting the risk, (ii)
declining the risk, or (iii) repricing the
risk.
Statutory accounting
principles ("SAP")..................Recording transactions and preparing
financial statements in accordance with the
rules and procedures prescribed or permitted
by state insurance regulatory authorities
including the NAIC, which in general reflect
a liquidating, rather than going concern,
concept of accounting.
Statutory or policyholder's
surplus; statutory capital
& surplus...........................The excess of admitted assets over total
liabilities (including loss reserves),
determined in accordance with SAP.
Stop loss...........................See "Excess of loss reinsurance".
Survival ratio......................For asbestos and environmental (A&E) claims,
the survival ratio is equal to the average
normalized loss and LAE payments for A&E
over three years divided by loss reserves
established for A&E.
32
Treaty reinsurance..................The reinsurance of a specified type or
category of risks defined in a reinsurance
agreement (a "treaty") between a primary
insurer or other reinsured and a reinsurer.
Typically, in treaty reinsurance, the
primary insurer or reinsured is obligated to
offer and the reinsurer is obligated to
accept a specified portion of all such type
or category of risks originally written by
the primary insurer or reinsured.
Underwriting........................The reinsurer's process of reviewing
applications submitted for insurance
coverage, deciding whether to accept all or
part of the coverage requested and
determining the applicable premiums.
Underwriting cycle..................An historical pattern in which property and
casualty insurance and reinsurance premiums,
profits and availability of coverage rise
and fall with some regularity over time.
Underwriting expenses...............The aggregate of policy acquisition costs,
including commissions, and the portion of
administrative, general and other expenses
attributable to underwriting operations.
Unearned premiums...................The portion of a premium representing the
unexpired portion of the exposure period as
of a certain date.
Unearned premium reserve............Liabilities established by insurers and
reinsurers to reflect unearned premiums
which are refundable to policyholders if an
insurance or reinsurance contract is
canceled prior to expiration of the contract
term.
33
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The Company's headquarters are located in a four story, 110,000 square foot
building in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania. PMA Re's headquarters are located in
78,000 square feet of leased space in Mellon Bank Center, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
Through various wholly owned subsidiaries, the Company also owns and occupies
additional office facilities in three other locations and rents additional
office space for its insurance operations in 15 other locations. The Company
believes that such owned properties are suitable and adequate for its current
business operations.
Subsidiaries of the Company also own various real estate properties that are not
used by the Company in its insurance operations but are leased to third parties.
These properties are one to eight story buildings that are generally located in
Philadelphia.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Insurance Subsidiaries are defendants in actions arising out of their
insurance business and from time to time are involved in various governmental
and administrative proceedings. These actions include lawsuits seeking coverage
for alleged damages relating to exposure to asbestos and other toxic substances
and environmental clean-up actions under federal and state law. See "Item 1.
Business - Loss Reserves" and "Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations."
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
There were no matters submitted to a vote of security holders during the fourth
quarter of 1997.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
The executive officers of the Company are as follows:
Name Age Position
---- --- --------------------------------------
Frederick W. Anton III.... 64 Chairman of the Board
John W. Smithson.......... 52 President and Chief Executive Officer
Francis W. McDonnell...... 41 Senior Vice President, Chief
Financial Officer
and Treasurer
Vincent T. Donnelly....... 45 President and Chief Operating Officer -
The Property and Casualty Group
Stephen G. Tirney......... 44 President and Chief Operating Officer -
PMA Re
Ronald S. Austin.......... 40 President and Chief Operating Officer -
Caliber One
Frederick W. Anton III has served as Chairman of the Board since 1995 and as a
director of the Company since 1972. Mr. Anton's current term as a director of
the Company expires in 2000. Mr. Anton served as Chairman of the Board and
Chief Executive Officer from 1995 to May 1997, as President and Chief Executive
Officer from 1981 to 1995, as President of the Property and Casualty Group from
1972 to 1989 and as Secretary and General Counsel of PMAIC from 1962 to 1972.
John W. Smithson has served as President and Chief Executive Officer of the
Company since May 1997, and as a director of the Company since 1987. Mr.
Smithson's current term as a director of the Company expires in 1999. Mr.
Smithson served as President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company from
1995 to May 1997, as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of PMA Re from 1984 to
1997 and as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Property and Casualty
Group from April 1995 to 1997, and was employed by PMAIC from 1972 to 1984. Mr.
Smithson is a designated Chartered Property-Casualty Underwriter.
34
Francis W. McDonnell has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial
Officer of the Company since 1995 and as Treasurer since 1997, and has served as
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of PMA Re since 1995. From
1993 to 1995, Mr. McDonnell served as Vice President Finance of PMA Re. Prior
to joining PMA Re in 1993, Mr. McDonnell served in various controllership
positions with Reliance Insurance Company from 1985 to 1993. Mr. McDonnell is a
Certified Public Accountant and a designated Chartered Property-Casualty
Underwriter.
Vincent T. Donnelly has served as President and Chief Operating Officer of the
Property and Casualty Group since February 1997. Mr. Donnelly served as Senior
Vice President - Finance and Chief Actuary of the Property and Casualty Group
from 1992 to 1997. Prior to joining the Property and Casualty Group, Mr.
Donnelly served as Vice President and Corporate Actuary of Continental Insurance
Company from 1987 to 1992 and as an actuary for American International Group
from 1978 to 1987. Mr. Donnelly is a Fellow of the Casualty Actuarial Society
and a member of the American Academy of Actuaries.
Stephen G. Tirney has served as President and Chief Operating Officer of PMA Re
since 1997. Mr. Tirney served as Executive Vice President of PMA Re from 1993
to 1997, as Senior Vice President of PMA Re from 1989 to 1993 and has been an
employee of PMA Re since 1976.
Ronald S. Austin was hired in 1997 as the President and Chief Operating Officer
of Caliber One. From 1988 to 1997, Mr. Austin served as an officer and director
of General Star Management Company, a member of the General Re Group.
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER
MATTERS
Footnote number 20 on pages 85 through 87 of PMC's 1997 Annual Report to
Shareholders is incorporated herein by reference.
RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES
During the years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995, the Company sold shares
of Class A Common Stock in connection with the exercise of employee stock
options pursuant to the terms of the Company's stock option plans. In 1997, an
aggregate of 162,248 shares were sold to fourteen officers and employees of the
Company pursuant to such options at exercise prices ranging from $8.00 to $15.00
per share for an aggregate price of $1,424,349. Additionally, in 1997, the
Company sold 1,000 shares to employees at $18.00 per share. In 1996, an
aggregate of 97,150 shares were sold to five officers of the Company pursuant to
such options at exercise prices ranging from $6.60 to $10.00 per share for an
aggregate price of $806,000. In 1995, an aggregate of 205,199 shares were sold
to six officers and employees of the Company pursuant to such options at
exercise prices ranging from $6.60 to $11.50 per share for an aggregate price of
$1,776,288. The Company believes that these sales were made pursuant to the
exemption afforded by Section 4(2) of the Securities Act inasmuch as the sales
were made to a limited number of sophisticated investors in transactions not
involving a public offering.
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Selected Financial Data on pages 24 through 25 of PMC's 1997 Annual Report to
Shareholders is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations on pages 26 through 51 of PMC's 1997 Annual Report to Shareholders is
incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK
Not applicable.
35
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
See Item 14a below
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
See "Executive Officers of the Registrant" under Item 4. Director information
is incorporated by reference to the caption "Directors and Executive Officers"
in the definitive proxy statement involving the election of directors and other
matters (the "Proxy Statement") which PMC intends to file with the Commission
pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 not later
than 120 days after December 31, 1997.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Incorporated by reference to the caption "Compensation of Directors and
Executive Officers" in the Proxy Statement.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
Incorporated by reference to the caption "Security Ownership of Certain
Beneficial Owners and Management" in the Proxy Statement.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS.
Incorporated by reference to the caption "Certain Transactions" and
"Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" in the Proxy
Statement.
ITEM 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES, AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES
(a)(1) The following consolidated financial statements of PMC and its subsidiary
companies, included on pages 52 through 88 of PMC's 1997 Annual Report to
Shareholders, are incorporated herein by reference:
. Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 1997 and 1996.
. Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 1997,
1996 and 1995.
. Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December
31, 1997, 1996 and 1995.
. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 1997,
1996 and 1995.
. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
. Report of Independent Accountants
36
(a)(2) SCHEDULES SUPPORTING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Schedule No. Description Page
- -------------- ----------- ----
I Summary of Investments - Other Than S-1
Investments in Related Parties at
December 31, 1997
II Condensed Financial Information of S-2 - S-4
Registrant as of December 31, 1997 and
1996 and for the years ended December 31,
1997, 1996 and 1995
III Supplementary Insurance Information for the S-5
years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995
IV Reinsurance for the years ended December 31, S-6
1997, 1996 and 1995
V Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the S-7
years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995
VI Supplementary Information Concerning S-8
Property & Casualty Insurance Operations
for the years ended December 31, 1997, 1996
and 1995
Report of Independent Accountants S-9
All other schedules specified by Article 7 of Regulation S-X are not required
pursuant to the related instructions or are inapplicable and, therefore, have
been omitted.
(a)(3) See Exhibits listed on pages 38 through 39.
(b) Reports on Form 8-K filed in the fourth quarter of 1997
None.
37
PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS CORPORATION
SCHEDULE I
SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS-OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES
DECEMBER 31, 1997
Amount at
which shown in
Type of investment Cost Value the balance sheet
- ------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- ----------------
(Dollar amounts in thousands)
Fixed maturities:
Bonds:
U.S. Treasury Securities and obligations of U.S.
Government agencies $1,105,689 $1,119,566 $1,119,566
Corporate debt securities 675,218 687,671 687,671
Mortgage-backed securities 119,687 122,281 122,281
--------------- --------------- ----------------
Total fixed maturities 1,900,594 1,929,518 1,929,518
--------------- --------------- ----------------
Equity securities:
Common Stocks:
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other 5 13 13
--------------- --------------- ----------------
Total equity securities 5 13 13
--------------- --------------- ----------------
Short-term investments 265,207 265,207 265,207
--------------- --------------- ----------------
Total investments $2,165,806 $2,194,738 $2,194,738
============== ============== ===============
S-1
PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS CORPORATION
SCHEDULE II
BALANCE SHEETS
(PARENT COMPANY ONLY)
as of December 31 (in thousands, except share data) 1997 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ASSETS
Cash $ 253 $ -
Investments in subsidiaries 632,680 584,608
Deferred tax asset, net 29,163 36,602
Related party receivables 7,074 727
Other assets 22,545 21,096
--------- --------
Total assets $691,715 $643,033
========= ========
LIABILITIES
Long term debt $203,000 $204,571
Related party payables - 1,605
Dividends payable to shareholders 2,008 1,983
Other liabilities 8,360 9,046
--------- --------
Total liabilities 213,368 217,205
--------- --------
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Common stock, $5 par value (40,000,000 shares authorized;
15,286,263 shares issued and 14,850,789 outstanding - 1997
16,095,416 shares issued and 15,670,052 outstanding - 1996) 76,431 80,477
Class A common stock, $5 par value (40,000,000 shares authorized;
9,156,682 shares issued and 9,117,735 outstanding - 1997
8,247,804 shares issued and 8,173,023 outstanding - 1996) 45,783 41,239
Additional paid-in capital - Class A common stock 339 -
Retained earnings 343,368 336,921
Unrealized gain (loss) on investments of subsidiaries (net of
deferred income taxes: 1997 - $(10,126); 1996 - $13,394) 18,806 (24,874)
Notes receivable from officers (198) (1,162)
Treasury stock, at cost:
Common stock (1997 - 435,474 shares; 1996 - 425,364 shares (5,572) (5,408)
Class A common stock (1997 - 38,947 shares; 1996 - 74,781
shares) (610) (1,365)
--------- --------
Total shareholders' equity 478,347 425,828
--------- --------
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $691,715 $643,033
========= ========
These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated
Financial Statements and the notes thereto.
S-2
PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS CORPORATION
SCHEDULE II
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(PARENT COMPANY ONLY)
for the years ended December 31, (in thousands) 1997 1996 1995
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REVENUES:
Net investment income $ 263 $ 354 $ 217
Net realized investment gains - 35 4
Management fees 8,977 5,974 350
Other related party income - 263 1,642
--------------------------------
Total revenues 9,240 6,626 2,213
--------------------------------
EXPENSES:
General expenses 9,375 7,082 6,982
Interest expense 15,764 17,039 18,712
--------------------------------
Total expenses 25,139 24,121 25,694
--------------------------------
Loss before income taxes and equity in earnings (losses) of subsidiaries (15,899) (17,495) (23,481)
Benefit for income taxes (14,271) (60,345) (13,210)
--------------------------------
(Loss) income before equity in earnings (losses) of subsidiaries and
extraordinary item (1,628) 42,850 (10,271)
Equity in earnings (losses) of subsidiaries 21,381 (178,184) 34,401
--------------------------------
Income (loss) before extraordinary item 19,753 (135,334) 24,130
Extraordinary loss from early extinguishment of debt
(net of income tax benefit of $2,549) (4,734) - -
--------------------------------
Net income (loss) $ 15,019 $(135,334) $ 24,130
================================
These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated
Financial Statements and the notes thereto.
S-3
PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS CORPORATION
SCHEDULE II
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(PARENT COMPANY ONLY)
for the years ended December 31, (in thousands) 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss) $ 15,019 $(135,334) $ 24,130
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows provided
by operating activities:
Equity in (earnings) losses of subsidiaries (21,381) 178,184 (34,401)
Net realized investment gains - (35) (4)
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes 9,614 (19,822) 7,000
Extraordinary loss from early extingusihment of debt (4,734) - -
Dividends received from subsidiaries 22,500 53,634 103,213
Other, net 5,331 (33,283) (20,384)
---------------------------------
Net cash flows provided by operating activities 26,349 43,344 79,554
---------------------------------
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Cash contributions to subsidiaries (11,000) (50,000) (61,000)
Sales of fixed maturity investments, net - 45 2,122
Sales (purchases) of equity investments, net - 70 (16)
---------------------------------
Net cash flows used by investing activities (11,000) (49,885) (58,894)
---------------------------------
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Change in related party receivables and payables (7,952) 10,863 (12,939)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt 210,000 26,000 125,000
Repayments of long-term debt (211,571) (25,000) (125,000)
Dividends paid to shareholders (7,965) (7,926) (7,885)
Proceeds from exercised stock options and
issuance of Class A common stock 837 - -
Treasury stock transactions, net 591 (929) 480
Repayments of notes receivable from officers 964 2,734 478
---------------------------------
Net cash flows (used) provided by financing activities (15,096) 5,742 (19,866)
---------------------------------
Net increase (decrease) in cash 253 (799) 794
Cash January 1 - 799 5
---------------------------------
Cash December 31 253 $ - $ 799
=================================
These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated
Financial Statements and the notes thereto.
S-4
PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS CORPORATION
SCHEDULE III
SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION
Future policy Benefits, Amortization
Deferred benefits, claims, of deferred Other
Policy losses, Net losses and policy oparting Net
(in thousands) Acquistion claims, and Unearned Premium investment settlement acquisition expenses premiums
Costs lost expenses premiums revenue income(1) expenses costs (2) written
- --------------------------- ----------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------- ---------
Year ended December 31, 1997:
The Property and Casualty
Group $20,010 $1,353,917 $115,998 $212,348 $ 82,098 $ 193,530 $48,343 $57,206 $240,348
PMA Re 25,278 622,484 95,457 163,603 52,270 113,931 45,158 11,982 177,934
Corporate and Other - 26,786 - - 2,330 (180) - 5,951 -
- --------------------------- ----------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------- ---------
Total $45,288 $2,003,187 $211,455 $375,951 $136,698 $ 307,281 $93,501 $75,139 $418,282
=========================== =========== ============= ========== ========== =========== =========== =========== ========= =========
Year ended December 31, 1996
The Property and Casualty
Group $23,488 $1,501,897 $127,986 $268,601 $ 82,455 $ 424,900 $52,706 $86,003 $279,422
PMA Re 20,518 589,175 77,996 151,974 48,676 111,937 37,586 8,344 164,053
Corporate and Other - - - - 2,805 (214) - 3,509 -
- --------------------------- ----------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------- ---------
Total $44,006 $2,091,072 $205,982 $420,575 $133,936 $ 536,623 $90,292 $97,856 $443,475
======================================= ============= ========== ========== =========== =========== =========== ========= =========
Year ended December 31, 1995
The Property and Casualty
Group $20,747 $1,518,163 $124,988 $345,607 $ 92,275 $ 319,644 $53,420 $57,486 $337,116
PMA Re 17,154 551,823 67,734 139,345 45,166 103,947 33,787 7,334 152,760
Corporate and Other - - - - 1,914 (1,013) - 16,341 -
- --------------------------- ----------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- --------- ---------
Total $37,901 $2,069,986 $192,722 $484,952 $139,355 $ 422,578 $87,207 $81,161 $489,876
======================================= ============= ========== ========== =========== =========== =========== ========= =========
(1) Net investment income is based on each segment's invested assets.
(2) Other operating expenses are allocated primarily on the specific
identification basis. When indirect expenses cannot be directly
related to a segment, these expenses are allocated depending on
the nature of the expense.
S-5
PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS CORPORATION
SCHEDULE IV
REINSURANCE
ASSUMED
CEDED TO FROM PERCENTAGE OF
DIRECT OTHER OTHER NET AMOUNT ASSUMED
(dollar amounts in thousands) AMOUNT COMPANIES COMPANIES AMOUNT TO NET
- -------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------ --------------
Year Ended December 31, 1997:
Premiums:
Property and liability insurance $277,871 $118,277 $216,357 $375,951 58%
=========== =========== ============= ============ ==============
Year Ended December 31, 1996:
Premiums:
Property and liability insurance $299,386 $88,499 $209,688 $420,575 50%
=========== =========== ============= ============ ==============
Year Ended December 31, 1995:
Premiums:
Property and liability insurance $370,590 $35,476 $149,838 $484,952 31%
=========== =========== ============= ============ ==============
S-6
PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS CORPORATION
SCHEDULE V
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
Deductions -
Balance at Charged to write-offs of Balance at
beginning of costs and uncollectible end of
Description period expenses accounts period
------------------------------------- ------------- ------------ ----------------- ----------------
Year ended December 31, 1997:
Allowance for uncollectible accounts:
Uncollected premiums $18,877 - 471 $18,406
------------------------------------- ------------- ------------ ----------------- ----------------
Year ended December 31, 1996:
Allowance for uncollectible accounts:
Uncollected premiums $16,330 19,532 16,985 $18,877
------------------------------------- ------------- ------------ ----------------- ----------------
Year ended December 31, 1995:
Allowance for uncollectible accounts:
Uncollected premiums $22,402 - 6,072 $16,330
------------------------------------- ------------- ------------ ----------------- ----------------
S-7
PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS CORPORATION
SCHEDULE VI
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION CONCERNING PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE OPERATIONS
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Discounts
on Reserves
Reserves for Unpaid Claim and claim
for Unpaid Claims and adjustment expenses
Deferred Claims and Claim incurred related to
policy Claim Adjustment Net ------------------------
Affiliation with acquisition Adjustment Expenses Unearned Earned Investment Current Prior
Registrant costs Expenses (1) Premiums Premiums Income Year Years(2)
- ---------------------- ----------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------
Consolidated property-
casualty subsidiaries
Year Ended
December 31, 1997 $45,288 $2,033,187 $460,230 $211,455 $375,951 $134,368 $141,880 $(86,036)
Year Ended
December 31, 1996 44,086 2,091,072 514,248 205,982 420,979 131,130 323,069 156,074
Year Ended
December 31, 1995 37,901 2,069,986 581,025 192,722 484,952 137,441 157,787 51,491
- ---------------------- ----------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------
Amortization of
deferred policy Paid claims and Net Premium
acquisition costs adjustment expenses Written
----------------- ------------------- ----------
Year Ended
December 31, 1997 93,501 470,874 418,282
Year Ended
December 31, 1996 90,292 510,620 443,475
Year Ended
December 31, 1995 87,207 469,942 489,876
----------------- ------------------- ----------
(1) - Workers' compensation reserves discounted at approximately 5%.
(2) - Excludes accretion of less reserve discount of $51,407, $857,480 and
$13,300 in 1997, 1996 and 1995, respectively.
S-8
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders
Pennsylvania Manufacturers Corporation:
Our report on the consolidated financial statements of Pennsylvania
Manufacturers Corporation has been incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K
from page 88 of the 1997 Annual Report to Shareholders. In connection with our
audits of such financial statements, we have also audited the related financial
statement schedules listed in the index on page 37 of this Form 10-K.
In our opinion, the financial statements schedules referred to above, when
considered in relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole,
present fairly, in all material respects, the information required to be
included therein.
/s/ Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P.
One South Market Square
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
February 6, 1998
S-9
EXHIBITS
Exhibit No. Description of Exhibit
(3) Article of incorportion and bylaws:
*3.1 Amended and Restated Artilce of Incorporation of the Company.
*3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company.
(10) Material contracts:
*10.1 Employment Agreement dated April 1, 1995 between the Company and
Frederick W. Anton III.
*10.2 Employment Agreement dated May 1, 1995 between the Company and
John W. Smithson.
*10.3 The PMC EDC Plan Trust Agreement dated as of 1994.
*10.4 The PMC Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (SERP) dated July
1995.
*10.5 The Company's Amended and Restated 1987 Incentive Stock Option
Plan
*10.6 The Company's Amended and Restated 1991 Equity Incentive Plan.
*10.7 The Company's Amended and Restated 1993 Equity Incentive Plan.
*10.8 The Company's Amended and Restated 1994 Equity Incentive Plan.
*10.9 The Company's 1995 Equity Incentive Plan.
*10.10 The Company's 1996 Equity Incentive Plan.
*10.11 Federal Tax Allocation Agreement.
*10.12 Office lease between Nine Penn Center Associates, L.P., as
Landlord, and Lorjo Corp., as Tenant, covering premises located
at Mellon Bank Center, 1735 Market Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, dated May 26, 1994.
*10.13 Credit Agreement dated as of March 14, 1997 by and among the
Company, The Bank of New York, First Union National Bank of
North Carolina, Fleet National Bank, PNC Bank, National
Association, Mellon Bank, N.A., CoreStates Bank, N.A. and
Dresdener Bank AG, New York Branch and Grand Cayman Branch.
*10.14 Master Agreement dated as of February 7, 1997 between the
Company and First Union National Bank of North Carolina.
*10.15 First Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Agreement by and
among the Company, the Bank of New York, Mellon Bank, N.A.,
Fleet Bank, National Association, PNC Bank, National Association
and First Union Bank of North Carolina.
10.16 Amendment No. 1 to Tax Allocation Agreement dated January 7,
1998.
10.17 Caliber One Indemnity Company Purchase Agreement dated December
15, 1997.
38
(11) Statement regarding computation of per share earnings.
(13) PMC's 1997 Annual Report to Shareholders only those portions
thereof which are expressly incorporated by reference in PMC's
Annual report on Form 10-K for 1997, are "filed" as part of this
Annual Report on Form 10-K
(21) Subsidiaries of the Company.
(23) Consents of experts and counsel
(27) Financial Data Schedule.
* Incorporated by reference to initial filing of Registrant's Registration
Statement on Form 10, filed June 26, 1997.
39
Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its
behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS
CORPORATION
Date: March 23, 1998 By: /s/ John W. Smithson
-------------- ------------------------
John W. Smithson, President
and Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report
has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and
in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature Title Date
- --------- ----- ----
/s/ Frederick W. Anton III
_________________________ Chairman of the Board and March 23, 1998
Frederick W. Anton III a Director
/s/ John W. Smithson
_________________________ President, Chief Executive March 23, 1998
John W. Smithson Officer and a Director
/s/ Francis W. McDonnell
_________________________ Senior Vice President, Chief March 23, 1998
Francis W. McDonnell Financial Officer and
Treasurer (principal financial
and accounting officer)
_________________________ Director March __, 1998
Paul I Detwiler, Jr.
/s/ Joseph H. Foster
_________________________ Director March 23, 1998
Joseph H. Foster
/s/ Anne S. Genter
_________________________ Director March 23, 1998
Anne S. Genter
/s/ James F. Malone III
_________________________ Director March 23, 1998
James F. Malone III
/s/ A. John May
_________________________ Director March 23, 1998
A. John May
/s/ Louis N. McCarter III
_________________________ Director March 23, 1998
Louis N. McCarter III
40
Signature Title Date
- --------- ----- ----
/s/ John W. Miller, Jr.
_________________________ Director March 23, 1998
John W. Miller, Jr.
/s/ Edward H. Owlett
_________________________ Director March 23, 1998
Edward H. Owlett
/s/ Louis I. Pollock
_________________________ Director March 23, 1998
Louis I. Pollock
_________________________ Director March __, 1998
Roderic H. Ross
/s/ L.J. Rowell, Jr.
_________________________ Director March 23, 1998
L.J. Rowell, Jr.
41
EXHIBITS
Exhibit No. Description of Exhibit
(3) Articles of incorporation and bylaws:
*3.1 Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company.
*3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company.
(10) Material contracts:
*10.1 Employment Agreement dated April 1, 1995 between the Company and
Frederick W. Anton III.
*10.2 Employment Agreement dated May 1, 1995 between the Company and
John W. Smithson.
*10.3 The PMC EDC Plan Trust Agreement dated as of 1994.
*10.4 The PMC Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (SERP) dated July
1995.
*10.5 The Company's Amended and Restated 1987 Incentive Stock Option
Plan
*10.6 The Company's Amended and Restated 1991 Equity Incentive Plan.
*10.7 The Company's Amended and Restated 1993 Equity Incentive Plan.
*10.8 The Company's Amended and Restated 1994 Equity Incentive Plan.
*10.9 The Company's 1995 Equity Incentive Plan.
*10.10 The Company's 1996 Equity Incentive Plan.
*10.11 Federal Tax Allocation Agreement.
*10.12 Office lease between Nine Penn Center Associates, L.P., as
Landlord, and Lorjo Corp., as Tenant, covering premises located
at Mellon Bank Center, 1735 Market Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, dated May 26, 1994.
*10.13 Credit Agreement dated as of March 14, 1997 by and among the
Company, The Bank of New York, First Union National Bank of
North Carolina, Fleet National Bank, PNC Bank, National
Association, Mellon Bank, N.A., CoreStates Bank, N.A. and
Dresdener Bank AG, New York Branch and Grand Cayman Branch.
*10.14 Master Agreement dated as of February 7, 1997 between the
Company and First Union National Bank of North Carolina.
*10.15 First Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Agreement by and
among the Company, the Bank of New York, Mellon Bank, N.A.,
Fleet Bank, National Association, PNC Bank, National Association
and First Union Bank of North Carolina.
10.16 Amendment No. 1 to Tax Allocation Agreement dated January 7,
1998.
10.17 Caliber One Indemnity Company Purchase Agreement dated December
15, 1997.
42
(11) Statement regarding computation of per share earnings.
(13) PMC's 1997 Annual Report to Shareholders only those portions
thereof which are expressly incorporated by reference in PMC's
Annual report on Form 10-K for 1997, are "filed" as part of this
Annual Report on Form 10-K
(21) Subsidiaries of the Company.
(23) Consents of experts and counsel
(27) Financial Data Schedule.
* Incorporated by reference to initial filing of Registrant's Registration
Statement on Form 10, filed June 26, 1997.
43