GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                   NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER TO GIVE THE 
PAYER.--Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: 
i.e., 000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated 
by only one hyphen: i.e., 00-0000000. The table below will help determine the 
number to give the payer.



- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                               Give the                                                                   Give the EMPLOYER
For this type of account:    SOCIAL SECURITY                  For this type of account:                    IDENTIFICATION
                              number of --                                                                    number of--
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                            
1. An individual's account   The individual                    9. A valid trust, estate,             The legal entity (Do not
                                                                  or pension trust                   furnish the identifying number
                                                                                                     of the personal representative
                                                                                                     or trustee unless the legal
                                                                                                     entity itself is not
                                                                                                     designated in the account
                                                                                                     title.)(5)

2. Two or more individuals   The actual owner of the          10. Corporate account                 The corporation
   (joint account)           account or, if (combined
                             funds, any one of the
                             individuals(1)

3. Husband and wife (joint   The actual owner of the          11. Religious, charitable, or         The organization
   account)                  account or, if joint funds,          educational organization
                             either person(1)                     account

4. Custodian account of a    The minor(2)                     12. Partnership account held in       The partnership
   minor (Uniform Gift to                                         the name of the business
   Minors Act)

5. Adult and minor (joint    The adult or, if the minor       13. Association, club or other        The organization
   account)                  is the only contributor,             tax-exempt organization
                             the minor(1)

6. Account in the name of    The ward, minor, or incompetent  14. A broker or registered            The broker or nominee
   guardian or committee     person(3)                            nominee
   for a designated ward,
   minor, or incompetent
   person

7. a. The usual revocable    The grantor-trustee(1)           15. Account with the Department       The public entity
      savings trust account                                       of Agriculture in the
      (grantor is also                                            name of a public entity (such
      trustee)                                                    as a State or local government,
                                                                  school district, or prison) that
   b. So-called trust        The xxxx owner(1)                    receives agricultural program 
      account that is                                             payments
      not a legal or 
      valid trust under 
      State law

8. Sole proprietorship       The owner(4)
   accounts

- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(1)  List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish.

(2)  Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.

(3)  Circle the ward's, minor's or incompetent person's name and furnish such 
     person's social security number.

(4)  Show the name of the owner.

(5)  List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate or pension 
     trust.

     Note:  If no name is circled when there is more than one name, the 
            number will be considered to be that of the first name listed.



      GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                   NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9
                             PAGE 2

OBTAINING A NUMBER

If you don't have a taxpayer identification number or you don't know your 
number, obtain Form SS-5, Application for A Social Security Number Card, or 
Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number, at the local 
office of the Social Security Administration or the Internal Revenue Service 
and apply for a number.

PAYEES EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING

Payees specifically exempted from backup withholding on ALL payments include 
the following:

- - A corporation.

- - A financial institution.

- - An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), or an individual 
retirement plan.

- - The United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

- - A State, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United States, or 
any subdivision or instrumentality thereof.

- - A foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government, or 
any agency or instrumentality thereof.

- - An international organization or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

- - A dealer in securities or commodities required to register in the U.S. or a 
possession of the U.S.

- - A real estate investment trust.

- - A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a).

- - An exempt charitable remainder trust, or a non-exempt trust described in 
section 4947(a)(1).

- - An entity registered at all times under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

- - A foreign central bank of issue.

Payments of dividends and patronage dividends not generally subject to 
backup withholding include the following:

- - Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under section 1441.

- - Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. 
and which have at least one nonresident partner.

- - Payments of patronage dividends where the amount reviewed is not paid in 
money.

- - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

- - Payments made to a nominee.

Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding include the 
following:

- - Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals. Note: You may be 
subject to backup withholding if this intrest is $600 or more and is paid in 
the course of the payer's trade or business and you have not provided your 
correct taxpayer identification number to the payer.

- - Payments of tax-emempt interest (including exempt-interest dividends under 
section 852).

- - Payments described in section 6049(b)(5) to non-resident aliens.

- - Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under section 1451.

- -  Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

- -  Payments made to a nominee.

Exempt payees described above must still complete the Substitute Form W-9 
enclosed herewith to avoid possible erroneous backup withholding. FILE THIS 
FORM WITH THE PAYER. FURNISH YOUR TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER. WRITE 
EXEMPT ON THE FACE OF THE FORM, AND RETURN IT TO THE PAYER. IF THE PAYMENTS 
ARE INTEREST, DIVIDENDS, OR PATRONAGE DIVIDENDS, ALSO SIGN AND DATE THE FORM.

Certain payments, other than interest, dividends and patronage dividends, 
that are not subject to information reporting are also not subject to backup 
withholding. For details, see the regulations under sections 6041, 6041A(a), 
6042, 6044, 6045, 6049, 6050A and 6050N.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICE--Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividend, 
interest, or other payments to give taxpayer identification numbers to 
payers who must report the payments to IRS. IRS uses the numbers for 
identification purposes and to help verify the accuracy of the recipient's 
tax return. Payers must be given the numbers whether or not recipients are 
required to file tax returns. Payers must generally withhold 31% of taxable 
interest, dividend, and certain other payments to a payee who does not 
furnish a taxpayer identification number to a payer. Certain penalties may 
also apply.

PENALTIES

(1)  PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.--If you 
fail to furnish your taxpayer identification number to a payer, you are 
subject to a penalty of $50 for each such failure which is due to reasonable 
cause and not to willful neglect.

(2)  CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING.--If you 
make a false statement with no reasonable basis which results in no 
imposition of backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.

(3)  CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION.--Falsifying certifications 
or affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including fines and/or 
imprisonment.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT YOUR TAX CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL 
REVENUE SERVICE.


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