Exhibit 99.01
Citigroup Inc.
Index to Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements
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Page No.
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Five-Year Summary of Selected Supplemental Financial Data 1
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 2
Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements
Supplemental Consolidated Statement of Income for the years ended
December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995 70
Supplemental Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at
December 31, 1997 and 1996 71
Supplemental Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders'
Equity for the years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995 72
Supplemental Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended
December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995 73
Notes to Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements 74
Financial Data Supplement 127
Schedules:
Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of
Registrant (Parent Company only) 135
Independent Auditors' Report 138
CITIGROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY OF SELECTED SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL DATA
In Millions of Dollars, Except per Share Amounts
Year Ended December 31, (1) 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
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Total revenues $ 72,306 $ 65,101 $ 58,957 $ 54,369 $ 49,160
Total revenues, net of interest expense $ 47,782 $ 43,765 $ 36,567 $ 31,841 $ 26,218
Provisions for benefits, claims and credit losses $ 9,911 $ 9,566 $ 7,193 $ 7,260 $ 3,567
Total operating expenses (2) $ 27,121 $ 23,475 $ 20,460 $ 19,151 $ 16,869
Income from continuing operations (2) $ 6,705 $ 7,073 $ 5,610 $ 4,182 $ 3,772
Discontinued operations - (334) 150 180 (28)
Cumulative effect of accounting changes (3) - - - - (367)
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Net income $ 6,705 $ 6,739 $ 5,760 $ 4,362 $ 3,377
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Earnings per share (4):
Basic earnings per share
Income from continuing operations $ 2.86 $ 2.97 $ 2.41 $ 1.75 $ 1.86
Net income $ 2.86 $ 2.83 $ 2.48 $ 1.83 $ 1.64
Diluted earnings per share
Income from continuing operations $ 2.74 $ 2.84 $ 2.19 $ 1.60 $ 1.63
Net income $ 2.74 $ 2.71 $ 2.25 $ 1.68 $ 1.46
Dividends declared per common share (4) (5) $ 0.400 $ 0.300 $ 0.267 $ 0.192 $ 0.163
At December 31,(1)
- --------------------
Total assets $ 697,384 $ 626,906 $ 559,146 $ 537,540 $ 502,657
Total deposits $ 199,121 $ 184,955 $ 167,131 $ 155,726 $ 145,089
Long-term debt $ 47,387 $ 43,246 $ 40,723 $ 40,171 $ 36,843
Redeemable preferred stock $ 280 $ 420 $ 560 $ 700 $ 700
Redeemable preferred securities of subsidiary trusts $ 2,995 $ 2,545 - - -
Common stockholders' equity $ 38,498 $ 35,213 $ 31,000 $ 24,646 $ 22,501
Total stockholders' equity $ 41,851 $ 38,416 $ 35,183 $ 29,945 $ 27,500
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges and
preferred stock dividends (1) 1.41x 1.48x 1.35x 1.21x 1.22x
Return on average common stockholders' equity (1) (6) 17.49% 19.42% 18.88% 16.56% 17.10%
Common stockholders' equity to assets (1) 5.52% 5.62% 5.54% 4.58% 4.48%
Total stockholders' equity to assets (1) 6.00% 6.13% 6.29% 5.57% 5.47%
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(1) All periods have been restated to reflect the mergers with Citicorp on
October 8, 1998 and with Salomon Inc on November 28, 1997. The results
of Aetna P&C are included only from the date of acquisition, April 2,
1996. (See Note 2 of Notes to Supplemental Consolidated Financial
Statements). Results of operations for 1993 exclude the amounts of The
Travelers Corporation (old Travelers), except for the Company's equity
in earnings relating to the 27% interest purchased in December 1992.
Results of operations include the Shearson Businesses from July 31,
1993, the date of acquisition.
(2) The years ended December 31, 1997 and 1993 include restructuring
charges of $1,718 million ($1,046 million after-tax) and $534 million
($319 million after-tax), respectively.
(3) Refers to the adoption in 1993 of SFAS No. 112 "Employers' Accounting
for Postemployment Benefits," and SFAS No. 106, "Employers' Accounting
for Postretirement Benefits other than Pensions."
(4) All amounts have been adjusted to reflect various stock splits.
(5) Amounts represent Travelers' historical dividends per common share.
(6) The return on average common stockholders' equity is calculated using
net income after deducting preferred stock dividend requirements.
Excluding the cumulative effect of accounting changes and gains and
losses on discontinued operations, return on average common
stockholders' equity was 17.49% in 1997, 20.43% in 1996, 18.34% in
1995, 15.79% in 1994, and 19.37% in 1993.
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1
CITIGROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION and ANALYSIS of FINANCIAL CONDITION
and RESULTS of OPERATIONS
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Year Ended December 31,
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In Millions of Dollars, Except per Share Amounts 1997 1996 1995
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Total revenues $72,306 $65,101 $58,957
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Total revenues, net of interest expense $47,782 $43,765 $36,567
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Income from continuing operations $ 6,705 $ 7,073 $ 5,610
Income (loss) from discontinued operations - (334) 150
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Net income $ 6,705 $ 6,739 $ 5,760
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Earnings per share (1):
Basic
Continuing operations $ 2.86 $ 2.97 $ 2.41
Discontinued operations - (0.14) 0.07
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Net income $ 2.86 $ 2.83 $ 2.48
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Diluted
Continuing operations $ 2.74 $ 2.84 $ 2.19
Discontinued operations - (0.13) 0.06
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Net income $ 2.74 $ 2.71 $ 2.25
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Weighted average common shares outstanding (Basic) 2,247.9 2,271.6 2,128.2
Adjusted weighted average common shares outstanding (Diluted) 2,357.7 2,393.9 2,459.9
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(1) All amounts presented have been restated to reflect various stock splits.
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Basis of Presentation
Merger with Citicorp
On October 8, 1998, Citicorp merged with and into a newly formed, wholly
owned subsidiary of Travelers Group Inc. (TRV) (the Merger). Following the
Merger, TRV changed its name to Citigroup Inc. (Citigroup). Under the terms
of the Merger, approximately 1.1 billion shares of Citigroup common stock
were issued in exchange for all of the outstanding shares of Citicorp common
stock based on an exchange ratio of 2.5 shares of Citigroup common stock for
each share of Citicorp common stock. Each share of TRV common stock
automatically represents one share of Citigroup common stock. Following the
exchange, former shareholders of Citicorp and TRV each own approximately 50%
of the outstanding common stock of Citigroup. Each outstanding share of
Citicorp preferred stock was converted into one share of a corresponding
series of preferred stock of Citigroup having identical terms (See Note 17 of
Notes to Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements - Series O through
Series V).
The supplemental consolidated financial statements give retroactive effect to
the Merger in a transaction accounted for as a pooling of interests. The
pooling of interests method of accounting requires the restatement of all
periods presented as if TRV and Citicorp had always been combined. Generally
accepted accounting principles proscribe giving effect to a consummated
business combination accounted for by the pooling of interests method in
financial statements that do not include the date of consummation. The
supplemental consolidated financial statements do not extend through the date
of consummation. However, they will become the historical consolidated
financial statements of Citigroup and its subsidiaries (collectively, the
Company) after financial statements covering the date of consummation of the
business combination are issued. The supplemental consolidated statement of
changes in stockholders' equity reflects the accounts of the Company as if
the additional preferred and common stock had been issued during all the
periods presented. The supplemental consolidated financial statements,
including the notes thereto, should be read in conjunction with the
consolidated financial statements of Travelers Group Inc. and Citicorp
included in their respective Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 1997.
2
Upon consummation of the Merger, the Company became a bank holding company
subject to the provisions of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (the BHCA).
The BHCA precludes a bank holding company and its affiliates from engaging in
certain activities, generally including insurance underwriting. Under the
BHCA in its current form, the Company has two years from the date it became a
bank holding company to comply with all applicable provisions (the BHCA
Compliance Period). The BHCA Compliance Period may be extended, at the
discretion of the Federal Reserve Board, for three additional one-year
periods so long as the extension is not deemed to be detrimental to the
public interest. At this time, the Company believes that its compliance with
applicable laws following the Merger will not have a material adverse effect
on the Company's financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.
There is pending federal legislation that would, if enacted, amend the BHCA
to authorize a bank holding company to own certain insurance underwriters.
There is no assurance that such legislation will be enacted. At the
expiration of the BHCA Compliance Period, the Company will evaluate its
alternatives in order to comply with whatever laws are then applicable.
Merger with Salomon
On November 28, 1997, a newly formed, wholly owned subsidiary of TRV merged
with and into Salomon Inc (Salomon) (the Salomon Merger). Under the terms of
the Salomon Merger, approximately 188.5 million shares of TRV common stock
were issued in exchange for all of the outstanding shares of Salomon common
stock, based on an exchange ratio of 1.695 shares of TRV common stock for
each share of Salomon common stock, for a total value of approximately $9
billion. Shares of each of Salomon's series of preferred stock outstanding
were exchanged for a corresponding series of TRV preferred stock having
substantially identical terms, except that the TRV preferred stock issued in
conjunction with the Salomon Merger has certain voting rights. Thereafter,
Smith Barney Holdings Inc. (Smith Barney), a wholly owned subsidiary of TRV,
was merged with and into Salomon to form Salomon Smith Barney Holdings Inc.
(Salomon Smith Barney), which is the primary vehicle through which TRV
engages in investment banking, proprietary trading, retail brokerage and
asset management. The Salomon Merger constituted a tax-free exchange and was
accounted for under the pooling of interests method. As a result of the
Salomon Merger, Salomon Smith Barney recorded an after-tax restructuring
charge of $496 million, primarily for severance and costs related to excess
or unused office space, facilities and other assets, which is included in
income from continuing operations and net income. In the second quarter of
1998, the Company recorded an adjustment of $324 million ($191 million
after-tax) to the restructuring reserve related to the Seven World Trade
Center lease. This reduction in the reserve resulted from negotiations on a
sub-lease which indicated that excess space would be disposed of on terms
more favorable than had been originally estimated.
Acquisition of Aetna P&C
On April 2, 1996, Travelers Property Casualty Corp. (TAP), an indirect
majority-owned subsidiary of TRV, acquired the domestic property and casualty
insurance subsidiaries of Aetna Services, Inc. (Aetna P&C) for approximately
$4.2 billion in cash. This acquisition was financed in part by the issuance
by TAP of common stock resulting in a minority interest in TAP of
approximately 18%. The acquisition was accounted for under the purchase
method of accounting and, accordingly, the supplemental consolidated
financial statements include the results of Aetna P&C's operations only from
the date of acquisition. TAP also owns The Travelers Indemnity Company
(Travelers Indemnity). TAP's insurance subsidiaries are the primary vehicles
through which the Company engages in the property and casualty insurance
business. On June 23, 1997, TAP repurchased an aggregate of approximately 6.6
million shares of its Class A Common Stock held by four private investors for
approximately $240.8 million. This repurchase increased TRV's ownership of
TAP to approximately 83.4%.
3
Results of Operations
Income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 1997 was
$6.705 billion compared to $7.073 billion in 1996 and $5.610 billion in 1995.
Included in income from continuing operations for the years ended December
31, 1997 and 1996 are net after-tax (losses) gains of $(1.046) billion, and
$17 million, respectively, as follows:
1997
- ----
- $550 million restructuring charge related to Citicorp's cost-management
and customer service initiatives; and
- $496 million restructuring charge related to the acquisition of Salomon
Inc.
1996
- ----
- $346 million (after minority interest) charge for reserve adjustments
and restructuring costs related to the acquisition of Aetna P&C; and
- $363 million gain from the sale of Class A Common Stock by TAP.
Excluding these items, income from continuing operations for 1997 increased
$695 million to $7.751 billion, or 10%, over 1996, primarily reflecting
improved performance in the Property & Casualty Insurance, Life Insurance and
Banking Services segments, offset by lower earnings at Salomon Smith Barney
reflecting a decline in revenues from principal transactions.
On the same basis, income from continuing operations for 1996 increased
$1.446 billion to $7.056 billion, or 26%, over 1995, primarily reflecting
improved performance at Salomon Smith Barney, the inclusion of the property
and casualty business acquired from Aetna Services, Inc. and increased
earnings in the Life Insurance and Banking Services segment.
THE BUSINESSES OF CITIGROUP
Citigroup is a diversified, integrated financial services company engaged in
banking, investment services, life and property and casualty insurance
services and consumer finance. The following table presents total revenues,
net of interest expense and income from continuing operations for these
industry segments:
Total Revenues, Net of Interest Expense Income from Continuing Operations
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Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31,
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In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
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Banking Services $21,616 $20,196 $18,678 $3,609 $3,800 $3,478
Investment Services 10,977 10,744 8,715 1,151 1,871 1,112
Life Insurance Services 4,424 3,769 3,857 910 653 581
Property & Casualty Insurance Services 9,748 8,106 4,545 1,024 362 453
Consumer Finance Services 1,174 1,002 952 229 214 237
Corporate and Other (157) (52) (180) (218) 173 (251)
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$47,782 $43,765 $36,567 $6,705 $7,073 $5,610
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Additional information on the business and geographic distribution of revenues,
income and average assets is disclosed in Note 4 of Notes to Supplemental
Consolidated Financial Statements.
BANKING SERVICES
Banking services represent the activities of Citicorp and its subsidiaries,
including Citibank, N.A., conducted primarily within the two core business
franchises of Global Consumer and Global Corporate Banking. The Global
Consumer business operates a uniquely global, full-service consumer franchise
encompassing branch and electronic banking (Citibanking), credit and charge
cards (Cards), and personalized wealth management services for high net-worth
clients (the Private Bank). The Global Corporate Banking business serves
corporations, financial institutions, governments, investors, and other
participants in developed and emerging markets throughout the world.
4
SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL RESULTS
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
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Net interest revenue $11,402 $10,940 $ 9,951
Commissions, fees and other income 10,214 9,256 8,727
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Total revenue, net of interest expense 21,616 20,196 18,678
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Provision for credit losses 1,907 1,926 1,991
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Restructuring charge 880 - -
Other operating expense 13,078 12,177 11,079
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Total operating expense 13,958 12,177 11,079
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Income before taxes 5,751 6,093 5,608
Income taxes 2,142 2,293 2,130
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Net income $ 3,609 $ 3,800 $ 3,478
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Citicorp's income was $4.2 billion in 1997, up 9% from $3.8 billion in 1996,
excluding the $550 million after-tax effect of a restructuring charge ($880
million pre-tax) taken in the 1997 third quarter. Net income including the
charge was $3.6 billion. Earnings excluding the charge were led by continued
momentum in Global Corporate Banking, the Private Bank, and Citibanking in
the U.S., and were dampened by increased credit costs in U.S. bankcards.
Global Consumer earned $1.9 billion in 1997, down 6% from 1996, excluding the
restructuring charge, as margin growth, driven by higher revenue, was offset
by increased Cards credit costs. Net income including the charge was $1.6
billion. Earnings in Global Corporate Banking of $2.6 billion excluding the
charge, were up 18% from 1996, reflecting revenue and operating margin growth.
Net income including the charge was $2.4 billion.
Events in Asia during the last half of 1997, which have continued into 1998,
reduced pre-tax results by approximately $300 million, due primarily to the
effect of foreign currency translation on our business results, spread
compression in the Asian and Brazilian consumer businesses, and movements in
financial markets which resulted in reduced trading income offset by
increased foreign exchange earnings. The impact of events in Asia may
continue to affect Citicorp's overall business related to that region.
Net Interest Revenue (Taxable Equivalent Basis) (1)
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
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Net interest revenue
Interest revenue $24,535 $23,389 $22,996
Interest expense 13,081 12,409 13,012
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Net interest revenue 11,454 10,980 9,984
Effect of credit card securitization activity 2,369 2,448 2,010
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Total adjusted (2) $13,823 $13,428 $11,994
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Average interest-earning assets
In Billions of Dollars
Total $251.9 $232.0 $224.0
Effect of credit card securitization activity 25.2 26.1 23.6
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Total adjusted (2) $277.1 $258.1 $247.6
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Net interest margin (%)
Total 4.55% 4.73% 4.46%
Effect of credit card securitization activity 0.44 0.47 0.38
------------------------------------------
Total adjusted (2) 4.99% 5.20% 4.84%
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(1) The taxable equivalent adjustment is based on the U.S. federal
statutory rate of 35%.
(2) See page 11 for discussion of the effect of credit card securitization
activity.
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Net interest revenue of $11.5 billion in 1997 increased $474 million or 4%
from 1996 as revenue from an increase in interest-earning assets was
partially offset by an overall decline in the net interest margin, which
reflected a decline in the yields earned on assets that exceeded a decline in
rates paid on liabilities, causing spread compression. Net interest revenue
was also reduced by the effect of foreign currency translation. From the
standpoint of the Core businesses, the
5
increase in net interest revenue was led by loan growth in Global Consumer,
and the effect of a sharp decline in rates on interest-bearing liabilities in
Citibanking in the developed markets. Net interest revenue in Global
Corporate Banking was relatively unchanged as volume driven revenue increases
were largely offset by volume and rate impacted expense increases. Net
interest revenue was up 10% in 1996 reflecting higher net rate spreads,
including lower funding costs, and the funding benefits associated with
higher equity levels, as well as an increase in average interest-earning
assets. Net interest revenue and net interest margin for all periods
presented were reduced by the effect of credit card securitization activity.
Adjusted for the effect of credit card securitization activity, net interest
revenue increased 3% in 1997 and was up 12% in 1996. The adjusted net
interest margin of 4.99% in 1997 was down from 5.20% in 1996 and up from
4.84% in 1995.
Interest revenue improved 5% in 1997 primarily due to a 9% increase in
average interest-earning assets, partially offset by a 34 basis point drop in
the average yield to 9.74%. The increase largely reflected higher levels of
loans and financial markets assets in Emerging Markets, as well as increased
loans in Global Consumer, partially offset by lower yields earned on these
assets. Interest revenue in 1996 improved compared to 1995 as a result of a
4% increase in average interest-earning assets, primarily loans, partially
offset by a decline in yields earned on most assets.
Interest expense increased 5% in 1997 primarily due to an 8% increase in
average interest-bearing liabilities, partially offset by a 14 basis point
drop in the average rate paid to 6.09%. The increase principally reflected
higher levels of time deposits and purchased funds in Emerging Markets,
including the effect of increased rates in Asia Pacific, as well as increased
borrowings in U.S. bankcards. This increase in interest expense was partially
offset by a decline in rates paid on time deposits in Citibanking in the U.S.
and Europe, as well as a one-time charge of $64 million related to the U.S.
Savings Association Insurance Fund in 1996. Interest expense in 1996 improved
by 5% compared with 1995 primarily as a result of a 6% decrease in rates paid
on interest-bearing liabilities, which was driven by a shift of the funding
mix from higher rate purchased funds to lower rate deposits, partially offset
by a small increase in total average interest-bearing liabilities.
Commissions, Fees And Other Income
Commissions and Fees Revenue
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
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Global Consumer:
Citibanking $1,161 $1,042 $ 977
Cards 1,955 1,858 1,855
Private Bank 486 430 400
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Total Global Consumer 3,602 3,330 3,232
Global Corporate Banking and Other 2,118 1,990 1,828
------------------------------------------
Total adjusted (1) 5,720 5,320 5,060
Effect of credit card securitization activity 97 149 105
------------------------------------------
Total $5,817 $5,469 $5,165
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Supplemental information:
Global Consumer businesses in:
Emerging markets $1,197 $1,083 $ 932
Developed markets 2,405 2,247 2,300
------------------------------------------
Total $3,602 $3,330 $3,232
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(1) See page 11 for discussion of the effect of credit card securitization
activity.
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Total commissions and fees revenue of $5.8 billion in 1997 increased $348
million or 6% from 1996. Commissions and fees revenue was increased in all
periods presented by the effect of credit card securitization activity.
Adjusted for the effect of credit card securitization, commissions and fees
revenue in 1997 of $5.7 billion was up $400 million or 8% from 1996.
Global Consumer commissions and fees revenue was up $272 million or 8% in
1997 from 1996, reflecting growth in all businesses and markets. New
investment offerings and increases in assets under management resulted in
strong growth in trust, agency, and custodial fees, primarily in the Private
Bank and in Citibanking worldwide. Growth in credit card-related fees was at
a moderate rate in the developed markets, double-digit rates in Latin
America, and flat in Asia Pacific
6
as business volume growth was offset by the effects of foreign currency
translation. Citibanking also reflected increased fees related to deposit
accounts.
Global Corporate Banking and Other commissions and fees revenue increased
$128 million or 6% from 1996, primarily reflecting increased institutional
trust, agency, and custodial fees due to growth in assets under management
and the custody business, and as a result of higher business volumes in
corporate finance in Global Relationship Banking and transaction banking
services in both Global Relationship Banking and Emerging Markets.
Total commissions and fees revenue in 1996 of $5.5 billion increased $304
million or 6% from 1995. Fee revenue in Global Consumer increased 3% and
reflected double-digit growth in the emerging markets across a variety of
consumer products, particularly credit card-related and investment-related
fees. Growth in Citibanking and Private Bank fees in the developed markets
was offset by lower credit card-related fees. In Global Corporate Banking and
Other, the 9% growth in commissions and fees revenue reflected higher volumes
in Emerging Markets in corporate finance, transaction banking services, and
trust, agency, and custodial fees, as well as increased transaction banking
services fees in Global Relationship Banking.
Trading-Related Revenue
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By business sector:
Global Corporate Banking
Emerging Markets $ 777 $ 763 $ 674
Global Relationship Banking 1,015 892 1,063
------------------------------------------
Total Global Corporate Banking 1,792 1,655 1,737
Global Consumer and Other 315 254 252
------------------------------------------
Total $2,107 $1,909 $1,989
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By trading activity:
Foreign exchange (1) $1,255 $ 926 $1,134
Derivative (2) 401 557 455
Fixed income (3) 198 156 96
Other 253 270 304
------------------------------------------
Total $2,107 $1,909 $1,989
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By income statement line:
Principal transactions $1,727 $1,501 $1,612
Other (4) 380 408 377
------------------------------------------
Total $2,107 $1,909 $1,989
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Foreign exchange activity includes foreign exchange spot, forward, and
option contracts.
(2) Derivative activity primarily includes interest rate and currency
swaps, options, financial futures, and equity and commodity contracts.
(3) Fixed income activity principally includes debt instruments including
government and corporate debt as well as mortgage assets.
(4) Primarily net interest revenue.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trading-related revenue is composed of principal transactions (foreign
exchange and trading revenue) and also includes other amounts, principally
reflected in net interest revenue.
Trading-related revenue totaled $2.1 billion in 1997, up $198 million or 10%
from 1996. The improvement was primarily attributable to growth in foreign
exchange revenue partially offset by lower derivative results in Global
Relationship Banking and the Emerging Markets business. Trading-related
revenue of $1.9 billion in 1996 was down $80 million or 4% from 1995,
attributable to lower foreign exchange revenue in Global Relationship
Banking, partially offset by improvements in derivative results in the
Emerging Markets business and fixed income results in both businesses.
Foreign exchange revenue of $1.3 billion grew $329 million or 36% from 1996.
Revenue growth was strong throughout the year and across most geographies
reflecting unusually low results in 1996, attributable to listless foreign
exchange markets in the major currencies, coupled with high volatility in
certain Asian currencies in the second half of 1997. Foreign exchange revenue
of $926 million in 1996 declined 18% from the strong 1995 level, when
volatile foreign exchange markets in the major currencies provided
substantial revenue opportunities.
7
Derivative revenue of $401 million declined $156 million or 28% from 1996.
The decline was broadly based across most geographies and was concentrated in
the 1997 fourth quarter when the global financial markets experienced unusual
volatility stemming from economic turmoil in certain Asian countries.
Customer demand for risk management products remained strong, although
spreads narrowed. Derivative revenue of $557 million in 1996 rose 22% from
1995 reflecting growth in customer demand, particularly in the Emerging
Markets business.
Fixed-income revenue in 1997 of $198 million grew $42 million or 27% from
1996. The growth reflected improved results in Global Relationship Banking
partially offset by weaker results in the Emerging Markets business. The
results in Global Relationship Banking primarily reflected improvement from
the difficult 1996 period when results were adversely affected by volatile
interest rates in North America. The weak results in the Emerging Markets
business were attributable to the Asian financial turmoil in the second half
of 1997. Fixed-income revenue in 1996 increased $60 million compared with
1995, reflecting improved emerging markets debt trading results, a higher
level of commercial real estate securitization transactions, and improved
government and corporate debt trading results in North America.
Levels of trading-related revenue may fluctuate in the future as a result of
market and asset-specific factors.
Realized Gains from Sales of Investments
In 1997, realized gains from sales of investments were $668 million, up $458
million, compared with $210 million in 1996 and $132 million in 1995. The
1997, 1996, and 1995 amounts included gains of $324 million, $74 million, and
$55 million, respectively, realized on the sale of Government of Brazil Brady
bonds.
The net gains for 1997 reflected gross realized gains of $754 million and
gross realized losses of $86 million.
The fair value of securities available for sale and the related adjustment to
stockholders' equity may fluctuate over time based on general market
conditions as well as events and trends affecting specific securities.
Other Income
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Credit card securitization activity (1) $ 559 $ 907 $ 988
Venture capital 749 450 390
Affiliate earnings 255 290 208
Net asset gains and other items 439 429 232
------------------------------------------
Total $2,002 $2,076 $1,818
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(1) See page 11 for a discussion of credit card securitization activity.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Revenue in 1997 from credit card securitization activity decreased $348
million or 38% from 1996, principally reflecting a higher net credit loss
ratio and lower average securitized volumes. Additionally, commencing in
1997, revenue from credit card securitization activity included net credit
losses on loans held for sale, which totaled $126 million. The decrease in
revenue in 1996 resulted from a higher net credit loss ratio, partially
offset by an improved net interest margin and higher average securitized
volumes.
Venture capital revenue improved $299 million from 1996, benefiting from
buoyant U.S. equity markets including public offerings by investees.
Investments of venture capital subsidiaries are carried at fair value and
revenue volatility can occur in the future, based on general market
conditions as well as events and trends affecting specific venture capital
investments.
Affiliate earnings in 1997 were down $35 million from 1996, primarily due to
lower earnings in Latin America, partially offset by an investment dividend.
Affiliate earnings in 1996 were up from 1995, largely due to improved results
in Latin America.
Net asset gains and other items in 1997 of $439 million, compared with $429
million in 1996, reflected gains on the sale of real estate assets, the
disposition of an automated trading business, a gain related to a refinancing
agreement concluded
8
with Peru, and the sale of an investment from an acquisition finance
portfolio, partially offset by investment writedowns of $72 million in Latin
America. Revenue in 1996 of $429 million included gains from the sale of an
automated trading business, the disposition of Citicorp's holding in an Asian
affiliate, the sale of the consumer mortgage portfolio in the U.K., and a
gain related to the Panama refinancing agreement, partially offset by
investment writedowns of $100 million in Latin America.
Provision And Credit Loss Reserves
The provision for credit losses of $1.9 billion in 1997 declined $19 million
or 1% from 1996, reflecting a decline in the Global Consumer additional
provision and higher Global Corporate Banking net recoveries, partially
offset by higher net write-offs in the Global Consumer business. The
provision for credit losses declined $65 million or 3% in 1996, reflecting
lower net write-offs and a decline in the additional provision in Global
Corporate Banking, partially offset by higher net write-offs in the Global
Consumer business.
Net Write-Offs, Additional Provision, and Provision for Credit Losses
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net write-offs (recoveries):
Global Consumer (1) $3,544 $3,120 $2,461
Global Corporate Banking (2) (24) (2) 148
------------------------------------------
Total adjusted net write-offs 3,520 3,118 2,609
Effect of credit card securitization activity (1,713) (1,392) (917)
------------------------------------------
Total $1,807 $1,726 $1,692
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional provision:
Global Consumer $ 100 $ 200 $ 200
Global Corporate Banking - - 81
------------------------------------------
Total $ 100 $ 200 $ 281
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Provision for credit losses:
Global Consumer $1,931 $1,928 $1,744
Global Corporate Banking (24) (2) 247
------------------------------------------
Total $1,907 $1,926 $1,991
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Adjusted for the effect of credit card securitization activity,
including the effect related to credit card receivables held for sale
commencing in 1997 (see page 11).
(2) Included in Global Corporate Banking net write-offs in 1995 are net
recoveries of $18 million related to cross-border refinancing
agreements that were credited directly to the allowance for credit
losses and did not affect the provision for credit losses.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Consumer net write-offs, adjusted for the effect of credit card
securitization activity, were $3.5 billion in 1997, up from $3.1 billion in
1996 and $2.6 billion in 1995, reflecting higher net credit losses in U.S.
bankcards and Asia Pacific. The increases in net write-offs were partially
offset by declines in the Citibanking and the Private Bank businesses in the
United States, and the effect of foreign currency translation. The Global
Consumer provision for credit losses included an additional provision in
excess of net write-offs of $100 million in 1997, compared with $200 million
in 1996 and 1995. Net write-offs and the total provision may increase from
1997 levels as a result of economic conditions, credit performance of the
portfolios (including bankruptcies) and changes in portfolio levels. See
"Consumer Portfolio Review" on page 19 for an additional discussion.
Global Corporate Banking net recoveries in 1997 of $24 million improved $22
million from 1996 reflecting a decline in gross write-offs in Global
Relationship Banking, partially offset by higher gross write-offs in the
Emerging Markets business, and lower, but still substantial, recoveries in
both businesses (including $50 million from the refinancing agreement
concluded with Peru). Global Corporate Banking net recoveries in 1996 of $2
million improved $150 million from 1995 due to higher recoveries, primarily
attributable to the refinancing agreements concluded with Panama, Slovenia,
and Croatia (which aggregated $75 million) coupled with lower
real-estate-related gross write-offs. During the three years ended December
31, 1997, there were no material credit losses related to derivative and
foreign exchange contracts, standby letters of credit, or loan commitments.
During 1997, credit losses related to foreign currency derivative contracts
totaled $35 million. During 1998, Global Corporate Banking net write-offs may
increase from the 1997 level due to unsettled global markets, economic
conditions, or other factors.
9
All identified losses are immediately written off and the credit loss
reserves described below are available to absorb all probable credit losses
inherent in the portfolio. For analytical purposes only, Citicorp attributes
its credit loss reserves as detailed in the following table:
Credit Loss Reserves (1)
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate allowance for credit losses:
Global Consumer $2,487 $2,079 $1,944
Global Corporate Banking 3,429 3,424 3,424
------------------------------------------
Total aggregate allowance for credit losses 5,916 5,503 5,368
Reserves for securitization activities 85 473 486
------------------------------------------
Total credit loss reserves $6,001 $5,976 $5,854
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate allowance as a percent of total loans:
Global Consumer 2.30% 1.86% 1.84%
Global Corporate Banking (2) 4.38% 5.46% 5.71%
Total 3.16% 3.15% 3.24%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) In 1997, Citicorp changed the apportionment and display of the
aggregate allowance for credit losses to report $5,816 million
attributable to loans and loan commitments as a deduction from Loans,
$50 million attributable to standby letters of credit and guarantees
included in Other Liabilities, and $50 million attributable to
derivative and foreign exchange contracts as a deduction from Trading
Account Assets. Citicorp also restored to the aggregate allowance for
credit losses $373 million that had previously been attributed to
credit card securitization transactions where the exposure to credit
losses is contractually limited to the cash flows from the securitized
receivables. Reserves for securitization activities at December 31,
1997 reflect $85 million deducted from Other assets attributable to
mortgage loans sold with recourse. Prior year amounts have not been
reclassified.
(2) Excludes portion attributable to standby letters of credit and
guarantees and derivative and foreign exchange contacts.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Credit loss reserves totaled $6.0 billion at December 31, 1997 and 1996, up
from $5.9 billion at December 31, 1995. The increase in the reserves
primarily reflected continued reserve building, partially offset by the
effect of foreign currency translation.
Uncertainty related to the economic and credit environment, as well as higher
loan volumes, may result in further increases in the aggregate allowance for
credit losses.
Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses were $14.0 billion in 1997, and reflected the $880
million restructuring charge discussed below. Operating expenses excluding
the charge was $13.1 billion, an increase of $901 million or 7% from 1996 (9%
excluding the effect of foreign currency translation). Excluding net OREO
benefits, expense was up 8% from 1996. The increases were principally related
to business activities in the emerging markets, a 12% increase from 1996,
while adjusted expense in the developed markets was up 6%. Total operating
expenses for 1996 of $12.2 billion was up $1.1 billion or 10% from 1995, 9%
excluding net OREO benefits.
Employee Expense
Employee expense was $6.6 billion in 1997, up $373 million or 6% from 1996.
The expense growth primarily reflected salary increases, higher staff levels
related to volume growth and business expansion in the emerging markets, and
higher incentive compensation. Staff levels of 93,700 at December 31, 1997
were up 4,300 or 5% from a year-ago, including an increase of 2,400 or 7% in
the emerging markets.
Employee expense in 1996 of $6.2 billion was up $521 million or 9% from 1995,
also reflecting business expansion, higher staff levels, and higher
performance-based compensation.
Restructuring Charge
During 1997, Citicorp recorded an $880 million charge related to
cost-management programs and customer service initiatives to improve
operational efficiency and productivity. These programs include global
operations and technology consolidation and standardization, the
reconfiguration of front-end distribution processes, and the outsourcing of
various technological functions. The implementation of these restructuring
programs, which are expected to be substantially completed by the end of
1998, is designed to ensure a positive effect on the quality of customer
service. Overall, these
10
programs are estimated to achieve pay-back towards the end of 1999. Expense
savings generated by these programs are being reinvested in new products,
marketing programs, and additional cost and quality initiatives to further
increase revenues and reduce costs.
The charge included $487 million for severance benefits associated with
approximately 9,000 positions. It is estimated that about 1,500 new positions
will be added as part of this program, resulting in a net program reduction
of about 7,500 jobs. The charge also included approximately $245 million
related to writedowns of equipment and premises and $148 million related to
lease termination and other exit costs. Additional program costs that did not
qualify for recognition in the charge will be expensed as incurred in the
implementation of these programs, but are not expected to be material.
Of the total $880 million restructuring charge, approximately $245 million of
premises and equipment writedowns were recognized during 1997, based on
estimated fair values, and $39 million of reserves were utilized, primarily
for severance and related costs. Approximately 650 gross direct staff
reductions occurred during the 1997 fourth quarter. The remaining reserve
represents a liability for future cash outflows associated with employee
severance benefits, lease termination costs, and other exit costs. The
Company does not expect that the payment of these amounts will have a
significant effect on its liquidity or financial position. See Note 15 of
Notes to Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements for additional
details regarding the restructuring charge.
Other Operating Expense
Net premises and equipment expense included in other operating expense was
$2.0 billion in 1997, up $118 million or 6% from 1996. The increase primarily
resulted from growth in the emerging markets businesses and the upgrading of
branches in all regions to the Citibanking standard. Similarly, 1996 net
premises and equipment expense of $1.8 billion was up $145 million or 9% from
1995.
Other expense was $4.5 billion in 1997, up $410 million or 10% from 1996. The
increase primarily reflected business expansion and investment spending to
build the franchise in the emerging markets; increased spending on technology
in all markets to improve and enhance customer service delivery mechanisms
and improve the efficiency and quality of various operating systems; costs
associated with enhanced target marketing initiatives and additional
strategic product development; and general expenses that resulted from volume
increases in all businesses.
Other expense was $4.1 billion in 1996, up $432 million or 12% from 1995. The
increase primarily reflected business expansion in the emerging markets,
investment in operational and technological infrastructure, and reengineering
efforts. The expense growth was also attributed to higher volumes and account
growth in the Cards, Citibanking, and transaction services businesses, as
well as lower Global Corporate Banking net OREO benefits.
See page 45 for a discussion of the Year 2000 Date Conversion.
Effect Of Credit Card Securitization Activity
The initial and ongoing effects of adopting SFAS No. 125 in 1997 did not
result in a change in the income recognition policies for credit card
securitization activity due to immateriality. As a result, the securitization
of credit card receivables does not affect the earnings reported for each
period. Revenue on securitized receivables is recorded monthly as realized
over the term of each securitization transaction, which may range up to 12
years. The revolving nature of the receivables sold and the monthly
recognition of revenue result in a pattern of recognition that is similar to
the pattern that would be experienced if the receivables had not been sold.
However, because securitization changes Citicorp's involvement from that of a
lender to that of a loan servicer, it removes the receivables from Citicorp's
balance sheet and affects the manner in which revenue and the provision for
credit losses are classified in the income statement. For securitized
receivables, amounts that would otherwise be reported as loan interest,
including fees, as commissions and fees revenue, and as credit losses on
loans are instead reported as commissions and fees revenue (for servicing
fees) and as other income (for the remaining cash flows to which Citicorp is
entitled, which are net of credit losses). Because credit losses are a
component of these cash flows, Citicorp's revenues over the terms of these
transactions may vary depending upon the credit performance of the
securitized receivables. However, Citicorp's exposure to credit losses on the
securitized receivables is
11
contractually limited to these cash flows. In addition, commencing in 1997,
net credit losses on credit card receivables held for sale are reported as a
reduction of Other income rather than included in the provision for credit
losses.
During 1997, $7.6 billion of U.S. credit card receivables were sold, compared
with $5.3 billion and $8.9 billion during 1996 and 1995. The total credit
card receivables securitized, net of amortization as of December 31, 1997,
were $26.8 billion, compared with $25.2 billion and $25.5 billion as of
December 31, 1996 and 1995. The following table shows the net effect of
credit card securitization activity as an increase or (decrease) to the
amounts reported in the Supplemental Consolidated Statement of Income and
Average Balance Sheet, and under the captions of Return on Assets, Net
Interest Margin, and Consumer Net Credit Loss Ratio.
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loan interest, including fees ($2,369) ($2,448) ($2,010)
Commissions and fees 97 149 105
Other income 559 907 988
Provision for credit losses (1,713) (1,392) (917)
------------------------------------------
Net income effect of securitization activity $ 0 $ 0 $ 0
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average assets (in billions of dollars) $ (25) $ (26) $ ($24)
Return on assets 0.10% 0.12% 0.11%
Net interest margin (0.44%) (0.47%) (0.38%)
Consumer net credit loss ratio (0.92%) (0.73%) (0.44%)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The effect of securitization on net interest revenue and the provision for
credit losses in 1997 compared with 1996 reflected lower average securitized
volumes and higher loss ratios, while the effect in 1996 compared with 1995
reflected wider spreads and higher loss ratios.
BUSINESS FOCUS
The table below shows the net income, average assets, and return on assets
for each of Citicorp's businesses for the three years ended December 31, 1997.
Net Income (Loss) Average Assets Return on Assets
$ Millions $ Billions %
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Ended December 31,
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997(1) 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997(1) 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Consumer $1,553 $2,028 $1,963 $132 $126 $120 1.18% 1.61% 1.64%
Global Corporate Banking 2,390 2,161 1,760 156 139 144 1.53 1.55 1.22
-----------------------------------------------------
Core businesses 3,943 4,189 3,723 288 265 264 1.37 1.58 1.41
Other Items (334) (389) (245) 7 5 5 NM NM NM
-----------------------------------------------------
Total Citicorp $3,609 $3,800 $3,478 $295 $270 $269 1.22 1.41 1.29
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Supplemental information
Global Consumer
Citibanking $ 478 $ 723 $ 573 $ 85 $ 83 $ 80 0.56% 0.87% 0.72%
Cards 764 1,024 1,164 31 27 25 2.46 3.79 4.66
Private Bank 311 281 226 16 16 15 1.94 1.76 1.51
-----------------------------------------------------
Total $ 1,553 $ 2,028 $ 1,963 $ 132 $ 126 $ 120 1.18 1.61 1.64
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Consumer businesses in:
Emerging markets $ 819 $ 933 $ 801 $ 42 $ 38 $ 35 1.95% 2.46% 2.29%
Developed markets 734 1,095 1,162 90 88 85 0.82 1.24 1.37
-----------------------------------------------------
Total $ 1,553 $ 2,028 $ 1,963 $ 132 $ 126 $ 120 1.18 1.61 1.64
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Corporate Banking
Emerging Markets $ 1,559 $ 1,436 $ 1,132 $ 72 $ 60 $ 50 2.17% 2.39% 2.26%
Global Relationship Banking 831 725 628 84 79 94 0.99 0.92 0.67
-----------------------------------------------------
Total $ 2,390 $ 2,161 $ 1,760 $ 156 $ 139 $ 144 1.53 1.55 1.22
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes after-tax restructuring charge of $550 million for total
Citicorp. Global Consumer, Global Corporate Banking, and Other Items
reflect after-tax restructuring charges of $351 million, $168 million,
and $31 million, respectively. Refer to "Other Items" on page 26 and
Note 15 for additional details.
NM Not meaningful.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12
MARGIN ANALYSIS
Citicorp uses the concept of operating margin as an important measure of its
ability to absorb credit costs, build profitability and strengthen capital.
Operating margin is the difference between revenue and operating expense,
adjusted for credit-related items, asset sales, restructuring, and accounting
changes. The following table details the adjustments made to reported revenue
and expense, for the purposes of calculating the operating margin.
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Earnings analysis
Total revenues, net of interest expense $ 21,616 $ 20,196 $ 18,678
Effect of credit card securitization activity (1) 1,713 1,392 917
Net cost to carry (2) (5) (46) 23
------------------------------------------
Adjusted revenue 23,324 21,542 19,618
------------------------------------------
Total operating expense 13,958 12,177 11,079
Net OREO benefits (costs) (3) 72 44 105
Restructuring charges (880) - -
------------------------------------------
Adjusted operating expense 13,150 12,221 11,184
------------------------------------------
Operating margin 10,174 9,321 8,434
------------------------------------------
Global Consumer credit costs (4) 3,538 3,115 2,473
Global Corporate Banking credit (benefits) costs (5) (95) (87) 72
------------------------------------------
Operating margin less credit costs 6,731 6,293 5,889
Additional provision (6) 100 200 281
Restructuring charges 880 - -
------------------------------------------
Income before taxes 5,751 6,093 5,608
Income taxes 2,142 2,293 2,130
------------------------------------------
Net income $ 3,609 $ 3,800 $ 3,478
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Commencing in 1997, includes effect related to credit card receivables
held for sale. See page 11 for a description of the effect of credit
card securitization activity.
(2) Principally the net cost to carry commercial cash-basis loans and other
real estate owned (OREO).
(3) Principally gains and losses on sales, direct revenue and expense, and
writedowns of commercial OREO.
(4) Principally consumer net credit write-offs adjusted for the effect of
credit card securitization activity.
(5) Includes commercial net credit write-offs, net cost to carry, and net
OREO benefits (costs).
(6) Represents amounts in excess of net write-offs.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13
GLOBAL CONSUMER
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue, net of interest expense $12,350 $12,113 $11,436
Effect of credit card securitization activity 1,713 1,392 917
Net cost to carry cash-basis loans and OREO (2) (10) 12
------------------------------------------
Adjusted revenue 14,061 13,495 12,365
------------------------------------------
Total operating expense 8,271 7,302 6,816
Net OREO benefits (costs) (1) 4 (5) -
Restructuring charge (580) - -
------------------------------------------
Adjusted operating expense 7,695 7,297 6,816
------------------------------------------
Operating margin 6,366 6,198 5,549
------------------------------------------
Net write-offs 1,831 1,728 1,544
Effect of credit card securitization activity 1,713 1,392 917
Net cost to carry and net OREO (benefits) costs (6) (5) 12
------------------------------------------
Credit costs 3,538 3,115 2,473
------------------------------------------
Operating margin less credit costs 2,828 3,083 3,076
------------------------------------------
Additional provision 100 200 200
Restructuring charge 580 - -
------------------------------------------
Income before taxes 2,148 2,883 2,876
Income taxes 595 855 913
------------------------------------------
Net income $ 1,553 $ 2,028 $ 1,963
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average assets (in billions of dollars) $ 132 $ 126 $ 120
Return on assets 1.18% 1.61% 1.64%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Excluding restructuring charge
Income $ 1,904 $ 2,028 $ 1,963
Return on assets 1.44% 1.61% 1.64%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes amounts related to writedowns, gains and losses on sales, and
direct expense related to OREO for certain real estate lending
activities.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Global Consumer business meets the financial services needs of consumer
customers across the regions of the world. In 1997, the Global Consumer
business recorded a pre-tax restructuring charge of $580 million ($351
million after-tax) for the consolidation of data centers and operations
processing and customer service facilities, the reconfiguration of electronic
and other distribution channels, the outsourcing of various technological
functions, and the rationalization of administrative and management functions.
During 1997, the Global Consumer business agreed to acquire Universal Card
Services from AT&T at a purchase price of $3.5 billion, which will add
approximately $15 billion in managed customer receivables and 13.5 million
accounts. The transaction closed on April 2, 1998. The agreement also
established a co-branding and joint marketing arrangement with AT&T. The
acquisition is expected to have a dilutive impact on 1998 earnings.
Global Consumer net income was $1.6 billion in 1997, down $475 million or 23%
from 1996. Excluding the restructuring charge, income was $1.9 billion, a
decline of $124 million or 6% from 1996, reflecting a decline in Cards
earnings of 20%, and increases in the Private Bank and Citibanking of 17% and
4%, respectively. Income in 1997 reflected higher U.S. bankcards credit
costs, lower earnings in the Asia Pacific region, and strong earnings growth
in U.S. Citibanking and in the Private Bank. Earnings growth in 1997 was
negatively impacted by the effect of foreign currency translation,
particularly in Germany and the Asia Pacific region. Net income in 1996 was
up $65 million or 3% from 1995, despite a $140 million or 12% decline in
Cards, reflecting increases of 26% and 24% in Citibanking and in the Private
Bank, respectively.
Adjusted revenue of $14.1 billion in 1997 was up $566 million or 4%--7%
adjusted for the effect of foreign currency translation--from 1996. Net
interest revenue was up 3%--6% adjusted for the effect of foreign currency
translation--reflecting worldwide business volume growth, the 1996 $64
million assessment to recapitalize the U.S. Savings Association Insurance
Fund (SAIF), and higher spreads in the U.S. Citibanking business, partially
offset by lower spreads in Asia Pacific and U.S. bankcards. Commission and
fees revenue grew 8%--12% adjusted for the effect of foreign currency
translation--reflecting double digit growth in worldwide Citibanking, the
Private Bank and in the Cards business in Asia Pacific and Latin America.
Revenue in 1996 was up $1.1 billion or 9% from 1995, reflecting growth across
the three consumer businesses and gains of $54 million from the sale of an
Asian affiliate and $42 million from the sale of the mortgage portfolio in
the United Kingdom.
14
Adjusted operating expense of $7.7 billion, excluding the $580 million
restructuring charge, was up $398 million or 5% from 1996. Adjusted for the
effect of foreign currency translation, expense increased 9%, reflecting
growth across the franchise in support of account and business volume growth,
additional strategic product development costs, and expansion into new
marketplaces. Expense in 1996 increased $481 million or 7% from 1995,
principally reflecting increases in Citibanking worldwide, Cards in Asia
Pacific and Latin America, and in the Private Bank.
Global Consumer credit costs of $3.5 billion in 1997 were up from $3.1
billion in 1996 and $2.5 billion in 1995, reflecting higher losses in U.S.
bankcards and in the Asia Pacific region, partially offset by declines in the
Citibanking and the Private Bank businesses in the United States and by the
effect of foreign currency translation, principally in Germany and Asia
Pacific. The ratio of net credit losses to average managed loans was 2.61%,
2.37%, and 1.99% in 1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively. The additional
provisions, which represent charges in excess of net write-offs to build the
allowance, totaled $100 million in 1997, compared with $200 million in 1996
and 1995.
Income taxes are attributed to core businesses, including their restructuring
charge, on the basis of local tax rates, which resulted in an effective rate
of 28% in 1997 compared with 30% in 1996 and 32% in 1995, reflecting changes
in the nature and geographic mix of earnings. The difference between the
local tax rates attributed to core businesses and Citicorp's overall
effective tax rate in each year is included in Other Items.
Citibanking
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue, net of interest expense $ 6,030 $ 5,796 $ 5,441
------------------------------------------
Total operating expense 4,790 4,129 3,831
Restructuring charge (457) - -
------------------------------------------
Adjusted operating expense 4,333 4,129 3,831
------------------------------------------
Operating margin 1,697 1,667 1,610
Credit costs 567 634 706
------------------------------------------
Operating margin less credit costs 1,130 1,033 904
------------------------------------------
Additional provision - 4 42
Restructuring charge 457 - -
------------------------------------------
Income before taxes 673 1,029 862
Income taxes 195 306 289
------------------------------------------
Net income $ 478 $ 723 $ 573
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average assets (in billions of dollars) $ 85 $ 83 $ 80
Return on assets 0.56% 0.87% 0.72%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Excluding restructuring charge
Income $ 753 $ 723 $ 573
Return on assets 0.89% 0.87% 0.72%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Citibanking--which delivers a wide array of products and services to
customers through Citicorp's worldwide branch network and electronic delivery
systems--reported net income of $478 million in 1997, down $245 million or
34% from 1996. Excluding the $275 million after-tax effect of the
restructuring charge, Citibanking earned $753 million in 1997, up $30 million
or 4% from 1996, reflecting strong growth in the United States, increases in
Latin America, and lower earnings in Asia Pacific. The results in Asia
Pacific reflected the economic turmoil that occurred in the region in the
second half of 1997, as well as the 1996 gain on sale of an interest in an
Asian affiliate. Net income in 1996 increased $150 million or 26% from 1995,
principally reflecting improved credit performance, modest operating margin
growth, and the benefit of a lower effective tax rate. Return on assets was
0.89% in 1997, excluding the restructuring charge, up from 0.87% in 1996 and
0.72% in 1995.
Revenue, net of interest expense, of $6.0 billion grew $234 million or 4%
from 1996, including 5% in the developed markets and 2% in the emerging
markets. Adjusted for the effect of foreign currency translation, revenue
grew 9%, 11% in the developed markets and 5% in the emerging markets,
reflecting higher worldwide business volumes and improved spreads in the
United States and Latin America, partially offset by lower spreads in Asia
Pacific and Europe. Revenue, net of interest expense, in 1996 was up $355
million or 7% from 1995, reflecting higher business volumes, partially offset
by spread tightening in Latin America and Asia Pacific, and the 1996 SAIF
assessment. Revenue in 1996 also included gains associated with the sale of
an interest in an Asian affiliate and from the sale of the consumer mortgage
portfolio in the United Kingdom.
15
Adjusted operating expense of $4.3 billion, excluding the $457 million
restructuring charge, grew $204 million or 5% from 1996, including 10% in the
emerging markets and 3% in the developed markets. Adjusted for the effect of
foreign currency translation, expense was up 8%, 12% in the emerging markets
and 7% in the developed markets, reflecting account and business volume
growth, new product development costs, franchise expansion, and technology
initiatives. Expense in 1996 was up $298 million or 8% from 1995, including
18% in the emerging markets and 4% in the developed markets, reflecting
business volume growth and continued investment spending.
Credit costs of $567 million in 1997 declined from $634 million in 1996 and
$706 million in 1995, primarily reflecting the effect of foreign currency
translation and lower losses in the United States, partially offset by higher
losses in Asia Pacific. The net credit loss ratio was 0.86% in 1997, down
from 0.96% in 1996 and 1.12% in 1995. In 1997, the additional provision,
which represents charges in excess of net write-offs to build the allowance,
reflected increases in Asia Pacific and Latin America that were offset by a
reserve release in the United States due to continued credit improvement in
the mortgage portfolio. The additional provision was $4 million in 1996, and
$42 million in 1995.
Cards
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue, net of interest expense $ 5,190 $ 5,274 $ 5,066
Effect of credit card securitization activity 1,713 1,392 917
------------------------------------------
Adjusted revenue 6,903 6,666 5,983
------------------------------------------
Total operating expense 2,729 2,482 2,352
Restructuring charge (95) - -
------------------------------------------
Adjusted operating expense 2,634 2,482 2,352
------------------------------------------
Operating margin 4,269 4,184 3,631
------------------------------------------
Net write-offs 1,277 1,090 814
Effect of credit card securitization activity 1,713 1,392 917
------------------------------------------
Credit costs 2,990 2,482 1,731
------------------------------------------
Operating margin less credit costs 1,279 1,702 1,900
------------------------------------------
Additional provision 100 196 158
Restructuring charge 95 - -
------------------------------------------
Income before taxes 1,084 1,506 1,742
Income taxes 320 482 578
------------------------------------------
Net income $ 764 $ 1,024 $ 1,164
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average assets (in billions of dollars) $ 31 $ 27 $ 25
Return on assets 2.46% 3.79% 4.66%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Excluding restructuring charge
Income $ 822 $ 1,024 $ 1,164
Return on assets (1) 2.65% 3.79% 4.66%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Adjusted for the effect of credit card securitization, the return on
managed assets for worldwide Cards was 1.45% in 1997, 1.92% in 1996,
and 2.40% in 1995.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cards worldwide--bankcards, Diners Club, and private label cards--reported
net income of $764 million in 1997, down $260 million or 25% from 1996.
Excluding the $58 million after-tax effect of the 1997 restructuring charge,
Cards earned $822 million in 1997, down $202 million or 20% from 1996.
Earnings in the developed markets declined by 27%, principally in U.S.
bankcards, as credit cost increases were partially offset by modest operating
margin growth as the business continues to operate in a challenging
environment. Income in the emerging markets business declined by 3%,
reflecting lower earnings from Credicard, a Brazilian Cards affiliate, due to
higher credit losses and losses from fraudulent card usage, and a decline in
certain countries in Asia Pacific. Earnings in the emerging markets
represented approximately 38% of Cards earnings, compared to 31% in 1996. Net
income in 1996 decreased by $140 million or 12%, principally reflecting
higher U.S. bankcard credit costs, partially offset by earnings improvements
in Latin America and Asia Pacific.
The return on managed assets, excluding restructuring, was 1.45% in 1997,
down from 1.92% in 1996 and 2.40% in 1995, while on-balance sheet asset
returns were 2.65%, 3.79%, and 4.66%, respectively.
Cards adjusted revenue of $6.9 billion increased $237 million or 4% from
1996, reflecting increases of 3% in the developed markets and 6% in the
emerging markets. U.S. bankcards revenue increased 3%, reflecting business
volume growth and increased delinquency charges, partially offset by lower
spreads due to competitive pricing. The increase in delinquency charges
resulted from a pricing change implemented at the end of 1996. Revenue in the
emerging markets
16
grew by 6%--12% adjusted for the effect of foreign currency
translation--reflecting business volume growth in both Asia Pacific and Latin
America, partially offset by lower earnings in Credicard, and lower spreads
due to competitive pressures and the economic conditions in Asia Pacific in
the second half of 1997. Revenue in 1996 increased $683 million or 11% from
1995, reflecting increases of 9% in the developed markets and 24% in the
emerging markets.
As shown in the following table, the U.S. bankcard business experienced
moderate portfolio growth and a decline in accounts as a result of
competitive pressures, credit risk management initiatives on the part of
Citicorp, and moderating increases in consumer personal debt levels.
U.S. Bankcards (Managed Basis)
Increase (Decrease)
----------------------------
In Billions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995(1)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accounts (in millions) 25 (2%) (1%)
Cards in force (in millions) 40 5% 2%
Charge volumes $102.8 7% 9%
End-of-period receivables $ 48.2 3% 4%
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Compound annual growth rate.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adjusted operating expense of $2.6 billion, excluding the $95 million
restructuring charge, was up $152 million or 6%--9% adjusted for the effect
of foreign currency translation--from 1996. Expense in the developed markets
increased 5% due to costs associated with credit risk management initiatives
and enhanced target marketing efforts in U.S. bankcards. Expense in the
emerging markets grew 11%--17% adjusted for the effect of foreign currency
translation--in support of higher loan volumes as well as continued
investment to expand the franchise. Expense in 1996 increased $130 million or
6% from 1995, principally reflecting an increase of 27% in the emerging
markets, reflecting growth and expansion of the franchise.
Cards credit costs in 1997 were $3.0 billion, up from $2.5 billion in 1996
and $1.7 billion in 1995, reflecting increased losses in U.S. bankcards,
which have been moderating during 1997, and higher losses in Asia Pacific.
Credit costs in U.S. bankcards increased to $2.6 billion, or 5.81% of average
managed loans, up from $2.1 billion or 4.99% in 1996 and $1.5 billion or
3.70% in 1995.
Cards continued to build the allowance for credit losses, with charges in
excess of net write-offs of $100 million, $196 million, and $158 million in
1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively.
17
Private Bank
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue, net of interest expense $1,130 $1,043 $ 929
Net cost to carry cash-basis loans and OREO (2) (10) 12
------------------------------------------
Adjusted revenue 1,128 1,033 941
------------------------------------------
Total operating expense 752 691 633
Net OREO benefits (costs)(1) 4 (5) -
Restructuring charge (28) - -
------------------------------------------
Adjusted operating expense 728 686 633
------------------------------------------
Operating margin 400 347 308
------------------------------------------
Net (recoveries) write-offs (13) 4 24
Net cost to carry and net OREO (benefits) costs (6) (5) 12
------------------------------------------
Credit (benefits) costs (19) (1) 36
------------------------------------------
Operating margin less credit costs 419 348 272
------------------------------------------
Restructuring charge 28 - -
------------------------------------------
Income before taxes 391 348 272
Income taxes 80 67 46
------------------------------------------
Net income $ 311 $ 281 $ 226
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average assets (in billions of dollars) $ 16 $ 16 $ 15
Return on assets 1.94% 1.76% 1.51%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Excluding restructuring charge
Income $ 329 $ 281 $ 226
Return on assets 2.06% 1.76% 1.51%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes amounts related to writedowns, gains and losses on sales, and
direct expense related to OREO for certain real estate lending
activities.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private Bank--which provides personalized wealth management services for high
net-worth clients--reported net income in 1997 of $311 million, up $30
million or 11% from 1996. Excluding the $18 million after-tax effect of the
restructuring charge, Private Bank income was $329 million in the year, up
$48 million or 17% from 1996. The increase in 1997 reflected continued
revenue growth throughout the Private Bank together with lower credit costs.
Net income growth in the year was reduced by the effects of a higher tax
rate. Net income of $281 million in 1996 was up $55 million or 24% from 1995,
also reflecting solid revenue growth and reduced credit costs.
Client business volumes under management were $101 billion at the end of the
year, up $5 billion or 5% from 1996. Growth was led by the custody business,
investment funds management, and trust and fiduciary relationships. Growth in
client business volumes in 1996 was $9 billion or 11%, and was balanced
across the advisory and discretionary investment areas and most other product
lines.
Adjusted revenue for 1997 was $1.1 billion, up $95 million or 9% from 1996,
up 11% excluding the effect of foreign currency translation. Emerging markets
revenue grew 14%, reflecting strong growth for much of the year, dampened by
the market volatility in Asia Pacific. Revenue in the emerging markets
represented 43% of total Private Bank revenue in 1997, up from 41% in 1996.
Revenue in the developed markets increased 6% in 1997. The increase in total
revenue primarily reflected 13% growth in commissions and fees resulting from
new investment products introduced during the year, complemented by a 41%
increase in client-related foreign exchange. Revenue for 1996 was $1.0
billion, up $92 million or 10% from 1995, reflecting higher spreads and
credit volumes in both the developed and emerging markets, aided by the
successful launch of several new investment products.
Adjusted operating expense of $728 million in 1997 was up $42 million or 6%
from 1996, 10% excluding the effect of foreign currency translation. The
increase reflected a rise in staffing needed to support higher business
volumes, as well as increased spending on technology initiatives. Expense of
$686 million in 1996 was up $53 million or 8% from 1995 due to higher
employee expense (including new hires), reengineering efforts, and higher
costs related to activities in the funds business.
Total credit costs for 1997 were a net benefit of $19 million, compared with
a net benefit of $1 million in 1996 and credit costs of $36 million in 1995,
as the U.S. business continued to benefit from recoveries, gains on sale of
OREO, and income on cash-basis loans. Overall credit trends continued to
improve with loans delinquent 90 days or more down to $110 million or 0.72%
of loans from $193 million or 1.26% a year earlier and $307 million or 2.15%
in 1995, reflecting continued active portfolio management.
18
Consumer Businesses In Developed and Emerging Markets
Developed Markets(1) Emerging Markets(1)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31,
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue, net of interest expense $ 8,540 $ 8,478 $ 8,318 $ 3,810 $3,635 $3,118
Effect of credit card securitization activity 1,713 1,392 917 - - -
Net cost to carry cash-basis loans and OREO (2) (10) 12 - - -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adjusted revenue 10,251 9,860 9,247 3,810 3,635 3,118
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total operating expense 5,880 5,242 5,093 2,391 2,060 1,723
Net OREO benefits (costs)(2) 4 (5) - - - -
Restructuring charge (449) - - (131) - -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adjusted operating expense 5,435 5,237 5,093 2,260 2,060 1,723
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Operating margin 4,816 4,623 4,154 1,550 1,575 1,395
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net write-offs 1,463 1,371 1,247 368 357 297
Effect of credit card securitization activity 1,713 1,392 917 - - -
Net cost to carry and net OREO costs (6) (5) 12 - - -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Credit costs 3,170 2,758 2,176 368 357 297
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Operating margin less credit costs 1,646 1,865 1,978 1,182 1,218 1,098
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional provision 49 185 170 51 15 30
Restructuring charge 449 - - 131 - -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Income before taxes 1,148 1,680 1,808 1,000 1,203 1,068
Income taxes 414 585 646 181 270 267
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income $ 734 $ 1,095 $ 1,162 $ 819 $ 933 $ 801
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average assets (in billions of dollars) $ 90 $ 88 $ 85 $ 42 $ 38 $ 35
Return on assets 0.82% 1.24% 1.37% 1.95% 2.46% 2.29%
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Excluding restructuring charge
Income $ 1,003 $ 1,095 $ 1,162 $ 901 $ 933 $ 801
Return on assets 1.11% 1.24% 1.37% 2.15% 2.46% 2.29%
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Developed markets comprise activities in North America, Europe, and
Japan. Emerging markets comprises activities in all other geographic
areas.
(2) Includes amounts related to writedowns, gains and losses on sales,
and direct expense related to OREO for certain real estate lending
activities.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Global Consumer businesses in the developed markets reported net income
of $734 million in 1997, down $361 million or 33% from 1996. Excluding the
$269 million after-tax effect of the restructuring charge, the Global
Consumer businesses in the developed markets earned $1.0 billion in 1997,
down $92 million or 8% from 1996, primarily due to increased credit costs in
the U.S. bankcard business, partially offset by higher earnings in both the
Citibanking and the Private Bank businesses in the United States. Adjusted
revenue grew $391 million or 4%--7% adjusted for the effect of foreign
currency translation--reflecting improvements in the United States. Adjusted
operating expense, excluding the $449 million restructuring charge, grew
4%--7% adjusted for the effect of foreign currency translation--from 1996,
due to spending on Citibanking initiatives in the United States and for risk
management initiatives and enhanced target marketing efforts in U.S.
bankcards. Net income in 1996 was down $67 million or 6% from 1995,
principally reflecting increases in U.S. bankcards credit costs.
Net income in the emerging markets was $819 million, down $114 million or 12%
from 1996. Excluding the $82 million after-tax effect of the restructuring
charge, income in the emerging markets was $901 million in 1997, down $32
million or 3% from 1996, reflecting the economic turmoil in the Asia Pacific
region in the second half of 1997. The results for the year reflected revenue
growth of $175 million or 5%--9% adjusted for the effect of foreign currency
translation-- reflecting higher business volumes, partially offset by lower
spreads in Asia Pacific, the 1996 gain associated with the sale of an Asian
affiliate, and lower earnings from Credicard, a Brazilian Cards affiliate,
due to higher credit losses and losses from fraudulent card usage. Adjusted
operating expense, excluding the $131 million restructuring charge, increased
10%--14% adjusted for the effect of foreign currency translation--reflecting
account and business volume growth, and product development, markets
expansion, and technology initiatives. Credit costs increased $11 million or
3% in 1997, reflecting higher losses in Asia Pacific partially offset by the
effect of foreign currency translation. Net income in 1996 was up $132
million or 16% from 1995, principally reflecting improvements in both the
Cards and Citibanking businesses, and the 1996 gain associated with the sale
of an Asian affiliate.
Consumer Portfolio Review
Managed loans of $138.4 billion as of December 31, 1997 were up from $137.0
billion and $131.1 billion as of December 31, 1996 and 1995, respectively.
The increase in managed consumer loans since December 31, 1996 reflected
growth in the United States and Latin America, partially offset by the effect
of foreign currency translation. At December 31,
19
1997, Cards represented 41% of the overall consumer portfolio, growing from
40% and 39% at December 31, 1996 and 1995, respectively.
In the consumer portfolio, credit loss experience is often expressed in terms
of annual net credit losses as a percent of average loans. Pricing and credit
policies reflect the loss experience of each particular product. Consumer
loans are generally written off no later than a predetermined number of days
past due on a contractual basis, or earlier in the event of bankruptcy. The
number of days is set at an appropriate level according to loan product and
country.
The table on page 21 summarizes delinquency and net credit loss experience in
both the managed and on-balance sheet loan portfolio in terms of loans 90
days or more past due, net credit losses, and as a percentage of related
loans.
Total delinquencies 90 days or more past due in the managed portfolio of $3.2
billion and the related delinquency ratio of 2.31% at December 31, 1997
decreased from $3.6 billion or 2.62% at December 31, 1996 and $4.0 billion or
3.01% at December 31, 1995, primarily due to declines in Citibanking,
including the effect of foreign currency translation, and the Private Bank.
Total managed net credit losses of $3.5 billion and the related loss ratio of
2.61% increased from $3.1 billion and 2.37% in 1996 and $2.5 billion and
1.99% in 1995, reflecting higher losses in U.S. bankcards and Asia Pacific,
partially offset by declines in the Citibanking and the Private Bank
businesses in the United States and the effect of foreign currency
translation.
In Citibanking, loans delinquent 90 days or more of $2.0 billion and the
related ratio of 3.07% at December 31, 1997 declined from $2.3 billion or
3.50% at December 31, 1996 and $2.8 billion or 4.23% at December 31, 1995,
primarily reflecting improvements in the United States and the effect of
foreign currency translation, partially offset by increases in Asia Pacific
and in certain countries in Latin America. The decline in delinquencies from
1995 also reflects the 1996 U.K. mortgage portfolio sale. Net credit losses
in 1997 of $567 million and the related loss ratio of 0.86% declined from
$634 million and 0.96% in 1996 and $706 million and 1.12% in 1995, primarily
reflecting the effect of foreign currency translation and improvements in the
United States, partially offset by higher losses in Asia Pacific.
U.S. bankcards managed loans delinquent 90 days or more were $856 million or
1.80% as of December 31, 1997, compared to $886 million or 1.90% at December
31, 1996 and $732 million or 1.66% at December 31, 1995. Net credit losses of
$2.6 billion and the related loss ratio of 5.81% in 1997 increased from $2.1
billion and 4.99% in 1996 and $1.5 billion and 3.70% in 1995. The increases
in U.S. bankcards credit losses have been moderating in 1997. Personal
bankruptcies accounted for 39.4% of gross write-offs in 1997, up from 37.3%
in 1996 and 34.8% in 1995. Citicorp continues to write off bankrupt accounts
upon notice of filing of bankruptcy.
The other Cards businesses include bankcards outside the United States,
worldwide Diners Club, and private label cards. Loans delinquent 90 days or
more of $194 million increased by $5 million from 1996, primarily due to
increases in Asia Pacific and Latin America, partially offset by the effect
of foreign currency translation. Net credit losses of $357 million increased
by $21 million from 1996, primarily due to higher losses in Asia Pacific and
the private label business, partially offset by the effect of foreign
currency translation. Delinquencies and net credit losses in 1996 increased
from 1995 primarily due to increases in Asia Pacific.
Private Bank loans delinquent 90 days or more declined to $110 million or
0.72% of loans at December 31, 1997 from $193 million or 1.26% a year ago and
$307 million or 2.15% at December 31, 1995. Net recoveries of $13 million in
1997 were improved from net credit losses of $4 million in 1996 and $24
million in 1995. The decline in both delinquencies and net credit losses
primarily reflects improvements in the United States.
Total consumer loans on the balance sheet delinquent 90 days or more on which
interest continued to be accrued were $1.0 billion at both December 31, 1997
and 1996 and $951 million at December 31, 1995. Included in these amounts are
U.S. government-guaranteed student loans of $240 million, $239 million, and
$208 million, respectively. Other consumer loans delinquent 90 days or more
on which interest continued to be accrued (which primarily include worldwide
bankcard receivables and certain loans in Germany) were $762 million, $770
million, and $743 million, respectively. The majority of these other loans
are written off upon reaching a stipulated number of days past due.
20
Citicorp's policy for suspending the accrual of interest on consumer loans
varies depending on the terms, security, and credit loss experience
characteristics of each product, as well as write-off criteria in place. At
December 31, 1997, interest accrual had been suspended on $1.8 billion of
consumer loans, primarily consisting of Citibanking loans, down from $2.2
billion at December 31, 1996 and $2.7 billion at December 31, 1995. The
decline from 1996 reflects improvements in U.S. mortgages and the Private
Bank, and the effect of foreign currency translation, partially offset by
increases in Asia Pacific. U.S. mortgages on which the accrual of interest
has been suspended were $514 million at December 31, 1997, down from $734
million and $979 million at December 31, 1996 and 1995, respectively,
reflecting continued improvement in the credit quality of the portfolio,
improved collection efforts, and delinquency management initiatives.
Consumer Loan Delinquency Amounts, Net Credit Losses, and Ratios
Total Average
Loans 90 Days or More Past Due(1) Loans Net Credit Losses(1)
(In Millions of Dollars, ------- ------------------------------ --------- ------------------------------
except Loan Amounts in Billions) 1997 1997 1996 1995 1997 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Citibanking $ 66.4 $2,038 $2,320 $2,770 $ 66.4 $ 567 $ 634 $ 706
Ratio 3.07% 3.50% 4.23% 0.86% 0.96% 1.12%
Cards
U.S. Bankcards 47.6 856 886 732 45.3 2,633 2,146 1,476
Ratio 1.80% 1.90% 1.66% 5.81% 4.99% 3.70%
Other(2) 9.2 194 189 141 9.0 357 336 255
Ratio 2.12% 2.13% 1.93% 3.96% 4.23% 3.88%
Private Bank 15.2 110 193 307 15.3 (13) 4 24
Ratio 0.72% 1.26% 2.15% NM 0.02% 0.16%
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total managed 138.4 3,198 3,588 3,950 136.0 3,544 3,120 2,461
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ratio 2.31% 2.62% 3.01% 2.61% 2.37% 1.99%
Securitized credit card receivables(3) (26.8) (481) (501) (440) (25.2) (1,587) (1,392) (917)
Loans held for sale (4) (3.5) (35) - - (3.6) (126) - -
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total loans $108.1 $2,682 $3,087 $3,510 $107.2 $1,831 $1,728 $1,544
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ratio 2.48% 2.76% 3.32% 1.71% 1.64% 1.55%
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Managed Portfolio in:
Developed markets $105.8 $2,733 $3,218 $3,665 $102.5 $3,176 $2,763 $2,164
Ratio 2.58% 3.10% 3.58% 3.10% 2.74% 2.25%
Emerging markets 32.6 465 370 285 33.5 368 357 297
Ratio 1.43% 1.12% 0.99% 1.10% 1.15% 1.09%
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Emerging Portfolio in:
Asia Pacific $20.1 $ 288 $ 243 $ 171 $ 21.6 $ 191 $ 169 $ 94
Ratio 1.43% 1.12% 0.88% 0.89% 0.83% 0.51%
Latin America 7.4 173 124 110 6.6 175 185 203
Ratio 2.34% 2.05% 2.16% 2.66% 3.44% 4.28%
Private Bank 5.1 4 3 4 5.3 2 3 -
Ratio 0.08% 0.06% 0.08% 0.03% 0.06% NM
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The ratios of 90 days or more past due and net credit losses are
calculated based on end-of-period and average loans, respectively, both
net of unearned income.
(2) Includes bankcards outside the U.S., worldwide Diners Club, and private
label cards.
(3) See page 11 for a description of the effect of credit card
securitization activity.
(4) Commencing in 1997, Citicorp classifies credit card and mortgage loans
intended for sale as loans held for sale (included in Other assets),
which are accounted for at the lower of cost or market value with net
credit losses charged to other income.
NM Not meaningful.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consumer Loan Balances, Net of Unearned Income
End of Period Average
------------------------------- -------------------------------
In Billions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Managed $138.4 $137.0 $131.1 $136.0 $131.6 $123.3
Securitized credit card receivables (26.8) (25.2) (25.5) (25.2) (26.1) (23.6)
Loans held for sale(1) (3.5) - - (3.6) - -
------------------------------- --------------------------------
On-balance sheet $108.1 $111.8 $105.6 $107.2 $105.5 $ 99.7
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Commencing in 1997, Citicorp classifies credit card and mortgage loans
intended for sale as loans held for sale (included in Other assets),
which are accounted for at the lower of cost or market value with net
credit losses charged to other income.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The portion of Citicorp's aggregate allowance for credit losses attributed to
the consumer portfolio was $2.5 billion as of December 31, 1997, up from $2.1
billion and $1.9 billion as of December 31, 1996 and 1995, respectively,
reflecting the 1997 transfer of $373 million of reserves that had previously
been attributable to credit card securitization transactions. The aggregate
allowance for credit losses reflected an additional provision in excess of
net write-offs of $100 million in 1997 and $200 million in both 1996 and
1995. The allowance as a percentage of loans on the balance sheet was 2.30%
as of December 31, 1997, compared with 1.86% and 1.84% at December 31, 1996
and 1995, respectively. The attribution of
21
the aggregate allowance is made for analytical purposes only and may change
from time to time. Furthermore, the entire Citicorp allowance is available to
absorb all probable credit losses inherent in the portfolio. See "Provision
and Credit Loss Reserves" on page 9 for further discussion.
Consumer credit costs and the related net credit loss ratios may increase
from 1997 levels as a result of economic conditions, credit performance of
the portfolios (including bankruptcies), and changes in portfolio levels.
Additionally, delinquencies and loans on which the accrual of interest is
suspended could remain at relatively high levels.
GLOBAL CORPORATE BANKING
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue, net of interest expense $8,272 $7,188 $6,522
Net cost to carry cash-basis loans and OREO (3) (36) 11
------------------------------------------
Adjusted revenue 8,269 7,152 6,533
------------------------------------------
Total operating expense 5,213 4,418 3,946
Net OREO benefits 68 49 105
Restructuring charge (281) - -
------------------------------------------
Adjusted operating expense 5,000 4,467 4,051
------------------------------------------
Operating margin 3,269 2,685 2,482
------------------------------------------
Net (recoveries) write-offs (24) (2) 166
Net cost to carry and net OREO benefits (71) (85) (94)
------------------------------------------
Credit (benefits) costs (95) (87) 72
------------------------------------------
Operating margin less credit (benefits) costs 3,364 2,772 2,410
------------------------------------------
Additional provision - - 81
Restructuring charge 281 - -
------------------------------------------
Income before taxes 3,083 2,772 2,329
Income taxes 693 611 569
------------------------------------------
Net income $2,390 $2,161 $1,760
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average assets (in billions of dollars) $ 156 $ 139 $ 144
Return on assets 1.53% 1.55% 1.22%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Excluding restructuring charge
Income $2,558 $2,161 $1,760
Return on assets 1.64% 1.55% 1.22%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Corporate Banking net income in 1997 was $2.4 billion, up $229 million
or 11% from 1996. Included in the 1997 results is a restructuring charge of
$281 million ($168 million after-tax) related to standardization and
consolidation of operations, the outsourcing of various technological
functions, the rationalization of support functions associated with the
formation of the Global Markets organization, and other organizational
realignments designed to better serve target market customers. Excluding the
restructuring charge, income of $2.6 billion increased $397 million or 18%
compared with 1996 and represented a return on assets of 1.64%, up 9 basis
points from 1996. The improved results were driven by growth in operating
margin of 22% and stable credit benefits. Global Relationship Banking
reported a 33% improvement in income while the Emerging Markets business
reported an 11% improvement. Net income of $2.2 billion in 1996 increased
$401 million or 23% compared with 1995. Growth in the Emerging Markets
business coupled with improved credit results in Global Relationship Banking
drove the improved 1996 results.
Adjusted revenue of $8.3 billion in 1997 grew $1.1 billion or 16% (18%
excluding the effect of foreign currency translation) from 1996. Revenue
growth reflected a higher level of realized gains from sales of investments,
strong venture capital results, growth in transaction banking services
revenue, and improved trading-related revenue, partially offset by net
interest spread compression. Adjusted revenue of $7.2 billion in 1996 grew
$619 million or 9% from 1995 reflecting growth in fee-based corporate finance
activity and transaction banking services together with higher levels of
realized gains from sales of investments and asset gains.
Trading-related revenue totaled $1.8 billion, $1.7 billion, and $1.7 billion
in 1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively, with 1997 benefiting from higher
foreign exchange revenue attributable to volatile foreign currency markets,
particularly in Asia. Venture capital revenue totaled $749 million, $450
million, and $390 million in 1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively, reflecting
buoyant U.S. equity markets in the three-year period. Realized gains from
sales of investments totaled $575 million, $191 million, and $60 million in
1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively. Increased realized gains from sales of
investments in 1997 primarily reflected the redeployment of certain sovereign
debt portfolios into local-country
22
investments and toward supporting customer-based activity. Levels of
trading-related, venture capital, and realized gains from sales of
investments may fluctuate in the future as a result of market and
asset-specific factors. See pages 7 and 8 for additional discussions of
trading-related and venture capital revenues and realized gains from sales of
investments.
Adjusted operating expense of $5.0 billion in 1997 grew $533 million or 12%
(14% excluding the effect of foreign currency translation) compared with
1996. Expense grew $264 million or 16% in the Emerging Markets business and
$269 million or 10% in Global Relationship Banking. Adjusted operating
expense of $4.5 billion in 1996 grew $416 million or 10% compared with 1995.
Expense grew $300 million or 21% in the Emerging Markets business and $116
million or 4% in Global Relationship Banking. The expense growth in both
years is primarily attributable to investment spending to build the Emerging
Markets franchise, costs associated with implementing Citicorp's plan to gain
market share in selected emerging market countries, increased spending on
technology, and volume-related increases.
Credit costs were a net benefit of $95 million in 1997, an $8 million
improvement from the net benefit of $87 million in 1996. The results reflect
a decline in gross write-offs in Global Relationship Banking, partially
offset by higher gross write-offs in the Emerging Markets business and lower,
but still substantial, recoveries in both businesses (including $50 million
from the refinancing agreement concluded with Peru). Credit costs were a net
benefit of $87 million in 1996, a $159 million improvement from the net
charge of $72 million in 1995. The 1996 results primarily reflect a decline
in gross write-offs in Global Relationship Banking coupled with an increase
in recoveries in both businesses (including $75 million from the refinancing
agreements concluded with Panama, Slovenia, and Croatia). Losses on
commercial lending activities can vary widely with respect to timing and
amount, particularly within any narrowly-defined business or loan type.
During 1998, credit costs may increase from the 1997 level due to unsettled
global markets, economic conditions or other factors.
Citicorp attributes income taxes to core businesses on the basis of local tax
rates, which resulted in effective income tax rates, excluding the
restructuring charge, of 24%, 22%, and 24% in 1997, 1996, and 1995,
respectively. The difference between the local tax rates attributed to core
businesses and Citicorp's overall effective tax rate in each year is included
in Other Items. Fluctuations in the effective income tax rates resulted from
changes in the nature and geographic mix of pre-tax earnings.
Cash-basis loans at December 31, 1997 were $1.1 billion, up $159 million or
18% from year-end 1996 reflecting a $281 million increase in the Emerging
Markets business (primarily in Southeast Asia and southern Latin America),
partially offset by a $122 million improvement in Global Relationship
Banking, primarily real estate related. The increase in Southeast Asia
includes approximately $59 million of balance sheet credit exposure related
to foreign currency derivative contracts for which the recognition of
revaluation gains has been suspended. The OREO portfolio of $461 million
declined $153 million or 25% from December 31, 1996, primarily due to sales
of OREO properties.
Average assets of $156 billion in 1997 grew $17 billion or 12% from 1996.
Average assets of $72 billion in the Emerging Markets business grew $12
billion or 20% reflecting continued business expansion. Average assets of $84
billion in Global Relationship Banking grew $5 billion or 6% from 1996,
primarily in trading-related activities and the loan portfolio. Average
assets of $139 billion in 1996 declined $5 billion or 3% from 1995. Average
assets of $60 billion in the Emerging Markets business grew $10 billion or
20% reflecting continued business expansion. Average assets of $79 billion in
Global Relationship Banking declined $15 billion or 16% from 1995 as the
business focused on asset utilization, primarily in trading-related
activities.
23
Emerging Markets
Year Ended December 31,
-----------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue, net of interest expense $3,888 $3,444 $2,895
Net cost to carry cash-basis loans and OREO 15 3 14
-----------------------------------------
Adjusted revenue 3,903 3,447 2,909
-----------------------------------------
Total operating expense 2,018 1,696 1,393
Net OREO benefits - 4 7
Restructuring charge (54) - -
-----------------------------------------
Adjusted operating expense 1,964 1,700 1,400
-----------------------------------------
Operating margin 1,939 1,747 1,509
-----------------------------------------
Net write-offs (recoveries) 56 (3) 26
Net cost to carry and net OREO costs (benefits) 15 (1) 7
-----------------------------------------
Credit costs (benefits) 71 (4) 33
-----------------------------------------
Operating margin less credit costs (benefits) 1,868 1,751 1,476
Additional provision - - (19)
Restructuring charge 54 - -
-----------------------------------------
Income before taxes 1,814 1,751 1,495
Income taxes 255 315 363
-----------------------------------------
Net income $1,559 $1,436 $1,132
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 72 $ 60 $ 50
Average assets (in billions of dollars)
Return on assets 2.17% 2.39% 2.26%
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Excluding restructuring charge
Income $1,591 $1,436 $1,132
Return on assets 2.21% 2.39% 2.26%
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Emerging Markets net income was $1.6 billion in 1997, up $123 million or 9%
from 1996. Included in the 1997 results is a restructuring charge of $54
million ($32 million after-tax). Excluding the restructuring charge, Emerging
Markets income of $1.6 billion in 1997 grew $155 million or 11% compared with
1996. The results reflected growth in operating margin of $192 million or
11%, higher credit costs, and a lower effective income tax rate. Emerging
Markets net income of $1.4 billion in 1996 grew $304 million or 27% compared
with 1995 as broadly-based revenue growth across most regions and products
coupled with higher levels of realized gains from sales of investments and
net asset gains outpaced expense growth by a ratio of 1.8 to 1.
Adjusted revenue of $3.9 billion grew $456 million or 13% compared with 1996,
reflecting a $294 million increase in realized gains from sales of
investments, growth in transaction banking services revenue, and improved
treasury results. The increase in realized gains from sales of investments
primarily reflected the redeployment of certain sovereign debt portfolios
into local-country investments and toward supporting customer-based activity.
Trading-related revenue increased $14 million to $777 million reflecting
strong growth in foreign exchange revenue approximately offset by lower
derivative and fixed income revenue attributable to volatile global financial
markets, particularly in the second half of the year. Higher asset levels
across the franchise mitigated the effect on revenue growth of net interest
spread compression. About 22% of the revenue in the Emerging Markets business
was attributable to business from multinational companies managed jointly
with Global Relationship Banking, with that revenue having grown 19% from
1996. Adjusted revenue of $3.4 billion in 1996 grew $538 million or 18%
compared with 1995. The improvement was primarily attributable to growth in
transaction banking services and credit- and fee-based corporate finance
activities, a $146 million increase in realized gains from sales of
investments, a $48 million increase in net asset gains, and improved
trading-related results.
Adjusted operating expense was $2.0 billion, $1.7 billion, and $1.4 billion
in 1997, 1996, and 1995. The growth in expense in the three-year period is
primarily attributable to investment spending to build the franchise and
costs associated with implementing Citicorp's plan to gain market share in
selected emerging market countries coupled with increased technology spending
and volume growth.
Credit costs were $71 million in 1997 compared with a net benefit of $4
million in 1996. The increase primarily is attributable to higher gross
write-offs, largely in Thailand, coupled with lower recoveries. Credit costs
in 1997 included $35 million related to foreign currency derivative
contracts. Recoveries in 1997 included $50 million from the refinancing
agreement concluded with Peru while 1996 included $75 million from the
refinancing agreements concluded with Panama, Slovenia, and Croatia. Credit
costs were a net benefit of $4 million in 1996, an improvement of $37 million
from 1995, and primarily reflected higher recoveries partially offset by a
modest rise in gross write-offs.
24
Excluding the restructuring charge, the effective income tax rates in 1997,
1996, and 1995 were 15%, 18%, and 24%, respectively. Fluctuations in the
effective income tax rates result from changes in the nature and geographic
mix of pre-tax earnings.
Global Relationship Banking
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue, net of interest expense $4,384 $3,744 $3,627
Net cost to carry cash-basis loans and OREO (18) (39) (3)
------------------------------------------
Adjusted revenue 4,366 3,705 3,624
------------------------------------------
Total operating expense 3,195 2,722 2,553
Net OREO benefits 68 45 98
Restructuring charge (227) - -
------------------------------------------
Adjusted operating expense 3,036 2,767 2,651
------------------------------------------
Operating margin 1,330 938 973
------------------------------------------
Net (recoveries) write-offs (80) 1 140
Net cost to carry and net OREO benefits (86) (84) (101)
------------------------------------------
Credit (benefits) costs (166) (83) 39
------------------------------------------
Operating margin less credit (benefits) costs 1,496 1,021 934
Additional provision - - 100
Restructuring charge 227 - -
------------------------------------------
Income before taxes 1,269 1,021 834
Income taxes 438 296 206
------------------------------------------
Net income $ 831 $ 725 $ 628
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average assets (in billions of dollars) $ 84 $ 79 $ 94
Return on assets 0.99% 0.92% 0.67%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Excluding restructuring charge
Income $ 967 $ 725 $ 628
Return on assets 1.15% 0.92% 0.67%
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income from Global Relationship Banking in North America, Europe, and
Japan was $831 million in 1997, up $106 million or 15% from 1996. Included in
the 1997 results is a restructuring charge of $227 million ($136 million
after-tax). Excluding the restructuring charge, income in 1997 of $967
million improved $242 million or 33% from 1996 reflecting growth in operating
margin of $392 million or 42% and improved credit benefits, partially offset
by a higher effective income tax rate. Net income was $725 million in 1996,
up $97 million or 15% from 1995, due primarily to lower credit costs and a
lower additional provision.
Adjusted revenue of $4.4 billion grew $661 million or 18% from 1996. Revenue
reflected a $305 million increase in venture capital results to $749 million,
trading-related revenue of $1.0 billion--up $123 million from 1996, double
digit growth rates in transaction banking services and corporate finance
revenue, and higher levels of realized gains from sales of investments and
net asset gains, partially offset by net interest spread compression.
Adjusted revenue in 1996 of $3.7 billion grew $81 million or 2% compared with
1995, reflecting growth in fee-based corporate finance activities and
transaction banking services, partially offset by a decline in credit-based
corporate finance activities due to lower net interest spreads. A $171
million decline in trading-related revenue was offset by a $129 million gain
on the sale of a stand-alone automated trading business and by improved
venture capital results.
Adjusted operating expense of $3.0 billion grew $269 million or 10% from
1996, reflecting increased spending on technology, higher incentive
compensation, and volume-related expense growth in transaction banking
services. Adjusted operating expense of $2.8 billion in 1996 grew $116
million or 4% compared with 1995, reflecting increased spending on technology
and risk management and higher volume-related expenses.
Credit costs were a net benefit of $166 million in 1997 and improved $83
million from 1996. The improvement reflected lower gross write-offs in both
the real estate and non-real estate portfolios together with a continued high
level of recoveries. Credit costs were a net benefit of $83 million in 1996
and improved $122 million from 1995 reflecting lower gross write-offs,
primarily related to real estate, and a continued high level of recoveries.
25
Excluding the restructuring charge, the effective income tax rates in 1997,
1996, and 1995 were 35%, 29%, and 25%, respectively. Fluctuations in the
effective income tax rates result from changes in the nature and geographic
mix of pre-tax earnings.
OTHER ITEMS
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue, net of interest expense $994 $ 895 $ 720
------------------------------------------
Restructuring charge 19 - -
Other operating expense 455 457 317
------------------------------------------
Total operating expense 474 457 317
------------------------------------------
Income before taxes 520 438 403
Income taxes 854 827 648
------------------------------------------
Net loss $(334) $(389) $(245)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average assets (in billions of dollars) $ 7 $ 5 $ 5
Excluding restructuring charge
Loss $(303) $(389) $(245)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other Items includes revenue derived from charging businesses for funds
employed, based upon a marginal cost of funds concept, unallocated costs, and
the offset created by attributing income taxes to core business activities on
a local tax-rate basis. The core businesses' effective tax rates were 25%,
26%, and 28%, for 1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively, while Citicorp's
effective tax rate was 37% for 1997 and 38% for both 1996 and 1995.
Other Items revenue of $994 million in 1997 increased $99 million or 11% from
1996, primarily due to $74 million of realized gains from sales of
investments held in the Corporate portfolio. Revenue in 1997 also reflected
writedowns of $72 million related to a Latin American investment, compared
with $100 million in 1996 and $95 million in 1995. Revenue in 1996 increased
$175 million or 24% from 1995 reflecting a decrease in funding costs and the
funding benefits associated with higher equity levels.
Operating expense included charges of $72 million, $113 million, and $89
million in 1997, 1996, and 1995, respectively, associated with the vesting of
performance-based options.
A restructuring charge of $19 million was recorded, $11 million after-tax,
principally related to the reorganization of various corporate support
functions. In addition, income taxes included a $20 million charge related to
the offset created by attributing income taxes to core business restructuring
charges on a local tax-rate basis.
INVESTMENT SERVICES
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars Revenues Net Income Revenues Net Income Revenues Net Income
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Salomon Smith Barney (1) (2) $21,507 $1,151 $18,919 $1,871 $17,512 $1,112
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Net income in 1997 includes a $496 million after-tax restructuring
charge related to the acquisition of Salomon Inc. Net income for 1996
includes a $31 million after-tax gain on the sale of The Mortgage
Corporation Limited.
(2) Excludes results of Basis Petroleum, Inc. which are classified as
discontinued operations.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Salomon Smith Barney
Salomon Smith Barney's earnings have been restated as a result of the Salomon
Merger to include Salomon for all periods presented. As previously indicated,
in 1997 Salomon Smith Barney recorded an after-tax restructuring charge of
$496 million ($838 million pre-tax), primarily for severance and costs
related to excess or unused office space, facilities and other assets.
Salomon Smith Barney's 1996 income includes a $31 million after-tax gain ($48
million before tax) related to the sale of The Mortgage Corporation Limited
(TMC), which originated and serviced residential mortgages in the United
Kingdom. Pre-tax profit margin before the restructuring charge and the gain
on the sale of TMC was 24.3% in 1997 compared to 28.3% in 1996 and 20.9% in
1995.
26
Salomon Smith Barney Revenues
Year Ended December 31,
-----------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Commissions $2,967 $2,612 $2,376
Investment banking 2,118 2,001 1,318
Principal transactions 2,504 3,027 2,140
Asset management and administration fees 1,715 1,390 1,087
Interest income, net(1) 1,513 1,488 1,645
Other income 160 226 149
-----------------------------------------
Net revenues(1) $10,977 $10,744 $8,715
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Net of interest expense of $10,530 million, $8,175 million and $8,797
million in 1997, 1996 and 1995, respectively. Revenues included in the
Supplemental Consolidated Statement of Income are before deductions for
interest expense.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net revenues in 1997 were $11.0 billion, a 3% improvement over $10.7 billion
in 1996, primarily reflecting increases in commissions and asset management
and administration fees offset by a decline in principal transaction revenues
from equities, fixed income and commodities trading. Net revenues in 1996
reflect improvements over 1995 in most businesses, including fixed income
trading, investment banking, asset management and retail sales, and were
partially offset by a decrease in revenues from equities trading.
Commissions revenue increased 14% in 1997 to $2.97 billion, from $2.61
billion in 1996 and $2.38 billion in 1995. The 1997 and 1996 increases
reflect growth in sales of listed and over-the-counter (OTC) securities as
well as increased insurance and annuity sales. The 1997 increase also
reflects higher commissions from mutual funds activity.
Investment banking revenues were $2.12 billion in 1997 compared to $2.00
billion in 1996 and $1.32 billion in 1995. The 6% increase in 1997 reflects
revenue growth in unit trusts, public finance, high yield and high grade debt
underwritings, and mergers and acquisitions. This was offset somewhat by a
decline in equity underwritings. For 1997, Salomon Smith Barney was ranked #1
in the industry in municipal and mortgage debt underwritings, and #2 in both
domestic and global debt and equity underwriting, according to Securities
Data Corp. The 52% increase in 1996 was attributable to significant
improvements in equity and debt underwriting, combined with a higher level of
advisory fees.
Principal transactions revenue from fixed income were $1.88 billion in 1997
compared to $2.05 billion in 1996 and $900 million in 1995. The 8% decrease
in 1997 was the result of a decrease in revenues from long-term trading
strategies, partially offset by an increase in customer sales and trading.
The 128% increase in 1996 reflects strong performances in customer sales and
trading, favorable market conditions, and excellent results from long-term
trading strategies.
Principal transactions revenue from equities were $397 million in 1997
compared to $576 million in 1996 and $995 million in 1995. The 31% decrease
in 1997 reflects the volatility in the global equity markets and a loss on a
risk arbitrage position in British Telecommunications PLC and MCI
Communications Corporation, partially offset by improved results in long-term
equity strategies. The 42% decrease in 1996 primarily reflects losses
associated with long-term equity strategies.
Principal transactions revenue from commodities were $218 million in 1997
compared with $393 million in 1996 and $238 million in 1995.
Asset management and administration fees were $1.72 billion in 1997 compared
to $1.39 billion in 1996 and $1.09 billion in 1995. The 23% increase in 1997
reflects broad growth in all recurring fee-based products, led by a 36%
increase in managed accounts, a 28% increase in externally managed Consulting
Group revenues, and an 11% increase in money market and mutual fund revenues.
Internally managed assets reached $164.1 billion, and total assets under
fee-based management were $223.8 billion at the end of 1997, representing
increases of 22% and 25%, respectively, compared with the prior year. The 28%
increase in asset management and administration fees in 1996 is due to growth
in assets under management, as well as bringing in-house all of the
administrative functions for Smith Barney proprietary mutual funds and money
funds in the third quarter of 1995.
27
Assets Under Fee-Based Management
Total assets under fee-based management at December 31, were as follows:
In Billions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Money market funds $ 46.5 $ 41.6 $ 35.8
Mutual funds 51.9 40.4 36.1
Managed accounts 54.1 44.5 35.2
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Salomon Smith Barney Asset Management 152.5 126.5 107.1
Financial Consultant managed accounts 11.6 7.9 5.6
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total internally managed accounts 164.1 134.4 112.7
Consulting Group externally managed assets 59.7 44.1 35.3
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total assets under fee-based management $223.8 $178.5 $148.0
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net interest and dividends were $1.51 billion in 1997 compared to $1.49
billion in 1996 and $1.64 billion in 1995. The 10% decrease in 1996 is
primarily due to a decrease in average net inventory balances partially
offset by increased margin lending to clients.
Total expenses, excluding interest and the Salomon Merger-related
restructuring charge, were $8.31 billion in 1997 compared to $7.67 billion in
1996 and $6.89 billion in 1995. The 8% increase in 1997 and 11% increase in
1996 primarily reflect an increase in production-related compensation and
employee benefits expense, reflecting increased revenues, as well as higher
floor brokerage and other production-related costs. Compensation and
employee-related expenses as a percentage of revenues, net of interest
expense was 55% in 1997, compared with 52% in 1996 and 56% in 1995. The ratio
of non-compensation expenses (before the restructuring charge) to revenues,
net of interest expense was 21% in 1997, 20% in 1996 and 23% in 1995. Salomon
Smith Barney continues to maintain its focus on controlling fixed expenses.
Asset Quality
Salomon Smith Barney's assets at December 31, 1997 were approximately $277
billion, consisting primarily of highly liquid marketable securities and
collateralized receivables. Approximately 51% of these assets represent
trading securities, commodities and derivatives used for proprietary trading
and to facilitate customer transactions and approximately 40% of these assets
were related to collateralized financing transactions where securities are
bought, borrowed, sold and lent in generally offsetting amounts. A
significant portion of the remainder of the assets represented receivables
from brokers, dealers, clearing organizations and customers that relate to
securities transactions in the process of being settled. The carrying values
of the majority of Salomon Smith Barney's securities inventories are adjusted
daily to reflect current prices. See Notes 1, 6, 7, 8, and 21 of Notes to
Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements for a further description of
these assets.
Salomon Smith Barney's activities include trading securities that are less
than investment grade, characterized as "high yield." High yield securities
include corporate debt, convertible debt and preferred and convertible
preferred equity securities rated lower than "triple B-" by internationally
recognized rating agencies, unrated securities with market yields comparable
to entities rated below "triple B-," as well as sovereign debt issued by
certain countries in currencies other than their local currencies and which
are not collateralized by U.S. government securities. For example, high yield
securities exclude the collateralized portion of Salomon Smith Barney's
holdings of "Brady Bonds," but include such securities to the extent they are
not collateralized. The trading portfolio of high yield securities owned is
carried at market or fair value and totaled $6.8 billion at December 31,
1997; the largest high yield exposure to one counterparty was $785 million.
Salomon Smith Barney's assets are financed through a number of sources
including long and short-term unsecured borrowings, the financing
transactions described above and payables to brokers, dealers and customers.
Outlook
Salomon Smith Barney's business is significantly affected by the levels of
activity in the securities markets, which in turn are influenced by the level
and trend of interest rates, the general state of the global economy and the
national and worldwide political environments, among other factors.
28
Salomon's operations are integrated with the existing operations of Smith
Barney, management expects to achieve, by the end of a two-year period,
annualized after-tax cost savings in excess of $200 million from the
reduction of overhead expenses, changes in corporate infrastructure and the
elimination of redundant expenses. There can be no assurance that these
projected cost savings will be achieved.
CONSUMER FINANCE SERVICES
Year Ended December 31,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Net Net
In Millions of Dollars Revenues Income Revenues Income Revenues Income
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consumer Finance Services $1,688 $229 $1,412 $214 $1,354 $237
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Consumer Finance Services segment includes the consumer lending
operations (including secured and unsecured personal loans, real
estate-secured loans and consumer goods financing) and credit card operations
of Commercial Credit Company. Also included in this segment are
credit-related insurance services provided through American Health and Life
Insurance Company (AHL) and its affiliate.
Consumer finance earnings were $229 million in 1997 compared to $214 million
in 1996 and $237 million in 1995. The 7% increase in 1997 reflects strong
receivables growth in all major products, largely as a result of investments
made over the prior year in marketing, training and systems enhancements. Net
receivables at December 31, 1997 reached a record $11.05 billion (which
excludes $186 million in credit card receivables held for securitization)
compared to $8.07 billion at year-end 1996 and $7.24 billion at year end
1995. The receivables increase in 1997 reflects strong internal growth as
well as the July 31, 1997 acquisition of Security Pacific Financial Services
(Security Pacific). Security Pacific contributed approximately $1.2 billion
in receivables growth while internal sources generated the remainder, which
grew 22% over year-end 1996 levels. The internal growth during 1997 was led
by the Primerica Financial Services (PFS) generated portfolio, which grew 49%
to $2.3 billion for the year, as well as credit card outstandings, which grew
28% or $257 million to $1.16 billion. (Including the receivables held for
securitization, credit card growth was $443.5 million, or 49%.) Receivables
originated in the branch system during 1997 grew 14%, excluding the impact of
Security Pacific.
Despite strong growth in receivables during the second half of 1996, net
income in 1996 was lower than 1995, as expected, driven by a higher provision
for loan losses reflecting industry trends associated with personal
bankruptcies. The growth in Consumer finance receivables in 1996 occurred
primarily in real estate loan and personal loan products generated by
Commercial Credit's branch office network and through PFS.
While total interest margin increased in 1997 from the 1996 and 1995 periods
due to the increase in the portfolio, average net interest margin declined 50
basis points in 1997 to 8.14% and declined 15 basis points in 1996 to 8.64%
from 8.79% in 1995, reflecting a decline in the average yield to 14.58% in
1997 and 15.24% in 1996. These declines were partially offset by a decrease
in cost of funds over the period. The decline in average yield has resulted
from a shift in the portfolio mix towards lower yielding, higher quality real
estate loans, particularly first mortgage loans, as well as credit cards.
Consumer Finance borrows from the corporate treasury operations of Commercial
Credit Company (CCC), a holding company subsidiary of Citigroup that raises
funds externally. For fixed rate loan products, Consumer Finance is charged
agreed-upon rates that generally have been set within a narrow range and
approximated 6.55% in 1997, 6.75% in 1996 and 6.95% in 1995. For variable
rate loan products, Consumer Finance is charged rates based on prevailing
short-term rates. CCC's actual cost of funds may be higher or lower than
rates charged to Consumer Finance, with the difference reflected in the
Corporate and Other segment.
Delinquencies in excess of 60 days were 1.78% as of December 31, 1997
compared to 1.72% at year end 1996 and 1.56% at year-end 1995. The charge-off
rate of 2.81% in 1997 was down from the 3.12% rate in 1996 and higher than
the 2.49% rate in 1995. As a result of the Security Pacific acquisition,
charge-offs in the second half of 1997 reflect a short-term benefit largely
from the transition of that portfolio to Commercial Credit's charge-off
policies. As a result, Consumer Finance expects the charge-off rate to
increase somewhat in the first half of 1998.
29
The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of net outstandings was 2.94%
at year-end 1997 compared to 3.00% at year-end 1996 and 2.69% at year-end
1995.
Integration of Security Pacific has proceeded rapidly, with the conversion to
CCC's proprietary systems and the addition of approximately 175 Security
Pacific branch offices. As of December 31, 1997, CCC had 1,026 branches,
making it the third largest domestic branch network in the consumer finance
industry.
Year Ended December 31,
--------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allowance for credit losses as a %
of net outstandings 2.94% 3.00% 2.69%
Charge-off rate for the year 2.81% 3.12% 2.49%
60 + days past due on a contractual basis as a %
of gross consumer finance receivables at year-end 1.78% 1.72% 1.56%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Insurance subsidiaries of the Company provide credit life, health and property
insurance to Consumer Finance customers. Premiums earned were $177 million in
1997, $155 million in 1996 and $139 million in 1995. The increase in premiums
year-over-year is the result of growth in receivables and expanded availability
of certain products in additional states.
Asset Quality
Consumer Finance assets totaled approximately $12.8 billion at December 31,
1997, of which $10.8 billion, or 84%, represented the net consumer finance
receivables (including accrued interest and the allowance for credit losses).
These receivables were predominantly residential real estate-secured loans
and personal loans. Receivable quality depends on the likelihood of
repayment. CCC seeks to reduce its risks by focusing on individual lending,
making a greater number of smaller loans than would be practical in
commercial markets, and maintaining disciplined control over the underwriting
process. In response to the high level of personal bankruptcies in the
unsecured market, CCC has shifted its portfolio mix toward higher quality
real estate loans, particularly first mortgage loans. CCC believes that its
loss reserves on the consumer finance receivables are appropriate given
current circumstances.
Of the remaining Consumer Finance assets, approximately $915 million were
investments of insurance subsidiaries, including $748 million of fixed income
securities and $93 million of short-term investments with a weighted average
quality rating of A1.
Outlook
The Consumer Finance results over the last several years have been influenced
by a higher level of loan losses, as a result of a higher level of personal
bankruptcies. Consumer Finance is also affected by the interest rate
environment and general economic conditions. The lower interest rate
environment has resulted in modest downward pressure on interest rates
charged on new receivables secured by real estate and credit cards. For CCC
overall, however, these trends have been offset somewhat by the lower costs
of funds. From time to time low interest rates combined with aggressive
competitor pricing may increase the likelihood of prepayments of mortgages
loans. This impact has been mitigated by a number of programs instituted by
CCC including those designed to attract first mortgage business. Continued
low interest rates could result in a reduction of the interest rates that CCC
charges Consumer Finance on borrowed funds.
LIFE INSURANCE SERVICES
Year Ended December 31,
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Net Net
In Millions of Dollars Revenues Income Revenues Income Revenues Income
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Travelers Life and Annuity (1) (2) $2,890 $567 $2,339 $371 $2,502 $330
Primerica Financial Services (3) 1,536 343 1,432 282 1,356 251
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Life Insurance Services $4,426 $910 $3,771 $653 $3,858 $581
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Net income includes $143 million, $11 million and $48 million of
reported investment portfolio gains in 1997, 1996 and 1995,
respectively.
(2) Excludes results of The MetraHealth Companies Inc. (Metra Health),
which are classified as discontinued operations.
(3) Net income includes $8 million, $9 million and $20 million of
reported investment portfolio gains in 1997, 1996 and 1995,
respectively, and in 1996 a portion of the gain ($4 million) from the
disposition of RCM Capital Management, a California Limited
Partnership (RCM).
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30
Travelers Life and Annuity
Travelers Life and Annuity consists of annuity, life and long-term care products
marketed by The Travelers Insurance Company (TIC) and its wholly owned
subsidiary The Travelers Life and Annuity Company (TLAC) under the Travelers
name and the individual accident and health operations of Transport Life
Insurance Company (Transport Life) (through September 29, 1995--the date of its
spin-off). Among the range of products offered are fixed and variable deferred
annuities, payout annuities and term, universal and variable life and long-term
care insurance to individuals and small businesses. Travelers Life and Annuity
also provides group pension products, including guaranteed investment contracts,
and group annuities to employer-sponsored retirement and savings plans. These
products are primarily marketed through The Copeland Companies (Copeland), an
indirect wholly owned subsidiary of TIC, Salomon Smith Barney Financial
Consultants and a nationwide network of independent agents. The majority of the
annuity business and a substantial portion of the life business written by
Travelers Life and Annuity is accounted for as investment contracts, with the
result that the premium deposits collected are not included in revenues.
Earnings before portfolio gains were $424 million in 1997 compared to $360
million in 1996 and $282 million in 1995. The 18% improvement in 1997 was
largely driven by strong investment income as well as by double-digit growth in
individual and group annuity account balances and long-term care insurance
premiums. Positive earnings momentum attributable to strong sales growth of less
capital-intensive products--including variable life insurance and annuities--
continues to be partially offset by a gradual decline in the amount of higher
margin business written in prior years. The 28% improvement in 1996 was largely
driven by strong investment income, reflecting a repositioning of the investment
portfolio and the reinvestment of the proceeds from the sale of the Company's
interest in MetraHealth in the 1995 fourth quarter, partially offset by the loss
of earnings from Transport Life, which was spun off to TRV stockholders in
September 1995. Also offsetting the increase in 1996 were higher expenses, a
portion of which relate to higher corporate expense allocations of amounts
previously absorbed in other segments.
Improved sales through Copeland, Salomon Smith Barney Financial Consultants, and
a nationwide network of independent agents, reflect the ongoing effort to build
market share by strengthening relationships in key distribution channels. Future
sales should also benefit from the major rating agency upgrades of The Travelers
Insurance Company during 1997.
Significant deferred annuities sales, combined with favorable market returns
from variable annuities, drove account balances to $16.1 billion at December 31,
1997, up 22% from $13.2 billion at year-end 1996 and $11.3 billion at year-end
1995. Net written premiums and deposits increased 28% in 1997 to $2.55 billion
from $1.99 billion in 1996 and $1.65 billion in 1995. The strong sales reflect a
fourth quarter marketing initiative at Salomon Smith Barney, as well as
Copeland's successful penetration of the small company segment of the 401(k)
market.
Payout and group annuity account balances and benefit reserves reached $11.94
billion at December 31, 1997, up 10% from $10.86 billion at year-end 1996, and
were slightly lower than the $12.03 billion at year-end 1995. The 1997
revitalization of the payout and group annuities business reflects a doubling of
sales of new payout annuities and guaranteed investment contracts. Net written
premiums and deposits (excluding the Company's employee pension plan deposits)
in 1997 were $2.42 billion, up more than 95% from $1.24 billion in 1996 and
$1.14 billion in 1995.
Direct periodic premiums and deposits for individual life insurance of $290.4
million in 1997 were marginally ahead of the $285.3 million in 1996 and $278.6
million in 1995. Life insurance in force was $51.6 billion at December 31, 1997,
up from $50.4 billion at year-end 1996 and $49.2 billion at year-end 1995.
Net written premiums for the growing long-term care insurance line reached
$183.8 million in 1997 compared to $127.7 million in 1996 and $88.2 million in
1995.
Outlook
Travelers Life and Annuity should benefit from growth in the aging population
who are becoming more focused on the need to accumulate adequate savings for
retirement, to protect these savings and to plan for the transfer of wealth to
the next generation. Travelers Life and Annuity is well-positioned to take
advantage of the favorable long-term demographic
31
trends through its strong financial position, widespread brand name recognition
and broad array of competitive life, annuity and long-term care insurance
products sold through established distribution channels.
However, competition in both product pricing and customer service is
intensifying. While there has been some consolidation within the industry, other
financial services organizations are increasingly involved in the sale and/or
distribution of insurance products. Deregulation of the banking industry,
including possible reform of restrictions on entry into the insurance business,
will likely accelerate this trend. Also, the annuities business is interest
sensitive, and swings in interest rates could influence sales and retention of
in force policies. In order to strengthen its competitive position, Travelers
Life and Annuity expects to maintain a current product portfolio, further
diversify its distribution channels, and retain its healthy financial position
through strong sales growth and maintenance of an efficient cost structure.
Primerica Financial Services
Earnings before portfolio gains and the gain on disposition of RCM were $335
million in 1997 compared to $269 million in 1996 and $231 million in 1995. The
25% increase in 1997 results principally reflects strong sales of mutual funds
and variable annuities, continued growth in life insurance in force, as well as
favorable mortality experience and disciplined expense management. Substantial
increases in total production and cross-selling initiatives were achieved during
1997 as PFS continued to benefit from greater application of the Financial Needs
Analysis (FNA) -- the diagnostic tool that enhances the ability of the Personal
Financial Analysts to address client needs. More than 483,000 FNAs were
submitted during 1997, a 351% increase over the 107,000 submitted in 1996. The
16% increase in 1996 results reflects higher sales of mutual funds and consumer
loans as well as continued growth in life insurance in force and improved life
insurance margins.
Total face amount of issued term life insurance was $52.6 billion in 1997
compared to $52.0 billion in 1996 and $53.0 billion in 1995. Included in the
$52.6 billion face amount issued in 1997 is $45.7 billion in newly issued face
amount, $1.2 billion in non-PFS term insurance issued by National Benefit Life
Insurance Company (NBL) and $5.7 billion in additional coverage to existing PFS
policies through add-on riders. The $52.0 billion issued in 1996 includes $45.9
billion in newly issued face amount, $1.2 in non-PFS term insurance issued by
NBL and $4.9 billion in add-on riders. The $53.0 billion issued in 1995 includes
$47.9 billion in newly issued face amount, $1.1 billion in non-PFS term
insurance issued by NBL and $4.0 billion in add-on riders. The number of
policies issued was 228,900 in 1997, compared to 247,600 in 1996 and 266,600 in
1995, consistent with the industry-wide downturn in new life insurance sales for
these periods. The average face value (in thousands) per policy issued was $200
in 1997 compared to $185 in 1996 and $180 in 1995. During this time, PFS has
focused upon the strategic expansion of its business beyond life insurance and
now offers a greater variety of financial products and services, delivered
through its sales force. Life insurance in force at year-end 1997 reached $369.9
billion, up from $359.9 billion at year-end 1996 and $348.2 billion at year-end
1995, and continued to reflect good policy persistency.
PFS has traditionally offered mutual funds to customers as a means to invest the
relative savings realized through the purchase of term life insurance as
compared to traditional whole life insurance. Sales of mutual funds were $2.689
billion in 1997 compared to $2.327 billion in 1996 and $1.551 billion in 1995.
Approximately 42% of initial U.S. sales in 1997 were from the Salomon Smith
Barney products, predominantly the Concert Series(R), which PFS first introduced
to its market in early 1996. Loan receivables from the $.M.A.R.T. loan(R)
(real-estate loans) and $.A.F.E.(R) loan (personal loans) products of Consumer
Finance, which are reflected in the assets of Consumer Finance, continued to
advance during the year and were $2.264 billion at December 31, 1997 compared to
$1.524 billion at December 31, 1996, and $1.258 billion at December 31, 1995.
The TRAVELERS SECURE(R) property and casualty insurance product (automobile and
homeowners insurance) -- issued through Travelers Property Casualty Corp. --
continues to experience healthy growth in applications and policies and
currently has been introduced in 39 states. Approximately 8,700 agents are
licensed to sell this product.
Outlook
Over the last few years, programs including sales and product training were
begun that are designed to maintain high compliance standards, increase the
number of producing agents and customer contacts and, ultimately, increase
32
production levels. Additionally, increased effort has been made to provide all
PFS customers full access to all PFS marketed lines. Insurance in force is
continuing to grow and the number of producing agents is stable. A continuation
of these trends could positively influence future operations. PFS continues to
expand cross-selling with other Company subsidiaries of products such as loans,
mutual funds and, most recently, property and casualty insurance (automobile and
homeowners).
PROPERTY & CASUALTY INSURANCE SERVICES
Year Ended December 31,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Net Net
Revenues Income Revenues Income Revenues Income
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Commercial Lines (1) $6,557 $ 946 $5,528 $215 $3,063 $343
Personal Lines (2) 3,341 413 2,685 281 1,482 110
Financing Costs and Other 13 (123) 11 (87) - -
Minority Interest - (212) - (47) - -
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Property & Casualty Insurance
Services $9,911 $1,024 $8,224 $362 $4,545 $453
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Net income includes $100 million, $21 million and $36 million of
reported investment portfolio gains in 1997, 1996 and 1995,
respectively, and $453 million of charges in 1996 related to the
acquisition of Aetna P&C.
(2) Net income includes $10 million of reported investment portfolio gains
in 1997, $5 million of reported investment portfolio losses in 1996 and
$6 million of reported investment portfolio gains in 1995. 1996 also
benefits from $31 million of adjustments related to the acquisition of
Aetna P&C.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Segment earnings include the property and casualty operations of Aetna P&C for
periods subsequent to April 2, 1996. Certain production statistics related to
Aetna P&C operations are provided for comparative purposes for periods prior to
April 2, 1996 and are not reflected in such prior period revenues or operating
results.
As previously indicated, TAP incurred charges during 1996 related to the
acquisition and integration of Aetna P&C. These charges resulted primarily from
anticipated costs of the acquisition and the application of Travelers
strategies, policies and practices to Aetna P&C reserves. The charges include:
- $229 million after-tax and minority interest ($430 million before tax
and minority interest) in reserve increases, net of reinsurance,
related primarily to cumulative injury claims other than asbestos
(CIOTA);
- $45 million after-tax and minority interest ($84 million before tax and
minority interest) in additional asbestos liabilities pursuant to an
existing settlement agreement with a customer of Aetna P&C;
- a $32 million after-tax and minority interest ($60 million before tax
and minority interest) charge related to premium collection issues on
loss sensitive programs, specifically large deductible products;
- a $22 million after-tax and minority interest ($41 million before tax
and minority interest) provision for uncollectibility of reinsurance
recoverables of Aetna P&C determined by applying TAP's normal
guidelines for estimating collectibility of such accounts; and
- an $18 million after-tax and minority interest ($35 million before tax
and minority interest) provision for lease and severance costs of
Travelers Indemnity related to the restructuring plan for the
acquisition.
For purposes of computing generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)
combined ratios, fee income is allocated as a reduction of losses and loss
adjustment expenses and other underwriting expenses. Previously fee income was
included with premiums for purposes of computing GAAP combined ratios. The 1996
and 1995 GAAP combined ratios have been restated to conform to the current
year's presentation.
Commercial Lines
Earnings before portfolio gains/losses and acquisition-related charges were $846
million in 1997 compared to $647 million in 1996 and $307 million in 1995. The
31% improvement in 1997 primarily resulted from the inclusion in 1997 of Aetna
P&C for the entire year compared to only nine months for 1996, higher net
investment income, lower catastrophe losses and expense savings associated with
the acquisition and integration of Aetna P&C. Operating results also reflected
market conditions characterized by difficult pricing and increased competition.
The impact of this trend on
33
1997 operating results was offset by the continued disciplined approach to
underwriting and risk management. The 1996 increase compared to 1995 was
primarily the result of higher net investment income, the benefits of
expense-reduction initiatives and the inclusion of Aetna P&C's results of
operations for nine months in 1996.
Commercial Lines net written premiums totaled $4.757 billion in 1997 compared to
$4.084 billion in 1996 (excluding an adjustment associated with a reinsurance
transaction) and $2.309 billion in 1995. On a combined total basis including
Aetna P&C (for periods prior to April 2, 1996 for comparative purposes only),
Commercial Lines net written premiums totaled $4.690 billion in 1996 and $5.144
billion in 1995. The 1997 increase was primarily attributable to a $142 million
adjustment due to the change to conform the Aetna P&C method of recording
certain net written premiums to the method employed by Travelers Indemnity and
its subsidiaries (Travelers P&C). The increase was offset in part by the highly
competitive conditions in the marketplace and TAP's continued disciplined
approach to underwriting and risk management. The 1996 decrease reflected the
highly competitive marketplace and TAP's selective underwriting.
Fee income was $365 million in 1997 compared to $392 million in 1996 and $432
million in 1995. The decreases in fee income were the result of the depopulation
of involuntary pools as the loss experience of workers' compensation improved
and insureds moved to voluntary markets and TAP's continued success in lowering
workers' compensation losses of service customers, partially offset by TAP
writing more service fee-based product versus premium-based product.
National Accounts works with national brokers and regional agents providing
insurance coverages and services, primarily workers' compensation, mainly to
large corporations. National Accounts also includes the alternative market
business which sells claims and policy management services to workers'
compensation and automobile assigned risk plans, self-insurance pools throughout
the United States and to niche voluntary markets. National Accounts' net written
premiums were $657 million in 1997 compared to $803 million in 1996 (excluding a
one-time adjustment associated with a reinsurance transaction) and $703 million
in 1995. On a combined total basis including Aetna P&C (for periods prior to
April 2, 1996 for comparative purposes only), National Accounts net written
premiums were $874 million in 1996 and $1.192 billion in 1995. The 1997 decrease
was primarily due to a decrease in the Company's level of involuntary pool
participation, National Accounts writing less premium-based products versus
service fee-based products, the highly competitive marketplace and TAP's
continued disciplined approach to underwriting and risk management. The 1996
decrease reflected TAP's selective renewal activity and the highly competitive
marketplace.
National Accounts new business in 1997 was significantly higher than in 1996,
reflecting continued product development efforts, especially in workers'
compensation managed care programs. National Accounts business retention ratio
was also significantly higher in 1997 than in 1996, reflecting TAP's continued
focus on retaining profitable business. National Accounts new business in 1996
was significantly lower than in 1995 despite the Aetna P&C acquisition, and was
due to the highly competitive marketplace. National Accounts business retention
ratio in 1996 was moderately lower than in 1995 and reflected TAP's selective
renewal activity and the highly competitive marketplace.
Commercial Accounts serves mid-sized businesses through a network of independent
agents and brokers. Commercial Accounts' net written premiums were $1.986
billion in 1997 compared to $1.485 billion in 1996 and $730 million in 1995. On
a combined total basis including Aetna P&C (for periods prior to April 2, 1996
for comparative purposes only), Commercial Accounts net written premiums were
$1.725 billion in 1996 and $1.862 billion in 1995. The increase in 1997
reflected a $127 million adjustment due to the change to conform the Aetna P&C
method with the Travelers P&C method of recording certain net written premiums
and the continued growth through programs designed to leverage underwriting
experience in specific industries, partially offset by the highly competitive
marketplace and TAP's continued disciplined approach to underwriting and risk
management. The decrease in 1996 in net written premiums was due to the highly
competitive marketplace, TAP's selective underwriting and the continued softness
in guaranteed cost pricing.
In 1997, new business in Commercial Accounts significantly improved compared to
1996, reflecting continued growth in programs designed to leverage underwriting
experience in specific industries. The Commercial Accounts business retention
ratio in 1997 significantly improved compared to 1996. Commercial Accounts
continues to focus on the retention of existing business while maintaining its
product pricing standards and its selective underwriting policy. For 1996, new
business in Commercial Accounts was significantly higher than in 1995. The 1996
increase in new business
34
was due to the acquisition of Aetna P&C. The Commercial Accounts business
retention ratio in 1996 was virtually the same as in 1995 and reflected
Commercial Accounts selective underwriting policy.
Select Accounts serves small businesses through a network of independent agents.
Select Accounts net written premiums were $1.432 billion in 1997 compared to
$1.191 billion in 1996 and $542 million in 1995. On a combined total basis
including Aetna P&C (for periods prior to April 2, 1996 for comparative purposes
only), Select Accounts net written premiums were $1.412 billion in 1996 and
$1.466 billion in 1995. The increase in 1997 reflected a $15 million adjustment
due to the change to conform the Aetna P&C method with the Travelers P&C method
of recording certain net written premiums and the continued benefit from the
broader industry and product line expertise of the combined company, partially
offset by the highly competitive marketplace and TAP's continued disciplined
approach to underwriting and risk management. The decrease in 1996 reflected the
highly competitive marketplace and TAP's selective underwriting.
New premium business in Select Accounts was moderately higher in 1997 than in
1996, reflecting an increase due to the acquisition of Aetna P&C, partially
offset by a decrease due to the competitive marketplace. The Select Accounts
business retention ratio remained very strong in 1997 and was moderately higher
than in 1996, reflecting TAP's focus on retaining profitable business. New
premium business in Select Accounts was significantly higher in 1996 than in
1995 due to the acquisition of Aetna P&C. The Select Accounts business retention
ratio was moderately higher in 1996 than in 1995, reflecting the industry and
product line expertise of the combined company.
Specialty Accounts markets products to national, midsize and small customers,
including individuals, and distributes them through both wholesale brokers and
retail agents and brokers throughout the United States. Specialty Accounts net
written premiums were $682 million in 1997 compared to $605 million in 1996 and
$334 million in 1995. On a combined total basis including Aetna P&C (for periods
prior to April 2, 1996 for comparative purposes only), Specialty Accounts net
written premiums for 1996 were $679 million and $624 million in 1995. The 1997
increase compared to 1996 was due to increased writings of its excess and
surplus lines business, partially offset by lower directors' and officers'
liability insurance writings due to the termination of an exclusive arrangement
with a managing general agent. The 1996 increase compared to 1995 was due to
increases in directors' and officers' liability insurance and errors and
omissions coverages.
Catastrophe losses, net of tax and reinsurance, were $5 million in 1997 compared
to $31 million in 1996 and $7 million in 1995. The 1997 catastrophe losses were
primarily due to tornadoes in the Midwest in the first quarter. Catastrophe
losses in 1996 were primarily due to Hurricane Fran and December storms on the
West Coast.
The statutory combined ratio for Commercial Lines for 1997 was 109.0% compared
to 128.1% in 1996 and 105.0% in 1995. The GAAP combined ratio for Commercial
Lines in 1997 was 108.7% compared to 128.3% in 1996 and 103.6% in 1995.
GAAP combined ratios for Commercial Lines differ from statutory combined ratios
primarily due to the deferral and amortization of certain expenses for GAAP
reporting purposes only. In 1996, the net deferral for GAAP was offset by
certain purchase accounting adjustments recorded in connection with the Aetna
P&C acquisition which resulted in a charge to statutory expenses.
The decreases in the 1997 statutory and GAAP combined ratios for Commercial
Lines compared to 1996 were primarily attributable to the 1996 charges related
to the acquisition and integration of Aetna P&C. Excluding these amounts, the
statutory and GAAP combined ratios before policyholder dividends for 1996 would
have been 109.3% and 110.8%, respectively. The decrease in the 1997 statutory
and GAAP combined ratios compared to the 1996 statutory and GAAP combined ratios
excluding acquisition-related charges was due to lower catastrophe losses and
reduced expenses, partially offset by the inclusion in 1997 of Aetna P&C's
results for the entire year compared to only nine months in 1996. Aetna P&C has
historically had a higher underwriting expense ratio, partially offset by a
lower loss ratio, which reflected the mix of business including the favorable
effect of the lower loss ratio of the Bond Specialty business. The increase in
the 1996 statutory and GAAP combined ratios excluding acquisition-related
charges compared to the 1995 statutory and GAAP combined ratios was primarily
due to the inclusion in 1996 of Aetna P&C's results.
35
Personal Lines
Earnings before portfolio gains/losses and acquisition-related adjustments
increased 58% in 1997 to $403 million from $255 million in 1996 and $104 million
in 1995. The 1997 increase primarily reflected the inclusion in 1997 of Aetna
P&C for the entire year compared to only nine months in 1996, lower catastrophe
losses, an increase in favorable prior year reserve development of $40 million,
primarily in the automobile bodily injury line, and production-related growth,
partially offset by investments in service centers and market expansions. The
1996 increase was primarily attributable to the post-acquisition results of
operations of Aetna P&C, approximately $70 million of favorable prior year
reserve development, primarily in the automobile bodily injury line, the
continued benefit of expense reduction initiatives and higher net investment
income.
Personal Lines net written premiums for 1997 were $3.074 billion compared to
$2.359 billion in 1996 and $1.298 billion in 1995. On a combined total basis
including Aetna P&C (for periods prior to April 2, 1996 for comparative purposes
only), Personal Lines net written premiums in 1996 were $2.675 billion and
$2.543 billion in 1995. The 1997 increase primarily reflected lower ceded
premiums due to a change in a reinsurance arrangement in January 1997, growth in
sales in targeted markets served by independent agents and growth in affinity
marketing, joint marketing arrangements and TRAVELERS SECURE(R). Business
retention continued to be strong. The 1996 increase was due to the continued
growth in targeted automobile and homeowners markets, partially offset by
reductions due to catastrophe management strategies.
Catastrophe losses, net of taxes and reinsurance, were $10 million in 1997
compared to $58 million in 1996 and $12 million in 1995. Catastrophe losses in
1996 were primarily due to Hurricane Fran, as well as severe first quarter
winter storms and second quarter hail and wind storms.
The statutory combined ratio for Personal Lines in 1997 was 92.2% compared to
97.6% in 1996 and 104.4% in 1995. The GAAP combined ratio for Personal Lines in
1997 was 91.8% compared to 97.1% in 1996 and 103.4% in 1995.
GAAP combined ratios for Personal Lines differ from statutory combined ratios
primarily due to the deferral and amortization of certain expenses for GAAP
reporting purposes only. In addition, certain 1996 purchase accounting
adjustments recorded in connection with the Aetna P&C acquisition resulted in a
charge to statutory expenses.
The 1996 statutory and GAAP combined ratios for Personal Lines include a benefit
resulting from TAP's review of reserves associated with the acquisition of Aetna
P&C. Excluding this item, the 1996 statutory and GAAP combined ratios were
100.1% and 99.7%, respectively. The decrease in the 1997 statutory and GAAP
combined ratios compared to the 1996 statutory and GAAP combined ratios
excluding this item was due to lower catastrophe losses and favorable prior year
reserve development, primarily in the automobile bodily injury line. The
decrease in the 1996 statutory and GAAP combined ratios excluding this item
compared to the 1995 statutory and GAAP combined ratios was predominantly due to
the favorable prior year reserve development, partially offset by higher
catastrophe losses.
Financing Costs and Other
The primary component for 1997 and 1996 was after-tax interest expense of $106
million and $77 million, respectively, reflecting financing costs associated
with the acquisition of Aetna P&C.
Outlook
A variety of factors continue to affect the property and casualty insurance
market and TAP's core business outlook, including the competitive pressures
affecting pricing and profitability, inflation in the cost of medical care and
litigation.
Commercial Lines operating results for 1997 reflected the negative impact of
pricing declines in all markets. This trend in market conditions, characterized
by difficult pricing and increased competition, continued from prior years.
36
In National Accounts, where the majority of products are loss-sensitive
retrospectively rated or high deductible policies, pricing declines have been
the most severe. This business continues to reflect the negative impact of price
declines as evidenced by the decrease in premium and fee levels and, more
importantly, in the narrowing of profit margins earned on this business.
Additionally, there has been an increasing trend in this marketplace for
guaranteed cost products at what TAP believes are inadequate price levels.
For Commercial Accounts and Select Accounts, the highly competitive marketplace
and soft underwriting cycle continue to pressure the pricing of guaranteed cost
products. Premiums on this business continue to reflect price declines, and have
not kept pace with loss cost inflation in recent years. The impact of this
negative trend in market conditions and resultant price declines has been
partially offset by a continued disciplined approach to underwriting and risk
management by TAP. TAP's focus is to retain existing profitable business and
obtain new accounts where it can maintain its selective underwriting policy. TAP
continues to adhere to strict guidelines to maintain high quality underwriting
and to focus on its core product lines and markets, with particular emphasis on
both product and industry specialization.
Specialty Accounts also operates within a highly competitive marketplace
characterized by pressure on both price and terms. TAP's focus in this market is
to sustain its emphasis on strict adherence to underwriting standards and to
increase its efforts to cross-sell its expanding array of specialty products to
existing customers of National Accounts, Commercial Accounts and Select Accounts
where it believes it has the greatest sales and profit opportunities.
The combination of price declines associated with the highly competitive
marketplace and TAP's selective underwriting criteria has had an adverse impact
on premium and fee levels during the past several years. If the competitive
pressures on pricing do not improve in 1998, these factors may continue to
affect premium and fee levels unfavorably. TAP believes that the competitive
pricing environment for Commercial Lines is not likely to improve in 1998.
Personal Lines strategy includes the control of operating expenses to improve
competitiveness and profitability, growth in sales through independent agents
and continued expansion of alternative marketing channels to broaden its
distribution of personal lines products. Personal Lines is expanding its product
capabilities, including nonstandard auto coverages, in conjunction with this
growth strategy. In addition, Personal Lines continues to take action to reduce
its exposure to catastrophe losses, including limiting the writing of new
homeowners business and selectively non-renewing existing homeowners business in
certain markets, tightening underwriting standards and implementing price
increases in certain hurricane-prone areas, subject to restrictions imposed by
insurance regulatory authorities.
The property and casualty insurance industry in the United States continues to
consolidate. TAP's strategic objectives are to enhance its position as a
consistently profitable market leader and to become a low-cost provider of
property and casualty insurance in the United States, as the industry
consolidates.
In relation to TAP's objective of being a low-cost provider of property and
casualty insurance, cost reductions and enhanced productivity efforts are
expected to continue. These efforts include reducing overhead expenses,
completing the integration of Aetna P&C to make it more consistent with the
decentralized, streamlined structure of TAP, and improving claims expense
control. TAP has reached its objective of achieving $300 million in annual cost
savings in the first two years after the Aetna P&C acquisition.
Environmental Claims
TAP continues to receive claims alleging liability exposures arising out of
insureds' alleged disposition of toxic substances. These claims when submitted
rarely indicate the monetary amount being sought by the claimant from the
insured and TAP does not keep track of the monetary amount being sought in those
few claims which indicated such a monetary amount.
TAP's reserves for environmental claims are not established on a claim-by-claim
basis. An aggregate bulk reserve is carried for all of TAP's environmental
claims that are in the dispute process until the dispute is resolved. This bulk
reserve is established and adjusted based upon the aggregate volume of
in-process environmental claims and TAP's experience in resolving such claims.
At December 31, 1997, approximately 17% of the net environmental loss reserve
(i.e., approximately $192 million) consists of case reserve for resolved claims.
The balance, approximately 83% of the
37
net aggregate reserve (i.e., approximately $927 million), is carried in a bulk
reserve and includes incurred but not reported environmental claims for which
TAP has not received any specific claims.
TAP's reserving methodology is preferable to one based on "identified claims"
since the resolution of environmental exposures by TAP generally occurs on an
insured-by-insured basis as opposed to a claim-by-claim basis. The nature of the
resolution often is through coverage litigation, which often pertains to more
than one claim, as well as through a settlement with an insured. Generally, the
settlement between TAP and the insured extinguishes any obligation TAP may have
under any policy issued to the insured for past, present and future
environmental liabilities. This form of settlement is commonly referred to as a
"buy-back" of policies for future environmental liability. Additional provisions
of these agreements include the appropriate indemnities and hold harmless
provisions to protect TAP. TAP's general purpose in executing such agreements is
to reduce its potential environmental exposure and eliminate both the risks
presented by coverage litigation with the insured and the cost of such
litigation.
The reserving methodology includes an analysis by TAP of the exposure presented
by each insured and the anticipated cost of resolution, if any, for each
insured. This analysis is completed by TAP on a quarterly basis. In the course
of its analysis, an assessment of the probable liability, available coverage,
judicial interpretations and historical value of similar exposures is considered
by TAP. In addition, due consideration is given to the many variables presented,
such as the nature of the alleged activities of the insured at each site; the
allegations of environmental damage at each site; the number of sites; the total
number of potentially responsible parties at each site; the nature of
environmental harm and the corresponding remedy at a site; the nature of
government enforcement activities at each site; the ownership and general use of
each site; the overall nature of the insurance relationship between TAP and the
insured; the identification of other insurers; the potential coverage available,
if any, including the number of years of coverage, if any; and the applicable
law in each jurisdiction. Analysis of these and other factors, including the
potential for future claims, results in the establishment of the bulk reserve.
The following table displays activity for environmental losses and loss expenses
and reserves for the years ended December 31:
Environmental Losses
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Beginning reserves:
Direct $1,369 $ 454 $ 482
Ceded (127) (50) (11)
-------------------------------------------------------
Net 1,242 404 471
Acquisition of Aetna P&C:
Direct - 968 -
Ceded - (39) -
Incurred losses and loss expenses:
Direct 79 114 117
Ceded (14) (52) (61)
Losses paid:
Direct 271 167 145
Ceded (67) (14) (22)
Other: (1)
Direct 16 - -
Ceded - - -
-------------------------------------------------------
Ending reserves:
Direct 1,193 1,369 454
Ceded (74) (127) (50)
-------------------------------------------------------
Net $1,119 $1,242 $404
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Represents reallocation of general liability reserves to environmental
reserves.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
38
The duration of TAP's investigation and review of environmental-related claims
and the extent of time necessary to determine an appropriate estimate, if any,
of the value of the claim to TAP, varies significantly and is dependent upon a
number of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, the
cooperation of the insured in providing claim information, the pace of
underlying litigation or claim processes, the pace of coverage litigation
between the insured and TAP and the willingness of the insured and TAP to
negotiate, if appropriate, a resolution of any dispute between them pertaining
to such claims. Since the foregoing factors vary from claim to claim and insured
by insured, TAP cannot provide a meaningful average of the duration of an
environmental claim. However, based upon TAP's experience in resolving such
claims, the duration may vary from months to several years.
The property and casualty industry does not have a standard method of
calculating claim activity for environmental losses. Generally for Superfund
remediation-type environmental claims, TAP establishes a claim file for each
insured on a per site, per claimant basis. If there is more than one claimant
such as a federal and a state agency, this method will result in two claims
being set up for a policyholder at that one site. TAP adheres to this method of
calculating claim activity on all environmental-related claims, whether such
claims are tendered on primary, excess or umbrella policies. Since the
implementation of the claim system conversion in 1997, TAP's method of
establishing claims in the foregoing manner now applies to claims tendered under
the Travelers P&C and Aetna P&C policies.
In addition, TAP establishes claim files for bodily injury or property damage
environmental claims brought by individual claimants who allege injury or damage
as a result of the discharge of wastes or pollutants. As it pertains to such
claims tendered on policies issued by Travelers P&C, TAP establishes a claim
file on a per claim, per insured, per site basis. For example, if one hundred
claimants file a lawsuit against five policyholders alleging bodily injury and
property damage as a result of the discharge of wastes or pollutants, one
thousand claims (five hundred for the bodily injury claims and five hundred for
the property damage claims) would be established.
As it pertains to bodily injury and property damage claims tendered on Aetna P&C
policies, TAP's claim system conversion has not been completed to permit the
establishment of such claims in a manner consistent with the establishment of
Travelers P&C bodily injury and property damage claims. As it pertains to such
claims tendered on policies issued by Aetna P&C, TAP currently establishes a
claim file on a per insured, per site basis. For example, if one hundred
claimants file a lawsuit against five policyholders alleging bodily injury and
property damage as a result of the discharge of wastes or pollutants, five
claims would be established for all the bodily injury claims and five claims
would be established for all of the property damage claims.
As of December 31, 1997, calculated as described above, TAP had approximately
40,300 pending environmental-related claims tendered by 1,400 active
policyholders. Of the total pending environmental-related claims, 29,800 claims
relate to Travelers P&C policies tendered by 569 policyholders and 10,500 claims
relate to Aetna P&C policies tendered by 961 policyholders. Approximately 130 of
these Aetna P&C policyholders are also included in the 569 Travelers P&C
policyholders' count. The pending environmental-related claims represent federal
or state EPA-type claims as well as plaintiffs' claims alleging bodily injury
and property damage due to the discharge of waste or pollutants.
To date, TAP generally has been successful in resolving its coverage litigation
and continues to reduce its potential exposure through favorable settlements
with certain insureds. These settlement agreements with certain insureds are
based on the variables presented in each piece of coverage litigation. Generally
the settlement dollars paid in disputed coverage claims are a percentage of the
total coverage sought by such insureds. Based upon TAP's reserving methodology
and the experience of its historical resolution of environmental exposures, it
believes that the environmental reserve position is appropriate. As of December
31, 1997, TAP, for approximately $1.16 billion, has resolved the environmental
liabilities presented by 3,931 of the 5,331 policyholders who have tendered
environmental claims to TAP. This resolution comprises 74% of the policyholders
who have tendered such claims. TAP has reserves of approximately $800 million
included in its bulk reserve relating to the remaining 1,400 policyholders (26%
of the total) with unresolved environmental claims, as well as for any other
policyholder that may tender an environmental claim in the future.
39
Asbestos Claims
In the area of asbestos claims, TAP believes that the property and casualty
insurance industry has suffered from judicial interpretations that have
attempted to maximize insurance availability from both a coverage and liability
standpoint far beyond the intent of the contracting parties. These policies
generally were issued prior to the 1980s. TAP continues to receive asbestos
claims alleging insureds' liability from claimants' asbestos-related injuries.
These claims, when submitted, rarely indicate the monetary amount being sought
by the claimant from the insured and TAP does not keep track of the monetary
amount being sought in those few claims that indicated such a monetary amount.
Originally the cases involved mainly plant workers and traditional asbestos
manufacturers and distributors. However, in the mid-1980s, a new group of
plaintiffs, whose exposure to asbestos was less direct and whose injuries were
often speculative, began to file lawsuits in increasing numbers against the
traditional defendants as well as peripheral defendants who had produced
products that may have contained small amounts of some form of encapsulated
asbestos. These claims continue to arise and on an individual basis generally
involve smaller companies with smaller limits of potential coverage. Also, there
has emerged a group of non-product claims by plaintiffs, mostly independent
labor union workers, mainly against companies, alleging exposure to asbestos
while working at these companies' premises. TAP continues to receive this type
of asbestos claim.
In summary, various classes of asbestos defendants, such as major product
manufacturers, peripheral and regional product defendants as well as premises
owners, are tendering asbestos-related claims to the industry. Because each
insured presents different liability and coverage issues, TAP evaluates those
issues on an insured-by-insured basis.
TAP's evaluations have not resulted in any meaningful data from which an average
asbestos defense or indemnity payment may be determined. The varying defense and
indemnity payments made by TAP on behalf of its insureds also have precluded TAP
from deriving any meaningful data by which it can predict whether its defense
and indemnity payments for asbestos claims (on average or in the aggregate) will
remain the same or change in the future. Based upon TAP's experience with
asbestos claims, the duration period of an asbestos claim from the date of
submission to resolution is approximately two years.
At December 31, 1997, approximately 24% of the net aggregate reserve (i.e.,
approximately $266 million) is for pending asbestos claims. The balance,
approximately 76% (i.e., approximately $848 million) of the net asbestos
reserves, represents incurred but not reported losses for which TAP has not
received any specific claims.
In general, TAP posts case reserves for pending asbestos claims within
approximately 30 business days of receipt of such claims. The table on the
following page displays activity for asbestos losses and loss expenses and
reserves for the years ended December 31:
40
Asbestos Losses
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Beginning reserves:
Direct $1,443 $ 695 $702
Ceded (370) (293) (319)
-------------------------------------------------------
Net 1,073 402 383
Acquisition of Aetna P&C:
Direct - 801 -
Ceded - (121) -
Incurred losses and loss expenses:
Direct 87 120 109
Ceded (18) (35) (66)
Losses paid:
Direct 174 173 116
Ceded (140) (79) (92)
Other: (1)
Direct 7 - -
Ceded (1) - -
-------------------------------------------------------
Ending reserves:
Direct 1,363 1,443 695
Ceded (249) (370) (293)
-------------------------------------------------------
Net $1,114 $1,073 $402
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Represents reallocation of reserves.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In 1997 TAP reached an agreement to settle the arbitration with underwriters at
Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) and certain London companies in New York State to
enforce reinsurance contracts with respect to recoveries for certain asbestos
claims. The dispute involved the ability of TAP to aggregate asbestos claims
under a market agreement between Lloyd's and TAP or under the applicable
reinsurance treaties. This agreement had no impact on earnings.
Uncertainty Regarding Adequacy of Environmental and Asbestos Reserves
It is difficult to estimate the reserves for environmental and
asbestos-related claims due to the vagaries of court coverage decisions,
plaintiffs' expanded theories of liability, the risks inherent in major
litigation and other uncertainties. Conventional actuarial techniques are not
used to estimate such reserves.
For environmental claims, TAP estimates its financial exposure and establishes
reserves based upon an analysis of its historical claim experience and the facts
of the individual underlying claims. The unique facts presented in each claim
are evaluated individually and collectively. Due consideration is given to the
many variables presented in each claim, as discussed above.
The following factors are evaluated in projecting the ultimate reserve for
asbestos-related claims: available insurance coverage; limits and deductibles;
an analysis of each policyholder's potential liability; jurisdictional
involvement; past and projected future claim activity; past settlement values of
similar claims; allocated claim adjustment expense; potential role of other
insurance; and applicable coverage defenses, if any. Once the gross ultimate
exposure for indemnity and allocated claim adjustment expense is determined for
a policyholder by policy year, a ceded projection is calculated based on any
applicable facultative and treaty reinsurance, and past ceded experience. In
addition, a similar review is conducted for asbestos property damage claims.
However, due to the relatively minor claim volume, these reserves have remained
at a constant level.
As a result of these processes and procedures, the reserves carried for
environmental and asbestos claims at December 31, 1997 are TAP's best estimate
of ultimate claims and claim adjustment expenses based upon known facts and
current law. However, the conditions surrounding the final resolution of these
claims continue to change. Currently, it is not possible to predict changes in
the legal and legislative environment and their impact on the future development
of asbestos and environmental claims. Such development will be affected by
future court decisions and interpretations and changes in
41
Superfund and other legislation. Because of these future unknowns, additional
liabilities may arise for amounts in excess of the current reserves. These
additional amounts, or a range of these additional amounts, cannot now be
reasonably estimated, and could result in a liability exceeding reserves by an
amount that would be material to the Company's operating results in a future
period. However, the Company believes that is not likely that these claims will
have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition or
liquidity.
Cumulative Injury Other Than Asbestos (CIOTA) Claims
CIOTA claims are generally submitted to TAP under general liability policies and
often involve an allegation by a claimant against an insured that the claimant
has suffered injuries as a result of long-term or continuous exposure to
potentially harmful products or substances. Such potentially harmful products or
substances include, but are not limited to, lead paint, pesticides,
pharmaceutical products, silicone-based personal products, solvents and other
deleterious substances.
Due to claimants' allegations of long-term bodily injury in CIOTA claims,
numerous complex issues regarding such claims are presented. The claimant's
theories of liability must be evaluated, evidence pertaining to a causal link
between injury and exposure to a substance must be reviewed, the potential role
of other causes of injury must be analyzed, the liability of other defendants
must be explored, and assessment of a claimant's damages must be made and the
law of the jurisdiction must be applied. In addition, TAP must review the number
of policies issued by it to the insured and whether such policies are triggered
by the allegations, the terms and limits of liability of such policies, the
obligations of other insurers to respond to the claim, and the applicable law in
each jurisdiction.
To the extent disputes exist between TAP and a policyholder regarding the
coverage available for CIOTA claims, TAP resolves the disputes, where feasible,
through settlements with the policyholder or through coverage litigation.
Generally, the terms of a settlement agreement set forth the nature of TAP's
participation in resolving CIOTA claims, the scope of coverage to be provided by
TAP and contain the appropriate indemnities and hold harmless provisions to
protect TAP. These settlements generally eliminate uncertainties for TAP
regarding the risks extinguished, including the risk that losses would be
greater than anticipated due to evolving theories of tort liability or
unfavorable coverage determinations. TAP's approach also has the effect of
determining losses at a date earlier than would have occurred in the absence of
such settlement agreements. On the other hand, in cases where future
developments are favorable to insurers, this approach could have the effect of
resolving claims for amounts in excess of those that would ultimately have been
paid had the claims not been settled in this manner. No inference should be
drawn that because of TAP's method of dealing with CIOTA claims, its reserves
for such claims are more conservatively stated than those of other insurers.
Prior to the acquisition, Aetna P&C did not distinguish CIOTA from other general
liability claims or treat CIOTA claims as a special class of claims. In
addition, there were substantial differences in claim approach and resolution
between Travelers Indemnity and Aetna P&C regarding CIOTA claims. During the
second quarter of 1996, TAP completed its review of Aetna P&C's exposure to
CIOTA claims in order to determine an appropriate level of reserves using TAP's
approach as described above. Based on the results of that review, TAP's general
liability insurance reserves were increased in 1996 by $360 million, net of
reinsurance ($192 million after-tax and minority interest).
At December 31, 1997, approximately 18% of the net aggregate reserve (i.e.,
approximately $195 million) is for pending CIOTA claims. The balance,
approximately 82% (i.e., approximately $893 million) of the net CIOTA reserves,
represents incurred but not reported losses for which TAP has not received any
specific claims.
In general, TAP posts case reserves for pending CIOTA claims within
approximately 30 business days of receipt of such claims. The table on the
following page displays activity for CIOTA losses and loss expenses and reserves
for the years ended December 31:
42
CIOTA Losses
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Beginning reserves:
Direct $1,560 $ 374 $375
Ceded (446) - -
----------------------------------------------------
Net 1,114 374 375
Acquisition of Aetna P&C:
Direct - 709 -
Ceded - (293) -
Incurred losses and loss expenses:
Direct 32 565 21
Ceded (6) (155) -
Losses paid:
Direct 72 88 22
Ceded (20) (2) -
----------------------------------------------------
Ending reserves:
Direct 1,520 1,560 374
Ceded (432) (446) -
----------------------------------------------------
Net $1,088 $1,114 $374
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Outlook - Industry
Changes in the general interest rate environment affect the return received by
the insurance subsidiaries on newly invested and reinvested funds. While a
rising interest rate environment enhances the returns available, it reduces the
market value of existing fixed maturity investments and the availability of
gains on disposition. A decline in interest rates reduces the return available
on investment of funds but could create the opportunity for realized investment
gains on disposition of fixed maturity investments.
As required by various state laws and regulations, the Company's insurance
subsidiaries are subject to assessments from state-administered guaranty
associations, second injury funds and similar associations. Management believes
that such assessments will not have a material impact on the Company's results
of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
Certain social, economic and political issues have led to an increased number of
legislative and regulatory proposals aimed at addressing the cost and
availability of certain types of insurance. While most of these provisions have
failed to become law, these initiatives may continue as legislators and
regulators try to respond to public availability and affordability concerns and
the resulting laws, if any, could adversely affect the Company's ability to
write business with appropriate returns.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) adopted risk-based
capital (RBC) requirements for life insurance companies and for property and
casualty insurance companies. The RBC requirements are to be used as early
warning tools by the NAIC and states to identify companies that merit further
regulatory action. The formulas have not been designed to differentiate among
adequately capitalized companies that operate with levels of capital higher than
RBC requirements. Therefore, it is inappropriate and ineffective to use the
formulas to rate or to rank such companies. At December 31, 1997 and 1996, all
of the Company's life and property & casualty companies had adjusted capital in
excess of amounts requiring any regulatory action.
Asset Quality
Investments and mortgage loans of the insurance services segments, which include
both Life Insurance and Property & Casualty Insurance, totaled approximately $61
billion, representing 63% of total insurance services' assets of approximately
$97 billion. Because the primary purpose of the investment portfolio is to fund
future policyholder benefits and claims payments, the Company employs a
conservative investment philosophy. The fixed maturity portfolio totaled $49
billion, comprised of $41 billion of publicly traded fixed maturities and $8
billion of private fixed maturities. The weighted average quality ratings of the
segment's publicly traded fixed maturity portfolio and private fixed maturity
43
portfolio at December 31, 1997 were Aa3 and Baa1, respectively. Included in the
fixed maturity portfolio was approximately $2.2 billion of below investment
grade securities. Investments in venture capital investments, highly leveraged
transactions, and specialized lendings were not material in the aggregate.
The insurance services segment makes investments in collateralized mortgage
obligations (CMOs). Such CMOs typically have high credit quality, offer good
liquidity, and provide a significant advantage in yield and total return
compared to U.S. Treasury securities. The investment strategy of the Insurance
Services segment is to purchase CMO tranches that are protected against
prepayment risk, including planned amortization class (PAC) tranches. Prepayment
protected tranches are preferred because they provide stable cash flows in a
variety of scenarios. The segment does invest in other types of CMO tranches if
a careful assessment indicates a favorable risk/return tradeoff; however, it
does not purchase residual interests in CMOs.
At December 31, 1997, the segment held CMOs with a market value of $5.0 billion.
Approximately 75% of CMO holdings are fully collateralized by GNMA, FNMA or
FHLMC securities, and the balance is fully collateralized by portfolios of
individual mortgage loans. In addition, the segment held $3.7 billion of GNMA,
FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed pass-through securities. Virtually all of these
securities are rated Aaa.
At December 31, 1997, real estate and mortgage loans totaled $3.8 billion. The
Company is continuing its strategy to dispose of these real estate assets and
some of the mortgage loans and to reinvest the proceeds to obtain current market
yields. At December 31, mortgage and real estate loans consisted of the
following:
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current mortgage loans $3,543 $3,721
Underperforming mortgage loans 19 91
----------------------------------
Total mortgage loans 3,562 3,812
----------------------------------
Real estate held for sale 237 459
--------------- ---------------
Total mortgage loans and real estate $3,799 $4,271
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Underperforming mortgage loans include delinquent loans, loans in the process of
foreclosure and loans modified at interest rates below market terms. The new
terms typically defer a portion of contract interest payments to varying future
periods. The accrual of interest is suspended on all restructured loans, and
interest income is reported only as payment is received. Of the total real
estate held for sale, $31 million is underperforming at December 31, 1997.
For further information relating to investments, see Note 5 of Notes to
Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements.
CORPORATE AND OTHER
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Net Net
Income Income Income
In Millions of Dollars Revenues (Expense) Revenues (Expense) Revenues (Expense)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net expenses (1) $(218) $(211) $(238)
Net gain (loss) on sale of stock of
subsidiaries and affiliates - 384 (13)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Corporate and Other $77 $(218) $170 $ 173 $(2) $(251)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes $3 million, $9 million and $23 million, respectively, of
reported investment portfolio losses in 1997, 1996 and 1995.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corporate and Other consists of corporate staff and treasury operations, certain
corporate income and expenses that have not been allocated to the operating
subsidiaries, and certain intersegment eliminations.
Net corporate expenses (before reported investment portfolio gains/losses)
increased in 1997 compared to 1996; however, corporate expenses as a percentage
of operating earnings were slightly lower than a year ago.
The decrease in net expenses (before reported portfolio losses) in 1996 over
1995 is primarily attributable to lower staff expenses in the corporate segment
including the allocation of additional expenses to other operating segments,
offset by increased interest costs associated with higher debt levels in 1996.
44
YEAR 2000 DATE CONVERSION
Citigroup recognizes that the arrival of the Year 2000 poses a unique worldwide
challenge to the ability of all systems to recognize the date change from
December 31, 1999 to January 1, 2000. Citigroup has assessed and is repairing
its computer applications and business processes to provide for their continued
functionality. In addition, an assessment of the readiness of third parties with
which it interfaces is ongoing.
Citicorp's global operations and technology organization is engaged in the
remediation and testing of its computer applications. A process of inventory,
scoping and analysis, modification, testing and certification, and
implementation is under way, funded from a combination of a reprioritization of
technology development initiatives and incremental costs. Citicorp does not
anticipate that the related overall costs will be material to any single year or
quarter. In total, Citicorp estimates that its costs for the remediation and
testing of computer applications will amount to approximately $650 million over
the three-year period from 1997 through 1999, of which approximately $150
million was incurred in 1997.
Significant third parties with which Citicorp interfaces with regard to the Year
2000 problem include, among others, customers and business partners
(counterparties, supply chains), technology vendors and service providers, the
global financial market infrastructure (payment and clearing systems), and the
utility infrastructure (power, transportation, telecommunications) on which all
corporations rely. Unreadiness by these third parties would expose Citicorp to
the potential for loss, impairment of business processes and activities, and
disruption of financial markets. Citicorp is assessing these risks through
bilateral and multiparty efforts and participation in industry, country, and
global initiatives, and it is creating contingency plans intended to address
perceived risks. Citicorp cannot predict what effect the failure of such a third
party to address, in a timely manner, the Year 2000 problem would have on
Citicorp.
In addition to these initiatives in Citicorp, the Company is currently
addressing its internal Year 2000 issue in other areas with modifications to
existing programs and conversions to new programs and expects to bring all of
its business systems into Year 2000 compliance by early 1999. The total pre-tax
cost associated with the required modifications and conversions is expected to
be $200 million to $275 million and is being expensed as incurred in the period
1996 through 1999. The Company is also communicating with customers, financial
institutions, vendors and others with which it conducts business to identify and
resolve Year 2000 issues. While it is likely that these efforts will be
successful, if necessary modifications and conversions are not completed in a
timely manner, the Year 2000 issue could have a material adverse effect on
certain operations.
In addition, work is under way to prepare for the coming European monetary
union, costs of which are also not expected to be material.
DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
Year Ended December 31,
------------------------------------------
1996 1995
------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars Net Income (Loss) Net Income (Loss)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Operations $ (75) $ 20
Gain (loss) on disposition (259) 130
------------------------------------------
Total discontinued operations $(334) $150
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As discussed in Note 3 of Notes to Supplemental Consolidated Financial
Statements, Basis Petroleum, Inc. (Basis), which was sold to Valero Energy
Corporation (Valero), as well as the life and health insurance businesses sold
to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MetLife) or contributed to MetraHealth,
have been classified as discontinued operations. In 1995, the Company's results
reflect the medical business not yet transferred, plus its equity interest in
the earnings of MetraHealth.
The Company's 1996 loss on disposition of $259 million represents the $290
million after-tax loss on the sale of Basis to Valero, partially offset by a $31
million after-tax gain resulting from a contingency payment received from United
HealthCare Corporation related to the 1995 sale of MetraHealth.
Gain on disposition in 1995 represents a gain of $20 million from the sale in
January of the Company's group life insurance business to MetLife, and a gain of
$110 million (not including the contingency payment based on 1995 results
45
which was received by the Company in 1996) from the sale in October of the
Company's interest in MetraHealth to United HealthCare Corporation.
DEFERRED INCOME TAXES
The Company has a net deferred tax asset which relates to temporary differences
between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their recorded amounts for
financial reporting purposes. Management believes that the realization of the
recognized net deferred tax asset of $4,384 million is more likely than not
based on existing carryback ability and expectations as to future taxable
income. The Company has reported pre-tax financial statement income from
continuing operations exceeding $10 billion on average over the last three years
and has generated federal taxable income of approximately $9 billion each year
during this same period.
FUTURE APPLICATION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
See Note 1 of Notes to Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements for a
discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements.
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain of the statements contained herein that are not historical facts are
forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities
Litigation Reform Act. The Company's actual results may differ materially
from those included in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking
statements are typically identified by words or phrases such as "believe,"
"expect," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "may increase," "may
fluctuate," "may result in," and similar expressions. These forward-looking
statements involve risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to, the
following: changes in general economic conditions, including the performance
of financial markets, interest rates, and the level of personal bankruptcies;
customer responsiveness to both new products and distribution channels;
competitive, regulatory, or tax changes that affect the cost of or demand for
the Company's products; adverse litigation results; and the possibility that the
Company will be unable to achieve anticipated levels of operational
efficiencies related to recently acquired companies, as well as achieving its
other cost-saving initiatives. Readers also are directed to other risks and
uncertainties discussed in documents filed by the Company with the Securities
and Exchange Commission.
46
RISK MANAGEMENT
This section (pages 47 through 62) provides a description of the primary credit
and market risks of Citigroup's businesses. These businesses are discussed
separately, consistent with how these risks were managed in the periods
presented.
MANAGING GLOBAL RISK AT CITICORP
Risk management is the cornerstone of Citicorp's business. Risks arise from
lending, underwriting, trading, and other activities routinely undertaken on
behalf of customers around the world. Outlined below is the process that
management employs to provide oversight and direction, followed by discussions
of the credit and market risk management processes in place across the
corporation.
The Windows on Risk Committee evaluates and proactively manages the risk profile
of the corporation. The Committee is chaired by the Vice Chairman responsible
for risk management and includes inside directors, senior line and staff
officers, and the Chairman of Citicorp. The Committee uses an analytical
framework called Windows on Risk to control country, consumer product, industry,
and client concentrations; to reduce portfolio, process, operational,
technological, and legal vulnerabilities; to decide on portfolio actions; and to
help create a balance among Citicorp's risk profile, earnings, and capital.
The Windows on Risk process has three major components: the Committee develops a
near-term outlook for the global external environment highlighting key risks;
the Committee examines Citicorp's risk profile in terms of 16 windows, or risks
that impact Citicorp's businesses and operations; and, in response to perceived
risks in the environment and portfolio, the Committee initiates actions to
manage the risk profile.
The review of the external environment encompasses the outlook for major country
and regional economies; significant consumer markets and global industries; the
potential near-term critical economic and geopolitical events; and the
implications of potential unfavorable developments as they relate to specific
businesses.
The review of the risk profile covers the following credit-related and market
risks, as well as control risk and legal and technological vulnerabilities:
- Risk ratings, including trends in client creditworthiness together with
a comparison of risk against return;
- Industry concentrations, globally and within regions;
- Limits assigned to relationship concentrations and consumer programs;
- Product concentrations in consumer managed receivables, by product and
by region;
- Global real estate limits and exposure, including commercial and
consumer portfolios;
- Country risk, encompassing political and cross-border risk;
- Counterparty risk, evaluating presettlement risk on foreign exchange
and derivative products, as well as securities trades;
- Dependency, linking and evaluating specific industry and consumer
product exposure to external environmental factors;
- Distribution and underwriting risk, capturing the risk that arises when
Citicorp commits to purchase an instrument from an issuer for
subsequent sale;
- Business risk review, evaluating by business the risk captured by
portfolio and process ratings;
- Price risk, capturing the earnings risk resulting from changing levels
and volatilities of interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and
commodity and equity prices;
- Liquidity risk, evaluating funding exposure;
- Equity and subordinated debt investment risk, monitored against
portfolio limits;
- Audit, evaluating operations and control risk based on internal audits;
- Legal, evaluating vulnerability and business implications of legal
issues; and
- Technology, assessing the vulnerability to the electronic environment.
47
Based on this coordinated review of major risks impacting the corporation, the
Windows on Risk Committee formulates recommendations and assigns responsibility
for recommended portfolio actions. The review is intended to provide Citicorp
with a view of the environment in which it operates and of the risk inherent in
its businesses.
THE CREDIT PROCESS AT CITICORP
Guided by the overall risk appetite and portfolio targets set by senior
management, line management conducts the day-to-day credit process in accordance
with core policies established by the Credit Policy Committee.
Line management initiates and approves all extensions of credit and is
responsible for credit quality. Line managers must also establish supplementary
credit policies specific to each business, deploy the credit talent needed, and
monitor portfolio and process quality. The managers are required to identify
problem credits or programs as they develop, and to correct deficiencies as
needed through remedial management.
Business Risk Review conducts independent periodic examinations of both
portfolio quality and the credit process at the individual business level.
Citicorp's credit policies are organized around two basic approaches--Credit
Programs and Credit Transactions. Credit Programs, used primarily for the
Consumer businesses, focus on the decision to extend credit to sets of customers
with similar characteristics and/or product needs. Approvals under this approach
cover the expected level of aggregate exposure, the terms, risk acceptance
criteria, operating systems, and reporting mechanisms. This is a cost-effective
way of handling high-volume, small-dollar amount transactions. Credit Programs
are reviewed annually, with approvals tiered on the basis of projected
outstandings as well as the maturity and performance of the product.
The Credit Transaction approach focuses on the decision to extend credit to an
individual customer or customer relationship. It starts with target market
definition and risk acceptance criteria, and requires detailed customized
financial analysis. Approval requirements for each decision are tiered based on
the transaction amount, the customer's aggregate facilities, credit risk
ratings, and the banking business serving the customer.
Credit Programs and Credit Transactions are approved by three line credit
officers, with one designated as responsible to ensure that all aspects of the
credit process are properly coordinated and executed. As the size or risk
increases, the three approvals may include one or two Senior Credit or
Securities Officers. These include over 500 of Citicorp's most experienced
lenders and underwriters appointed by the Credit Policy Committee, with their
designation reviewed annually. In addition, approvals from underwriting,
product, industry or functional specialists may be required. At certain higher
levels of risk, Credit Policy Committee members as well as senior management
review individual credit decisions.
Derivative And Foreign Exchange Contracts
Citicorp manages its credit exposure on derivative and foreign exchange
instruments as part of the overall extension of credit to individual customer
relationships, subject to the same credit approvals, limits and monitoring
procedures it uses for other activities, using the Credit Transaction approach.
The extension of credit in a derivative or foreign exchange contract is the loss
that could result if the counterparty were to default. In managing the aggregate
credit extension to individual customers, Citicorp measures the amount at risk
on a derivative or foreign exchange instrument as the sum of two factors: the
current replacement cost (i.e., balance sheet credit exposure), and the
potential increase in the replacement cost over the remaining life of the
instrument should market rates change.
The current replacement cost of a derivative or foreign exchange contract is
equal to the amount, if any, of Citicorp's unrealized gain on the contract. In
the aggregate, for all contracts, this represents a balance sheet exposure of
$24.5 billion at December 31, 1997, which is reflected in Trading Account
Assets. See Note 21 of Notes to Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements
for additional details on the combined Citigroup exposures. The potential
increase in replacement cost of a contract is estimated based on a statistical
simulation of values that would result from changing market rates. In
48
the aggregate for all contracts, the estimate of potential increase in
replacement cost ranged from approximately $33.1 billion to $42.3 billion during
1997.
THE MARKET RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS AT CITICORP
Market risk encompasses liquidity risk and price risk, both of which are
fundamental to the business of a financial intermediary. Liquidity risk, which
is discussed on pages 62 through 69, is the risk that some entity, in some
location and in some currency, will be unable to meet a financial commitment to
a customer, creditor, or investor when due. Price risk is the risk to earnings
that arises from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity and
commodity prices, and in their implied volatilities.
The Market Risk Policy Committee serves an oversight role in the management of
all market risks. The committee is a group of Citicorp's most senior market risk
professionals, chaired by the Corporate Treasurer, which establishes and
oversees corporate market risk policies and standards to serve as a check and
balance in the business risk management process. Market risk management is an
evolutionary process that integrates changes in markets, products, and
technologies into policies and practices.
Within Citicorp, business and corporate oversight groups have well-defined
market risk management responsibilities. Within each business, a process is in
place to control market risk exposure. Management of this process begins with
the professionals nearest to Citicorp's customers, products, and markets, and
extends up to the senior executives who manage these businesses and to country
Asset/Liability Management Committees ("ALCO"). Market risk positions are
controlled by limits on exposure based on the size and nature of a business.
Risk limits are approved by the Finance and Capital Committee, which is composed
of senior management, including the Corporate Treasurer, and are overseen by the
Market Risk Policy Committee.
Periodic reviews are conducted by Corporate Audit to ensure compliance with
institutional policies and procedures for the assessment, management, and
control of market risk.
MANAGEMENT OF PRICE RISK EXPOSURE AT CITICORP
Price risk is the risk to earnings from changes in interest rates, foreign
exchange rates, commodity and equity prices, and in their implied volatilities.
This exposure arises in the normal course of business of a global financial
intermediary.
Citicorp has established procedures for managing price risk within its business
units worldwide. Decentralization is the essential organizational principle for
managing price risk. It is balanced by strong centralized controls exercised by
corporate oversight bodies. The level of price risk assumed by a business is
based on its objectives and earnings, its capacity to manage risk, and by the
sophistication of its local markets. The nature of the price risk assumed by a
business varies according to the products and services it provides and the
customers it serves. Limits for each major category of risk are established,
with exposures monitored and managed by the businesses, and reviewed monthly at
the corporate level.
Non-Trading Portfolios
Business units manage the potential earnings effect of interest rate movements
by modifying the asset and liability mix, either directly or through the use of
derivative financial products. These include interest rate swaps and other
derivative instruments which are either designated and effective as hedges or
designated and effective in modifying the interest rate characteristics of
specified assets or liabilities. The utilization of derivatives is managed in
response to changing market conditions as well as to changes in the
characteristics and mix of the related assets and liabilities. Additional
information about non-trading derivatives is located in Note 21 of Notes to
Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements. Citicorp does not utilize
instruments with leverage features in connection with its risk management
activities.
49
As part of the annual planning process, limits are set for Earnings-at-Risk on a
business, country and total Citicorp basis, with exposures reviewed on a regular
basis by the Finance and Capital Committee in relation to limits and the current
interest rate environment.
Earnings-at-Risk measures the discounted pre-tax earnings impact over a
specified time horizon of a specified shift in the interest rate yield curve for
the appropriate currency. The yield curve shift is statistically derived as a
two standard deviation change in a short-term interest rate over the period
required to defease the position (usually four weeks). Earnings-at-Risk is
calculated separately for each currency and reflects the repricing gaps in the
position, as well as option positions, both explicit and embedded.
Citicorp's primary non-trading price risk exposure is to movements in U.S.
dollar interest rates. As of December 31, 1997, the rate shift over a four-week
defeasance period applied to the U.S. dollar yield curve for purposes of
calculating Earnings-at-Risk was 63 basis points. Citicorp also has
Earnings-at-Risk in various other currencies; however, there are no significant
risk concentrations in any individual non-U.S. dollar currency. As of December
31, 1997, the rate shifts applied to these currencies for purposes of
calculating Earnings-at-Risk over a one-to four-week defeasance period ranged
from 18 to 800 basis points, depending on the currency.
The table below illustrates that, as of December 31, 1997, a 63 basis point
increase in the U.S. dollar yield curve would have a potential negative impact
on Citicorp's pre-tax earnings of approximately $180 million for 1998, and
approximately $88 million for the five-year period 1998-2002, while a two
standard deviation increase in non-U.S. dollar interest rates would have a
potential negative impact on Citicorp's pre-tax earnings of approximately $25
million for 1998, and approximately $49 million for the five-year period
1998-2002.
Citicorp Earnings-at-Risk (impact on pre-tax earnings)
Assuming a U.S. Assuming a Non-U.S.
Dollar Rate Move of Dollar Rate Move of
---------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars at Two Standard Deviations (1) Two Standard Deviations (1)
December 31, 1997 Increase Decrease Increase Decrease
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overnight to three months $(66) $ 75 $(11) $11
Four to six months (52) 67 (8) 8
Seven to twelve months (62) 69 (6) 6
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Total overnight to twelve months (180) 211 (25) 25
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year two (71) 75 (25) 25
Year three 3 (9) (7) 7
Year four 65 (73) (2) 2
Year five 126 (146) 3 (3)
Effect of discounting (31) 37 7 (7)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Total $( 88) $ 95 $(49) $49
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Total assumes a two standard deviation increase or decrease for every
currency, not taking into account any covariance between currencies.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The table below summarizes Citicorp's worldwide Earnings-at-Risk over the next
12 months from changes in interest rates and shows a relatively stable trend
over the three-year period.
Citicorp Twelve Month Earnings-at-Risk
(impact on pre-tax earnings)
U.S. Dollar Non-U.S. Dollar
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars
at December 31, 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assuming a two standard
deviation rate:
Increase $(180) $(165) $(163) $(25) $(22) $(19)
Decrease 211 191 217 25 17 19
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The tables above illustrate that Citicorp's pre-tax earnings in its non-trading
activities over the next 12 months would be reduced by an increase in interest
rates and would benefit from a decrease in interest rates and are mainly
impacted by changes in U.S. dollar interest rates. This primarily reflects the
utilization of receive-fixed interest rate swaps and similar instruments to
effectively modify the repricing characteristics of certain consumer and
commercial loan portfolios,
50
deposits, and long-term debt. Excluding the effects of these instruments,
Citicorp's Earnings-at-Risk over the next twelve months in its non-trading
activities would be as follows:
Citicorp Twelve Month Earnings-at-Risk
(excluding effect of derivatives)
U.S. Dollar(1)
In Millions of Dollars --------------------------------------
at December 31, 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assuming a two standard
deviation rate:
Increase $64 $80 $159
Decrease (44) (70) (124)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Excluding the effects of derivatives, Citicorp's non-U.S. dollar
Earnings-at-Risk would have had a negative $26 million impact assuming
a two standard deviation increase in rates and a positive $27 million
impact assuming a two standard deviation decrease in rates at December
31, 1997.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
During 1997, the U.S. dollar Earnings-at-Risk for the following 12 months
assuming a two standard deviation increase in rates would have had a potential
negative impact ranging from approximately $142 million to $209 million in the
aggregate at each month end, compared with a range from $116 million to $204
million during 1996 and a range from $30 million to $165 million during 1995.
Similarly, during 1997, a two standard deviation increase in non-U.S. dollar
interest rates for the following twelve months would have had a potential
negative impact ranging from approximately $15 million to $33 million in the
aggregate at each month end, compared with a range from $17 million to $28
million during 1996 and a range from $5 million to $26 million during 1995.
The table on page 50 also illustrates that the risk profile in the one-to
two-year time horizon was directionally similar, but generally tends to reverse
in subsequent periods. This reflects the fact that the majority of the
derivative instruments utilized to modify repricing characteristics as described
above will mature within three years. Additional detail regarding these
derivative instruments may be found in Note 21 of Notes to Supplemental
Consolidated Financial Statements.
Trading Portfolios
The price risk of trading activities is measured using the Value-at-Risk method,
which estimates, at a specified confidence level, the largest potential loss in
pre-tax market value that could occur over a one-day holding period. The
Value-at-Risk method incorporates the market factors to which the market value
of the trading position is exposed (interest rates, foreign exchange rates,
equity and commodity prices, and their implied volatilities), the sensitivity of
the position to changes in those market factors, and the volatilities and
correlations of those factors. The Value-at-Risk measurement includes the
foreign exchange risks that arise in traditional banking businesses and net
capital investments in non-U.S. operations, as well as in explicit trading
positions.
The trading portfolios are subject to a well-defined series of Value-at-Risk
exposure limits. The daily price risk process monitors exposures against limits
and triggers specific management actions to ensure that the potential impact on
earnings, due to the many dimensions of price risk, is managed within acceptable
limits. The Finance and Capital Committee approves the Value-at-Risk exposure
limits annually and reviews usage of these exposures on a monthly basis.
During 1997, Value-at-Risk at a 97.7% confidence level averaged $56 million in
the aggregate for Citicorp's major trading centers, and the monthly averages of
daily exposures ranged from approximately $42 million to $65 million, which is
similar to the ranges in 1996 and 1995. The level of exposure taken depends on
the market environment and expectations of future price and market movements,
and will vary from period to period. The trading-related revenue for 1997 was
$2,107 million, compared with $1,909 million in 1996 and $1,989 million in 1995
(see "Trading-Related Revenue" on page 7). Quarterly trading-related revenue
ranged from $255 million to $570 million during 1997 compared with $392 million
to $547 million in 1996, and $395 million to $558 million in 1995.
As of January 1, 1998, Citicorp adopted an amendment to the capital adequacy
guidelines, issued in 1996 by the Federal Reserve Board and other U.S. banking
regulators, incorporating price risk as an adjustment to risk-weighted assets.
In connection with adopting the amendment, Citicorp modified the confidence
level used for its Value-at-Risk calculation from 97.7% to 99%, and refined the
calculation of the covariance adjustment which reflects the correlation among
market risks.
51
The table below summarizes Citicorp's Value-at-Risk in its trading portfolio as
of December 31, 1997, calculated in accordance with the market risk amendment.
Citicorp Value-at-Risk
In Millions of Dollars at December 31, 1997
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
Interest rate $ 23
Foreign exchange 8
All other (primarily equity and commodity) 8
Covariance adjustment (14)
----------------
Total $ 25
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
MANAGEMENT OF CROSS-BORDER RISK AT CITICORP
Cross-border risk is the risk that Citicorp will be unable to obtain payment
from customers on their contractual obligations as a result of actions taken by
foreign governments such as exchange controls, debt moratorium and restrictions
on the remittance of funds.
Citicorp manages cross-border risk as part of the Windows on Risk process
described on page 47. Management oversight of cross-border risk is performed
through a formal country risk review process that includes setting of
cross-border limits, at least annually, in each country in which Citicorp has
cross-border exposure, monitoring of economic conditions globally and within
individual countries with proactive action as warranted, and the establishment
of internal risk management policies. The Country Corporate Officer is required
to prepare an annual country risk review that is subject to approval by senior
management and the Windows on Risk Committee depending on the size of the
country limit, and may also be updated periodically on an as needed basis.
Cross-border limits are also established in the aggregate for certain products
that meet risk acceptance criteria.
The table on page 53 presents Citicorp's total cross-border outstandings and
commitments at year-end 1997 and 1996 on a regulatory basis in accordance with
Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) guidelines. Total
cross-border outstandings include cross-border claims on third parties as well
as investments in and funding of local franchises.
Cross-border claims on third parties (trade, short-term, and medium- and
long-term claims) include cross-border loans, securities, deposits at interest
with banks, investments in affiliates, and other monetary assets, as well as net
revaluation gains on foreign exchange and derivative products. Adjustments have
been made to assign externally guaranteed outstandings to the country of the
guarantor and outstandings for which tangible, liquid collateral is held outside
of the obligor's country to the country in which the collateral is held. For
securities received as collateral, outstandings are assigned to the domicile of
the issuer of the securities.
Investments in and funding of local franchises represents the excess of local
country assets over local country liabilities, as defined by the FFIEC. Local
country assets are claims on local residents recorded by branches and
majority-owned subsidiaries of Citicorp domiciled in the country, adjusted for
externally guaranteed outstandings and certain collateral. Local country
liabilities are obligations of branches and majority-owned subsidiaries of
Citicorp domiciled in the country for which no cross-border guarantee is issued
by Citicorp offices outside the country.
Effective January 1, 1997, the FFIEC revised its cross-border reporting
guidelines. The effect of applying the FFIEC's revised guidelines to Citicorp's
previously reported December 31, 1996 balances is a reduction of cross-border
claims on third parties of $7.1 billion, and a reduction of investments in and
funding of local franchises of $8.6 billion.
The FFIEC's revised guidelines expand the scope of financial instruments that
are reported, change the reporting of some local country assets, and increase
the amount of local country liabilities that are applied to reduce reported
exposure. Specifically, net revaluation gains on derivative and foreign exchange
products are now included in the data. Local country assets that are denominated
in non-local currencies have been removed from cross-border claims on third
parties and are now included in investments in and funding of local franchises.
Local country obligations denominated in non-local currencies are now included
in the amount of local country liabilities that are applied to reduce reported
investments in and funding of local franchises.
52
Citicorp Cross-Border Outstandings and Commitments
1997 1996(1)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------
Cross-Border Claims on Third Parties
----------------------------------------
Trading Investments in
In Billions and Short- and Funding of Total Total
of Dollars ------------------------------ Term Local Cross-Border Cross-Border
at Year-End Banks Public Private Total Claims(2) Franchises Outstandings Commitments(3) Outstandings Commitments(3)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Germany $ 1.5 $ 0.5 $ 0.4 $ 2.4 $ 2.3 $ 2.3 $ 4.7(4) $ 1.7 $ 2.3(5) $ 1.4
United Kingdom 1.5 0.5 2.5 4.5 3.3 - 4.5(4) 7.8 4.0(4) 6.7
Italy 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.8 2.5 3.4(4) 0.5 2.0 0.3
Japan 2.4 0.2 0.6 3.2 2.8 - 3.2(4) 1.1 2.1(5) 1.0
France 1.5 0.7 0.7 2.9 2.7 0.2 3.1(4) 0.6 1.5 0.9
Switzerland 1.2 - 1.5 2.7 2.5 - 2.7(5) 1.1 2.5(5) 1.2
Spain 0.3 - 0.2 0.5 0.4 1.8 2.3(5) 0.4 1.0 0.1
Netherlands 0.7 0.3 0.9 1.9 1.5 0.3 2.2 0.8 1.3 0.5
Canada 0.8 0.1 0.4 1.3 1.1 0.3 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.4
Sweden 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.1 1.1 0.7 0.9 0.7
Belgium 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.8 - 0.9 0.2 1.2 0.7
Finland 0.3 - 0.4 0.7 0.5 - 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4
Other (21 0.9 0.4 1.8 3.1 2.3 0.9 4.0 1.6 4.5 1.9
countries)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Europe, Canada,
and Japan 12.5 3.2 10.3 26.0 22.0 8.4 34.4 18.7 25.2 17.2
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brazil 0.4 1.4 1.2 3.0 1.3 1.4 4.4(4) 0.1 4.9(4) 0.2
Mexico - 2.0 0.6 2.6 1.0 0.4 3.0(5) 0.6 2.9(4) 0.1
Argentina 0.2 0.1 1.0 1.3 0.6 0.9 2.2 0.1 1.4 0.2
Chile - 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.4 1.0 - 1.4 0.1
Venezuela 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.1 1.0 - 0.9 -
Colombia 0.2 - 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.1 1.0 0.2
Peru - 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1
Uruguay - 0.3 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.3 - 0.3 -
Other (20 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.2 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.4
countries)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Latin America 1.1 5.0 4.2 10.3 4.4 4.0 14.3 1.6 13.8 1.3
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
South Korea 0.5 0.2 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.1 2.6(5) 0.2 1.9 0.5
Saudi Arabia 0.7 - 0.1 0.8 0.4 - 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.2
Malaysia 0.1 - 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.9 0.1
Hong Kong 0.4 - 0.3 0.7 0.6 - 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3
Indonesia 0.1 - 0.5 0.6 0.4 - 0.6 0.2 0.9 0.3
China 0.1 - 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3
Singapore 0.2 - 0.3 0.5 0.3 - 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.4
Taiwan - - 0.4 0.4 0.4 - 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5
Thailand 0.1 - 0.2 0.3 0.3 - 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.3
Bahrain 0.2 0.1 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.3 0.1 0.2 -
Kuwait 0.2 - - 0.2 0.2 - 0.2 - 0.2 0.1
India 0.1 - 0.1 0.2 0.1 - 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4
Pakistan - 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 - 0.4 -
Philippines - - 0.2 0.2 0.1 - 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3
Other (11 0.1 - 0.2 0.3 - - 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.4
countries)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asia/ Middle East 2.8 0.4 3.4 6.6 5.1 2.0 8.6 3.3 9.0 4.1
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Australia 0.5 - 0.2 0.7 0.6 - 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.1
New Zealand 0.1 - - 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.7 - 0.4 -
All Other - 1.0 0.2 1.2 1.1 0.3 1.5 0.4 1.0 0.4
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Other 0.6 1.0 0.4 2.0 1.8 0.9 2.9 0.8 2.2 0.5
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Citicorp $17.0 $9.6 $18.3 $44.9 $33.3 $15.3 $60.2 $24.4 $50.2 $23.1
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Restated to conform to the FFIEC's current cross-border reporting
guidelines.
(2) Included in total cross-border claims on third parties.
(3) Commitments (not included in total cross-border outstandings) include
legally binding cross-border letters of credit and loan commitments.
(4) Total cross-border outstandings were in excess of 1.0% of Citicorp's
total assets as of the respective year-end. At December 31, 1995, based
on the FFIEC's cross-border reporting guidelines in effect at that
date, countries with total cross-border outstandings exceeding 1.0% of
Citicorp's total assets were:
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Billions of Total
Dollars Cross-Border
at Year-End Outstandings Commitments(3)
-----------------------------------------------------
United Kingdom $7.6 $5.8
Brazil 5.1 -
Japan 3.6 0.9
Argentina 2.9 -
Mexico 2.9 -
Germany 2.7 1.2
-----------------------------------------------------
(5) Total cross-border outstandings were between 0.75% and 1.0% of
Citicorp's total assets as of the respective year-end. At December 31,
1995, based on the FFIEC's cross-border reporting guidelines in effect
at that date, countries with total cross-border outstandings between
0.75% and 1.0% of Citicorp's total assets were:
In Billions of Total
Dollars Cross-Border
at Year-End Outstandings Commitments(3)
-----------------------------------------------------
Singapore $2.5 $0.3
Australia 2.4 0.3
South Korea 2.1 0.5
-----------------------------------------------------
53
Details of Citicorp's investments in and funding of local franchises for
selected Asian countries in the table on page 53 at December 31, 1997 were as
follows:
Local Country Assets Local Country Liabilities
------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
Gross Gross
Unrealized Unrealized
Gains on Losses on Investments
Derivative Derivative and All Other in and
In Billions and Foreign All Local Foreign Local Funding of
of Dollars Consumer Commercial Exchange Other Country Exchange Country Local
at Year-End Loans Loans Contracts Assets(1) Adjustments(2) Assets Contracts Liabilities(3) Franchises
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
South Korea $0.8 $1.0 $1.2 $1.9 ($0.4) $4.5 $1.0 $2.4 $1.1
Indonesia 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.0 (0.1) 2.0 0.5 1.7 -
Thailand 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.8 (0.4) 2.7 0.5 2.5 -
Philippines 0.3 0.9 0.1 1.3 (0.4) 2.2 0.1 2.1 -
Malaysia 1.3 0.8 0.2 1.4 (0.3) 3.4 0.1 2.9 0.4
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes deposits at interest with banks, securities, customers'
acceptance liabilities, and other monetary assets.
(2) Adjustments include externally guaranteed outstandings, locally booked
claims on nonresidents, and certain other claims as defined by the
FFIEC.
(3) Primarily deposits, purchased funds and other borrowings, and
acceptances outstanding.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
On January 28, 1998, an agreement in principle was reached between the Republic
of Korea and a group of international banks (including Citicorp) on a plan to
extend the maturities of short-term credits to the Korean banking system. Under
the plan, Korean banks will offer to exchange their short-term, non-trade
credits for new loans with maturities of one-, two-, or three- years, guaranteed
by the Republic of Korea, and bearing a floating rate of interest at rates of
2.25%, 2.50%, and 2.75%, respectively, over the six-month London Interbank
Offering Rate (LIBOR). The agreement was signed on March 31, 1998, and the
exchange was completed on April 8, 1998.
Under the plan, Citicorp exchanged $398 million of short-term loans to Korean
banks for new loans with maturities of one, two, and three years.
RISK MANAGEMENT AT SALOMON SMITH BARNEY
Effective management of the risks inherent in Salomon Smith Barney's businesses
is critical. The following section discusses certain of the risks inherent in
Salomon Smith Barney's businesses, procedures in place to manage such risks, and
initiatives underway to continue to enhance Salomon Smith Barney's management of
risk.
MARKET RISK AT SALOMON SMITH BARNEY
Market risk represents the potential loss Salomon Smith Barney may incur as a
result of absolute and relative price movements in financial instruments,
commodities and contractual commitments, due to price volatility, changes in
yield curves, currency fluctuations and changes in market liquidity. Salomon
Smith Barney manages aggregate market risk across both on- and off-balance sheet
products and therefore separate discussion of market risk for individual
products, including derivatives, is not meaningful. The distinguishing risks
relative to derivatives are credit risk and funding (liquidity) risk, which is
roughly equivalent to the risk of margin calls. Each type of risk can be
increased or decreased by market movements. See "Risk Management - Credit Risk -
Credit Exposure from Derivative Activities."
Within Salomon Smith Barney's trading businesses, sound management of market
risk has always been a critical consideration. The sections that follow discuss
organizational elements of market risk management, as well as specific risk
management tools and techniques. Salomon Smith Barney has sought to
institutionalize these elements across all its businesses. Efforts to further
strengthen Salomon Smith Barney's management of market risk are ongoing and the
enhancement of risk management systems and reporting, including the development
and utilization of quantitative tools, is of major importance. Nevertheless, the
basis for strong risk management is the expertise and judgment of Salomon Smith
Barney's trading professionals and senior management, and open lines of
communication.
Salomon Smith Barney's Risk Management Control Framework
Salomon Smith Barney's risk management control framework is based upon the
ongoing participation of senior management, business unit managers and the
coordinated efforts of various support units throughout the firm.
Salomon Smith Barney's risk management capabilities meet or exceed the risk
management requirements of the major regulatory and reporting bodies. These
requirements include the establishment of appropriate market and credit risk
54
controls, policies and procedures; appropriate senior management risk oversight
with thorough risk analysis and reporting; and independent risk management with
capabilities to evaluate and monitor risk limits.
Valuation and Control of Trading Inventory
With regard to Salomon Smith Barney's trading inventory (financial instruments,
commodities and contractual commitments), the Chairmen and Co-Chief Executive
Officers determine the appropriate risk profile of Salomon Smith Barney with
assistance from the other members of the Risk Management Committee. This
committee also includes senior business managers, the Chief Financial Officer,
the Chief Risk Officer and the Global Risk Manager and reviews and recommends
appropriate levels of risk, reviews risk capital allocations, balance sheet and
regulatory capital usage by business units and recommends overall risk policies
and controls. Lastly, an independent Global Risk Management Group provides
technical and quantitative analysis of the market risk associated with inventory
to the Chairmen and Co-Chief Executive Officers and members of the Risk
Management Committee on a frequent basis.
Trading inventory is necessary for an active market-maker, but can be a major
source of liquidity risk. Monitoring Salomon Smith Barney's trading inventory
levels and composition and oversight for pricing is the responsibility of the
Global Risk Management Group and various support units, which monitor trading
inventory on a position by position level, and employ specific risk models to
track inventory exposure in credit markets, emerging markets and the mortgage
market. Salomon Smith Barney also provides for liquidity risk by imposing
markdowns as the age of the inventory increases. Inventory event risk, both for
issuer credit and emerging markets, is analyzed with the involvement of senior
traders, economists and credit department personnel. Market scenarios for the
major emerging markets are maintained and updated to reflect the event risk for
the emerging market inventory. In addition, Salomon Smith Barney, as a dealer of
securities in the global capital markets, has risk to issuers of fixed income
securities for the timely payment of principal and interest. Principal risk is
reviewed by the Global Risk Management Group, which identifies and reports major
risks undertaken by the trading businesses. The Credit Department combines
principal risk positions with credit risks resulting from market and delivery
risk to review aggregate exposures by counterparty, industry and country.
Risk Limits
Salomon Smith Barney's trading businesses have implemented business unit limits
on exposure to risk factors. These limits, which are intended to enforce the
discipline of communicating and gaining approval for higher risk positions, are
periodically reviewed by the Global Risk Management Group. Business units may
not exceed risk limits without the approval of the appropriate member of the
Risk Management Committee.
Theoretical Revenue Reconciliation
The trading units of Salomon Smith Barney, the Global Risk Management Group and
various support units perform periodic revenue reconciliations, comparing actual
revenues with the revenue outcome that would have been expected based on risk
factor exposures. A discrepancy between the expected revenue impact for a given
market event and the actual revenues may indicate an unexplained dimension of
market risk. Comparing the two thus provides a fundamental check that risk
management is capturing all the material market risk factors and that the
sources of trading risk and trading revenue are consistent with the realized
revenue.
Tools for Risk Management and Reporting
Salomon Smith Barney's market risk measurement begins with the identification of
relevant market risk factors. These core risk factors vary from market to
market, and region to region. Risk factors are used in three types of analysis:
stress analysis, scenario analysis and value-at-risk analysis.
Stress Analysis
Salomon Smith Barney performs stress analysis by repricing inventory positions
for specified upward and downward moves in risk factors, and computing the
revenue implications of these repricings. Stress analysis is a useful tool for
55
identifying exposures that appear to be relatively small in the current
environment but grow more than proportionately with changes in risk factors.
Such risk is typical of a number of derivative instruments, including options
sold, many mortgage derivatives and a number of structured products. Stress
analysis provides for the measurement of the potential impact of extremely large
moves in risk factors, which, though infrequent, can be expected to occur from
time to time.
Scenario Analysis
Scenario analysis is a tool that generates forward-looking "what-if" simulations
for specified changes in market factors. For example, a scenario analysis could
simulate the impact of a dramatic tightening of interest rates by the Federal
Reserve Board. The revenue implications of the specified scenario are quantified
not only for Salomon Smith Barney as a whole, but on a business unit basis and
on a geographic basis. The risk management system keeps track of many scenarios
developed by members of the Global Risk Management Group and by Salomon Smith
Barney's economists and strategists.
Value at Risk
Value at risk (VAR) is a statistical tool for measuring the variability of
trading revenue. The VAR reported reflects a potential range of revenue loss,
over a one-day period, at the "95% confidence level." This level implies that on
95 trading days out of 100, the mark-to-market of the portfolio will likely
result in either (1) an increase in revenue, or (2) a decrease from average
revenue that is less than the VAR estimate; and that on 5 trading days out of
100, a decrease from average revenue that will likely exceed the VAR estimate.
Value at risk is calculated by performing simulation analysis of the
volatilities and correlations of key underlying market risk factors (e.g.,
interest rates, interest rate spreads, equity prices, foreign exchange rates,
commodity prices, option volatilities) to estimate the range of possible changes
in the market value of Salomon Smith Barney's market risk sensitive financial
instruments.
Measuring market risk using statistical risk management models has recently
become the main focus of risk management efforts by many companies whose
earnings are exposed to changes in the fair value of financial instruments.
Management believes that statistical models alone do not provide a reliable
method of monitoring and controlling risk. While VAR models are relatively
sophisticated, they are of limited value for internal risk management in that
they do not give any indication of which individual exposures are problematic or
which of the many risk simulations are particularly worrisome. Therefore, such
models do not substitute for the experience or judgment of senior management and
the Global Risk Management Group, who have extensive knowledge of the markets
and revise strategies as they deem necessary. These models are used by Salomon
Smith Barney only as a supplement to other risk management tools.
Salomon Smith Barney engages in long-term trading activities. The horizon of
these trading activities can vary and is often in excess of a fiscal quarter.
Therefore, daily VAR is of limited use in measuring the true risk over longer
horizons. For long-term strategies that have convergence or mean-reverting
characteristics, the daily VAR will overestimate the risk that these strategies
will have over a longer horizon. Salomon Smith Barney believes that this feature
of the trading horizon makes comparisons of VAR across different firms
problematic.
The following table shows the results of Salomon Smith Barney's VAR analysis,
which includes substantially all of its financial assets and liabilities,
including all financial instruments and commodities owned and sold, contractual
commitments, repurchase and resale agreements, and related funding at December
31, 1997:
In Millions of Dollars
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Interest rate $41
Equities $ 8
Commodities $ 8
Currency $ 9
All financial assets and liabilities $44
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
56
The quantification of market risk using VAR analysis requires a number of key
assumptions. In calculating the above market risk amounts, Salomon Smith Barney
used a 95% confidence level and a one day interval. The standard deviations and
correlation assumptions are based on historical data and reflect a horizon of
one year or more and no more than five years. Over 100 risk factors are used in
the simulations. VAR reflects the risk profile of Salomon Smith Barney at
December 31, 1997 and is not a predictor of future results.
The following describes the components of market risk:
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk arises from the possibility that changes in interest rates
will affect the value of financial instruments. In connection with Salomon Smith
Barney's dealer and arbitrage activities, including market-making in OTC
derivative contracts, Salomon Smith Barney is exposed to interest rate risk
arising from changes in the level or volatility of interest rates, mortgage
prepayment speeds or the shape and slope of the yield curve. Salomon Smith
Barney's corporate bond activities expose it to the risk of loss related to
changes in credit spreads. When appropriate, Salomon Smith Barney attempts to
hedge its exposure to interest rate risk by entering into transactions such as
interest rate swaps, options, U.S. and non-U.S. government securities and
futures and forwards contracts designed to mitigate such exposure.
Equity Price Risk
Salomon Smith Barney is exposed to equity price risk as a consequence of making
markets in equity securities and equity derivatives. Equity price risk results
from changes in the level or volatility of equity prices, which affect the value
of equity securities, or instruments that derive their value from a particular
stock, a basket of stock or a stock index. Salomon Smith Barney attempts to
reduce the risk of loss inherent in its inventory in equity securities by
entering into hedging transactions, including equity options, designed to
mitigate its market risk profile.
Commodity Price Risk
Commodity price risk results from the possibility that the price of the
underlying commodity may rise or fall. Cash flows from commodity contracts are
based on the difference between an agreed-upon fixed price and a price that
varies with changes in a specified commodity price or index. Commodity contracts
principally relate to energy, precious metals and base metals.
Currency Risk
Currency risk arises from the possibility that changes in foreign exchange rates
will impact the value of financial instruments. When Salomon Smith Barney buys
or sells a foreign currency or financial instrument denominated in a currency
other than U.S. dollars, exposure exists from a net open currency position.
Until the position is covered by selling or buying an equivalent amount of the
same currency or by entering into a financing arrangement denominated in the
same currency, Salomon Smith Barney is exposed to a risk that the exchange rate
may move against it.
The following is a discussion of derivatives and risk management as they relate
to the operations of Salomon Smith Barney.
Derivative Instruments at Salomon Smith Barney
Derivatives are an integral element of the world's financial and commodity
markets. Globalization of economic activity has brought more market participants
in contact with foreign exchange and interest rate risk at a time when market
volatility has increased. Salomon Smith Barney has developed many techniques
using derivatives to enhance the efficiency of capital and trading risk
management.
57
Derivative Instruments -- Overview
Derivative instruments are contractual commitments or payment exchange
agreements between counterparties that "derive" their value from some underlying
asset, index, interest rate or exchange rate. The markets for these instruments
have grown tremendously over the past decade. A vast increase in the types of
derivative users and their motivations in using these products has resulted in
an expansion of geographic coverage, transaction volume and liquidity, and the
number of underlying products and instruments.
Derivatives have been used quite successfully by multinational corporations to
hedge foreign currency exposure, by financial institutions to manage gaps in
maturities between assets and liabilities, by investment companies to reduce
transaction costs and take positions in foreign markets without assuming
currency risk, and by non-financial companies to fix the prices of inputs into
the manufacturing process or prices of the products they sell. Derivatives are
also used by investors when, considering such factors as taxes, regulations,
capital, and liquidity, they provide the most efficient means of taking a
desired market position. These are just a few of the business objectives for
which derivatives are used. The list of objectives is large and continues to
grow rapidly.
Derivatives are accounted for and settled differently than cash instruments and
their use requires special management oversight. Such oversight should ensure
that management understands the transactions to which it commits the firm and
that the transactions are executed in accordance with sensible corporate risk
policies and procedures.
Derivatives activities, like Salomon Smith Barney's other ongoing business
activities, give rise to market, credit, and operational risks. Market risk
represents the risk of loss from adverse market price movements. While market
risk relating to derivatives is clearly an important consideration for
intermediaries such as Salomon Smith Barney, such risk represents only a
component of overall market risk, which arises from activities in non-derivative
instruments as well. Consequently, the scope of Salomon Smith Barney's market
risk management procedures extends beyond derivatives to include all financial
instruments and commodities. Credit risk is the loss that Salomon Smith Barney
would incur if counterparties failed to perform pursuant to their contractual
obligations. While credit risk is not a principal consideration with respect to
exchange-traded instruments, it is a major factor with respect to
non-exchange-traded OTC instruments. Whenever possible, Salomon Smith Barney
uses industry master netting agreements to reduce aggregate credit exposure.
Swap and foreign exchange agreements are documented utilizing counterparty
master netting agreements supplemented by trade confirmations. Over the past
several years, Salomon Smith Barney has enhanced the funding and risk management
of its derivatives activities through the increased use of bilateral security
agreements. Salomon Smith Barney, in particular, has been an industry leader in
promoting the use of this risk reduction technique. Based on notional amounts,
at each of December 31, 1997 and 1996, approximately 80% of Salomon Smith
Barney's swap portfolio was subject to the bilateral exchange of collateral.
This initiative, combined with the success of Salomon Swapco Inc, Salomon Smith
Barney's triple-A rated derivatives subsidiary, has greatly strengthened the
liquidity profile of Salomon Smith Barney's derivative trading activities. See
"Risk Management" for discussions of Salomon Smith Barney's management of
market, credit, and operational risks.
Nature and Terms of Derivative Instruments
Salomon Smith Barney and its subsidiaries enter into various bilateral financial
contracts involving future settlement, which are based upon a predetermined
principal or par value (referred to as the "notional" amount). Such instruments
include swaps, swap options, caps and floors, futures contracts, forward
purchase and sale agreements, option contracts and warrants. Transactions are
conducted either through organized exchanges or OTC.
Salomon Smith Barney's Use of Derivative Instruments
Salomon Smith Barney's use of derivatives can be broadly classified between
trading and non-trading activities. The vast majority of Salomon Smith Barney's
derivatives use is in its trading activities, which include market-making
activities for customers and the execution of proprietary trading strategies.
Salomon Smith Barney's derivative counterparties consist primarily of other
major derivative dealers, financial institutions, insurance companies, pension
funds and investment companies, and other corporations. The scope of permitted
derivatives activities both for trading and non-trading purposes for each of
Salomon Smith Barney's businesses is defined by senior management.
58
Trading Activities
A fundamental activity of Salomon Smith Barney is to provide market liquidity to
its customers across a broad range of financial instruments, including
derivatives. Salomon Smith Barney also seeks to generate returns by executing
proprietary trading strategies, which are generally longer term in nature. By
their very nature, trading activities represent the assumption of risk. However,
trading positions are constructed in a manner that seeks to define and limit
risk taking only to those risks that Salomon Smith Barney intends to assume. The
most significant derivatives-related activity conducted by Salomon Smith Barney
is in fixed-income derivatives, which includes interest rate swaps, financial
futures, swap options, and caps and floors. Other derivative transactions, such
as currency swaps, forwards and options as well as derivatives linked to
equities, are also regularly executed by Salomon Smith Barney. Salomon Smith
Barney generally earns a spread from market-making transactions involving
derivatives, as it generally does from its market-making activities for
non-derivative transactions. Salomon Smith Barney also utilizes derivatives to
manage the market risk inherent in the securities inventories and derivative
portfolios it maintains for market-making purposes as well as its "book" of swap
agreements and related transactions with customers. Salomon Smith Barney
conducts its commodities dealer activities in organized futures exchanges as
well as in OTC forward markets. Salomon Smith Barney executes transactions
involving commodities options, forwards and swaps, much in the same manner as it
does in the financial markets.
Non-Trading Activities
Salomon Smith Barney also makes use of financial derivatives for non-trading, or
end user, purposes. As an end user, these instruments provide Salomon Smith
Barney with added flexibility in the management of its capital and funding
costs. Interest rate swaps are utilized to effectively convert the majority of
Salomon Smith Barney's fixed-rate term debt and a portion of its short-term
borrowings to variable-rate obligations. Cross-currency swaps and forward
currency contracts are utilized to effectively convert a portion of its non-U.S.
dollar-denominated term debt to U.S. dollar-denominated obligations and to
minimize the variability in equity otherwise attributable to exchange rate
movements.
CREDIT RISK
Credit risk represents the loss Salomon Smith Barney could incur if an issuer or
counterparty is unable or unwilling to perform on its commitments, including the
timely payment of principal and interest or settlement of swap and foreign
exchange transactions, repurchase agreements, securities purchases and sales,
and other contractual obligations. Salomon Smith Barney's credit risk management
process considers the many factors that influence the probability of a potential
loss, including, but not limited to, the issuer's or counterparty's financial
profile, its business prospects and reputation, the specific terms and duration
of the transactions, the exposure of the transactions to market risk,
macroeconomic developments and sovereign risk.
Origin of Credit Risk
In the normal course of its operations, Salomon Smith Barney and its
subsidiaries enter into various transactions that give rise to credit risk.
Credit risk is generally attributable to one or more of the following risks:
market, delivery and default of principal. Market and delivery risks create
credit risk with respect to transactions with counterparties. Default of
principal risk is the risk of nonpayment of the principal and interest of a
security.
The components of market risk such as absolute and relative price movements,
price volatility, changes in yield curves, currency fluctuations and changes in
market liquidity result in credit risk even where the right of offset exists
when a counterparty's obligation to Salomon Smith Barney exceeds the obligation
of Salomon Smith Barney to the counterparty. Delivery risk arises from the
requirement, in certain circumstances, to release cash or securities before
receiving payment. For both market and delivery risk, the Credit Department sets
credit limits or requires specific approvals that anticipate the potential
exposure of transactions.
59
Credit Risk Management at Salomon Smith Barney
The Chief Credit Officer, who is independent of any revenue-generating function,
manages the Credit Department, whose professionals assess, approve, monitor, and
coordinate the extension of credit on a global basis. In considering such risk,
the department evaluates the risk/return trade-offs as well as current and
potential credit exposures to a counterparty or to groups of counterparties that
are related because of industry, geographic, or economic characteristics. The
department also has established various credit policies and control procedures
used singularly or in combination, depending upon the circumstances.
Credit Risk Management of Commodities-Related Transactions
Phibro Inc.'s credit department determines the credit limits for counterparties
in its commodities-related activities. Exposure reports, which contain detailed
information about cash flows with customers, goods in transit and forward
mark-to-market positions, are reviewed daily.
Credit Exposure from Derivatives Activities
The following table summarizes Salomon Smith Barney's credit exposure, net of
cash and securities collateral for swap agreements, swap options and caps and
floors and foreign exchange contracts and options at December 31, 1997. These
numbers do not present potential credit exposure that may result from factors
that influence market risk or from the passage of time. Severe changes in market
factors may cause credit exposure to increase suddenly and dramatically. Swap
agreements, swap options, caps and floors include transactions with both short-
and long-term periods of commitment.
Transactions with Over
In Billions of Dollars All Transactions 3 Years to Maturity 1997 Average
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Swaps, swap options, caps and floors (1):
Risk classes 1 and 2 $1.5 $1.1 $1.1
Risk class 3 1.5 0.8 1.2
Risk classes 4 and 5 1.0 0.5 0.8
Risk classes 6, 7 and 8 0.1 0.1 0.1
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$4.1 $2.5 $3.2
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foreign exchange contracts and options (1):
Risk classes 1 and 2 $0.7 - $0.7
Risk class 3 0.7 - 0.6
Risk classes 4 and 5 0.2 - 0.2
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$1.6 - $1.5
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) To monitor credit risk, Salomon Smith Barney utilizes a series of eight
internal designations of counterparty credit quality. These
designations are analogous to external credit ratings whereby risk
classes one through three are high quality investment grades. Risk
classes four and five include counterparties ranging from the lowest
investment grade to the highest non-investment grade. Risk classes six,
seven and eight represent higher risk counterparties.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
With respect to sovereign risk related to derivatives, credit exposure at
December 31, 1997 was primarily to counterparties in the U.S. ($2.9 billion),
Germany ($0.6 billion), Great Britain ($0.5 billion), Italy ($0.4 billion),
Japan ($0.3 billion) and France ($0.3 billion).
OPERATIONAL RISK AT SALOMON SMITH BARNEY
As a major intermediary in financial and commodities markets, Salomon Smith
Barney is directly exposed to market risk and credit risk, which arise in the
normal course of its business activities. Slightly less direct, but of critical
importance, are risks pertaining to operational and back office support. This is
particularly the case in a rapidly changing and increasingly global environment
with increasing transaction volumes and an expansion in the number and
complexity of products in the marketplace. Such risks include:
60
- Operational/Settlement Risk - the risk of financial and opportunity
loss and legal liability attributable to operational problems, such as
inaccurate pricing of transactions, untimely trade execution, clearance
and/or settlement, or the inability to process large volumes of
transactions. Salomon Smith Barney is subject to increased risks with
respect to its trading activities in emerging market securities, where
clearance, settlement, and custodial risks are often greater than in
more established markets.
- Technological Risk - the risk of loss attributable to technological
limitations or hardware failure that constrain Salomon Smith Barney's
ability to gather, process, and communicate information efficiently and
securely, without interruption, with customers, among units within
Salomon Smith Barney, and in the markets where Salomon Smith Barney
participates. In addition, Salomon Smith Barney must enhance its
systems to process dates starting with the year 2000 and to address the
technological implications that will result from regulatory and market
changes, such as Europe's Economic and Monetary Union.
- Legal/Documentation Risk - the risk of loss attributable to
deficiencies in the documentation of transactions (such as trade
confirmations) and customer relationships (such as master netting
agreements) or errors that result in noncompliance with applicable
legal and regulatory requirements.
- Financial Control Risk - the risk of loss attributable to limitations
in financial systems and controls. Strong financial systems and
controls ensure that assets are safeguarded, that transactions are
executed in accordance with management's authorization, and that
financial information utilized by management and communicated to
external parties, including Salomon Smith Barney's stockholder,
creditors, and regulators, is free of material errors.
As the above risks are largely interrelated, so are Salomon Smith Barney's
actions to mitigate and manage them. Salomon Smith Barney's Chief Administrative
Officer is responsible for, among other things, oversight of global operations
and technology. An essential element in mitigating the risks noted above is the
optimization of information technology and the ability to manage and implement
change. To be an effective competitor in an information-driven business of a
global nature requires the development of global systems and databases that
ensure increased and more timely access to reliable data.
For related disclosures see Notes 1, 9, 12 and 21 of Notes to Supplemental
Consolidated Financial Statements.
Market Risk on Other Non-Trading Financial Instruments
The primary market risk related to the Company's non-trading financial
instruments is the risk of loss associated with adverse changes in interest
rates. Excluding Citicorp's non-trading portfolios, which are discussed on pages
49 and 50, the table below reflects the estimated decrease in the fair value of
such financial instruments as a result of a 100 basis point increase in interest
rates, including the effect of derivatives employed in end-user activities:
December 31,
In Millions of Dollars 1997
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assets
Investments $2,636
Net consumer finance receivables 435
Liabilities
Long-term debt 545
Contractholder funds 308
Redeemable preferred securities of subsidiary trusts 115
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A significant portion of the Company's liabilities, e.g. insurance policy and
claims reserves, are not financial instruments and are excluded from the above
sensitivity analysis. Corresponding changes in fair value of these accounts,
based on the present value of estimated cash flows, would materially mitigate
the impact of the net decrease in values implied above. The analysis also
excludes all financial instruments, including long-term debt, identified with
trading activities. The analysis reflects the estimated gross change in value
resulting from a change in interest rates only and is not comparable to the
value at risk analysis employed with respect to trading instruments described in
the investment services segment.
61
Changes in value representing unrealized gains or losses on non-trading
financial instruments are not reflected in earnings.
For additional information regarding the use of and accounting for non-trading
financial instruments, see Notes 1, 5, 10, 12, 17, 21 and 23 of Notes to
Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Citigroup services its obligations primarily with dividends and advances that it
receives from subsidiaries. The subsidiaries' dividend paying abilities are
limited by certain covenant restrictions in credit agreements and/or by
regulatory requirements. Citigroup believes it will have sufficient funds to
meet current and future commitments. Each of Citigroup's major operating
subsidiaries finances its operations on a stand-alone basis consistent with its
capitalization and ratings.
Citigroup Inc. (Citigroup)
Citigroup issues commercial paper directly to investors and maintains unused
credit availability under committed revolving credit agreements at least equal
to the amount of commercial paper outstanding. Citigroup, CCC and TIC have an
agreement with a syndicate of banks to provide $1.0 billion of revolving credit,
to be allocated to any of Citigroup, CCC or TIC. The participation of TIC in
this agreement is limited to $250 million. The revolving credit facility
consists of a five-year revolving credit facility that expires in June 2001. At
December 31, 1997, $500 million was allocated to Citigroup, $450 million was
allocated to CCC, and $50 million to TIC. At December 31, 1997 there were no
borrowings outstanding under this facility. Under this facility the Company is
required to maintain a certain level of consolidated stockholders' equity (as
defined in the agreement). TRV exceeded this requirement by approximately $10.5
billion at December 31, 1997.
As of December 31, 1997, Citigroup had unused credit availability of $500
million under the five-year revolving credit facility. Citigroup may borrow
under its revolving credit facilities at various interest rate options (LIBOR,
CD or base rate) and compensates the banks for the facilities through commitment
fees.
In June 1997, the Company sold in a public offering 8.0 million depositary
shares, each representing one-fifth of a share of 6.365% Cumulative Preferred
Stock, Series F (Series F Preferred Stock), at an offering price of $50 per
depositary share for an aggregate principal amount of $400 million. The Series F
Preferred Stock has cumulative dividends payable quarterly commencing September
1, 1997 and a liquidation preference equivalent to $50 per depositary share plus
accrued and accumulated unpaid dividends. On or after June 16, 2007, the Company
may redeem the Series F Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any time at a
redemption price of $50 per depositary share plus dividends accrued and unpaid
to the redemption date.
In July 1997, the Company sold in a public offering 4.0 million depositary
shares, each representing one-fifth of a share of 6.213% Cumulative Preferred
Stock, Series G (Series G Preferred Stock), at an offering price of $50 per
depositary share for an aggregate principal amount of $200 million. The Series G
Preferred Stock has cumulative dividends payable quarterly commencing September
1, 1997 and a liquidation preference equivalent to $50 per depositary share plus
accrued and accumulated unpaid dividends. On or after July 11, 2007, the Company
may redeem the Series G Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any time at a
redemption price of $50 per depositary share plus dividends accrued and unpaid
to the redemption date.
In September 1997, the Company sold in a public offering 4.0 million depositary
shares, each representing one-fifth of a share of 6.231% Cumulative Preferred
Stock, Series H (Series H Preferred Stock), at an offering price of $50 per
depositary share for an aggregate principal amount of $200 million. The Series H
Preferred Stock has cumulative dividends payable quarterly commencing November
1, 1997 and a liquidation preference equivalent to $50 per depositary share plus
accrued and accumulated unpaid dividends. On or after September 8, 2007, the
Company may redeem the Series H Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any
time at a redemption price of $50 per depositary share plus dividends accrued
and unpaid to the redemption date.
62
In October 1997, the Company sold in a public offering 4.0 million depositary
shares, each representing one-fifth of a share of 5.864% Cumulative Preferred
Stock, Series M (Series M Preferred Stock), at an offering price of $50 per
depositary share for an aggregate principal amount of $200 million. The Series M
Preferred Stock has cumulative dividends payable quarterly commencing November
1, 1997 and a liquidation preference equivalent to $50 per depositary share plus
accrued and accumulated unpaid dividends. On or after October 8, 2007, the
Company may redeem the Series M Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any
time at a redemption price of $50 per depositary share plus dividends accrued
and unpaid to the redemption date.
On October 17, 1997, Berkshire Hathaway, Inc. converted 140,000 shares ($140
million) of cumulative convertible preferred stock of the Company into 6.2
million shares of common stock.
On July 1, 1997 the Company redeemed all of the 7.5 million outstanding shares
(15 million depositary shares) of its 9.25% Preferred Stock, Series D (Series D
Preferred Stock) at $50 per share ($25 per depositary share). The aggregate
amount of Series D Preferred Stock outstanding on the redemption date was $375
million.
On July 28, 1997 the Company redeemed all of the 1.2 million outstanding shares
(12 million depositary shares) of its 8.125% Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series
A (Series A Preferred Stock) at $250 per share ($25 per depositary share) plus
accrued and unpaid dividends to the redemption date. The aggregate amount of
Series A Preferred Stock outstanding on the redemption date was $300 million.
Citigroup is subject to risk-based capital and leverage guidelines issued by the
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB). These guidelines are
used to evaluate capital adequacy and include certain required minimums.
Citigroup's total capital (Tier 1 and Tier 2) amounted to $52.3 billion at
December 31, 1997 representing 11.07% of net risk-adjusted assets. Tier 1
Capital of $39.5 billion at December 31, 1997 represented 8.37% of net
risk-adjusted assets. Citigroup's leverage ratio was 5.64% at December 31, 1997.
Citicorp
Management of liquidity at Citicorp is the responsibility of the Corporate
Treasurer. The Country Corporate Officer and the Country Treasurer ensure that
all funding obligations in each country are met when due. The Country Treasurer
is appointed by the Market Risk Policy Committee upon the recommendation of line
management and Regional Treasurers.
The in-country forum for liquidity issues is the ALCO, which includes senior
executives within each country. The ALCO reviews the current and prospective
funding requirements for all businesses and legal entities within the country,
as well as the capital position and balance sheet. All businesses within the
country are represented on the committee with the focal point being the Country
Treasurer.
Each Country Treasurer must prepare a liquidity plan at least annually that is
approved by the Country Corporate Officer, the Regional Treasurer, and the
Market Risk Policy Committee. The liquidity profile is monitored on an on-going
basis and reported monthly. Limits are established on the extent to which
businesses in a country can take liquidity risk. The size of the limit depends
on the depth of the market, experience level of local management, the stability
of the liabilities, and liquidity of the assets.
Regional Treasurers generally have responsibility for monitoring liquidity risk
across a number of countries within a defined geography. They are also available
for consultation and special approvals, especially in unusual or volatile market
conditions.
Citicorp's assets and liabilities are diversified across many currencies,
geographic areas, and businesses. Particular attention is paid to those
businesses which for tax, sovereign risk, or regulatory reasons cannot be freely
and readily funded in the international markets.
63
A diversity of funding sources, currencies, and maturities is used to gain a
broad access to the investor base. Citicorp's deposits, which represent 64% and
66% of total funding at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively, are broadly
diversified by both geography and customer segments.
Stockholders' equity, which grew $492 million during the year to $21.0 billion
at year-end 1997, continues to be an important component of the overall funding
structure. In addition, long-term debt is issued by Citicorp and its
subsidiaries. Total Citicorp long-term debt outstanding at year-end 1997 was
$19.0 billion, compared with $18.6 billion at year-end 1996. Asset
securitization programs remain an important source of liquidity. Loans
securitized during 1997 included $7.6 billion of U.S. credit cards, $3.2 billion
of U.S. consumer mortgages, and $0.5 billion of non-U.S. consumer loans. As
credit card securitization transactions amortize, newly originated receivables
are recorded on Citicorp's balance sheet and become available for asset
securitization. In 1997, the scheduled amortization of certain credit card
securitization transactions made available $6.0 billion of new receivables. In
addition, $6.5 billion of credit card securitization transactions are scheduled
to amortize during 1998.
Citicorp is a legal entity separate and distinct from Citibank, N.A. and its
other subsidiaries and affiliates. There are various legal limitations on the
extent to which Citicorp's banking subsidiaries may extend credit, pay dividends
or otherwise supply funds to Citicorp. The approval of the Office of the
Comptroller of the Currency is required if total dividends declared by a
national bank in any calendar year exceed net profits (as defined) for that year
combined with its retained net profits for the preceding two years. In addition,
dividends for such a bank may not be paid in excess of the bank's undivided
profits. State-chartered bank subsidiaries are subject to dividend limitations
imposed by applicable state law.
Citicorp's national and state-chartered bank subsidiaries can declare dividends
to their respective parent companies in 1998, without regulatory approval, of
approximately $2.0 billion, adjusted by the effect of their net income (loss)
for 1998 up to the date of any such dividend declaration. In determining whether
and to what extent to pay dividends, each bank subsidiary must also consider the
effect of dividend payments on applicable risk-based capital and leverage ratio
requirements as well as policy statements of the federal regulatory agencies
that indicate that banking organizations should generally pay dividends out of
current operating earnings. Consistent with these considerations, Citicorp
estimates that its bank subsidiaries can distribute dividends to Citicorp of
approximately $1.6 billion of the available $2.0 billion, adjusted by the effect
of their net income (loss) up to the date of any such dividend declaration.
Citicorp also receives dividends from its nonbank subsidiaries. These nonbank
subsidiaries are generally not subject to regulatory restrictions on their
payment of dividends except that the approval of the Office of Thrift
Supervision (OTS) may be required if total dividends declared by a savings
association in any calendar year exceed amounts specified by that agency's
regulations.
Citicorp is subject to risk-based capital guidelines issued by the Board of
Governors of the FRB. These guidelines are used to evaluate capital adequacy
based primarily on the perceived credit risk associated with balance sheet
assets, as well as certain off-balance sheet exposures such as unused loan
commitments, letters of credit, and derivative and foreign exchange contracts.
The risk-based capital guidelines are supplemented by a leverage ratio
requirement.
Citicorp Ratios
At Year-End 1997 1996
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 1 capital 8.27% 8.31%
Total capital (Tier 1 and Tier 2) 12.25 12.15
Leverage(1) 6.95 7.35
Common stockholders' equity 6.15 6.57
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Tier 1 capital divided by adjusted average assets.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Citicorp continued to maintain a strong capital position during 1997. Total
capital (Tier 1 and Tier 2) amounted to $31.0 billion at December 31, 1997,
representing 12.25% of net risk-adjusted assets. This compares with $28.7
billion and 12.15% at December 31, 1996. Tier 1 capital of $20.9 billion at
year-end 1997 represented 8.27% of net risk-adjusted assets, compared with $19.6
billion and 8.31% at year-end 1996. The Tier 1 capital ratio at year-end 1997
was within Citicorp's target range of 8.00% to 8.30%.
64
The excess of Tier 1 capital generated during a period reduced by capital
utilized for business expansion is referred to as "free capital." As shown in
the following table, Citicorp generated $2.2 billion and $3.0 billion of free
capital during 1997 and 1996.
Free Capital
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 1 capital generated:
Net income $3,609 $3,800
Issuances/other (1) 1,073 1,180
Cash dividends declared (1,105) (1,012)
--------------------------------
Total Tier 1 capital generated 3,577 3,968
Capital utilized for growth in net risk-adjusted assets (1,405) (926)
--------------------------------
Free capital generated $2,172 $3,042
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Primarily includes issuance of common stock under various staff
benefits plans and the dividend reinvestment plan. Also includes
issuance of mandatorily redeemable preferred securities of subsidiary
trusts, and the redemption of the $175 million Series 14 Preferred
Stock in 1997.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In order to return this free capital to its shareholders, Citicorp initiated a
common stock repurchase program in June 1995. During 1996 the program was
expanded to a total authorization of $8.5 billion through December 31, 1998.
Citicorp repurchased 47.0 million and 90.3 million equivalent shares of
Citigroup common stock under the program using free capital of $2.3 billion
($47.97 average cost per share) and $3.1 billion ($34.05 average cost per share)
in 1997 and 1996, respectively. Citicorp began both 1997 and 1996 with Tier 1
capital in excess of its target, enabling repurchases to exceed the amount of
free capital generated for each year. Since the program was initiated, Citicorp
repurchased 195.0 million equivalent shares of Citigroup common stock using free
capital of $6.9 billion. The amount of free capital is impacted by a number of
factors including the level of income, issuances, dividends and changes in
risk-adjusted assets. During the second quarter of 1998, Citicorp's stock
repurchase program was suspended, and subsequently terminated immediately prior
to consummation of the Merger with Travelers.
Common stockholders' equity increased a net $0.7 billion during the year to
$19.1 billion at December 31, 1997, representing 6.15% of assets, compared with
6.57% at year-end 1996. The increase in common stockholders' equity during the
year principally reflected net income and the issuance of stock under various
staff benefit plans, partially offset by shares repurchased under the common
stock repurchase program and dividends declared on common and preferred stock.
The decrease in the common stockholders' equity ratio during the year reflected
the above items as well as the increase in total assets.
During 1997, Citicorp redeemed the $175 million Series 14 Preferred Stock and
issued an additional $450 million of mandatorily redeemable preferred securities
of subsidiary trusts (commonly known as "trust preferred securities"). The trust
preferred securities outstanding at December 31, 1997 of $750 million, including
$300 million issued in 1996, qualify as Tier 1 capital. Interest expense on the
trust preferred securities amounted to $58 million in 1997 and less than $1
million in 1996.
During the 1998 first quarter, Citicorp redeemed $303 million of Adjustable Rate
Preferred Stock, Second and Third Series. On June 1, 1998, Citicorp redeemed for
cash all outstanding shares of its 8.00% Noncumulative Preferred Stock, Series
16. On August 15, 1998 and September 1, 1998 the Company redeemed the $62
million of Series 8A and $350 million of Series 17 Preferred Stock,
respectively.
65
Components of Capital Under Regulatory Guidelines
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 1 Capital
Common stockholders' equity $ 19,123 $ 18,456
Perpetual preferred stock 1,903 2,078
Mandatorily redeemable preferred securities of subsidiary trusts 750 300
Minority interest 104 91
Less: Net unrealized gains on securities available for sale (1) (535) (676)
Intangible assets (2) (304) (328)
50% investment in certain subsidiaries (3) (115) (313)
-----------------------------------
Total Tier 1 capital $ 20,926 $ 19,608
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 2 Capital
Allowance for credit losses (4) $ 3,198 $ 2,982
Qualifying debt (5) 6,977 6,405
Less: 50% investment in certain subsidiaries (3) (115) (313)
-----------------------------------
Total Tier 2 capital 10,060 9,074
-----------------------------------
Total capital (Tier 1 and Tier 2) $ 30,986 $ 28,682
-----------------------------------
Net risk-adjusted assets (6) $252,999 $236,073
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Tier 1 capital excludes unrealized gains and losses on securities
available for sale in accordance with regulatory risk-based capital
guidelines.
(2) Includes goodwill and certain other identifiable intangible assets.
(3) For 1997, represents investment in certain overseas insurance
activities. For 1996, primarily includes investment in Citicorp
Securities, Inc. (CSI). During 1997, the FRB eliminated the capital
deduction required for Section 20 subsidiaries, including CSI.
(4) Includable up to 1.25% of risk-adjusted assets. Any excess allowance is
deducted from risk-adjusted assets.
(5) Includes qualifying senior and subordinated debt in an amount not
exceeding 50% of Tier 1 capital, and subordinated capital notes subject
to certain limitations.
(6) Includes risk-weighted credit equivalent amounts net of applicable
bilateral netting agreements of $13.7 billion for interest rate,
commodity and equity derivative contracts and foreign exchange
contracts, as of December 31, 1997, compared with $9.8 billion as of
December 31, 1996. Net risk-adjusted assets also includes the effect of
other off-balance sheet exposures such as unused loan commitments and
letters of credit and reflects deductions for intangible assets and any
excess allowance for credit losses.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Citicorp's subsidiary depository institutions are subject to the risk-based
capital guidelines issued by their respective primary federal bank regulatory
agencies, which are generally similar to the FRB's guidelines. At December 31,
1997 all of Citicorp's subsidiary depository institutions were "well
capitalized" under the federal bank regulatory agencies' definitions.
During 1996, the U.S. bank regulatory agencies issued an amendment to their
risk-based capital guidelines to incorporate a measure for market risk in
foreign exchange and commodity activities and in the trading of debt and equity
instruments. The final rules, which were adopted by Citicorp on January 1, 1998,
did not have a significant impact on Citicorp.
From time to time, the FRB and the Federal Financial Institutions Examination
Council propose amendments to, and issue interpretations of, risk-based capital
guidelines and reporting instructions. Such proposals or interpretations could,
if implemented in the future, affect reported capital ratios and net
risk-adjusted assets.
Commercial Credit Company (CCC)
CCC also issues commercial paper directly to investors and maintains unused
credit availability under committed revolving credit agreements at least equal
to the amount of commercial paper outstanding. As of December 31, 1997, CCC had
unused credit availability of $3.850 billion under five-year revolving credit
facilities (including the $450 million referred to above) and $1.0 billion under
a 364-day facility. CCC may borrow under its revolving credit facilities at
various interest rate options (LIBOR, CD base rate or money market) and
compensates the banks for the facilities through commitment fees.
CCC is limited by covenants in its revolving credit agreements as to the amount
of dividends and advances that may be made to Citigroup or its affiliated
companies. At December 31, 1997, CCC would have been able to remit $567 million
under its most restrictive covenants.
Travelers Property Casualty Corp. (TAP)
TAP also issues commercial paper directly to investors and maintains unused
credit availability under its committed revolving credit agreement at least
equal to the amount of commercial paper outstanding.
66
TAP has a five-year revolving credit facility in the amount of $500 million with
a syndicate of banks that expires in December 2001. TAP may borrow under this
revolving credit facility at various interest rate options (LIBOR or base rate)
and compensates the banks for the facility through commitment fees. Under this
facility TAP is required to maintain a certain level of consolidated
stockholders' equity (as defined in the agreement). At December 31, 1997, this
requirement was exceeded by approximately $3.4 billion. At December 31, 1997,
there were no borrowings outstanding under this facility.
TAP's insurance subsidiaries are subject to various regulatory restrictions that
limit the maximum amount of dividends available to be paid to their parent
without prior approval of insurance regulatory authorities. Dividend payments to
TAP from its insurance subsidiaries are limited to $805 million in 1998 without
prior approval of the Connecticut Insurance Department.
Salomon Smith Barney Holdings Inc. (Salomon Smith Barney)
Salomon Smith Barney's total assets were $277 billion at December 31, 1997, up
from $246 billion at year-end 1996. Due to the nature of Salomon Smith Barney's
trading activities, including its matched book activities, it is not uncommon
for asset levels to fluctuate from period to period. A "matched book"
transaction involves a security purchased under an agreement to resell (i.e.,
reverse repurchase transaction) and simultaneously sold under an agreement to
repurchase (i.e., repurchase transaction). Salomon Smith Barney's balance sheet
is highly liquid, with the vast majority of its assets consisting of marketable
securities and collateralized short-term financing agreements arising from
securities transactions. The highly liquid nature of these assets provides
Salomon Smith Barney with flexibility in financing and managing its business.
Salomon Smith Barney monitors and evaluates the adequacy of its capital and
borrowing base on a daily basis in order to allow for flexibility in its
funding, to maintain liquidity, and to ensure that its capital base supports the
regulatory capital requirements of its subsidiaries.
Salomon Smith Barney funds its operations through the use of secured and
unsecured short-term borrowings, long-term borrowings and TruPS(R). Secured
short-term financing, including repurchase agreements and secured loans, is
Salomon Smith Barney's principal funding source. Such borrowings totaled $120.3
billion at December 31, 1997. Unsecured short-term borrowings provide a source
of short-term liquidity and are also utilized as an alternative to secured
financing when they represent a cheaper funding source. Sources of short-term
unsecured borrowings include commercial paper, unsecured bank borrowings and
letters of credit, deposit liabilities, promissory notes and corporate loans.
Short-term unsecured borrowing totaled $10.7 billion at December 31, 1997.
At December 31, 1997 Salomon Smith Barney had a $1.250 billion revolving credit
agreement with a bank syndicate that extended through May 2000, and a $750
million, 364-day revolving credit agreement that extended through May 1998.
Salomon Smith Barney may borrow under its revolving credit facilities at various
interest rate options (LIBOR, CD or base rate) and compensates the banks for the
facilities through commitment fees. Under these facilities Salomon Smith Barney
was required to maintain a certain level of consolidated adjusted net worth (as
defined in the agreement). At December 31, 1997, this requirement was exceeded
by approximately $2.6 billion. At December 31, 1997, there were no borrowings
outstanding under either facility.
At December 31, 1997, Phibro Inc. had committed uncollateralized revolving lines
of credit totaling $550 million. In addition, Salomon Brothers Inc (SBI), a
wholly owned subsidiary of Salomon Smith Barney, had a $2.1 billion committed
secured standby bank credit facility for financing securities positions, which
enables it to borrow on a secured basis using a variety of financial instruments
as collateral. Salomon Brothers International Limited (SBIL), a wholly owned
subsidiary of Salomon Smith Barney, had a committed securities repurchase
facility in the amount of $1 billion. At December 31, 1997 there were no
outstanding borrowings under these facilities. Salomon Smith Barney also has
substantial borrowing arrangements consisting of facilities that it has been
advised are available, but where no contractual lending obligation exists. These
arrangements are reviewed on an ongoing basis to ensure flexibility in meeting
short-term requirements.
During the first quarter of 1998, the Phibro Inc. facility was terminated and
during the second quarter of 1998, Salomon Smith Barney terminated the
facilities for SBI and SBIL and amended its revolving credit facilities to
increase the amount available under its committed uncollateralized revolving
lines of credit to $5.0 billion, comprised of a $1.5 billion three-year facility
which expires May 2001 and a $3.5 billion 364-day revolving credit facility that
extends through May 1999.
67
Unsecured term debt is a significant component of Salomon Smith Barney's
long-term capital. Long-term debt totaled $19.1 billion at December 31, 1997,
compared with $15.7 billion at December 31, 1996. Salomon Smith Barney utilizes
interest rate swaps to convert the majority of its fixed rate long-term debt
used to fund inventory-related working capital requirements into variable rate
obligations. Long-term debt issuances denominated in currencies other than the
U.S. dollar that are not used to finance assets in the same currency are
effectively converted to U.S. dollar obligations through the use of
cross-currency swaps and forward currency contracts. The average remaining
maturity of Salomon Smith Barney's long-term debt was 3.7 years at December 31,
1997 and 3.6 years at December 31, 1996. See Note 12 of Notes to Supplemental
Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding debt and
an analysis of the impact of interest rate swaps on debt.
Salomon Smith Barney's borrowing relationships are with a broad range of banks,
financial institutions and other firms from which it draws funds. The volume of
borrowings generally fluctuates in response to changes in the level of financial
instruments, commodities and contractual commitments, customer balances, the
amount of reverse repurchase transactions outstanding and securities borrowed
transactions. As Salomon Smith Barney's activities increase, borrowings
generally increase to fund the additional activities. Availability of financing
can vary depending upon market conditions, credit ratings, and the overall
availability of credit to the securities industry. Salomon Smith Barney seeks to
expand and diversify its funding mix as well as its creditor sources.
Concentration levels for these sources, particularly for short-term lenders, are
closely monitored both in terms of single investor limits and daily maturities.
Salomon Smith Barney monitors liquidity by tracking asset levels, collateral and
funding availability to maintain flexibility to meet its financial commitments.
As a policy, Salomon Smith Barney attempts to maintain sufficient capital and
funding sources in order to have the capacity to finance itself on a fully
collateralized basis in the event that access to unsecured financing was
impaired. Salomon Smith Barney's liquidity management process includes a
contingency funding plan designed to ensure adequate liquidity even if access to
unsecured funding sources is severely restricted or unavailable. This plan is
reviewed periodically to keep the funding options current and in line with
market conditions. The management of this plan includes an analysis that is
utilized to determine ability to withstand varying levels of stress, which could
impact Salomon Smith Barney's liquidation horizons and required margins. In
addition, Salomon Smith Barney monitors its leverage and capital ratios on a
daily basis.
The Travelers Insurance Company (TIC)
At December 31, 1997, TIC had $24.0 billion of life and annuity product deposit
funds and reserves. Of that total, $13.0 billion is not subject to discretionary
withdrawal based on contract terms. The remaining $11.0 billion is for life and
annuity products that are subject to discretionary withdrawal by the
contractholder. Included in the amount that is subject to discretionary
withdrawal are $2.0 billion of liabilities that are surrenderable with market
value adjustments. Also included are an additional $5.2 billion of the life
insurance and individual annuity liabilities which are subject to discretionary
withdrawals, and have an average surrender charge of 4.8%. In the payout phase,
these funds are credited at significantly reduced interest rates. The remaining
$3.8 billion of liabilities are surrenderable without charge. More than 16.8% of
these relate to individual life products. These risks would have to be
underwritten again if transferred to another carrier, which is considered a
significant deterrent against withdrawal by long-term policyholders. Insurance
liabilities that are surrendered or withdrawn are reduced by outstanding policy
loans and related accrued interest prior to payout.
Scheduled maturities of guaranteed investment contracts (GICs) in 1998, 1999,
2000, 2001 and 2002 are $1.76 billion, $198.4 million, $123.5 million, $134.4
million and $150.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 1997, the interest
rates credited on GICs had a weighted average rate of 6.25%.
TIC issues commercial paper to investors and maintains unused committed,
revolving credit facilities at least equal to the amount of commercial paper
outstanding. As of December 31, 1997, TIC had unused credit availability of $50
million under the joint five-year revolving credit facility referred to above.
68
TIC is subject to various regulatory restrictions that limit the maximum amount
of dividends available to its parent without prior approval of the Connecticut
Insurance Department. A maximum of $551 million of statutory surplus is
available in 1998 for such dividends without Department approval.
CITIGROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME
In Millions, Except per Share Amounts
Year Ended December 31, 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Revenues
Loan interest, including fees $20,765 $20,090 $19,367
Other interest and dividends 21,336 17,708 17,760
Insurance premiums 8,995 7,633 4,977
Commissions and fees 10,936 10,106 8,878
Principal transactions 4,231 4,528 3,752
Asset management and administration fees 1,715 1,390 1,087
Realized gains from sales of investments 995 276 236
Other income 3,333 3,370 2,900
-------- ------- -------
Total revenues 72,306 65,101 58,957
Interest expense 24,524 21,336 22,390
-------- ------- -------
Total revenues, net of interest expense 47,782 43,765 36,567
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Provisions for benefits, claims and credit losses
Policyholder benefits and claims 7,714 7,366 5,017
Provision for credit losses 2,197 2,200 2,176
-------- ------- -------
Total provisions for benefits, claims and credit losses 9,911 9,566 7,193
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Operating expenses
Non-insurance compensation and benefits 12,942 12,028 10,852
Insurance underwriting, acquisition and operating 3,236 3,013 1,912
Restructuring charges 1,718 - -
Other operating 9,225 8,434 7,696
-------- ------- -------
Total operating expenses 27,121 23,475 20,460
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gain on sale of stock by subsidiary - 363 -
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Income before income taxes and minority interest 10,750 11,087 8,914
Provision for income taxes 3,833 3,967 3,304
Minority interest, net of income taxes 212 47 -
-------- ------- -------
Income from continuing operations 6,705 7,073 5,610
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Discontinued operations, net of income taxes:
Income (loss) from operations net of tax expense (benefit)
of $(48) and $(18) - (75) 20
Gain (loss) on disposition net of tax expense (benefit)
of $(198) and $66 - (259) 130
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Income (loss) from discontinued operations - (334) 150
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income $ 6,705 $ 6,739 $ 5,760
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Basic Earnings Per Share:
- --------------------------
Income from continuing operations $ 2.86 $ 2.97 $ 2.41
Discontinued operations - (0.14) 0.07
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income $ 2.86 $ 2.83 $ 2.48
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weighted average common shares outstanding 2,247.9 2,271.6 2,128.2
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diluted Earnings Per Share:
Income from continuing operations $ 2.74 $ 2.84 $ 2.19
Discontinued operations - (0.13) 0.06
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income $ 2.74 $ 2.71 $ 2.25
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adjusted weighted average common shares outstanding 2,357.7 2,393.9 2,459.9
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See Notes to Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements
70
CITIGROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
In Millions of Dollars
December 31, 1997 1996
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents (including segregated cash and other deposits) $ 12,618 $ 10,165
Deposits at interest with banks 13,049 11,648
Investments 91,633 80,883
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell 119,967 109,118
Brokerage receivables 15,627 11,592
Trading account assets 180,088 157,358
Loans, net
Consumer 119,097 119,879
Commercial 79,509 66,577
----------- ---------
Loans, net of unearned income 198,606 186,456
Allowance for credit losses (6,137) (5,743)
----------- ---------
Total loans, net 192,469 180,713
Reinsurance recoverables 9,579 10,234
Separate and variable accounts 11,319 9,023
Other assets 51,035 46,172
----------- ---------
Total assets $697,384 $626,906
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Liabilities
Deposits $199,121 $184,955
Investment banking and brokerage borrowings 11,464 10,020
Short-term borrowings 14,028 9,753
Long-term debt 47,387 43,246
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase 132,103 113,567
Brokerage payables 12,763 10,019
Trading account liabilities 127,152 114,144
Contractholder funds and separate and variable accounts 26,157 22,570
Insurance policy and claims reserves 43,782 43,944
Other liabilities 38,301 33,307
----------- ---------
Total liabilities 652,258 585,525
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Redeemable preferred stock - Series I 280 420
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Citigroup or subsidiary obligated mandatorily redeemable preferred securities of
subsidiary trusts holding solely junior subordinated debt securities of --Parent 1,000 1,000
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Subsidiary 1,995 1,545
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stockholders' equity
Preferred stock ($1.00 par value; authorized shares: 30 million), at aggregate 3,353 3,203
liquidation value
Common stock ($.01 par value; authorized shares: 6.0 billion;
issued shares: 1997 - 2,499,949,682 and 1996 - 2,650,411,087) 25 27
Additional paid-in capital 12,471 14,913
Retained earnings 32,002 26,989
Treasury stock, at cost (1997 - 220,026,597 shares and 1996 - 351,346,518 shares) (6,595) (7,073)
Net unrealized gain on investment securities 1,692 1,145
Foreign currency translation (635) (483)
Other, principally unearned compensation (462) (305)
----------- ---------
Total stockholders' equity 41,851 38,416
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $697,384 $626,906
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See Notes to Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements
71
CITIGROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Amounts Shares (in thousands)
In Millions of Dollars ------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Year Ended December 31, 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Preferred stock at aggregate liquidation value
Balance, beginning of year $ 3,203 $ 4,183 $ 5,299 20,231 22,465 32,526
Issuance of preferred stock 1,000 250 400 4,000 500 1,350
Redemption or retirement of preferred stock (850) (112) (125) (9,400) (225) (5,000)
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock - (1,118) (1,391) - (2,509) (6,411)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Balance, end of year $ 3,353 $ 3,203 $ 4,183 14,831 20,231 22,465
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Common stock and additional paid-in capital
Balance, beginning of year $14,940 $13,418 $11,735 2,650,411 2,521,525 2,419,730
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock 140 855 997 6,245 108,636 69,205
Exercise of common stock warrants 14 - - 1,113 - -
Issuance of shares pursuant to employee benefit plans 756 696 640 - 20,240 29,775
Retirement of treasury stock (3,347) - - (157,836) - -
Other (7) (29) 46 17 10 2,815
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Balance, end of year $12,496 $14,940 $13,418 2,499,950 2,650,411 2,521,525
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Retained earnings
Balance, beginning of year $26,989 $22,443 $18,185
Net income 6,705 6,739 5,760
Common dividends (1,409) (1,205) (815)
Preferred dividends (283) (325) (498)
Adjustment for treasury shares issued on conversion
of convertible preferred stock - (663) -
Distribution of Transport Holdings Inc. shares - - (189)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance, end of year $32,002 $26,989 $22,443
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treasury stock, at cost
Balance, beginning of year $(7,073) $(5,008) $(3,608) (351,347) (324,376) (303,328)
Issuance of shares pursuant to employee benefit plans and 578 586 150 50,023 36,345 29,339
other
Treasury stock acquired (3,447) (3,717) (1,944) (76,539) (118,509) (85,262)
Retirement of treasury stock 3,347 - - 157,836 - -
Issuance of shares on conversion of preferred stock - 1,066 394 - 55,193 34,875
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Balance, end of year $(6,595) $(7,073) $(5,008) (220,027) (351,347) (324,376)
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Unrealized gain on investment securities
Balance, beginning of year $ 1,145 $ 888 $(1,041)
Effect of transfer from securities held to maturity
to securities available for sale - - (260)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on
investment securities, net of tax 547 257 2,189
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance, end of year $ 1,692 $ 1,145 $ 888
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foreign currency translation and other
Balance, beginning of year $ (788) $ (741) $ (625)
Net issuance of restricted stock (467) (314) (226)
Restricted stock amortization 310 210 179
Adjustment for minimum pension liability, net of tax - 114 (114)
Net translation adjustments, net of tax (152) (57) 45
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance, end of year $ (1,097) $ (788) $ (741)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total common stockholders' equity
and common shares outstanding $38,498 $35,213 $31,000 2,279,923 2,299,064 2,197,149
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Total stockholders' equity $41,851 $38,416 $35,183
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
See Notes to Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements
72
CITIGROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
In Millions of Dollars
Year Ended December 31, 1997 1996 1995
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash flows from operating activities
Income from continuing operations $6,705 $7,073 $5,610
Adjustments to reconcile income from continuing operations to net cash
provided by (used in) operating activities:
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and value of insurance in force 1,424 1,192 803
Additions to deferred policy acquisition costs (1,685) (1,388) (858)
Depreciation and amortization 1,218 1,182 1,101
Deferred tax provision (benefit) (1,430) 475 (355)
Provision for credit losses 2,197 2,200 2,176
Change in trading account assets (22,730) (3,458) (12,901)
Change in trading account liabilities 13,008 33,521 (8,457)
Change in Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell (10,849) (15,979) 337
Change in Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase 18,536 (7,807) 15,301
Change in brokerage receivables net of brokerage payables (1,291) (3,418) 2,879
Change in insurance policy and claims reserves 381 (309) 686
Net gain on sale of securities (995) (276) (236)
Venture capital activity (475) (270) 155
Restructuring charges 1,718 - -
Other, net 2,649 (2,284) 2,431
Net cash flows used in operating activities of discontinued operations - (59) (462)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 8,381 10,395 8,210
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash flows from investing activities
Change in deposits at interest with banks (1,401) (2,620) (2,166)
Change in loans (117,921) (120,776) (107,663)
Proceeds from sales of loans and credit card receivables 104,119 109,821 93,623
Purchases of investments (78,594) (68,989) (46,173)
Proceeds from sales of investments 46,927 39,873 22,615
Proceeds from maturities of investments 23,026 20,248 21,725
Other investments, primarily short-term, net (501) (325) (408)
Assets securing collateralized mortgage obligations 175 480 721
Capital expenditures on premises and equipment (1,533) (1,596) (1,360)
Proceeds from sales of premises and equipment, subsidiaries and affiliates,
and other real estate owned 1,164 1,723 1,481
Business acquisitions (1,618) (4,160) -
Other, net (689) (186) (380)
Net cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities of discontinued operations - (27) 1,545
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net cash used in investing activities (26,846) (26,534) (16,440)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends paid (1,692) (1,530) (1,313)
Issuance of common stock 434 537 416
Subsidiary's sale of Class A common stock - 1,453 -
Issuance of preferred stock 1,000 250 390
Issuance of redeemable preferred stock of subsidiaries 450 2,545 -
Redemption of preferred stock (850) (112) (265)
Treasury stock acquired (3,447) (3,711) (1,951)
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes (384) (201) (94)
Issuance of long-term debt 15,333 11,975 10,991
Payments and redemptions of long-term debt (10,713) (9,127) (10,497)
Change in deposits 14,166 17,824 11,405
Change in short-term borrowings including investment banking and
brokerage borrowings 6,636 (1,452) (1,159)
Collateralized mortgage obligations (185) (403) (704)
Contractholder fund deposits 3,544 2,493 2,707
Contractholder fund withdrawals (2,757) (3,262) (3,755)
Other, net 71 (19) 99
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net cash provided by financing activities 21,606 17,260 6,270
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (688) (170) (62)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Change in cash and cash equivalents 2,453 951 (2,022)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 10,165 9,214 11,236
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $12,618 $10,165 $9,214
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for income taxes $ 3,917 $ 3,441 $ 2,646
Cash paid during the period for interest $23,016 $20,286 $21,405
Non-cash investing activities:
Transfers from loans to OREO and assets pending disposition $ 336 $ 632 $ 730
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See Notes to Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements
73
CITIGROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Merger with Citicorp
On October 8, 1998, Citicorp merged with and into a newly formed, wholly owned
subsidiary of Travelers Group, Inc. (TRV) (the Merger). Following the Merger,
TRV changed its name to Citigroup Inc. (Citigroup). Under the terms of the
Merger, approximately 1.1 billion shares of Citigroup common stock were issued
in exchange for all of the outstanding shares of Citicorp common stock based on
an exchange ratio of 2.5 shares of Citigroup common stock for each share of
Citicorp common stock. Each share of TRV common stock automatically represents
one share of Citigroup common stock. Following the exchange, former shareholders
of Citicorp and TRV each own approximately 50% of the outstanding common stock
of Citigroup. Each outstanding share of Citicorp preferred stock was converted
into one share of a corresponding series of preferred stock of Citigroup having
identical terms (See Note 17 - Series O through Series V).
The supplemental consolidated financial statements give retroactive effect to
the Merger in a transaction accounted for as a pooling of interests. The pooling
of interests method of accounting requires the restatement of all periods
presented as if TRV and Citicorp had always been combined. Generally accepted
accounting principles proscribe giving effect to a consummated business
combination accounted for by the pooling of interests method in financial
statements that do not include the date of consummation. The supplemental
consolidated financial statements do not extend through the date of
consummation. However, they will become the historical consolidated financial
statements of Citigroup and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) after
financial statements covering the date of consummation of the business
combination are issued. The supplemental consolidated statement of changes in
stockholders' equity reflects the accounts of the Company as if the additional
preferred and common stock had been issued during all the periods presented. The
supplemental consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto,
should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of
Travelers Group Inc. and Citicorp included in their respective Annual Reports on
Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1997.
Upon consummation of the Merger, the Company became a bank holding company
subject to the provisions of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (the BHCA).
The BHCA precludes a bank holding company and its affiliates from engaging in
certain activities, generally including insurance underwriting. Under the BHCA
in its current form, the Company has two years from the date it became a bank
holding company to comply with all applicable provisions (the BHCA Compliance
Period). The BHCA Compliance Period may be extended, at the discretion of the
Federal Reserve Board, for three additional one-year periods so long as the
extension is not deemed to be detrimental to the public interest. At this time,
the Company believes that its compliance with applicable laws following the
Merger will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial
condition or results of operations.
There is pending federal legislation that would, if enacted, amend the BHCA to
authorize a bank holding company to own certain insurance underwriters. There is
no assurance that such legislation will be enacted. At the expiration of the
BHCA Compliance Period, the Company will evaluate its alternatives in order to
comply with whatever laws are then applicable.
74
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Principles of consolidation. The consolidated financial statements include the
accounts of Citigroup and its subsidiaries. Twenty percent to 50%-owned
affiliates, other than investments of designated venture capital subsidiaries,
are accounted for under the equity method, and the pro rata share of their
income (loss) is included in other income. Income from investments in less than
20%-owned companies is generally recognized when dividends are received. Gains
and losses on disposition of branches, subsidiaries, affiliates, and other
investments and charges for management's estimate of impairment in value that is
other than temporary, such that recovery of the carrying amount is deemed
unlikely, are included in other income. The minority interest in 1997 and 1996
represents the interest in Travelers Property Casualty Corp. (TAP) held by the
private and public investors. (See Note 2).
Foreign currency translation. Assets and liabilities denominated in non-U.S.
dollar currencies are translated into U.S. dollar equivalents using year-end
spot foreign exchange rates. Revenues and expenses are translated monthly at
amounts which approximate weighted average exchange rates, with resulting gains
and losses included in income. Foreign currency translation, which represents
the effects of translating into U.S. dollars, at current exchange rates,
financial statements of operations outside the U.S. with a functional currency
other than the U.S. dollar, is included in stockholders' equity along with
related hedge and tax effects. The effects of translating non-dollar financial
statements of operations with the U.S. dollar as the functional currency,
including those in highly inflationary environments, are included in other
income along with related hedge effects. Hedges of foreign currency exposures
include forward currency contracts and designated issues of non-U.S. dollar
debt.
Risks and uncertainties. The preparation of the supplemental consolidated
financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that
affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of
contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial
statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the
reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Reclassifications. Certain reclassifications have been recorded to conform the
accounting policies and presentations of Citicorp and Travelers.
ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and due from banks, cash
segregated under federal and brokerage regulations, cash deposited with clearing
organizations and short-term highly liquid investments with maturities of three
months or less when purchased, other than those held for sale in the ordinary
course of business. These short-term investments are carried at cost plus
accrued interest, which approximates market value. Included in cash and cash
equivalents at December 31, 1997 and 1996 is $2,034 million and $1,446 million,
respectively, of cash segregated under federal and other brokerage regulations
or deposited with clearing organizations. Cash flows from risk management
activities are classified in the same category as the related assets and
liabilities.
Investments are owned principally by the insurance and banking subsidiaries.
Fixed maturities include bonds, notes and redeemable preferred stocks. Also
included in fixed maturities are loan-backed and structured securities that are
amortized using the retrospective method. The effective yield used to determine
amortization is calculated based on actual historical and projected future cash
flows, which are obtained from a widely-accepted securities data provider.
Equity securities include common and non-redeemable preferred stocks. Fixed
maturities classified as "held to maturity" represent securities that the
Company has both the ability and the intent to hold until maturity and are
carried at amortized cost. Fixed maturity securities classified as "available
for sale" and equity securities are carried at fair values, based primarily on
quoted market prices or if quoted market prices are not available, discounted
expected cash flows using market rates commensurate with the credit quality and
maturity of the investment, with unrealized gains and losses reported in a
separate component of stockholders' equity net of applicable income taxes.
Accrual of income is suspended on fixed maturities that are in default, or on
which it is likely that future interest payments will not be made as scheduled.
Interest income on investments in default is recognized only as payment is
received. Investments included in the Supplemental Consolidated Statement of
Financial Position that were non-income producing for the preceding twelve
months were not significant.
75
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Citigroup's venture capital subsidiaries include subsidiaries registered as
Small Business Investment Companies and other subsidiaries that engage
exclusively in venture capital activities. Venture capital investments are
carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in other income.
The fair values of publicly-traded securities held by these subsidiaries are
generally based upon quoted market prices. In certain situations, including
thinly-traded securities, large-block holdings, restricted shares or other
special situations, the quoted market price is adjusted to produce an estimate
of the attainable fair value for the securities. For securities that are not
publicly traded, estimates of fair value are made based upon review of the
investee's financial results, condition, and prospects.
Premises and equipment, which are included in Other assets, are stated at cost
less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Generally, depreciation and
amortization are computed on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful
life of the asset or the lease term.
Goodwill, which is included in Other assets, is being amortized on a
straight-line basis principally over a 40-year period. At December 31, 1997 and
1996 goodwill amounted to $3,697 million and $3,338 million, respectively. The
carrying amount is regularly reviewed for indicators of impairment in value,
which in the view of management are other than temporary. Impairments are
recognized in operating results if a permanent diminution in value is deemed to
have occurred.
Income taxes. Deferred taxes are recorded for the future tax consequences of
events that have been recognized in the financial statements or tax returns,
based upon enacted tax laws and rates. Deferred tax assets are recognized
subject to management's judgment that realization is more likely than not. The
Company and its wholly owned domestic non-life insurance subsidiaries file a
consolidated federal income tax return. The major life insurance subsidiaries
are included in their own consolidated federal income tax return. Citicorp and
its wholly owned domestic subsidiaries and Salomon Inc and its wholly owned
domestic subsidiaries each filed their own consolidated federal income tax
returns prior to the respective mergers.
Trading account assets and liabilities include securities, commodities and
derivatives and are recorded at either market value or, when market prices are
not readily available, fair value, which is determined under an alternative
approach, such as matrix or model pricing. Obligations to deliver securities
sold but not yet purchased are also valued at market and included in trading
account liabilities. Fair value includes related accrued interest or dividends.
The determination of market or fair value considers various factors, including:
closing exchange or over-the-counter market price quotations; time value and
volatility factors underlying options, warrants and derivatives; price activity
for equivalent or synthetic instruments in markets located in different time
zones; counterparty credit quality; and the potential impact on market prices or
fair value of liquidating the Company's positions in an orderly manner over a
reasonable period of time under current market conditions.
Commodities include physical quantities of commodities involving future
settlement or delivery and related gains or losses are reported as "Principal
transactions."
Derivatives used for trading purposes include interest rate, currency and
commodity swap agreements, swap options, caps and floors, options, warrants and
financial and commodity futures and forward contracts. This category also
includes the Company's long-term obligations that have principal repayments
directly linked to equity securities of unaffiliated issuers for which the
Company holds in inventory a note exchangeable for the same equity securities.
The market values (unrealized gains and losses) associated with derivatives are
reported net by counterparty, provided a legally enforceable master netting
agreement exists, and are netted across products and against cash collateral
when such provisions are stated in the master netting agreement. Derivatives in
a net receivable position, as well as options owned and warrants held, are
reported as Trading account assets. Similarly, derivatives in a net payable
position, as well as options written and warrants issued, are reported as
Trading account liabilities. The recognition of unrealized gains on these
contracts is subject to management's assessment as to collectibility. At the
inception of certain derivative and foreign exchange contracts the Company
defers an appropriate portion of the initial market value attributable to
ongoing costs, such as servicing and credit considerations, and amortizes this
amount into revenue over the life of the contract. Cash collateral received in
connection with interest rate swaps totaled $340 million and $250 million at
December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively, and cash collateral paid totaled
$2.507 billion and $1.637 billion, respectively. Revenues generated from
76
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
derivative instruments used for trading purposes are reported as "Principal
transactions" and include realized gains and losses as well as unrealized gains
and losses resulting from changes in the market or fair value of such
instruments.
Risk management activities-derivatives used for non-trading purposes. The
Company manages its exposures to market rate movements outside of its trading
activities by modifying the asset and liability mix, either directly or through
the use of derivative financial products including interest rate swaps, futures,
forwards, and purchased option positions such as interest rate caps, floors, and
collars. These end-user derivative contracts include qualifying hedges and
qualifying positions that modify the interest rate characteristics of specified
financial instruments. Derivative instruments not qualifying as end-user
positions are treated as trading positions and carried at fair value.
To qualify as a hedge, the swap, futures, forward, or purchased option position
must be designated as a hedge and effective in reducing the market risk of an
existing asset, liability, firm commitment, or identified anticipated
transaction which is probable to occur. To qualify as a position modifying the
interest rate characteristics of an instrument, there must be a documented and
approved objective to synthetically alter the market risk characteristics of an
existing asset, liability, firm commitment or identified anticipated transaction
which is probable to occur, and the swap, forward or purchased option position
must be designated as such a position and effective in accomplishing the
underlying objective.
The foregoing criteria are applied on a decentralized basis, consistent with the
level at which market risk is managed, but are subject to various limits and
controls. The underlying asset, liability, firm commitment or anticipated
transaction may be an individual item or a portfolio of similar items.
The effectiveness of these contracts is evaluated on an initial and ongoing
basis using quantitative measures of correlation. If a contract is found to be
ineffective, it no longer qualifies as an end-user position and any excess gains
and losses attributable to such ineffectiveness as well as subsequent changes in
fair value are recognized in earnings.
End-user contracts are primarily employed in association with on-balance sheet
instruments accounted for at amortized cost, including loans, deposits, and
long-term debt, and with credit card securitizations. These qualifying end-user
contracts are accounted for consistent with the risk management strategy as
follows. Amounts payable and receivable on interest rate swaps and options are
accrued according to the contractual terms and included currently in the related
revenue and expense category as an element of the yield on the associated
instrument (including the amortization of option premiums). Amounts paid or
received over the life of futures contracts are deferred until the contract is
closed; accumulated deferred amounts on futures contracts and amounts paid or
received at settlement of forward contracts are accounted for as elements of the
carrying value of the associated instrument, affecting the resulting yield.
End-user contracts related to instruments that are carried at fair value are
also carried at fair value, with amounts payable and receivable accounted for as
an element of the yield on the associated instrument. When related to securities
available for sale, fair value adjustments are reported in stockholders' equity,
net of tax.
If an end-user derivative contract is terminated, any resulting gain or loss is
deferred and amortized over the original term of the agreement provided that the
effectiveness criteria have been met. If the underlying designated items are no
longer held, or if an anticipated transaction is no longer likely to occur, any
previously unrecognized gain or loss on the derivative contract is recognized in
earnings and the contract is accounted for at fair value with subsequent changes
recognized in earnings.
Foreign exchange contracts which qualify under applicable accounting guidelines
as hedges of foreign currency exposures, including net capital investments
outside the U.S., are revalued at the spot rate with any forward premium or
discount recognized over the life of the contract in net interest revenue. Gains
and losses on foreign exchange contracts which qualify as a hedge of a firm
commitment are deferred and recognized as part of the measurement of the related
transaction, unless deferral of a loss would lead to recognizing losses on the
transaction in later periods.
Subsidiary stock issuance. The Company recognizes gains (losses) on sales of
stock by subsidiaries. For the year ended December 31, 1996, included in net
income is a gain of $363 million from the sale by TAP of 18% of its common
stock.
77
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Employee benefits expense includes prior and current service costs of pension
and other postretirement benefit plans, which are accrued on a current basis,
contributions and unrestricted awards under other employee plans, the
amortization of restricted stock awards, and costs of other employee benefits.
There are no charges to earnings upon the grant or exercise of fixed stock
options or the subscription for or purchase of stock under stock purchase
agreements. Compensation expense related to performance-based stock options is
recorded over the period to the estimated vesting dates. Upon issuance of
previously unissued shares under employee plans, proceeds received in excess of
par value are credited to additional paid-in capital. Upon issuance of treasury
shares, the difference between the proceeds received and the average cost of
treasury shares is recorded in additional paid-in capital.
Earnings per common share is computed after recognition of preferred stock
dividend requirements. In the fourth quarter of 1997, the Company adopted
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 128, Earnings per Share
(SFAS No. 128), which establishes new standards for computing and presenting
earnings per share. As required by the standard, all prior-period earnings per
share data have been restated. Under SFAS No. 128, basic earnings per share is
computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted
average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per
share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other
contracts to issue common stock were exercised and has been computed after
giving consideration to the dilutive effect of the Company's convertible
securities, common stock warrants, stock options and the incremental shares
assumed issued under the Company's Capital Accumulation Plan and other
restricted stock plans.
In October 1997 the Company's Board of Directors declared a three-for-two stock
split that was paid on November 19, 1997 in the form of a 50% stock dividend.
All amounts presented herein have been restated to reflect the stock split.
BANKING SERVICES
Consumer loans includes loans managed by Citicorp's Global Consumer businesses.
The accounting policies associated with other consumer finance receivables are
described separately below. Consumer loans managed by Citicorp's Global Consumer
businesses are generally written off not later than a predetermined number of
days past due on a contractual basis, or earlier in the event of bankruptcy. The
number of days is set at an appropriate level by loan product and by country.
The policy for suspending accruals of interest on consumer loans varies
depending on the terms, security and loan loss experience characteristics of
each product, and in consideration of write-off criteria in place.
Commercial loans represent loans managed by Citicorp's Global Corporate Banking
businesses. Commercial loans are identified as impaired and placed on a cash
(nonaccrual) basis when it is determined that the payment of interest or
principal is doubtful of collection, or when interest or principal is past due
for 90 days or more, except when the loan is well secured and in the process of
collection. Any interest accrued is reversed and charged against current
earnings, and interest is thereafter included in earnings only to the extent
actually received in cash. When there is doubt regarding the ultimate
collectibility of principal, all cash receipts are thereafter applied to reduce
the recorded investment in the loan. Impaired commercial loans are written down
to the extent that principal is judged to be uncollectible. Impaired
collateral-dependent loans where repayment is expected to be provided solely by
the underlying collateral and there are no other available and reliable sources
of repayment are written down to the lower of cost or collateral value.
Cash-basis loans are returned to an accrual status when all contractual
principal and interest amounts are reasonably assured of repayment and there is
a sustained period of repayment performance in accordance with the contractual
terms.
Lease financing transactions. Loans include the Company's share of aggregate
rentals on lease financing transactions and residual values net of related
unearned income. Lease financing transactions substantially represent direct
financing leases and also include leveraged leases. Unearned income is amortized
under a method which substantially results in an approximate level rate of
return when related to the unrecovered lease investment. Gains and losses from
sales of residual values of leased equipment are included in other income.
Loans held for sale. Commencing January 1, 1997, credit card and mortgage loans
intended for sale are classified as loans held for sale, which are accounted for
at the lower of cost or market value in Other assets with net credit losses
charged to other income.
78
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Aggregate allowance for credit losses. Commencing in 1997, Citicorp changed the
apportionment and display of the aggregate allowance for credit losses into
three components. The portion attributable to loans and loan commitments is
reported as a deduction from loans; the portion attributable to standby letters
of credit and guarantees is reported in other liabilities; and the portion
attributable to derivative and foreign exchange contracts is reported as a
deduction from trading account assets. Also during 1997, amounts that had
previously been attributed to credit card securitization transactions where the
exposure to credit losses is contractually limited to the cash flows from the
securitized receivables were restored to the portion of the allowance deducted
from loans. Prior period amounts were not reclassified for these items. The
entire allowance is available to absorb credit losses from activities involving
the extension of credit.
Additions to the allowance are made by means of the provision for credit losses
charged to expense. Credit losses are deducted from the allowance, and
subsequent recoveries are added. Securities received in exchange for loan claims
in debt restructurings are initially recorded at fair value, with any gain or
loss reflected as a recovery or charge-off to the allowance, and are
subsequently accounted for as securities available for sale.
The amount of the provision is determined based on management's assessment of
actual past and expected future net credit losses, business and economic
conditions, the character, quality and performance of the portfolios, and other
pertinent indicators. This evaluation encompasses all activities involving the
extension of credit and also includes an assessment of the ability of borrowers
with foreign currency obligations to obtain the foreign exchange necessary for
orderly debt servicing. Larger-balance, non-homogenous exposures representing
significant individual credit exposures are evaluated based upon the borrower's
character, overall financial condition, resources, and payment record; the
prospects for support from any financially responsible guarantors; and, if
appropriate, the realizable value of any collateral. Impairment of
larger-balance, non-homogenous loans is measured by comparing the net carrying
amount of the loan to the present value of the expected future cash flows
discounted at the loan's effective rate, the secondary market value of the loan,
or the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans. A valuation
allowance is established if necessary within the portion of the allowance
deducted from loans. The evaluation of smaller balance, homogenous loans,
including consumer mortgage, installment, revolving credit and most other
consumer loans, are collectively evaluated for impairment based upon historical
loss experience, adjusted for changes in trends and conditions including
delinquencies and nonaccruals; trends in volume and terms of loans; the effects
of any changes in lending policies and procedures; national and local economic
trends and conditions; and concentrations of credit. Based upon these analyses,
the resulting allowance is deemed adequate to absorb all probable credit losses
inherent in the portfolio.
Securitization of credit card receivables. The initial and ongoing effects of
adopting SFAS No. 125, "Accounting for Transfers and Servicing of Financial
Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities" (SFAS No. 125), during 1997 did not
result in a change in the income recognition policies for credit card
securitization activity due to immateriality. Revenue from securitized credit
card receivables is recorded monthly as realized over the term of each
securitization transaction. The revolving nature of the receivables sold and the
monthly recognition of revenue result in a pattern of recognition that is
similar to the pattern that would be experienced if the receivables had not been
securitized.
Because securitization changes the Company's involvement from that of a lender
to that of a loan servicer, it causes the receivables to be removed from the
balance sheet and affects the manner in which the amounts are classified in the
statement of income. For securitized receivables, amounts that would otherwise
be reported as net interest revenue, as commissions and fees revenue, and as
credit losses on loans are instead reported as commissions and fees revenue (for
servicing fees) and as other income (for the remaining cash flows to which the
Company is entitled, net of credit losses). The Company's exposure to credit
losses on the securitized receivables is contractually limited to these cash
flows.
Other real estate owned (included in Other assets). Upon repossession, loans are
adjusted if necessary to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral
and transferred to Other Real Estate Owned (OREO), which is reported in Other
assets net of a valuation allowance for selling costs and net declines in value
as appropriate.
INVESTMENT SERVICES
Commissions, underwriting and principal transaction revenues and related
expenses are recognized in income on a trade date basis. Customer security
transactions are recorded on a settlement date basis.
79
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Asset management and administration fees are recorded as income for the period
in which the services are performed.
Securities borrowed and securities loaned are recorded at the amount of cash
advanced or received. With respect to securities loaned, the Company receives
cash collateral in an amount in excess of the market value of securities loaned.
The Company monitors the market value of securities borrowed and loaned on a
daily basis with additional collateral obtained as necessary.
Repurchase and resale agreements are treated as collateralized financing
transactions and are carried at the amounts at which the securities will be
subsequently reacquired or resold, including accrued interest, as specified in
the respective agreements. In the determination of income, certain financing
transactions are marked to fair value, which has no material effect on the
Company's results of operations. The Company's policy is to take possession of
securities purchased under agreements to resell. The market value of securities
to be repurchased and resold is monitored, and additional collateral is obtained
where appropriate to protect against credit exposure.
Brokerage receivables and brokerage payables include margin on futures
contracts.
Other assets includes the value of management advisory contracts, which is being
amortized on the straight-line method over periods ranging from twelve to twenty
years. The value of management advisory contracts is reviewed periodically for
recoverability to determine if any adjustment is required.
Trading account liabilities. Interest expense on trading account liabilities is
reported as a reduction of interest revenue.
INSURANCE SERVICES
Premiums from long-duration contracts, principally life insurance, are earned
when due. Premiums from short-duration insurance contracts are earned over the
related contract period. Short-duration contracts include primarily property and
casualty, credit life and accident and health policies, including estimated
ultimate premiums on retrospectively rated policies. Benefits and expenses are
associated with premiums by means of the provision for future policy benefits,
unearned premiums and the deferral and amortization of policy acquisition costs.
Value of insurance in force, included in Other assets, represents the
actuarially determined present value of anticipated profits to be realized from
life and accident and health business on insurance in force at the date of the
Company's acquisition of its insurance subsidiaries using the same assumptions
that were used for computing related liabilities where appropriate. The value of
insurance in force acquired prior to December 31, 1993 is amortized over the
premium paying periods in relation to anticipated premiums. The value of
insurance in force relating to the acquisition of The Travelers Corporation (old
Travelers) was the actuarially determined present value of the projected future
profits discounted at interest rates ranging from 14% to 18% for the business
acquired. The value of insurance in force is amortized over the contract period
using current interest crediting rates to accrete interest and using
amortization methods based on the specified products. Traditional life insurance
is amortized over the period of anticipated premiums; universal life in relation
to estimated gross profits; and annuity contracts employing a level yield
method. The value of insurance in force is reviewed periodically for
recoverability to determine if any adjustment is required.
Deferred policy acquisition costs, included in Other assets, for the life
business represent the costs of acquiring new business, principally commissions,
certain underwriting and agency expenses and the cost of issuing policies.
Deferred policy acquisition costs for traditional life business are amortized
over the premium-paying periods of the related policies, in proportion to the
ratio of the annual premium revenue to the total anticipated premium revenue.
Deferred policy acquisition costs of other business lines are generally
amortized over the life of the insurance contract or at a constant rate based
upon the present value of estimated gross profits expected to be realized. For
certain property and casualty lines, acquisition costs (commissions and premium
taxes) have been deferred to the extent recoverable from future earned premiums
and are amortized ratably over the terms of the related policies. Deferred
policy acquisition costs are reviewed to determine if they are recoverable from
future income, including investment income, and, if not recoverable, are charged
to expense. All other acquisition expenses are charged to operations as
incurred.
Separate and variable accounts primarily represent funds for which investment
income and investment gains and losses accrue directly to, and investment risk
is borne by, the contractholders. Each account has specific investment
objectives.
80
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The assets of each account are legally segregated and are not subject to claims
that arise out of any other business of the Company. The assets of these
accounts are generally carried at market value. Amounts assessed to the
contractholders for management services are included in revenues. Deposits, net
investment income and realized investment gains and losses for these accounts
are excluded from revenues, and related liability increases are excluded from
benefits and expenses.
Mortgage loans are carried at amortized cost. A mortgage loan is considered
impaired when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect
principal and interest amounts due. For mortgage loans that are determined to be
impaired, a reserve is established for the difference between the amortized cost
and fair value of the underlying collateral. In estimating fair value, the
Company uses interest rates reflecting the returns required in the current real
estate financing market. Impaired loans were not significant at December 31,
1997 and 1996.
Accrual of income is suspended on mortgage loans that are in default, or on
which it is likely that future interest payments will not be made as scheduled.
Interest income on mortgage loans in default is recognized only as payment is
received. Mortgage loans of the insurance subsidiaries included in the
Supplemental Consolidated Statement of Financial Position that were non-income
producing for the preceding twelve months were not significant.
Other receivables, which are included in Other assets, include receivables
related to retrospectively rated policies on property-casualty business, net of
allowance for estimated uncollectible amounts.
Insurance policy and claims reserves represent liabilities for future insurance
policy benefits. Insurance reserves for traditional life insurance, annuities,
and accident and health policies have been computed based upon mortality,
morbidity, persistency and interest assumptions applicable to these coverages,
which range from 2.5% to 10%, including adverse deviation. These assumptions
consider Company experience and industry standards and may be revised if it is
determined that future experience will differ substantially from that previously
assumed. Property-casualty reserves include (1) unearned premiums representing
the unexpired portion of policy premiums, and (2) estimated provisions for both
reported and unreported claims incurred and related expenses. The reserves are
adjusted regularly based on experience. Included in the insurance policy and
claims reserves in the Supplemental Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
at December 31, 1997 and 1996 are $1.5 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively,
of property-casualty loss reserves related to workers' compensation that have
been discounted using an interest rate of 5%.
In determining insurance policy and claims reserves, the Company carries on a
continuing review of its overall position, its reserving techniques and its
reinsurance. Reserves for property-casualty insurance losses represent the
estimated ultimate cost of all incurred claims and claim adjustment expenses.
Since the reserves are based on estimates, the ultimate liability may be more or
less than such reserves. The effects of changes in such estimated reserves are
included in the results of operations in the period in which the estimates are
changed. Such changes may be material to the results of operations and could
occur in a future period.
Contractholder funds represent receipts from the issuance of universal life,
pension investment and certain individual annuity contracts. Such receipts are
considered deposits on investment contracts that do not have substantial
mortality or morbidity risk. Account balances are increased by deposits received
and interest credited and are reduced by withdrawals, mortality charges and
administrative expenses charged to the contractholders. Calculations of
contractholder account balances for investment contracts reflect lapse,
withdrawal and interest rate assumptions (ranging from 3.8% to 8.6%) based on
contract provisions, the Company's experience and industry standards.
Contractholder funds also include other funds that policyholders leave on
deposit with the Company. The fair value of these contracts is determined by
discounting expected cash flows at an interest rate commensurate with the
Company's credit risk and the expected timing of cash flows.
Permitted statutory accounting practices. The Company's insurance subsidiaries
are domiciled principally in Connecticut and Massachusetts and prepare statutory
financial statements in accordance with the accounting practices prescribed or
permitted by the insurance departments of those states. Prescribed statutory
accounting practices include a variety of publications of the National
Association of Insurance Commissioners as well as state laws, regulations, and
81
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
general administrative rules. The impact of any accounting practices not so
prescribed on statutory surplus is not material.
CONSUMER FINANCE SERVICES
Finance related interest and other charges are recognized as income using the
constant yield method. Allowances for losses are established by direct charges
to income in amounts sufficient to maintain the allowance at a level management
determines to be adequate to cover losses in the portfolio. The allowance
fluctuates based upon continual review of the loan portfolio and current
economic conditions. For financial reporting purposes, finance receivables are
considered delinquent when they are 60 days or more contractually past due.
Income stops accruing on finance receivables when they are 90 days contractually
past due. If payments are made on a finance receivable that is not accruing
income, and the receivable is no longer 90 days contractually past due, the
accrual of income resumes. Finance receivables are charged against the allowance
for losses when considered uncollectible. Personal loans are considered
uncollectible when payments are six months contractually past due and six months
past due on a recency of payment basis. Loans that are twelve months
contractually past due regardless of recency of payment are charged off.
Recoveries on losses previously charged to the allowance are credited to the
allowance at the time of recovery. Consideration of whether to proceed with
foreclosure on loans secured by real estate begins when a loan is 60 days past
due on a contractual basis. Real estate credit losses are recognized when the
title to the property is obtained.
Fees received and direct costs incurred for the origination of loans are
deferred and amortized over the contractual lives of the loans as part of
interest income. The remaining unamortized balances are reflected in interest
income at the time that the loans are paid in full, renewed or charged off.
FUTURE APPLICATION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
In December 1996, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued SFAS
No. 127, "Deferral of the Effective Date of Certain Provisions of FASB Statement
No. 125" (SFAS No. 127), which delayed until January 1, 1998 the effective date
for certain provisions of SFAS No. 125 relating to accounting for securities
lending, repurchase agreements and other secured financing activities. The
adoption of the provisions of SFAS No. 125 effective January 1, 1998 did not
have any impact on results of operations or liquidity; however, total assets and
total liabilities increased approximately $15.0 billion.
In December 1997, the Accounting Standards Executive Committee of the American
Institute of Certified Public Accountants issued Statement of Position (SOP)
97-3, "Accounting by Insurance and Other Enterprises for Insurance-Related
Assessments" (SOP 97-3). SOP 97-3 provides guidance for determining when an
entity should recognize a liability for guaranty fund and other
insurance-related assessments, how to measure that liability, and when an asset
may be recognized for the recovery of such assessments through premium tax
offsets or policy surcharges. This SOP is effective for fiscal years beginning
after December 15, 1998, and the effect of initial adoption is to be reported as
a cumulative catch-up adjustment. Restatement of previously issued financial
statements is not allowed. The Company has not yet determined the impact that
SOP 97-3 will have on its financial statements or when it will be implemented.
In June 1997, the FASB issued SFAS No. 130, "Reporting Comprehensive Income"
(SFAS No. 130), which addresses the manner in which certain adjustments to
stockholders' equity (principally foreign currency translation and unrealized
gains and losses on available for sale securities) are displayed in the
financial statements. The Standard was adopted in the first quarter 1998 with no
effect on reported earnings, assets or capital.
In June 1997, the FASB also issued SFAS No. 131, "Disclosures about Segments of
an Enterprise and Related Information" (SFAS No. 131), which revises the
requirements for disclosing segment and geographical data effective for fiscal
years beginning after December 15, 1997. The Company is currently in the process
of determining the effect of the new standard on its segment disclosures.
In March 1998, the Accounting Standards Executive Committee of the American
Institute of Certified Public Accountants issued SOP 98-1, "Accounting for the
Costs of Computer Software Developed or Obtained for Internal Use" (SOP 98-1).
82
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SOP 98-1 provides guidance on accounting for the costs of computer software
developed or obtained for internal use and for determining when specific costs
should be capitalized and when they should be expensed. SOP 98-1 is effective
for financial statements for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1998 with
early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt the new standard during
1998, but the impact is not expected to be material.
In June 1998, the FASB issued SFAS No. 133, "Accounting for Derivative
Instruments and Hedging Activities" (SFAS No. 133), which becomes effective on
January 1, 2000 for calendar year companies such as the Company. The new
standard will significantly change the accounting treatment of end-user
derivative and foreign exchange contracts by the Company and its customers.
Depending on the underlying risk management strategy, these accounting changes
could affect reported earnings, assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity.
As a result, the Company and the customers to which it provides derivatives and
foreign exchange products will have to reconsider their risk management
strategies, since the new standard will not reflect the results of many of those
strategies in the same manner as current accounting practice. The Company is in
the process of evaluating the potential impact of the new accounting standard.
2. Business Acquisitions
Merger with Citicorp
As discussed in Note 1, on October 8, 1998, Citicorp merged with and into a
newly formed, wholly owned subsidiary of TRV in a transaction accounted for as a
pooling of interest. Accordingly, the supplemental consolidated financial
statements presented herein reflect the combined results of TRV and Citicorp as
if the Merger had been in effect for all periods. The following table sets forth
the results of operations for the separate companies and the combined amounts
for periods prior to the Merger.
Year Ended December 31,
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Revenues:
TRV $37,609 $32,414 $27,287
Citicorp 34,697 32,605 31,690
Reclassifications (1) - 82 (20)
------- ------- --------
Citigroup $72,306 $65,101 $58,957
Net Income:
TRV $ 3,104 $ 2,948 $ 2,291
Citicorp 3,591 3,788 3,464
SFAS No. 106 Adjustment (2) 18 12 14
Other (3) (8) (9) (9)
------- ------- --------
Citigroup $ 6,705 $ 6,739 $ 5,760
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Reclassifications have been made to conform to the Company's
post-merger presentation.
(2) Adjusted to reflect the adoption by Citicorp of the immediate
recognition of the transition obligation under SFAS No. 106,
"Employers' Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions"
effective January 1, 1993, to conform to the method used by TRV.
(3) Other adjustments have been made to conform the accounting policies of
the companies and to record the related tax effects of these
adjustments.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acquisition of Universal Card Services
On April 2, 1998, Citicorp completed its acquisition of Universal Card Services
from AT&T for $3.5 billion in cash. This purchase adds $15 billion in customer
receivables and 13.5 million accounts for a total of $60 billion in managed
receivables and 38 million accounts in the U.S. bankcard business. In addition,
Citicorp entered into a ten-year cobranding and joint marketing agreement with
AT&T.
The Nikko Securities Co., Ltd.
On June 1, 1998, TRV announced its intention to form a global strategic alliance
with The Nikko Securities Co., Ltd. Under the terms of the alliance, the
Companies will form a joint venture called Nikko Salomon Smith Barney Limited
which will provide investment banking, sales and trading and research services
for corporate and institutional clients in Japan and overseas. The joint venture
will combine the Japanese institutional and corporate business of Salomon Smith
Barney with Nikko's domestic and international institutional and corporate
business. Nikko's retail business and other
83
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
activities, including asset management, will continue under the management of
Nikko Securities. Nikko Salomon Smith Barney will be owned 51% by Nikko and 49%
by Salomon Smith Barney. In addition, in August 1998, TRV purchased 9.5% of
Nikko's common stock outstanding plus bonds convertible into an additional 15.5%
common equity interest on a fully diluted basis for a purchase price of $1.5
billion.
Merger with Salomon
On November 28, 1997, a newly formed, wholly owned subsidiary of TRV merged with
and into Salomon (the Salomon Merger). Under the terms of the Salomon Merger,
approximately 188.5 million shares of TRV common stock were issued in exchange
for all of the outstanding shares of Salomon common stock, based on an exchange
ratio of 1.695 shares of TRV common stock for each share of Salomon common
stock, for a total value of approximately $9 billion. Each of Salomon's series
of preferred stock outstanding was exchanged for a corresponding series of TRV
preferred stock having substantially identical terms, except that the TRV
preferred stock issued in conjunction with the Salomon Merger has certain voting
rights (see Note 17). Thereafter, Smith Barney Holdings Inc. (Smith Barney), a
wholly owned subsidiary of TRV, was merged with and into Salomon to form Salomon
Smith Barney Holdings Inc. (Salomon Smith Barney), which is the primary vehicle
through which the Company engages in investment banking, proprietary trading,
retail brokerage and asset management. The Salomon Merger constituted a tax-free
exchange. As a result of the Salomon Merger, Salomon Smith Barney recorded in
the fourth quarter of 1997 a restructuring charge of $838 million ($496 million
after-tax) (See Note 15).
The results of operations for the separate companies and the combined amounts
for periods prior to the Salomon Merger follow:
Nine Months Ended Year Ended December 31,
September 30, 1997 -----------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars (unaudited) 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Revenues:
TRV $18,377 $21,345 $16,583
Salomon 9,468 11,069 10,704
------- ------- -------
Combined $27,845 $32,414 $27,287
------- ------- -------
Net Income:
TRV $ 2,128 $ 2,331 $ 1,834
Salomon 599 617 457
------- ------- -------
Combined $ 2,727 $ 2,948 $ 2,291
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acquisition of Security Pacific
On July 31, 1997, Commercial Credit Company acquired Security Pacific Financial
Services from BankAmerica Corporation for a purchase price of approximately $1.6
billion. The purchase included approximately $1.2 billion of net consumer
finance receivables. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair
value of net assets acquired was $393 million and is being amortized over 25
years.
Acquisition of Aetna P&C
On April 2, 1996, TAP, an indirect majority-owned subsidiary of the Company,
purchased from Aetna Services, Inc. (Aetna), all of the outstanding capital
stock of Travelers Casualty and Surety Company (formerly The Aetna Casualty and
Surety Company) and The Standard Fire Insurance Company (collectively, Aetna
P&C) for approximately $4.2 billion in cash. The acquisition was financed in
part by the sale by TAP of approximately 33 million shares of its Class A Common
Stock, representing approximately 9% of its outstanding common stock (at that
time) to four private investors, including Aetna, for an aggregate of $525
million and the sale in a public offering of approximately 39 million shares of
its Class A Common Stock, representing approximately 9.75% of its outstanding
common stock, for total proceeds of $928 million. The Travelers Insurance Group
Inc. (TIGI), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, acquired approximately
328 million shares of Class B Common Stock of TAP in exchange for contributing
the outstanding capital stock of The Travelers Indemnity Company (Travelers
Indemnity) and a capital contribution of approximately $1.1 billion.
84
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The acquisition was accounted for under the purchase method of accounting and,
accordingly, the consolidated financial statements include the results of Aetna
P&C's operations only from the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase
price over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired was approximately
$1.2 billion and is being amortized over 40 years. TAP also owns Travelers
Indemnity. Travelers Indemnity along with Aetna P&C are the primary vehicles
through which the Company engages in the property and casualty insurance
business.
During 1996, TAP recorded charges related to the acquisition and integration of
Aetna P&C. These charges resulted primarily from anticipated costs of the
acquisition and the application of TAP's strategies, policies and practices to
Aetna P&C reserves and include: $229 million after-tax and minority interest
($430 million before tax and minority interest) in reserve increases, net of
reinsurance, related primarily to cumulative injury claims other than asbestos
(CIOTA); a $45 million after-tax and minority interest ($84 million before tax
and minority interest) provision for an additional asbestos liability related to
an existing settlement agreement with a policyholder of Aetna P&C; a $32 million
after-tax and minority interest ($60 million before tax and minority interest)
charge related to premium collection issues; a $22 million after-tax and
minority interest ($41 million before tax and minority interest) provision for
uncollectibility of reinsurance recoverables; and an $18 million after-tax and
minority interest ($35 million before tax and minority interest) provision for
lease and severance costs of Travelers Indemnity related to the restructuring
plan for the acquisition. In addition the Company recognized a gain in 1996 of
$363 million (before and after-tax) from the issuance of shares of Class A
Common Stock by TAP and such gain is not reflected in the pro forma financial
information below.
The unaudited pro forma condensed results of operations presented below assume
the acquisition of Aetna P&C had occurred at the beginning of each of the
periods presented:
In Millions of Dollars, Except per Share Amounts 1996 1995(1)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Revenues $ 66,701 $64,264
Income from continuing operations $ 6,835 $ 5,209
Net income $ 6,501 $ 5,359
Basic earnings per share:
Income from continuing operations $ 2.88 $ 2.22
Net income $ 2.73 $ 2.29
Diluted earnings per share:
Income from continuing operations $ 2.75 $ 2.03
Net income $ 2.61 $ 2.09
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Historical results of Aetna P&C in 1995 include charges of $1.085
billion ($705 million after-tax) representing an addition to
environmental-related and asbestos-related claims reserves.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The above unaudited pro forma condensed financial information is not necessarily
indicative either of the results of operations that would have occurred had this
transaction been consummated at the beginning of the periods presented or of
future operations of the combined companies.
Supplemental Information to the Supplemental Consolidated Statement of Cash
Flows Relating to the Acquisition of Aetna P&C
In Millions of Dollars 1996
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assets and liabilities of business acquired:
Invested assets $13,969
Reinsurance recoverables and other assets 10,386
Insurance policy and claim reserves (18,302)
Other liabilities (1,893)
---------
Cash payment related to business acquisition $ 4,160
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
On June 23, 1997, TAP repurchased an aggregate of approximately 6.6 million
shares of its Class A Common Stock held by four private investors for
approximately $241 million. This repurchase increased TRV's ownership of TAP to
approximately 83.4%.
85
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
3. Disposition of Subsidiaries and Discontinued Operations
Transport Spin-off
On September 29, 1995, the Company made a pro rata distribution to the Company's
stockholders of shares of Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value per share, of
Transport Holdings Inc. (Holdings), which at the time was a wholly owned
subsidiary of the Company and the indirect owner of Transport Life Insurance
Company. The results of Holdings were included in income from continuing
operations through September 29, 1995, the spin-off date.
Discontinued Operations
In March 1997, the Company entered into a non-binding letter of intent to sell
all of the outstanding stock of Basis Petroleum, Inc. (Basis), a wholly owned
subsidiary that owns and operates oil refineries in the U.S. Gulf Coast area, to
Valero Energy Corporation (Valero). This transaction resulted in the recognition
in 1996 in the Supplemental Consolidated Financial Statements of a pre-tax loss
of approximately $505 million ($290 million after-tax). The sale was completed
on May 1, 1997. Proceeds from the sale included cash of $365 million, Valero
common stock with a market value of $120 million and participation payments
based on a fixed notional throughput and the difference, if any, between an
average market crackspread, as defined, and a base crackspread, as defined, over
each of the next ten years. The total of the participation payments is capped at
$200 million, with a maximum of $35 million per year. In addition, as a result
of Valero's merger agreement with PG&E Corporation (PG&E), Valero's common stock
was exchanged for stock of PG&E and a new stock of the spin-off company (New
Valero), representing Valero's refining assets. In the third quarter of 1997,
the Company liquidated its interest in the PG&E and New Valero common stock. In
July 1997, the Company paid Valero $3 million in connection with the final
determination of working capital. The estimated loss includes severance costs
and anticipated operating losses to be incurred prior to the completion of the
sale, and reflects other estimates of value at the time of closing. Revenues of
Basis for the years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995 were immaterial.
On January 3, 1995 the Company sold its group life business as well as its
related non-medical group insurance businesses to Metropolitan Life Insurance
Company (MetLife) for $350 million and recognized in the first quarter of 1995
an after-tax gain of $20 million ($31 million pre-tax). In connection with the
sale, The Travelers Insurance Company (TIC) ceded 100% of its risks in the group
life and related businesses to MetLife on an indemnity reinsurance basis,
effective January 1, 1995. In connection with the reinsurance transaction, TIC
transferred assets with a fair market value of approximately $1.5 billion to
MetLife, equal to the statutory reserves and other liabilities transferred.
On January 3, 1995, TIC and MetLife, and certain of their affiliates, formed The
MetraHealth Companies, Inc. (MetraHealth) joint venture by contributing their
medical businesses to MetraHealth, in exchange for shares of common stock of
MetraHealth. No gain was recognized upon the formation of the joint venture.
Upon formation of the joint venture TIC and its affiliates owned 50% of the
outstanding capital stock of MetraHealth, and the other 50% was owned by MetLife
and its affiliates. In March 1995, MetraHealth acquired HealthSpring, Inc. for
common stock of MetraHealth, resulting in a reduction in the participation of
the Company and MetLife in the MetraHealth venture to 48.25% each.
In October 1995, the Company completed the sale of its ownership in MetraHealth
to United HealthCare Corporation. Gross proceeds to the Company in 1995 were
$831 million in cash, and the Company recognized a gain in 1995 of $110 million
after-tax ($165 million pre-tax). During 1996, the Company received a
contingency payment (based on MetraHealth's 1995 results) and recognized a gain
in 1996 of $31 million after-tax ($48 million pre-tax). Both of these gains are
reflected in discontinued operations.
All of the businesses sold to MetLife or contributed to MetraHealth have been
accounted for as discontinued operations. Revenues from these discontinued
operations for the years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995 were immaterial.
86
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
4. Business Segment Information
Citigroup is a diversified, integrated financial services company engaged in
banking, investment services, life and property and casualty insurance services
and consumer finance. The following table presents certain information regarding
these industry segments:
Income from Continuing
Total Revenues, Net of Operations, Before Income Income from Continuing Identifiable Assets
Interest Expense Taxes and Minority Interest Operations at Year-End
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ Millions $ Millions $ Millions $ Billions
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Banking Services $21,616 $20,196 $18,678 $5,751 $6,093 $5,608 $3,609 $3,800 $3,478 $311 $281 $257
Investment Services 10,977 10,744 8,715 1,830 3,073 1,827 1,151 1,871 1,112 276 246 229
Life Insurance Services 4,424 3,769 3,857 1,401 1,009 893 910 653 581 46 40 38
Property & Casualty
Insurance Services 9,748 8,106 4,545 1,752 512 595 1,024 362 453 51 50 24
Consumer Finance Services 1,174 1,002 952 354 329 364 229 214 237 13 9 8
Corporate and Other (157) (52) (180) (338) 71 (373) (218) 173 (251) - 1 3
-------- ------- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ------ ------- ---- ---- ----
$47,782 $43,765 $36,567 $10,750 $11,087 $8,914 $6,705 $7,073 $5,610 $697 $627 $559
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Banking Services segment consists of two franchises, Global Consumer and
Global Corporate Banking, which are operated by Citicorp and its subsidiaries.
The Global Consumer business provides global services encompassing branch and
electronic banking, credit and charge cards, and personalized wealth management
services for high net-worth clients. The Global Corporate Banking business
serves corporations, financial institutions, governments, investors and other
participants in developed and emerging markets throughout the world.
The Investment Services segment consists of investment banking, asset
management, securities brokerage, proprietary trading, and other financial
services provided through Salomon Smith Barney and its subsidiaries.
The Life Insurance Services segment provides individual life insurance, accident
and health insurance, annuities, long-term care and investment products. Among
the range of products offered are fixed and variable deferred annuities, payout
annuities and term, universal and variable life and long-term care insurance to
individuals and small businesses and group pension products, including
guaranteed investment contracts, and group annuities to employer-sponsored
retirement and savings plans. These products are offered primarily through The
Travelers Insurance Company, The Travelers Life and Annuity Company and
Primerica Financial Services (PFS).
The Property & Casualty Insurance Services segment provides property-casualty
insurance, including workers' compensation, general liability, commercial
automobile, property, commercial multi-peril, fidelity and surety and
professional liability to businesses and other institutions and automobile and
homeowners insurance to individuals. Property-casualty insurance policies are
issued primarily by subsidiaries of the Company's majority-owned subsidiary,
TAP. TAP's property-casualty insurance subsidiaries include Travelers Indemnity,
Travelers Casualty and Surety Company, The Standard Fire Insurance Company and
Gulf Insurance Company.
The Consumer Finance Services segment includes the consumer lending operations
(including secured and unsecured personal loans, real estate-secured loans and
consumer goods financing) and credit card operations of Commercial Credit
Company. Also included in this segment are credit-related insurance services
provided through American Health and Life Insurance Company (AHL) and its
affiliate.
Corporate and Other consists of corporate staff and treasury operations, certain
corporate income and expenses that have not been allocated to the operating
subsidiaries, including gains and losses from the sale of stock of subsidiaries
and affiliates. RCM is reported as part of Corporate and Other in 1995 and
through its date of sale in 1996.
The cumulative effect of accounting changes and capital expenditures for
property, plant and equipment and related depreciation expense are not material
to any of the business segments. Intersegment revenues are not significant.
87
For gains and special charges included in each segment, see the "Consolidated
Results of Operations" discussion in Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The operations of the Company's Life Insurance, Property & Casualty Insurance
and Consumer Finance segments are conducted predominantly in North America. The
following tables set forth financial data by business and geographic location
for the Company's Banking Services segment and by geographic location for the
Investment Services segment:
Income from Continuing
Total Revenues, Net of Operations, Before Income Income from Continuing
Interest Expense (1) Taxes and Minority Interest Operations Average Assets
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Banking Services Segment $ Millions $ Millions $ Millions $ Billions
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
Business Distribution
Global Consumer
Citibanking $ 6,030 $ 5,796 $ 5,441 $ 673 $1,029 $ 862 $ 478 $ 723 $ 573 $ 85 $ 83 $ 80
Cards 5,190 5,274 5,066 1,084 1,506 1,742 764 1,024 1,164 31 27 25
Private Bank 1,130 1,043 929 391 348 272 311 281 226 16 16 15
Global Corporate Banking
Emerging Markets 3,888 3,444 2,895 1,814 1,751 1,495 1,559 1,436 1,132 72 60 50
Global Relationship
Banking 4,384 3,744 3,627 1,269 1,021 834 831 725 628 84 79 94
Other Items 994 895 720 520 438 403 (334) (389) (245) 7 5 5
------- ------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---- ---- ----
Total (2) $21,616 $20,196 $18,678 $5,751 $6,093 $5,608 $3,609 $3,800 $3,478 $295 $270 $269
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geographic Distribution(3)
United States $ 9,802 $ 9,344 $ 8,843 $2,071(4) $2,746(4)$2,523(4) $1,111 $1,654 $1,491 $110 $109 $114
Western Europe 3,323 3,365 3,352 521 577 502 240 321 298 57 53 54
Other (5) 719 586 564 166 76 27 82 41 22 13 13 15
------- ------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---- ---- ----
Total developed markets (6) 13,844 13,295 12,759 2,758 3,399 3,052 1,433 2,016 1,811 180 175 183
------- ------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---- ---- ----
Latin America (7) 3,314 2,743 2,493 1,395 917 937 1,105 707 653 39 28 30
Asia Pacific 3,475 3,286 2,738 1,203 1,414 1,266 791 866 796 60 54 46
Other (8) 983 872 688 395 363 353 280 211 218 16 13 10
------- ------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---- ---- ----
Total emerging markets (9) 7,772 6,901 5,919 2,993 2,694 2,556 2,176 1,784 1,667 115 95 86
------- ------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---- ---- ----
Total $21,616 $20,196 $18,678 $5,751 $6,093 $5,608 $3,609 $3,800 $3,478 $295 $270 $269
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes net interest revenue, commission and fees, and other income.
(2) Includes restructuring charge in 1997 of $880 million in income from
continuing operations before income taxes and minority interest and
$550 million in income from continuing operations.
(3) The entire aggregate allowance for credit losses is available to absorb
all probable credit losses inherent in the portfolio. For the purpose
of calculating the geographic data, the amounts attributable to
operations outside the U.S. are based upon year-end aggregate allowance
amounts of $1,827 million for 1997, $1,807 million for 1996, and $1,809
million for 1995, and credit loss provision amounts of $738 million for
1997, $727 million for 1996, and $737 million for 1995.
(4) Includes approximately $81 million in 1997, $62 million in 1996, and
$58 million in 1995 of tax-exempt income, reducing the federal income
tax provision.
(5) Includes Japan and Canada.
(6) Includes pre-tax restructuring charges in the United States, Western
Europe, and Japan and Canada of $465 million, $209 million, and $21
million, respectively.
(7) Includes Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America.
(8) Includes Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa.
(9) Includes pre-tax restructuring charges in Asia Pacific, Latin America
and Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa of $115 million,
$59 million, and $11 million, respectively.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Income from Continuing
Total Revenues, Net Operations, Before Income Identifiable Assets
of Interest Expense Taxes and Minority Interest at Year-End
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Investment Services Segment $ Millions $ Millions $ Billions
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995 1997(1) 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
North America $9,359 $9,741 $7,215 $1,385 $2,952 $1,263 $163 $152 $142
Europe 1,345 895 1,333 351 77 607 82 77 75
Asia and Other 273 108 167 94 44 (43) 31 17 12
------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ---- ---- -----
$10,977 $10,744 $8,715 $1,830 $3,073 $1,827 $276 $246 $229
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes a pre-tax restructuring charge of $809 million, $11 million
and $18 million in North America, Europe and Asia, respectively.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
88
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
5. Investments
Investments, which are owned principally by the banking and insurance
subsidiaries and are broadly diversified along industry, product, and geographic
lines, consisted of the following at December 31:
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fixed maturities, primarily available for sale at fair value $77,920 $68,147
Equity securities, at fair value 3,928 3,070
Venture capital, at fair value 2,599 2,124
Short-term and other 7,186 7,542
------- -------
$91,633 $80,883
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The fair value of investments for which a quoted market price or dealer quote
are not available amounted to $6.6 billion and $6.1 billion at December 31, 1997
and 1996, respectively.
The amortized cost and fair value of investments in fixed maturities and equity
securities at December 31, were as follows:
1997 1996
------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
Gross Gross Gross Gross
Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End Cost Gains Losses Value Cost Gains Losses Value
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
Fixed maturity securities held to maturity,
principally mortgage-backed securities $ 41 $ 9 $ - $ 50 $ 53 $ 9 $ - $ 62
------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
Fixed maturity securities available for sale
Mortgage-backed securities, principally
obligations of U.S. Federal agencies $ 9,795 $ 310 $ 6 $10,099 $ 9,480 $ 153 $ 41 $ 9,592
U.S. Treasury and Federal agency 6,816 312 - 7,128 6,811 142 13 6,940
State and municipal 10,351 583 117 10,817 7,581 257 86 7,752
Foreign government 19,381 883 268 19,996 15,217 1,103 184 16,136
U.S. corporate 23,306 958 127 24,137 22,807 425 123 23,109
Other debt securities 5,625 168 91 5,702 4,474 114 23 4,565
------- ------ ---- ------- ------- ------ ----- -------
$75,274 $3,214 $609 $77,879 $66,370 $2,194 $ 470 $68,094
------- ------ ---- ------- ------- ------ ----- -------
Equity securities (1) $ 3,661 $ 363 $ 96 $ 3,928 $ 2,983 $ 207 $ 120 $ 3,070
------- ------ ---- ------- ------- ------ ----- -------
Securities available for sale include:
Government of Brazil Brady Bonds $ 1,436 $ 612 $ - $ 2,048 $ 1,463 $ 872 $ - $ 2,335
Government of Venezuela Brady Bonds 535 - 55 480 563 - 81 482
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes non-marketable equity securities carried at cost which are
reported in both the amortized cost and fair value columns.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Not included in the table above are securities available for sale held by
unconsolidated affiliates carried on the equity method of accounting. At
December 31, 1997 and 1996, the gross unrealized gains related to these
securities were $19 million and $9 million, respectively, and gross unrealized
losses were $8 million and $4 million, respectively which are included in the
net unrealized gain on investment securities component of stockholders' equity,
net of applicable taxes.
The accompanying table shows components of interest and dividends on securities,
net gains from sales of securities, and net gains on investments held by venture
capital subsidiaries.
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Taxable interest $5,486 $4,595 $3,473
Interest exempt from U.S. federal income tax $ 496 $ 377 $ 357
Dividends $ 144 $ 121 $ 91
------ ------ ------
Gross realized securities gains $1,414 $ 771 $ 577
Gross realized securities losses $ 419 $ 495 $ 341
------ ------ ------
Net realized and unrealized venture capital
gains which included: $ 749 $ 450 $ 390
Gross unrealized gains $ 612 $ 416 $ 487
Gross unrealized losses $ 82 $ 150 $ 300
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
89
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table presents the amortized cost, fair value, and average yield
on amortized cost of fixed maturity securities by contractual maturity dates as
of December 31, 1997:
Amortized Fair
In Millions of Dollars Cost Value Yield
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Treasury and Federal agency (1)
Due within 1 year $ 1,862 $ 1,861 5.32%
After 1 but within 5 years 1,676 1,727 6.58
After 5 but within 10 years 2,345 2,406 6.69
After 10 years (2) 9,165 9,644 7.27
--------------------------------
Total $ 15,048 $ 15,638 6.86
--------------------------------
State and municipal
Due within 1 year $ 67 $ 67 5.40%
After 1 but within 5 years 372 370 5.50
After 5 but within 10 years 2,113 2,177 5.36
After 10 years (2) 7,799 8,203 5.82
--------------------------------
Total $ 10,351 $ 10,817 5.71
--------------------------------
All other (3)
Due within 1 year $ 8,779 $ 8,741 10.56%
After 1 but within 5 years 18,511 18,725 6.97
After 5 but within 10 years 11,379 11,653 7.29
After 10 years (2) 11,247 12,355 7.74
--------------------------------
Total $49,916 $51,474 7.85
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes mortgage-backed securities of U.S. Federal agencies.
(2) Securities with no stated maturities are included as contractual
maturities of greater than 10 years. Actual maturities may differ due
to call or prepayment rights.
(3) Includes Foreign government, U.S. corporate, Mortgage-backed securities
issued by U.S. corporations, and other debt securities. Yields reflect
the impact of local interest rates prevailing in countries outside the
U.S.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Federal Funds, Securities Borrowed, Loaned and Subject to Repurchase
Agreements
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to
resell, at their respective carrying values, consisted of the following at
December 31:
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Resale agreements $ 86,035 $ 84,014
Deposits paid for securities borrowed 33,932 25,104
--------------------------------
$119,967 $109,118
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to
repurchase, at their respective carrying values, consisted of the following at
December 31:
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Repurchase agreements $124,775 $107,277
Deposits received for securities loaned 7,328 6,290
--------------------------------
$132,103 $113,567
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The resale and repurchase agreements represent collateralized financing
transactions used to generate net interest income and facilitate trading
activity. These instruments are collateralized principally by government and
government agency securities and generally have terms ranging from overnight to
up to a year. It is the Company's policy to take possession of the underlying
collateral, monitor its market value relative to the amounts due under the
agreements, and, when necessary, require prompt transfer of additional
collateral or reduction in the loan balance in order to maintain contractual
margin protection. In the event of counterparty default, the financing agreement
provides the Company with the right to liquidate the collateral held. Resale
agreements and repurchase agreements are reported net by counterparty, when
applicable, pursuant to FASB Interpretation 41, "Offsetting of Amounts Related
to Certain Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements" (FIN 41). Securities
borrowed and securities loaned are reported net by counterparty, when
applicable, pursuant to FIN 41. Excluding the impact of FIN 41, resale
agreements totaled $129.1 billion and $100.3 billion at December 31, 1997 and
1996, respectively.
90
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINACIAL STATEMENTS
Deposits paid for securities borrowed (securities borrowed) and deposits
received for securities loaned (securities loaned) are recorded at the amount of
cash advanced or received and are collateralized principally by government and
government agency securities, corporate debt and equity securities. Securities
borrowed transactions require the Company to deposit cash with the lender. With
respect to securities loaned, the Company receives cash collateral in an amount
generally in excess of the market value of securities loaned. The Company
monitors the market value of securities borrowed and securities loaned daily,
and additional collateral is obtained as necessary. Security borrowed and
securities loaned are reported net by counterparty, when applicable, pursuant to
FIN 41. Excluding the impact of FIN 41, securities borrowed totaled $40.5
billion and $28.5 billion at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
7. Brokerage Receivables and Brokerage Payables
The Company has receivables and payables for financial instruments purchased
from and sold to brokers and dealers and customers. The Company is exposed to
risk of loss from the inability of brokers and dealers or customers to pay for
purchases or to deliver the financial instrument sold, in which case the Company
would have to sell or purchase the financial instruments at prevailing market
prices. Credit risk is reduced to the extent that an exchange or clearing
organization acts as a counterparty to the transaction.
The Company seeks to protect itself from the risks associated with customer
activities by requiring customers to maintain margin collateral in compliance
with regulatory and internal guidelines. Margin levels are monitored daily, and
customers deposit additional collateral as required. Where customers cannot meet
collateral requirements, the Company will liquidate sufficient underlying
financial instruments to bring the customer into compliance with the required
margin level.
Exposure to credit risk is impacted by market volatility, which may impair the
ability of clients to satisfy their obligations to the Company. Credit limits
are established and closely monitored for customers and brokers and dealers
engaged in forward and futures and other transactions deemed to be
credit-sensitive.
Brokerage receivables and brokerage payables, which arise in the normal course
of business, consisted of the following at December 31:
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Receivables from customers $12,415 $ 9,488
Receivables from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations 3,212 2,104
-------------------------------
Total brokerage receivables $15,627 $ 11,592
-------------------------------
Payables to customers $ 9,791 $ 8,160
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations 2,972 1,859
-------------------------------
Total brokerage payables $ 12,763 $ 10,019
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
91
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
8. Trading Account Assets and Liabilities
Trading account assets and liabilities at market value consisted of the
following at December 31:
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trading Account Assets
U.S. Treasury and Federal agency securities $ 56,007 $ 54,786
State and municipal securities 3,255 2,114
Foreign government securities 50,924 39,295
Corporate and other debt securities 16,637 17,730
Derivative and other contractual commitments (1) 34,585 24,713
Equity securities 9,236 9,305
Mortgage loans and collateralized mortgage securities 3,160 4,395
Commodities 1,274 995
Other 5,010 4,025
--------------------------------
$ 180,088 $ 157,358
--------------------------------
Trading Account Liabilities
Securities sold, not yet purchased $ 90,247 $ 86,193
Derivative and other contractual commitments (1) 36,905 27,951
--------------------------------
$127,152 $114,144
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Net of master netting agreements and securitization. In addition, the
asset balance at December 31, 1997 is reduced by $50 million of credit
loss reserves (see Credit Loss Reserves on page 94).
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The average fair value of derivative and other contractual commitments in
trading account assets during 1997 and 1996 was $28.8 billion and $22.2 billion,
respectively. The average fair value of contractual commitments in trading
account liabilities during 1997 and 1996 was $32.6 billion and $23.9 billion,
respectively.
Deferred revenue on derivative and other contractual commitments attributable to
ongoing costs such as servicing and credit consideration totaled $391 million
and $310 million at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively, which is reported
in other liabilities. Commitments to purchase when-issued securities were $3
million and $465 million at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
See Note 21 for a discussion of trading securities, commodities, derivatives and
related risks.
92
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
9. Principal Transaction Revenues
Principal transaction revenues, consisting of realized and unrealized gains and
losses from trading activities, were as follows for the years ended December 31:
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Investment Services
Fixed income (1) $1,882 $2,049 $ 900
Equities (2) 397 576 995
Commodities (3) 218 393 238
Other 7 9 7
------------------------------------------------
2,504 3,027 2,140
------------------------------------------------
Banking Services
Foreign exchange (4) 1,148 809 1,019
Derivative (5) 297 417 425
Fixed income (6) 133 92 8
Other 149 183 160
------------------------------------------------
1,727 1,501 1,612
------------------------------------------------
Total principal transaction revenues $4,231 $4,528 $3,752
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes revenues from government securities and corporate debt,
municipal securities, preferred stock, mortgage securities, and other
debt instruments. Also includes spot and forward trading of currencies
and exchange-traded and over-the-counter (OTC) currency options,
options on fixed income securities, interest rate swaps, currency
swaps, swap options, caps and floors, financial futures, and OTC
options and forward contracts on fixed income securities.
(2) Includes revenues from common and convertible preferred stock,
convertible corporate debt, equity-linked notes, and exchange-traded
and OTC equity options and warrants.
(3) Includes revenues from the results of Phibro Inc. (Phibro), which
trades crude oil, refined oil products, natural gas, electricity,
metals, and various soft commodities and related derivative
instruments. In December 1997, Phibro implemented a downsizing plan
which will significantly reduce the scope of some of its activities. In
1996 Phibro discontinued trading coal, coke, and fertilizers.
(4) Includes revenues from foreign exchange spot, forward, and option
contracts.
(5) Includes revenues from interest rate and currency swaps, options,
financial futures, and equity and commodity contracts.
(6) Includes revenues from government and corporate debt, mortgage assets,
and other debt instruments.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Loans
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consumer
In U.S. Offices
Mortgage and real estate (1) (2) $ 28,084 $ 27,173
Installment, revolving credit, and other 42,022 41,200
----------------------------------------
70,106 68,373
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Offices Outside the U.S.
Mortgage and real estate (1) (3) 17,685 18,379
Installment, revolving credit, and other 32,179 33,905
Lease financing 544 754
----------------------------------------
50,408 53,038
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
120,514 121,411
Unearned income (1,417) (1,532)
----------------------------------------
Consumer loans, net of unearned income $119,097 $119,879
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Commercial
In U.S. Offices
Commercial and industrial (4) $ 11,234 $ 8,747
Mortgage and real estate (1) 5,960 6,789
Loans to financial institutions 371 1,035
Lease financing 3,087 3,017
----------------------------------------
20,652 19,588
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Offices Outside the U.S.
Commercial and industrial (4) 47,417 36,901
Mortgage and real estate (1) 1,651 1,815
Loans to financial institutions 6,480 4,837
Governments and official institutions 2,376 2,252
Lease financing 1,092 1,294
----------------------------------------
59,016 47,099
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
79,668 66,687
Unearned income (159) (110)
----------------------------------------
Commercial loans, net of unearned income $ 79,509 $ 66,577
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Loans secured primarily by real estate.
(2) Includes $3.4 billion in 1997 and $3.8 billion in 1996 of commercial
real estate loans related to community banking and private banking
activities.
(3) Includes $2.3 billion in 1997 and $2.7 billion in 1996 of loans secured
by commercial real estate.
(4) Includes loans not otherwise separately categorized
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
93
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table presents information about impaired loans. Impaired loans
are those on which Citigroup believes it is not probable that it will be able to
collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan,
excluding smaller-balance homogeneous loans that are evaluated collectively for
impairment, and are carried on a cash basis:
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Impaired commercial loans $ 971 $ 868
Other impaired loans (1) 241 360
------------------------------------------
Total impaired loans (2) $ 1,212 $ 1,228
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Impaired loans with valuation allowances $ 98 $ 186
Total valuation allowances (3) 16 32
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
During the Year:
Average balance of impaired loans $ 1,188 $ 1,657
Interest income recognized on impaired loans 62 116
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Primarily commercial real estate loans related to community and private
banking activities.
(2) At year-end 1997, approximately 39% of these loans were measured for
impairment using the fair value of the collateral, with the remaining
61% measured using the present value of the expected future cash flows,
discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, compared with
approximately 44% and 56%, respectively, at year-end 1996.
(3) Included in the allowance for credit losses.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Credit Loss Reserves
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate allowance for credit losses at beginning of year $5,743 $5,561 $5,337
Additions
Provision for credit losses 2,197 2,200 2,176
Deductions
Consumer credit losses (1) 2,599 2,431 2,164
Consumer credit recoveries (1) (504) (470) (445)
--------------------------------------------------
Net consumer credit losses (1) 2,095 1,961 1,719
Commercial credit losses 197 266 376
Commercial credit recoveries (221) (268) (228)
--------------------------------------------------
Net commercial credit (recoveries) losses (24) (2) 148
Other-- net (2) 368 (59) (85)
--------------------------------------------------
Aggregate allowance for credit losses at end of year (3) 6,237 5,743 5,561
Reserves for securitization activities 85 473 486
--------------------------------------------------
Total credit loss reserves $6,322 $6,216 $6,047
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Commencing in 1997, reflects the classification of credit card
receivables intended for sale as loans held for sale (included in Other
assets) with net credit losses charged to other income.
(2) Primarily includes net transfers from (to) the reserves for
securitization activities and foreign currency translation effects. In
1997, $373 million was restored to the aggregate allowance for credit
losses that had previously been attributed to credit card
securitization transactions where the exposure to credit losses is
contractually limited to the cash flows from the securitized
receivables.
(3) In 1997, the apportionment and display of the aggregate allowance for
credit losses was changed to report $6,137 million attributable to
loans and loan commitments as a deduction from Loans, $50 million
attributable to standby letters of credit and guarantees included in
Other liabilities, and $50 million attributable to derivative and
foreign exchange contracts as a deduction from Trading account assets.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. Debt
Investment banking and brokerage borrowings
Investment banking and brokerage borrowings and the corresponding weighted
average interest rates at December 31 are as follows:
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance Interest Rate Balance Interest Rate
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Bank borrowings $ 2,415 5.9% $ 4,388 5.8%
Commercial paper 7,110 5.8% 4,133 5.7%
Other 1,939 1,499
------------ ------------
$11,464 $ 10,020
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Investment banking and brokerage borrowings are short-term in nature and include
commercial paper, bank borrowings and other borrowings, such as deposit
liabilities, used to finance Salomon Smith Barney's operations, including the
securities settlement process. Outstanding bank borrowings include both U.S.
dollar and non-U.S. dollar denominated loans. The non-U.S. dollar loans are
denominated in multiple currencies including Japanese yen, German mark and U.K.
sterling. All commercial paper outstanding at December 31, 1997 and 1996 was
U.S. dollar denominated.
94
At December 31, 1997, Salomon Smith Barney had a $1.250 billion revolving credit
agreement with a bank syndicate that extended through May 2000, and a $750
million, 364-day revolving credit agreement that extended through May 1998.
Salomon Smith Barney may borrow under its revolving credit facilities at various
interest rate options (LIBOR, CD or base rate) and compensates the banks for the
facilities through commitment fees. Under these facilities Salomon Smith Barney
was required to maintain a certain level of consolidated adjusted net worth (as
defined in the agreement). At December 31, 1997, this requirement was exceeded
by approximately $2.6 billion. At December 31, 1997, there were no borrowings
outstanding under either facility.
At December 31, 1997, Salomon Brothers Inc (SBI), an indirect wholly owned
subsidiary of Salomon Smith Barney, had a $2.1 billion committed secured standby
bank credit facility for financing securities positions. The facility contained
certain restrictive covenants that required, among other things, that SBI
maintain minimum levels of excess net capital and net worth (as defined in the
agreement). SBI's excess net capital exceeded the minimum required under the
facility by $574 million and SBI's net worth exceeded the minimum amount
required by $1.0 billion at December 31, 1997. In 1996, Salomon Brothers
International Limited (SBIL), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Salomon
Smith Barney, entered into a $1.0 billion committed securities repurchase
facility. The facility was subject to restrictive covenants including a
requirement that SBIL maintain minimum levels of tangible net worth and excess
financial resources (as defined in the agreement). At December 31, 1997, SBIL
exceeded these requirements by $4.0 billion and $669 million, respectively. In
1997, Phibro entered into a $550 million unsecured committed revolving line of
credit. This facility required Phibro to maintain minimum levels of capital and
net working capital (as defined in the agreement). Phibro exceeded these
minimums by $54 million and $98 million, respectively, at December 31, 1997. At
December 31, 1997, there were no outstanding borrowings under any of these
facilities.
During the first quarter of 1998, the Phibro facility was terminated and during
the second quarter of 1998, Salomon Smith Barney terminated the facilities for
SBI and SBIL and amended its revolving credit facilities to increase the amount
available under its committed uncollateralized revolving lines of credit to $5.0
billion, comprised of a $1.5 billion three-year facility which expires May 2001
and a $3.5 billion 364-day revolving credit facility that extends through May
1999.
Salomon Smith Barney also has substantial borrowing arrangements consisting of
facilities that it has been advised are available, but where no contractual
lending obligation exists.
Short-term borrowings
At December 31, short-term borrowings consisted of commercial paper and other
short-term borrowings with weighted average interest rates as follows:
1997 1996
--------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars Outstanding Interest Rate Outstanding Interest Rate
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Commercial paper
Commercial Credit Company $ 3,871 5.83% $1,482 5.55%
Citicorp 1,941 5.46% 1,238 6.86%
Travelers Property Casualty Corp. 108 6.11% 25 5.64%
The Travelers Insurance Company - 50 5.53%
---------------- ----------------
$ 5,920 $2,795
Other short-term borrowings 8,108 9.04% 6,958 8.81%
---------------- ----------------
$14,028 $9,753
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Citigroup, Citicorp, Commercial Credit Company (CCC), TAP and The Travelers
Insurance Company (TIC) issue commercial paper directly to investors. Each,
except Citicorp, maintains unused credit availability under its respective bank
lines of credit at least equal to the amount of its outstanding commercial
paper. Each may borrow under its revolving credit facilities at various interest
rate options (LIBOR, CD, base rate or money market) and compensates the banks
for the facilities through commitment fees. Citicorp maintains a liquidity
reserve of cash and securities. In addition, Citicorp and certain of its nonbank
subsidiaries have credit facilities with Citicorp's subsidiary banks, including
Citibank, N.A. Borrowings under such credit facilities would be secured in
accordance with Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act.
95
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS
Citigroup, CCC and TIC have a five-year revolving credit facility which expires
in June 2001 with a syndicate of banks to provide $1.0 billion of revolving
credit, to be allocated to any of Citigroup, CCC or TIC. The participation of
TIC in this facility is limited to $250 million. At December 31, 1997, $500
million was allocated to Citigroup, $450 million was allocated to CCC, and $50
million was allocated to TIC. Under this facility, the Company is required to
maintain a certain level of consolidated stockholders' equity (as defined in the
agreement). At December 31, 1997, TRV exceeded the requirement by approximately
$10.5 billion. At December 31, 1997, there were no borrowings outstanding under
this facility.
At December 31, 1997, CCC also had a committed and available revolving credit
facility on a stand-alone basis of $4.4 billion, of which $3.4 billion expires
in 2002 and $1.0 billion in July 1998.
CCC is limited by covenants in its revolving credit agreements as to the amount
of dividends and advances that may be made to its parent or its affiliated
companies. At December 31, 1997, CCC would have been able to remit $567 million
under its most restrictive covenants.
TAP has a five-year revolving credit facility in the amount of $500 million with
a syndicate of banks that expires in December 2001. Under this facility TAP is
required to maintain a certain level of consolidated stockholders' equity (as
defined in the agreement). At December 31, 1997, this requirement was exceeded
by approximately $3.4 billion. At December 31, 1997, there were no borrowings
outstanding under this facility.
Long-term debt
At December 31, long-term debt was as follows:
Weighted Average
In Millions of Dollars Coupon Rate Maturities 1997 1996
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Citigroup Inc.
Senior Notes 7.31% 1998-2025 $ 1,662 $ 1,848
Other (1) 33 55
Salomon Smith Barney Holdings Inc.
Senior Notes (2) 6.56% 1998-2023 19,064 15,738
Citicorp
Senior Notes 7.48% 1998-2035 18,218 17,728
Other (3) 817 822
Commercial Credit Company
Senior Notes 6.99% 1998-2025 6,300 5,750
Travelers Property Casualty Corp.
Senior Notes 6.83% 1999-2026 1,250 1,250
Other (4) (1) (1)
The Travelers Insurance Group Inc.
Other (5) 44 56
---------------------------------
Total
Senior Notes 46,494 42,314
Other 893 932
---------------------------------
$47,387 $43,246
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Unamortized premium of $15 million in 1997 and $20 million in 1996; and
an ESOP note guarantee of $18 million in 1997 and $35 million in 1996.
(2) Includes $3.427 billion and $4.036 billion of non-U.S. dollar
denominated debt at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
(3) Subordinated capital notes.
(4) Unamortized discount.
(5) Principally 12% GNMA/FNMA-collateralized obligations.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
At December 31, 1997 and 1996, Citicorp had $817 million and $822 million of
subordinated capital notes outstanding, respectively. At maturity or other
specified times, the Company may, at its option, exchange certain of these notes
for capital securities with a market value equal to the principal amounts of the
notes or, the Company may pay the principal of the notes from amounts
representing designated proceeds from the sale of capital securities. At the
option of Citicorp, the exchange or the proceeds from sale, as applicable, may
be for or from common stock, non-redeemable preferred stock, or other marketable
capital securities of Citigroup. The Company has designated proceeds from the
sales of capital securities in an amount sufficient to satisfy all the
dedication commitments of its subordinated capital notes.
Salomon Smith Barney and Citicorp issue both U.S. dollar and non-U.S. dollar
denominated fixed and variable rate debt. Both companies also utilize derivative
contracts, primarily interest rate swaps, to effectively convert most of their
fixed rate debt to variable rate debt. The maturity structure of the derivatives
generally corresponds with the maturity structure of the debt being hedged.
96
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
At December 31, 1997, Salomon Smith Barney had entered into interest rate swaps
to convert $11.2 billion of its $15.0 billion of fixed rate debt to variable
rate obligations. The contractual weighted average fixed rate on swapped fixed
rate debt versus the weighted average variable rate on swapped debt (Salomon
Smith Barney's actual borrowing cost) was 6.8% and 6.2% at December 31, 1997 and
6.8% and 6.1% at December 31, 1996, respectively.
At December 31, 1997, Citicorp had converted, through the use of derivative
contracts, $9.9 billion of its $11.2 billion of fixed rate debt into variable
rate obligations. At year-end 1997, Citicorp's overall weighted average interest
rate for long-term debt was 7.48% on a contractual basis and 6.98% after
including the effects of derivative contracts.
Aggregate annual maturities for the next five years on long-term debt
obligations (based on final maturity dates), excluding principal payments on the
ESOP loan obligation and the 12% GNMA/FNMA-collateralized obligations, are as
follows:
In Millions of Dollars 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Thereafter
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Citigroup Inc. $ 250 $ 100 $ 200 $ - $ 300 $ 812
Salomon Smith Barney Holdings Inc. 3,878 2,878 2,989 1,872 2,480 4,967
Citicorp 2,163 2,176 2,701 1,857 2,546 7,592
Commercial Credit Company 350 350 750 700 900 3,250 (1)
Travelers Property Casualty Corp. - 400 - 500 - 350
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 6,641 $ 5,904 $ 6,640 $ 4,929 $ 6,226 $ 16,971
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes $450 million redeemable at option of holders during 1999 at
face amount and $200 million redeemable at option of holders during
2002 at face amount.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The fair value of the Company's long-term debt is estimated based on the quoted
market price for the same or similar issues or on current rates offered to the
Company for debt of the same remaining maturities. At December 31, 1997 the
carrying value and the fair value of the Company's long-term debt were:
Carrying Fair
In Millions of Dollars Value Value
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Citigroup Inc. $ 1,695 $ 1,753
Salomon Smith Barney Holdings Inc. 19,064 19,364
Citicorp 19,035 19,347
Commercial Credit Company 6,300 6,515
Travelers Property Casualty Corp. 1,249 1,275
The Travelers Insurance Group Inc. 44 49
------------------------------
$ 47,387 $ 48,303
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. Insurance Policy and Claims Reserves
Insurance policy and claims reserves consisted of the following at December 31:
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benefit and loss reserves:
Property-casualty $29,343 $29,967
Accident and health 1,080 928
Life and annuity 8,660 8,555
Unearned premiums 4,267 3,909
Policy and contract claims 432 585
----------------------------
$43,782 $43,944
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following table is a reconciliation of beginning and ending
property-casualty reserve balances for claims and claim adjustment expenses for
the years ended December 31:
97
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Claims and claim adjustment expense reserves at beginning of year $29,967 $14,715 $13,872
Less reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses 8,151 4,613 3,621
-----------------------------------------
Net balance at beginning of year 21,816 10,102 10,251
-----------------------------------------
Provision for claims and claim adjustment expenses
for claims arising in the current year 5,730 4,827 2,898
Estimated claims and claim adjustment expenses for claims
arising in prior years (492) 192 (227)
Increase for purchase of Aetna P&C - 11,752 -
-----------------------------------------
Total increases 5,238 16,771 2,671
-----------------------------------------
Claims and claim adjustment expense payments for claims arising in:
Current year 1,944 1,858 887
Prior years 3,704 3,199 1,933
-----------------------------------------
Total payments 5,648 5,057 2,820
-----------------------------------------
Net balance at end of year 21,406 21,816 10,102
Plus reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses 7,937 8,151 4,613
-----------------------------------------
Claims and claim adjustment expense reserves at end of year $29,343 $29,967 $14,715
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In 1997, estimated claims and claim adjustment expenses for claims arising in
prior years included $154 million of net favorable development in certain
Personal Lines coverages and Commercial Lines coverages, predominantly
automobile coverages. In addition, in 1997 Commercial Lines experienced $122
million of favorable prior year loss development in the workers' compensation
line; however, since the business to which it relates is subject to premium
adjustments, there was no impact on results of operations. Also in 1997, the
Company adopted newly prescribed statutory allocations of certain claim
adjustment expenses. The new allocations resulted in favorable prior year loss
development of $216 million offset by an increase in the current accident year
provision of the same amount.
In 1996 estimated claims and claim adjustment expenses for claims arising in
prior years included $238 million of net favorable development in certain
Commercial Lines and Personal Lines coverages. Also in 1996, estimated claims
and claim adjustment expenses for claims arising in prior years included $430
million within Commercial Lines related to acquisition-related charges,
primarily related to CIOTA, insurance products involving financial guarantees,
and assumed reinsurance. In addition, as a result of the Company's review of
Aetna P&C's insurance reserves, Commercial Lines reserves were increased by $60
million and Personal Lines reserves were decreased by $60 million.
In 1995, estimated claims and claim adjustment expenses for claims arising in
prior years included favorable loss development in certain workers'
compensation, general liability and commercial auto lines of approximately $150
million; however, since the business to which it relates is subject to premium
adjustments on retrospectively rated policies, the net impact on results of
operations was not significant. In addition, in 1995 estimated claims and claim
adjustment expenses for claims arising in prior years included favorable loss
development in Personal Lines of approximately $60 million.
The property-casualty claims and claim adjustment expense reserves include
$2.233 billion and $2.315 billion for asbestos and environmental-related claims
net of reinsurance at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively.
It is difficult to estimate the reserves for environmental and
asbestos-related claims due to the vagaries of court coverage decisions,
plaintiffs' expanded theories of liability, the risks inherent in major
litigation and other uncertainties. Conventional actuarial techniques are not
used to estimate such reserves.
For environmental claims, the Company estimates its financial exposure and
establishes reserves based upon an analysis of its historical claim experience
and the facts of the individual underlying claims. More specifically, the unique
facts presented in each claim are evaluated individually and collectively. Due
consideration is given to the many variables presented in each claim, as
discussed above.
The following factors are evaluated in projecting the ultimate reserve for
asbestos-related claims: available insurance coverage; limits and deductibles;
an analysis of each policyholder's potential liability; jurisdictional
involvement; past and projected future claim activity; past settlement values of
similar claims; allocated claim adjustment expense; potential role of other
insurance, and applicable coverage defenses, if any. Once the gross ultimate
exposure for indemnity and
98
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
allocated claim adjustment expense is determined for a policyholder by policy
year, a ceded projection is calculated based on any applicable facultative and
treaty reinsurance. In addition, a similar review is conducted for asbestos
property damage claims. However, due to the relatively minor claim volume, these
reserves have remained at a constant level.
As a result of these processes and procedures, the reserves carried for
environmental and asbestos claims at December 31, 1997 are the Company's best
estimate of ultimate claims and claim adjustment expenses, based upon known
facts and current law. However, the conditions surrounding the final resolution
of these claims continue to change. Currently, it is not possible to predict
changes in the legal and legislative environment and their impact on the future
development of asbestos and environmental claims. Such development will be
impacted by future court decisions and interpretations and changes in Superfund
and other legislation. Because of these future unknowns, additional liabilities
may arise for amounts in excess of the current reserves. These additional
amounts, or a range of these additional amounts, cannot now be reasonably
estimated, and could result in a liability exceeding reserves by an amount that
would be material to the Company's operating results in a future period.
However, the Company believes that it is not likely that these claims will have
a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition or liquidity.
The Company has a geographic exposure to catastrophe losses in certain North
Atlantic states, California and South Florida. Catastrophes can be caused by
various events including hurricanes, windstorms, earthquakes, hail, severe
winter weather, explosions and fires, and the incidence and severity of
catastrophes are inherently unpredictable. The extent of losses from a
catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the
area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Most catastrophes are
restricted to small geographic areas; however, hurricanes and earthquakes may
produce significant damage in large, heavily populated areas. The Company
generally seeks to reduce its exposure to catastrophes through individual risk
selection and the purchase of catastrophe reinsurance.
14. Reinsurance
The Company's insurance operations participate in reinsurance in order to limit
losses, minimize exposure to large risks, provide additional capacity for future
growth and effect business-sharing arrangements. Life reinsurance is
accomplished through various plans of reinsurance, primarily coinsurance,
modified coinsurance and yearly renewable term. Property-casualty reinsurance is
placed on both a quota-share and excess of loss basis. The property-casualty
insurance subsidiaries also participate as a servicing carrier for, and a member
of, several pools and associations. Reinsurance ceded arrangements do not
discharge the insurance subsidiaries or the Company as the primary insurer,
except for cases involving a novation.
99
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Reinsurance amounts included in the Supplemental Consolidated Statement of
Income for the year ended December 31 were as follows:
Ceded to
Gross Other Net
In Millions of Dollars Amount Companies Amount
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997
- -----
Premiums
Property-casualty insurance $ 9,045 $(1,751) $7,294
Life insurance 1,669 (279) 1,390
Accident and health insurance 373 (62) 311
------------------------------------------------
$11,087 $(2,092) $8,995
------------------------------------------------
Claims incurred $ 8,226 $(1,357) $6,869
------------------------------------------------
1996
- -----
Premiums
Property-casualty insurance $7,902 $(1,806) $6,096
Life insurance 1,529 (296) 1,233
Accident and health insurance 402 (98) 304
------------------------------------------------
$9,833 $(2,200) $7,633
------------------------------------------------
Claims incurred $8,389 $(1,892) $6,497
------------------------------------------------
1995
- -----
Premiums
Property-casualty insurance $4,752 $(1,412) $3,340
Life insurance 1,497 (272) 1,225
Accident and health insurance 499 (87) 412
------------------------------------------------
$6,748 $(1,771) $4,977
------------------------------------------------
Claims incurred $5,806 $(1,726) $4,080
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reinsurance recoverables, net of valuation allowance, at December 31 include
amounts recoverable on unpaid and paid losses and were as follows:
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Life business $1,372 $ 1,521
Property-casualty business:
Pools and associations 3,378 4,160
Other reinsurance 4,829 4,553
----------------------------
$9,579 $10,234
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Included in Life business reinsurance recoverables at December 31, 1997 and 1996
is approximately $697 million and $720 million, respectively, of receivables
from MetLife in connection with the sale of the group life business.
15. Restructuring Charges
As discussed in Note 2, Salomon Smith Barney recorded in the fourth quarter of
1997 a restructuring charge of $838 million ($496 million after-tax). This
restructuring charge reflects severance and other termination-related costs to
be incurred in connection with staff reductions ($161 million), costs in
connection with planned abandonment of certain facilities, premises and other
assets ($663 million), and other costs related directly to the Salomon Merger
($14 million). At December 31, 1997 the reserve balance associated with the
above charge was $825 million, reflecting $13 million of charges related to
severance and facilities costs.
100
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The material components of the Salomon Smith Barney restructuring charge are as
follows:
In Millions of Dollars Cash Non-Cash Total
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seven World Trade Center lease $411 $199 $610
Other facilities 18 35 53
---------------------------------------
Total facilities 429 234 663
Severance 161 - 161
Other 10 4 14
---------------------------------------
$600 $238 $838
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All of the amounts were determined in accordance with accounting guidelines set
forth in Emerging Issues Task Force Issue No. 94-3, "Liability Recognition for
Certain Employee Termination Benefits and Other Costs to Exit an Activity
(including Certain Costs Incurred in a Restructuring)," (EITF 94-3) and
represent costs which are not associated with future revenues and are either (1)
incremental or (2) contractual with no economic benefit.
Lease costs represented the difference between contractual obligations and the
estimated fair market rental at December 31, 1997 obtainable through sublease
from the date that such facilities are expected to be vacated, plus the costs of
contractually required restoration of space, and other costs incidental to
sublease. These contractual lease payments are estimated to be expended over the
remaining terms (through 2010) and the remaining cash costs for restoration,
etc., are largely scheduled to be paid in 1999.
Non-cash costs of leased facilities reflect the write-off of leasehold
improvements, furniture and equipment upon abandonment and represent the
remaining depreciated book value at the estimated dates of abandonment.
Depreciation of these assets will be continued during the period they are in
use. The cash amount relates to small leased facilities.
The facilities are located primarily in the United States and generally support
multiple lines of business. The assets have not been reclassified to a held for
sale category since substantially all are subject to abandonment and will not be
realized through sale.
Severance costs are expected to be paid by the end of 1998. Approximately 1,900
employees are expected to be terminated worldwide, mostly in the United States.
None of the amounts included in the restructuring charge represent operating
losses or income.
The cash component of these costs will be funded from working capital and will
not require any incremental funding source.
In the second quarter of 1998, the Company recorded an adjustment of $324
million ($191 million after-tax) to the restructuring reserve related to the
Seven World Trade Center lease. This reduction in the reserve resulted from
negotiations on a sub-lease which indicated that excess space would be disposed
of on terms more favorable than had been originally estimated.
During 1997, Citicorp recorded an $880 million charge related to cost-management
programs and customer service initiatives to improve operational efficiency and
productivity. These programs, which are expected to be substantially completed
by the end of 1998, include global operations and technology consolidation and
standardization, the reconfiguration of front-end distribution processes, and
the outsourcing of various technological functions.
The charge, which was determined in accordance with EITF 94-3, included $487
million for severance benefits, $245 million related to writedowns of equipment
and premises which management has committed to dispose of, and $148 million of
lease terminations and other exit costs. These programs are expected to be
substantially completed by the end of 1998. Additional program costs that do not
qualify for recognition in the charge will be expensed as incurred in the
implementation of these programs, but are not expected to be material.
101
The $880 million charge related to the following businesses and regions:
In Millions of Dollars 1997
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Consumer
Citibanking $457
Cards 95
Private Bank 28
-------------------
580
Global Corporate Banking
Emerging Markets 54
Global Relationship Banking 227
-------------------
281
Other Items 19
-------------------
Total Citicorp $880
-------------------
Developed markets (1) $695
Emerging markets 185
-------------------
Total Citicorp $880
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes $465 million related to the United States
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The $487 million for severance benefits is related to approximately 9,000
positions that will be reduced. It is estimated that about 1,500 new positions
will be added as part of this program, resulting in a net program reduction of
about 7,500 jobs. The gross direct staff reductions are attributed as follows:
Gross Direct Staff Reduction
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Consumer Banking 6,700
Global Corporate Banking 1,500
Business Support (1) 800
-------------------
Total Citicorp (2) 9,000
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Associated costs have been allocated to businesses as appropriate.
(2) Includes approximately 6,300 employees related to the United States.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Of the total $880 million restructuring charge, approximately $245 million of
premises and equipment writedowns were recognized during the 1997 third quarter,
based on estimated fair values, and $39 million of reserves were utilized during
the 1997 fourth quarter, primarily for severance and related costs.
Approximately 650 gross direct staff reductions occurred during the 1997 fourth
quarter. The remaining reserve represents a liability for future cash outflows
associated with employee severance benefits, lease termination costs, and other
exit costs. The remaining carrying amount of the written down assets is not
material.
16. Income Taxes
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current:
Federal $3,259 $1,833 $1,875
Foreign 1,539 1,128 1,389
State 465 531 395
--------------------------------------
5,263 3,492 3,659
--------------------------------------
Deferred:
Federal (1,095) 450 (136)
Foreign (109) 67 (130)
State (226) (42) (89)
--------------------------------------
(1,430) 475 (355)
--------------------------------------
Provision for income tax on continuing operations before minority interest (1) $3,833 $3,967 $3,304
Provision for income tax on discontinued operations - (246) 48
Income tax expense (benefit) reported in stockholders' equity related to:
Foreign currency translation 26 28 (33)
Securities available for sale 370 186 1,060
Employee stock plans (728) (430) (149)
Minimum pension liability - 61 (61)
Other 9 15 14
--------------------------------------
Total income taxes before minority interest $3,510 $3,581 $4,183
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes the effect of securities transactions amounting to a provision
of $376 million in 1997, $93 million in 1996, and $99 million in 1995.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
102
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The reconciliation of the federal statutory income tax rate to the Company's
effective income tax rate applicable to income from continuing operations
(before minority interest) for the years ended December 31 was as follows:
1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal statutory rate 35.0% 35.0% 35.0%
Limited taxability of investment income (1.7) (1.4) (1.4)
State income taxes (net of federal income tax benefit) 1.4 2.9 2.2
Other, net 1.0 (0.7) 1.3
-----------------------------------------
Effective income tax rate 35.7% 35.8% 37.1%
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deferred income taxes at December 31 related to the following:
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deferred tax assets:
Differences in computing policy reserves $ 2,042 $ 2,036
Credit loss deduction 2,205 2,256
Unremitted foreign earnings 1,019 502
Deferred compensation 1,035 834
Employee benefits 628 354
Interest related items 508 470
Foreign and state loss carryforwards 316 280
Other deferred tax assets 941 931
------------------------------
Gross deferred tax assets 8,694 7,663
Valuation allowance 424 502
------------------------------
Deferred tax assets after valuation allowance $ 8,270 $ 7,161
------------------------------
Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred policy acquisition costs and
value of insurance in force $ (786) $ (727)
Leases (496) (694)
Investment management contracts (236) (246)
Investments (1,549) (958)
Other deferred tax liabilities (819) (1,371)
------------------------------
Gross deferred tax liabilities $(3,886) $(3,996)
------------------------------
Net deferred tax asset $ 4,384 $ 3,165
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foreign pre-tax earnings approximated $4.8 billion in 1997, $4.2 billion in
1996, and $4.2 billion in 1995. As a U.S. corporation, Citigroup is subject to
U.S. taxation currently on all of its foreign pre-tax earnings if earned by a
foreign branch or when earnings are effectively repatriated if earned by a
foreign subsidiary or affiliate. In addition, certain of Citigroup's U.S. income
is subject to foreign income tax where the payor of such income is domiciled
outside the United States. The Company provides income taxes on the
undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries except to the extent that such
earnings are indefinitely invested outside the United States. At December 31,
1997, $1.3 billion of accumulated undistributed earnings of non-U.S.
subsidiaries was indefinitely invested. At the existing U.S. federal income tax
rate, additional taxes of $376 million would have to be provided if such
earnings were remitted.
Income taxes are not provided for on the Company's life insurance subsidiaries'
retained earnings designated as "policyholders' surplus" because such taxes will
become payable only to the extent such retained earnings are distributed as a
dividend or exceed limits prescribed by federal law. Distributions are not
contemplated from this portion of the life insurance companies' retained
earnings, which aggregated $982 million (subject to a tax effect of $344
million) at December 31, 1997.
The 1997 net change in the valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets
was a decrease of $78 million relating to an improvement in current earnings in
certain state and local jurisdictions. As a result of the acquisition of The
Travelers Corporation (old Travelers), a valuation allowance of $100 million was
established in 1993 to reduce the net deferred tax asset on investment losses to
the amount that, based upon available evidence, is more likely than not to be
realized. The $100 million valuation allowance is sufficient to cover any
capital losses on investments that may exceed the capital gains able to be
generated in the life insurance group's consolidated federal income tax return
based upon management's best estimate of the character of the reversing
temporary differences. Reversal of the valuation allowance is contingent upon
the recognition of future capital gains or a change in circumstances that causes
the recognition of the benefits to become more likely than not. The initial
recognition of any benefit produced by the reversal of the valuation allowance
will be
103
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
recognized by reducing goodwill. The remaining valuation allowance of $324
million at December 31, 1997 is primarily reserved for specific U.S. federal,
state and local, and foreign tax carryforwards or tax law restrictions on
benefit recognition in these jurisdictions.
Management believes that the realization of the recognized net deferred tax
asset of $4,384 million is more likely than not based on existing carryback
ability and expectations as to future taxable income. The Company has reported
pre-tax financial statement income from continuing operations exceeding $10
billion on average over the last three years and has generated federal taxable
income of approximately $9 billion each year during this same period.
17. Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity
Redeemable preferred stock
The Company's $4.53 Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (Series C Preferred)
has a stated liquidation preference of $53.25 per share and is convertible into
one share of common for each $21.99 of stated value of Series C Preferred. The
Series C Preferred was issued to pre-fund the Company's matching obligations
under one of its benefit plans. The Company established an Employee Stock
Ownership Plan (ESOP) to serve as the funding vehicle. The ESOP financed the
purchase of the Series C Preferred with a variable interest rate loan from a
third party. The Company has guaranteed the ESOP's debt obligation, and the
unpaid principal is included in the Company's long-term debt (see Note 12) with
a corresponding offset to the carrying value of the Series C Preferred. At
December 31, 1997 and 1996 there were 2,866,689 and 3,085,612 shares of Series C
Preferred outstanding with a carrying value (net of the loan offset) of $135
million and $129 million, respectively, included in Other Liabilities. In
January, 1998 all of the outstanding shares of Series C Preferred were converted
into 6,941,859 shares of common stock.
In 1987, the Company issued 700,000 shares of Series I Cumulative Convertible
Preferred Stock (Series I Preferred) to affiliates of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. at
$1,000 per share. Annual cumulative dividends on the Series I Preferred are $90
per share and payable quarterly. Each share of Series I Preferred has a
redemption value of $1,000 and is convertible into 44.60526 shares of Citigroup
common stock (subject to antidilution adjustments in certain circumstances).
Series I Preferred shareholders are entitled to vote on all matters on which the
Company's common stockholders vote, and are entitled to one vote per common
share into which it is convertible. Commencing October 31, 1995, 140,000 Series
I Preferred shares must be redeemed annually (if not previously converted) at
$1,000 per share plus any accrued and unpaid dividends. The first tranche of
140,000 Series I Preferred shares was redeemed in October 1995, while the second
and third tranches of 140,000 shares were converted into 6.2 million shares of
common stock each in October 1996 and October 1997, respectively.
104
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Perpetual Preferred stock
The following table sets forth the Company's perpetual preferred stock
outstanding at December 31:
Redeemable, in Redemption
whole or in part Price Number of Carrying Value (millions)
Rate on or after (1) Per Share(2) Shares 1997 1996
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Series A (3) 8.125% July 28, 1997 $ 250 1,200,000 $ - $ 300
Series D (4) 9.25% July 1, 1997 $ 50 7,500,000 - 375
Series F (5) 6.365% June 16, 2007 $ 250 1,600,000 400 -
Series G (5) 6.213% July 11, 2007 $ 250 800,000 200 -
Series H (5) 6.231% September 8, 2007 $ 250 800,000 200 -
Series J (6) 8.08% March 31, 1998 $ 500 400,000 200 200
Series K (6) 8.40% March 31, 2001 $ 500 500,000 250 250
Series M (5) 5.864% October 8, 2007 $ 250 800,000 200 -
Series O (7) Graduated August 15, 2004 $ 100 625,000 63 63
Series Q (3) Adjustable May 31, 1999 $ 250 700,000 175 175
Series R (3) Adjustable August 31, 1999 $ 250 400,000 100 100
Series S (3) 8.30% November 15, 1999 $ 250 500,000 125 125
Series T (3) 8.50% February 15, 2000 $ 250 600,000 150 150
Series U (3) 7.75% May 15, 2000 $ 250 500,000 125 125
Series V (3) Fixed/Adjustable February 15, 2006 $ 500 250,000 125 125
Second Series Adjustable At any time $ 100 2,195,636 220 220
Third Series Adjustable At any time $ 100 834,867 83 83
Series 8A (7) Graduated August 15, 2004 $ 100 625,000 62 62
Series 14 9.08% March 15, 1997 $ 250 700,000 - 175
Series 16 8.00% June 1, 1998 $ 250 1,300,000 325 325
Series 17 7.50% September 1, 1998 $ 250 1,400,000 350 350
-----------------------------
$3,353 $3,203
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Under various circumstances, the Company may redeem certain series of
preferred stock at times other than described above.
(2) Liquidation preference per share equals redemption price per share.
(3) Issued as depositary shares each representing a one-tenth interest in the
corresponding series of preferred stock.
(4) Issued as depositary shares each representing a one-half interest in the
corresponding series of preferred stock.
(5) Issued as depositary shares each representing a one-fifth interest in the
corresponding series of preferred stock.
(6) Issued as depositary shares each representing a one-twentieth interest in
the corresponding series of preferred stock.
(7) Also redeemable on any of the dividend repricing dates through August 15,
2004.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All dividends on the Company's perpetual preferred stock are payable quarterly
and, with the exception of the Series 16, 17, S, and T Preferred Stock, all
dividends are cumulative. Only the holders of Series J and K Preferred Stock
have voting rights. Holders of Series J and K Preferred Stock are entitled to
three votes per share when voting together as a class with the Citigroup common
stock on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company's stockholders.
Dividends on the Series O Preferred Stock are payable at 8.25% through August
15, 1999 and thereafter at a rate equal to the five-year treasury rate plus
an amount equal to 2.25% and increasing to 3% for all dividend periods ending
after August 15, 2004. Dividends on the Series 8A Preferred Stock are payable
at 7.55% through August 15, 1998 and thereafter at a rate equal to the
three-year treasury rate plus an amount initially equal to 2.25% and
increasing to 2.75% for all dividend periods ending from August 15, 2001
through August 15, 2004 and 3% thereafter. The dividend rate through August
15, 2004 on both the Series O and Series 8A Preferred Stock cannot be less
than 7% or greater than 14%, and thereafter cannot be less than 8% or greater
than 16%.
Dividends on the Second and Third Series and Series Q and R Preferred Stock are
payable at rates determined quarterly by formulas based on interest rates of
certain U.S. Treasury obligations, subject to certain minimum and maximum rates
as specified in the certificates of designation. The weighted-average dividend
rates on the Second and Third Series, as well as the Series Q and R Preferred
Stock, were 6.0%, 7.0%, 5.6%, and 5.6%, respectively, for 1997.
Dividends on the Series V Preferred Stock are payable at 5.86% through February
15, 2006 and thereafter at rates determined quarterly by a formula based on
certain interest rate indices, subject to a minimum rate of 6% and a maximum
rate of 12%. The rate of dividends on the Series V Preferred Stock is subject
to adjustment based upon the applicable percentage of the dividends received
deduction.
105
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
During 1997, all of the Series A, D and 14 Preferred Stock was redeemed by the
Company. During 1996, $125 million of 5.50% Convertible Preferred Stock, Series
B was converted into 10,203,648 shares of common stock, $590 million of
Convertible Preferred Stock, Series 12 was converted into 92,187,500 shares of
common stock and $403 million of Convertible Preferred Stock, Series 13 was
converted into 55,193,423 shares of common stock. Also in 1996, the Company
redeemed $112 million of Salomon Series C 9.50% Cumulative Preferred Stock.
The Second and Third Series as well as the Series 16 Preferred Stock were
redeemed by the Company in the first half of 1998. The Series 8A and 17
Preferred Stock were redeemed on August 15, 1998 and September 1, 1998,
respectively.
Mandatorily redeemable preferred securities of subsidiary trusts
During 1997 and 1996 the Company formed statutory business trusts under the laws
of the state of Delaware. Each trust exists for the exclusive purposes of (i)
issuing Trust Securities (both common and preferred) representing undivided
beneficial interests in the assets of the Trust; (ii) investing the gross
proceeds of the Trust securities in junior subordinated deferrable interest
debentures (subordinated debentures) of its parent; and (iii) engaging in only
those activities necessary or incidental thereto. These subordinated debentures
and the related income effects are eliminated in the supplemental consolidated
financial statements. Distributions on the mandatorily redeemable preferred
securities of subsidiary trusts below have been classified as interest expense
in the Supplemental Consolidated Statement of Income. The following tables
summarize the financial structure of each of the Company's subsidiary trusts at
December 31, 1996 (excluding Citicorp Capital II) and 1997:
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Travelers Travelers Travelers Travelers P&C
Capital I Capital II Capital III Capital I
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trust Preferred Securities:
Issuance date October 1996 December 1996 December 1996 April 1996
Shares issued 16,000,000 400,000 200,000 32,000,000
Liquidation preference per share $ 25 $1,000 $1,000 $ 25
Liquidation value (in millions of dollars) $400 $ 400 $ 200 $800
Coupon rate 8% 7 3/4% 7 5/8% 8.08%
Distributions payable Quarterly Semi-annually Semi-annually Quarterly
Distributions guaranteed by (1) Citigroup Citigroup Citigroup TAP
Common shares issued to parent 494,880 12,372 6,186 989,720
Junior Subordinated Debentures:
Amount owned (in millions of dollars) $412 $412 $206 $825
Coupon rate 8% 7 3/4% 7 5/8% 8.08%
Interest payable Quarterly Semi-annually Semi-annually Quarterly
Maturity date September 30, 2036 December 1, 2036 December 1, 2036 April 30, 2036
Redeemable by issuer on or after October 7, 2001 December 1, 2006 Not redeemable April 30, 2001
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Travelers P&C SI Financing Citicorp Citicorp
Capital II Trust I Capital I Capital II
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trust Preferred Securities:
Issuance date May 1996 July 1996 December 1996 January 1997
Shares issued 4,000,000 13,800,000 300,000 450,000
Liquidation preference per share $ 25 $ 25 $1,000 $1,000
Liquidation value (in millions of dollars) $100 $345 $ 300 $ 450
Coupon rate 8% 9 1/4% 7.933% 8.015%
Distributions payable Quarterly Quarterly Semi-annually Semi-annually
Distributions guaranteed by (1) TAP Salomon Smith Citicorp Citicorp
Barney
Common shares issued to parent 123,720 426,800 9,000 13,500
Junior Subordinated Debentures:
Amount owned (in millions of dollars) $103 $356 $309 $464
Coupon rate 8% 9 1/4% 7.933% 8.015%
Interest payable Quarterly Quarterly Semi-annually Semi-annually
Maturity date May 15, 2036 June 30, 2026 February 15, 2027 February 15, 2027
Redeemable by issuer on or after May 15, 2001 June 30, 2001 February 15, 2007 February 15, 2007
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Under the arrangements, taken as a whole, payments due are fully and
unconditionally guaranteed on a subordinated basis.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
106
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SI Financing Trust I, a wholly owned subsidiary of Salomon Smith Barney, issued
TRUPS(R) units to the public. Each TRUPS(R) unit includes a preferred security
of SI Financing Trust I, as shown in the table on page 106, and a purchase
contract that requires the holder to purchase, in 2021 (or earlier if Salomon
Smith Barney elects to accelerate the contract), one depositary share
representing a one-twentieth interest in a share of the Company's 9.50%
Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series L. Salomon Smith Barney is obligated under
the terms of each purchase contract to pay contract fees of 0.25% per annum.
Upon consummation of the Merger, the names of Travelers Capital I, II and III
were changed to Citigroup Capital I, II and III, respectively.
Stockholders' equity
Common stock
As of December 31, 1997, TRV was authorized to issue 1.5 billion shares of
common stock. At TRV's Annual Meeting of Stockholders on April 22, 1998,
shareholders approved an amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation
to increase the common stock authorized for issuance to 3 billion shares. At a
Special Meeting of Stockholders of TRV held on July 22, 1998, shareholders
approved another amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation to
increase the common stock authorized for issuance to 6 billion shares.
The Company has outstanding warrants to purchase shares of its common stock at
an exercise price of $13.00 per common share, exercisable until July 31, 1998.
These warrants, which enable the holder to purchase three shares of common stock
each, are publicly traded and at December 31, 1997 and 1996 outstanding warrants
would enable holders to purchase 10,131,162 and 11,244,777 shares, respectively,
of common stock of the Company.
At December 31, 1997, 30,231,061 shares of authorized common stock were reserved
for convertible securities and warrants.
During 1997 and 1996, Citicorp entered into a series of forward purchase
agreements on its common stock. These agreements are settled on a net basis in
shares of Citicorp common stock, or in cash at Citicorp's election. To the
extent that the market price of Citicorp common stock on settlement date is
higher (lower) than the forward purchase price, the net differential is received
(paid) by Citicorp. As of December 31, 1997, agreements were in place covering
approximately $1.2 billion of Citicorp common stock (25 million equivalent
Citigroup shares) which had equivalent Citigroup forward prices averaging $48.49
per share. If these agreements were settled based on the December 31, 1997
market price ($50.58 per share), Citicorp would be entitled to receive
approximately 1.0 million equivalent shares. During 1997, settlements resulted
in Citicorp receiving 5.3 million equivalent shares and paying 3.3 million
equivalent shares which were recorded as treasury share transactions. These
forward purchase agreements were terminated in accordance with their terms prior
to the consummation of the Merger.
Regulatory capital
The combined insurance subsidiaries' statutory capital and surplus at December
31, 1997 and 1996 were $10.505 billion and $9.046 billion, respectively, and are
subject to certain restrictions imposed by state insurance departments as to the
transfer of funds and payment of dividends. The combined insurance subsidiaries'
net income, determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices, for
the years ended December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995 was $1.794 billion, $843
million (which includes $285 million for Aetna P&C in the first quarter of 1996)
and $745 million (excluding Aetna P&C), respectively.
TIC is subject to various regulatory restrictions that limit the maximum amount
of dividends available to its parent without prior approval of the Connecticut
Insurance Department. A maximum of $551 million of statutory surplus is
available in 1998 for such dividends without the prior approval of the
Connecticut Insurance Department.
TAP's insurance subsidiaries are subject to various regulatory restrictions that
limit the maximum amount of dividends available to be paid to their parent
without prior approval of insurance regulatory authorities. Dividend payments to
TAP
107
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
from its insurance subsidiaries are limited to $805 million in 1998 without
prior approval of the Connecticut Insurance Department.
Citigroup and Citicorp are subject to risk-based capital and leverage guidelines
issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB), and its
U.S. insured depositary institution subsidiaries, including Citibank, N.A., are
subject to similar guidelines issued by their respective primary regulators.
These guidelines are used to evaluate capital adequacy and include the required
minimums shown below.
To be "well capitalized" under federal bank regulatory agency definitions, a
depository institution must have a Tier 1 ratio of at least 6%, a combined Tier
1 and Tier 2 ratio of at least 10%, and a leverage ratio of at least 5% and not
be subject to a directive, order, or written agreement to meet and maintain
specific capital levels. The regulatory agencies are required by law to take
specific prompt actions with respect to institutions that do not meet minimum
capital standards. As of December 31, 1997 and 1996, all of Citicorp's U.S.
insured subsidiary depository institutions were "well capitalized." At December
31, 1997, regulatory capital as set forth in guidelines issued by the U.S.
federal bank regulators is as follows:
Minimum
In Millions of Dollars Requirement Citigroup Citicorp Citibank, N.A.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 1 capital $39,521 $20,926 $16,441
Total capital (1) 52,279 30,986 24,524
Tier 1 capital ratio 4.00% 8.37% 8.27% 8.09%
Total capital ratio (1) 8.00 11.07% 12.25% 12.07%
Leverage ratio (2) 3.00+ 5.64% 6.95% 6.33%
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Total capital includes Tier 1 and Tier 2.
(2) Tier 1 capital divided by adjusted average assets.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Certain of the Company's U.S. and non-U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries are
subject to various securities and commodities regulations and capital adequacy
requirements promulgated by the regulatory and exchange authorities of the
countries in which they operate. The principal regulated subsidiaries, their net
capital requirement or equivalent and excess over the minimum requirement as of
December 31, 1997 are as follows:
In Millions of Dollars
Excess over
Net Capital minimum
Subsidiary Jurisdiction or equivalent requirement
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Salomon Brothers Inc U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Uniform Net Capital Rule (Rule 15c3-1) $1,047 $974
Smith Barney Inc. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Uniform Net Capital Rule (Rule 15c3-1) $1,086 $884
Salomon Brothers International Limited United Kingdom's Securities and Futures Authority $4,796 $699
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See Note 12 for additional restrictions on stockholders' equity.
108
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
18. Earnings Per Share
Earnings per share has been computed in accordance with the provisions of SFAS
No. 128. The following is a reconciliation of the income and share data used in
the basic and diluted earnings per share computations for the years ended
December 31:
In Millions, Except per Share Amounts 1997 1996 1995
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Income from continuing operations $6,705 $7,073 $5,610
Discontinued operations - (334) 150
Preferred dividends (279) (319) (491)
-------------------------------------------
Income available to common stockholders for basic EPS 6,426 6,420 5,269
Effect of dilutive securities 36 56 259
-------------------------------------------
Income available to common stockholders for diluted EPS $6,462 $6,476 $5,528
-------------------------------------------
Weighted average common shares outstanding applicable to basic EPS 2,247.9 2,271.6 2,128.2
-------------------------------------------
Effect of dilutive securities:
Convertible securities 25.2 44.9 264.0
Options 52.4 52.6 48.4
Warrants 7.0 5.0 1.6
Restricted stock 25.2 19.8 17.7
-------------------------------------------
Adjusted weighted average common shares outstanding applicable to diluted EPS 2,357.7 2,393.9 2,459.9
-------------------------------------------
Basic earnings per share:
Continuing operations $ 2.86 $ 2.97 $ 2.41
Discontinued operations - (0.14) 0.07
-------------------------------------------
$ 2.86 $ 2.83 $ 2.48
-------------------------------------------
Diluted earnings per share:
Continuing operations $ 2.74 $ 2.84 $ 2.19
Discontinued operations - (0.13) 0.06
-------------------------------------------
$ 2.74 $ 2.71 $ 2.25
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
During 1997, 1996 and 1995, weighted average options of 8.5 million shares, 4.1
million shares and 8.5 million shares with weighted average exercise prices of
$45.79 per share, $25.83 per share and $17.17 per share, respectively, were
excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because the options' exercise price
was greater than the average market price of the Company's common stock.
19. Incentive Plans
The Company has adopted a number of compensation plans to attract, retain and
motivate officers and other key employees, to compensate them for their
contributions to the growth and profits of the Company and to encourage employee
stock ownership. Employee compensation plans currently consist of the
continuation of Travelers' and Citicorp's respective plans that were in effect
prior to the Merger. Accordingly, the following information summarizes
Travelers' and Citicorp's predecessor plans.
Travelers Predecessor Plans
Stock Option Plans
Travelers has a number of stock option plans that provide for the granting of
stock options to officers and key employees. Options are granted at the fair
market value of Citigroup common stock at the time of grant for a period of ten
years. Generally, options vest over a five-year period and are exercisable only
if the optionee is employed by the Company. The majority of the plans also
permit an employee exercising an option to be granted new options (reload
options) in an amount equal to the number of common shares used to satisfy the
exercise price and the withholding taxes due upon exercise. The reload options
are granted for the remaining term of the related original option and vest over
a six-month period.
109
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
To further encourage employee stock ownership, during 1997 the Wealthbuilder
stock option program was introduced. Under this program all employees meeting
certain requirements have been granted stock options. These options vest over a
five-year period and do not contain a reload feature.
Information with respect to stock options granted under Travelers stock option
plans is as follows:
1997 1996 1995
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weighted Weighted Weighted
Average Average Average
Exercise Exercise Exercise
Shares Price Shares Price Shares Price
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Outstanding, beginning
of year 68,052,764 $17.37 72,812,462 $12.52 74,959,414 $10.34
Granted-original 14,463,322 42.56 11,107,460 22.74 13,823,736 14.32
Granted-reload 33,958,262 41.11 30,770,388 24.17 22,535,379 16.41
Forfeited (1,303,179) 20.36 (4,077,926) 12.15 (4,737,946) 11.97
Exercised (51,084,532) 23.90 (42,559,620) 15.89 (33,768,121) 11.07
---------------- ---------------- -----------------
Outstanding, end of year 64,086,637 30.37 68,052,764 17.37 72,812,462 12.52
---------------- ---------------- -----------------
Exercisable at year end 9,978,056 14,801,246 15,976,622
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding under
Travelers stock option plans at December 31, 1997:
Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weighted Weighted Weighted
Average Average Average
Range of Number Remaining Exercise Number Exercise
Exercise Prices Outstanding Contractual Life Price Exercisable Price
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$3.48 - $ 9.99 3,643,835 4.0 years $ 6.61 2,841,850 $ 6.26
$ 10 - $19.99 18,387,969 6.7 years 13.33 4,055,558 12.72
$ 20 - $29.99 10,067,589 7.2 years 22.92 999,876 22.10
$ 30 - $39.99 4,265,118 7.6 years 33.60 1,551,872 34.51
$ 40 - $49.99 22,803,214 6.8 years 45.77 528,900 42.54
$ 50 - $56.50 4,918,912 6.8 years 52.73 - -
---------------- ----------------
$3.48 - $56.50 64,086,637 6.7 years 30.37 9,978,056 16.79
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
At December 31, 1997, 118,243,916 shares were available for grant under the
Travelers option plans. However, if the number of shares granted but unexercised
under the option plans is greater than ten percent of common stock outstanding
at the close of the most recent fiscal quarter, additional options are not
permitted to be granted until the number of outstanding but unexercised options
is less than ten percent of the common stock outstanding. Based on the number of
shares of common stock outstanding and the number of options granted but
unexercised, the maximum number of additional options that could have been
granted under Travelers' plans was 50,420,099 at December 31, 1997.
The Restricted Stock Plans
Travelers through its Capital Accumulation Plan and other restricted stock
programs, issues shares of Citigroup common stock in the form of restricted
stock to participating officers and other key employees. The restricted stock
generally vests after a two or three-year period. Except under limited
circumstances, during this period the stock cannot be sold or transferred by the
participant, who is required to render service during the restricted period.
Participants may elect to receive part of their awards in restricted stock and
part in stock options. Unearned compensation expense associated with the
restricted stock grants represents the market value of Citigroup common stock at
the date of grant and is recognized as a charge to income ratably over the
vesting period.
110
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
At December 31, 1997, 63,812,576 shares were available for future grant under
Travelers' restricted stock plans. Information with respect to restricted stock
awards is as follows:
1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shares awarded 12,259,829 17,141,073 20,950,065
Weighted average fair market value per share $32.05 $20.13 $12.00
After-tax compensation cost charged to earnings (in millions of dollars) $ 178 $ 127 $ 104
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Equity Partnership Plan (EPP)
Under EPP, qualifying Salomon Smith Barney employees receive a portion of their
compensation in the form of common stock. Original terms of EPP deferred payment
of the stock for five years and required the contribution of an additional
17.65% of the deferred compensation amount to the participant's account. The EPP
award is forfeited if the participant's employment is terminated for cause
within the five-year vesting period. Beginning in 1996, EPP was amended to
reduce the deferral period from five years to three years, increase the
additional contribution from 17.65% to 25%, and introduce additional forfeiture
provisions. Under the amended plan, the award is forfeited if the participant
leaves Salomon Smith Barney to join a competitor within three years after the
award date. If a participant leaves other than by virtue of death, disability,
retirement or as a result of downsizing during the three years following the
award, the entire additional contribution of 25% is forfeited. The 1996
amendments apply only to awards granted in 1996 and subsequent years.
Information with respect to EPP awards is as follows:
1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shares awarded 5,416,476 6,097,798 4,508,066
Fair market value per share $35.26 $26.55 $21.24
After-tax compensation cost charged to earnings (in millions of dollars) $ 120 $ 90 $ 63
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Citicorp Predecessor Plans
Savings Incentive Plan
Under the Savings Incentive Plan, eligible employees receive awards equal to 3%
of their covered salary. Employees have the option of receiving their award in
cash or deferring some or all of it in various investment funds. Citicorp grants
an additional award equal to the amount elected to be deferred by the employee.
Several investment options are available, including common stock. Shares of
Citigroup common stock delivered under the Savings Incentive Plan may be sourced
from authorized but unissued shares, treasury shares, or purchased in the open
market. The expense associated with the plan amounted to $101 million in 1997,
$95 million in 1996, and $92 million in 1995.
Stock Incentive Plan
The 1997 Stock Incentive Plan provides for the issuance of options to purchase
shares of Citigroup common stock at prices not less than 100% of the market
value at the date of grant, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights,
or any other award based on or related to Citigroup common stock, any of which
may be granted singly, in combination, or in tandem. Shares of Citigroup common
stock may be sourced from authorized but unissued common stock or treasury
shares.
The 1988 Stock Incentive Plan provided for the issuance of options to purchase
shares of Citigroup common stock at prices not less than 50% of the market value
at the date of grant, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights,
restricted stock, or performance unit awards, any of which may be granted
singly, in combination, or in tandem. Shares of Citigroup common stock delivered
under the 1988 Plan may be sourced from authorized but unissued shares or
treasury shares.
Since April 9, 1997, new stock incentive awards are granted out of the 1997
plan. Prior to that date, stock incentive awards were made from predecessor
plans.
Shares of restricted stock have been awarded to key executives contingent upon
their continued employment over periods of up to 11 years as summarized in the
following table. (Shares granted are equivalent Citigroup shares.)
111
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1997 1996 1995
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shares granted 2,082,440 342,500 312,500
Aggregate market value at award date (in millions of dollars) $106 $10 $6
Expense recognized for all awards (in millions of dollars) $ 13 $ 4 $4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The value of the restricted shares at the date of grant is recorded as a
reduction of additional paid-in capital and amortized to expense over the
restriction period.
Under the 1997 Stock Incentive Plan and two predecessor plans, options have been
granted to key employees for terms of up to 10 years to purchase common stock at
not less than the market value of the shares at the date of grant. Generally,
50% of the options granted prior to 1995 are exercisable beginning on the first
anniversary and 50% beginning on the second anniversary of the date of grant,
and, generally, 50% of the options granted in 1995 and thereafter are
exercisable beginning on the third anniversary and 50% beginning on the fourth
anniversary of the date of grant.
Options granted in 1995 and 1996 to a group of key employees have included
five-year performance-based stock options that only vest as Citicorp's common
stock price achieved specified target levels and remained above the target
levels for twenty of thirty consecutive trading days. Performance-based options
granted in 1995 and 1996 were at prices ranging from equivalent Citigroup stock
prices of $25.95 to $28.05, equal to equivalent Citigroup market prices on the
respective dates of grant, and expire in 2000 and 2001. One-half vested in 1996
when Citicorp's stock price reached an equivalent Citigroup stock price of $40
per share, and the balance vested in 1997 when such price reached $46 per share.
Vesting and expense related to performance-based options are summarized in the
following table (all options are equivalent Citigroup options).
1997 1996 1995
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Options vested during the year 5,984,375(1) 6,068,750(1) 16,493,750(2)
Expense recognized for all grants (in millions of dollars) $72 $113 $89
Options unvested at year-end - 6,059,375(1) 12,256,250(3)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Relates to 1995 and 1996 grants.
(2) Relates to 1993 and 1994 grants with equivalent Citigroup vesting
targets of $20, $22, and $24, expiring in 1998.
(3) Relates to 1995 grants.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The cost of performance-based options is measured as the difference between the
exercise price and market price required for vesting, and this expense is
recognized over the period to the estimated vesting dates and in full for
options that have vested, by a charge to expense with an offsetting increase in
common stockholders' equity. All of the expense related to vested grants has
been recognized.
Changes in options and shares under option for Citicorp's option plans are
summarized in the following table. (All shares and option prices are equivalent
Citigroup shares and prices.)
1997 1996 1995
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Granted 20,523,225 14,504,888 18,524,375
Average option price $44.88 $28.04 $23.26
Exercised 24,182,703 30,226,933 24,825,833
Average option price $14.77 $11.62 $10.67
Expired 13,175 40,500 64,875
Average option price $11.92 $11.85 $9.66
Terminated 1,996,250 2,171,575 2,412,168
Average option price $32.23 $20.36 $13.01
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
At year-end:
Shares under option 71,122,643 76,791,545 94,725,665
Average option price $25.81 $17.40 $13.99
Exercisable 34,653,355 51,793,233 71,693,233
Granted, not yet exercisable 36,469,288 24,998,313 23,032,433
Available for grant (1) 74,462,990 32,568,905 45,310,968
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Shares authorized but not issued that are available for the granting of
stock options or other forms of stock-related awards. Additional shares
may become available for grant to the extent that presently outstanding
options under a predecessor plan terminate or expire unexercised.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
112
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table summarizes information about Citicorp's stock options
outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 1997. (All shares and option prices
are equivalent Citigroup shares and prices.)
Outstanding Exercisable
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Average Average
Option Average Option Option
Price Range Shares Life(1) Price Shares Price
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$5.45-$18.45 30,923,145 4.9 $ 12.63 27,123,145 $ 12.08
$18.85-$29.10 16,869,365 5.8 26.21 7,182,615 26.14
$31.65-$44.20 21,556,508 8.9 42.24 347,595 43.30
$46.60-$57.20 1,773,625 9.6 52.08 - -
----------------- ------------------
Total 71,122,643 6.4 25.81 34,653,355 15.31
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Weighted-average contractual life remaining in years.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In January 1998, Citicorp granted 19,490,125 equivalent Citigroup options at an
equivalent Citigroup strike price of $48.25 per share. A group of key employees
was granted 6,340,000 of these options in the form of five-year
performance-based stock options. The performance-based options will vest when
Citigroup's common stock price reaches $80 per share, provided that the price
remains at or above $80 for ten of thirty consecutive trading days. The
performance-based options expire in January 2003. The remaining 13,150,125
options to purchase Citigroup common stock have terms of up to ten years.
Stock Purchase Plan
The 1997 and 1994 offerings under the Stock Purchase Plan allow all eligible
employees to enter into fixed subscription agreements to purchase shares at the
market value on the date of the agreements. Such shares can be purchased from
time to time through the expiration date. Shares of Citigroup's common stock
delivered under the Stock Purchase Plan may be sourced from authorized but
unissued shares, treasury shares or purchased in the open market.
Following is the share activity under the 1997 and 1994 fixed-price offerings
for the purchase of shares at the equivalent Citigroup price of $45.30 per share
and $15.925 per share, respectively. The 1997 offering will expire on June 30,
1999, and the 1994 offering expired on September 27, 1996.
1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Outstanding agreements at beginning of year - 13,937,515
Agreements entered into 11,172,458 -
Shares purchased 635,040 13,693,225
Canceled or terminated 348,038 244,290
----------------------------------------------------
Outstanding agreements at year-end 10,189,380 -
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annual Incentive and Performance Plans
The purpose of the 1994 Citicorp Annual Incentive Plan is to attract, retain,
and motivate executives to promote the profitability and growth of Citicorp and
to permit a federal income tax deduction for annual awards granted to covered
employees. Currently covered employees include the Chairman and next four most
highly paid executives. Under the Plan, awards can be granted to covered
employees in cash, stock or any other form of consideration in either one
installment or on a deferred basis. Shares of common stock delivered under the
Plan may be sourced from authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares. The
aggregate awards were approximately $5 million in 1997, $4 million in 1996, and
$6 million in 1995.
Under the Citicorp Annual Performance Plan, cash awards may be granted to key
employees who have a significant impact on the success of Citicorp. Awards may
be paid either in one installment or on a deferred basis. The aggregate awards
were approximately $20 million in 1997, $7 million in 1996, and $9 million in
1995.
Under the Executive Incentive Compensation Plan, awards in cash or stock may be
made to key employees, payable at the election of the participants, in one
installment or on a deferred basis. Shares of common stock delivered under the
Plan may be sourced from authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares. No
awards have been made since 1989.
113
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Deferred Compensation Plan
Under the Deferred Compensation Plan, adopted in 1995, participants must defer
25% of their variable compensation awards into mandatory deferral accounts whose
return equals the return on Citigroup common stock. Beginning with the 1996
awards, select participants are allowed to defer from 10% to 85% of the
remainder of their variable compensation awards into voluntary deferral
accounts, which may be allocated among a variety of investments, including an
account whose return equals the return on Citigroup common stock. The amounts
credited to the mandatory deferral accounts generally are payable to the
participant in cash five years after they are credited. However, participants
may elect to postpone cash distribution of the amounts in the mandatory deferral
account by having such amounts credited to a voluntary deferral account.
PRO FORMA IMPACT OF SFAS NO. 123
The Company applies Opinion 25 and related interpretations in accounting for its
stock-based compensation plans under which there is generally no charge to
earnings for employee stock option awards (other than performance-based options
as described above) and the dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected
as additional share dilution in the computation of earnings per share.
Alternatively, FASB rules would permit a method under which a compensation cost
for all stock awards would be calculated and recognized over the service period
(generally equal to the vesting period). This compensation cost would be
determined in a manner prescribed by the FASB using option pricing models,
intended to estimate the fair value of the awards at the grant date. Earnings
per share dilution would be recognized as well.
Under both methods, an offsetting increase to stockholders' equity is recorded
equal to the amount of compensation expense charged.
Had the Company applied SFAS No. 123 in accounting for Travelers' and Citicorp's
stock-based compensation plans, net income and net income per share would have
been the pro forma amounts indicated below:
In Millions of Dollars, Except Per Share Amounts 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Compensation expense related to stock plans As reported $87 $119 $96
Pro forma $344 $150 $116
Net income As reported $6,705 $6,739 $5,760
Pro forma $6,516 $6,713 $5,746
Basic earnings per share As reported $ 2.86 $ 2.83 $ 2.48
Pro forma $ 2.78 $ 2.82 $ 2.47
Diluted earnings per share As reported $ 2.74 $ 2.71 $ 2.25
Pro forma $ 2.66 $ 2.70 $ 2.25
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The pro forma adjustments principally relate to stock options granted during
1997, 1996 and 1995 for which a fair value on the date of grant was determined
using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. No effect has been given to
options granted prior to 1995. The pro forma information above reflects the
compensation expense that would have been recognized under SFAS No. 123 for both
Travelers and Citicorp. The fair values of stock-based awards are based on
assumptions that were appropriate at the grant date and have not been restated
to reflect the Merger.
SFAS No. 123 requires that reload options be treated as separate grants from the
related original option grants. Under the Travelers reload program, upon
exercise of an option, employees generally tender previously owned shares to pay
the exercise price and related tax withholding, and receive a reload option
covering the same number of shares tendered for such purposes. New reload
options are only granted if the Company's stock price has increased at least
twenty percent over the exercise price of the option being reloaded, and vest at
the end of a six-month period. Reload options are intended to encourage
employees to exercise options at an earlier date and to retain the shares so
acquired, in furtherance of the Company's long-standing policy of encouraging
increased employee stock ownership. The result of this program is that employees
generally will exercise options as soon as they are able and, therefore, these
options have shorter expected lives. Shorter option lives result in lower
valuations using the Black-Scholes option model. However, such
114
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
values are expensed more quickly due to the shorter vesting period of reload
options. In addition, since reload options are treated as separate grants, the
existence of the reload feature results in a greater number of options being
valued.
Shares received through option exercises under the reload program are subject to
restrictions on sale. Discounts (as measured by the estimated cost of
protection) have been applied to the fair value of options granted to reflect
these sale restrictions.
The weighted average fair value of options granted under Travelers' option plans
during 1997, 1996 and 1995 was $6.44, $3.00 and $2.20 per share, respectively.
The weighted average expected life of reload options was approximately one year
and the weighted average expected life of original grants was approximately
three years for 1997, 1996 and 1995. Additional valuation and related assumption
information for Travelers' option plans are presented below:
Weighted averages for options granted during
----------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
----------------------------------------------------------------
Valuation assumptions:
Expected volatility 32.2% 28.5% 27.4%
Risk-free interest rate 5.75% 5.58% 6.06%
Expected annual dividends per share $0.47 $0.37 $0.32
Expected annual forfeitures 5% 5% 5%
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The weighted average fair value of regular options granted under Citicorp's
option plans (equivalent Citigroup options) during 1997, 1996 and 1995 was
$12.60, $6.59 and $4.44 per share, respectively. The weighted average fair value
of the 1995 performance options was $4.00 per share and the weighted average
fair value of the 1997 stock purchase offering was $6.71 per share. The weighted
average expected life of options was six years for regular options, four years
for 1995 performance options and two years for the 1997 stock purchase offering.
Additional valuation and related assumption information for Citicorp's
stock-based plans are presented below:
Weighted averages for options granted during
----------------------------------------------------------------
1997 1996 1995
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------
Valuation assumptions:
Expected volatility 25% 25% 25%
Risk-free interest rate 6.30% 5.58% 7.69%
Expected dividend yield 2.39% 3.27% 3.50%
Expected annual forfeitures 5% 5% 5%
- ------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------
20. Retirement Benefits
The Company's retirement plans currently consist of the continuation of
Travelers Group's and Citicorp's respective plans that were in effect prior to
the Merger. Accordingly, the following information summarizes the predecessor
plans.
Travelers Predecessor Plans
Travelers' significant pension plan is a noncontributory defined benefit pension
plan covering the majority of its U.S. employees. Benefits for this plan are
based on an account balance formula. Under this formula, each employee's accrued
benefit can be expressed as an account that is credited with amounts based upon
the employee's pay, length of service and a specified interest rate, all subject
to a minimum benefit level. This plan is funded in accordance with the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 and the Internal Revenue Code.
The following is a summary of the components of pension expense for Travelers'
principal defined benefit plan for the years ended December 31:
115
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Service cost $ 78 $ 74 $ 81
Interest cost 200 190 195
Actual return on plan assets (389) (228) (388)
Net amortization and deferral 152 (1) 165
----------------------------------------------------------------
Net periodic pension cost $ 41 $ 35 $ 53
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following table sets forth the funded status of Travelers' principal defined
benefit plan at December 31:
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Actuarial present value of benefit obligation:
Vested benefits $(2,867) $(2,594)
Non-vested benefits (74) (70)
--------------------------------------
Accumulated benefit obligation (2,941) (2,664)
Effect of future salary increases (53) (48)
--------------------------------------
Projected benefit obligation (2,994) (2,712)
Plan assets at fair value 2,965 2,718
--------------------------------------
Plan assets in excess of or (less than) projected benefit obligation (29) 6
Unrecognized transition asset - (1)
Unrecognized prior service cost (11) (12)
Unrecognized net loss 112 71
--------------------------------------
Prepaid pension cost $ 72 $ 64
--------------------------------------
Actuarial assumptions:
Weighted average discount rate 7.00% 7.50%
Weighted average rate of compensation increase 4.50% 4.50%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets 9.00% 9.00%
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan assets are held in various separate accounts and the general account of The
Travelers Insurance Company, a subsidiary of Travelers, and certain investment
trusts. These accounts and trusts invest in stocks, U.S. Government bonds,
corporate bonds, mortgage loans and real estate.
Currently, substantially all U.S. employees of Salomon Smith Barney who were
formerly employees of Salomon Inc and its subsidiaries participate in defined
contribution plans. The costs of these plans are not material. These employees
are expected to join the Company's noncontributory defined benefit pension plan
beginning in 1999.
Certain non-U.S. employees of Travelers are covered by noncontributory defined
benefit plans. These plans are funded in accordance with local laws and the
costs associated with these plans are not material.
Travelers provides postretirement health care, life insurance and survival
income benefits to certain eligible retirees. These benefits relate primarily to
former employees of predecessor companies. Other retirees are generally
responsible for most or all of the cost of these benefits (while retaining the
benefits of group coverage and pricing).
Travelers has provided for the cost of postretirement benefits over the service
periods of eligible participants. The present value of the liability related to
these benefits, included in other liabilities, was $548 million and $556 million
at December 31, 1997 and 1996, respectively. Expenses related to postretirement
benefits were $28 million, $22 million and $40 million for 1997, 1996 and 1995,
respectively.
Citicorp Predecessor Plans
Citicorp has several non-contributory defined benefit pension plans covering
substantially all U.S. employees. Retirement benefits for the U.S. plans are
based on years of credited service, the highest average compensation (as
defined), and the primary social security benefit. While the qualified U.S.
plans are adequately funded, it is Citicorp's policy to fund these plans to the
extent contributions are tax deductible. Non-qualified U.S. plans are not funded
because contributions to these plans are not tax deductible.
116
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Citicorp has various defined benefit pension and termination indemnity plans
covering employees outside the United States. The benefit formulas and funding
strategies vary reflecting local practices and legal requirements.
Citicorp offers postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to all
eligible U.S. retired employees. U.S. retirees share in the cost of their health
care benefits through copayments, service-related contributions and
salary-related deductibles. Retiree life insurance benefits are
non-contributory. It is Citicorp's policy to fund retiree health care and life
insurance benefits to the extent such contributions are tax deductible. Retiree
health care and life insurance benefits are also provided to certain employees
outside the United States.
The following tables summarize the components of net benefit expense recognized
in the supplemental consolidated statement of income and the funded status and
amounts recognized in the supplemental consolidated balance sheet for Citicorp's
U.S. plans and significant plans outside the U.S.
Net Benefit Expense
Postretirement Benefit
Pension Plans Plans (1)
-------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
U.S. Plans Plans Outside U.S. U.S. Plans
--------------------------- -------------------------- ----------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benefits earned during the year $ 118 $ 123 $ 98 $ 56 $ 60 $ 56 $ 10 $ 11 $ 8
Interest cost on benefit obligation 204 192 165 75 76 68 30 32 32
Actual return on plan assets (619) (395) (498) (97) (65) (66) (24) (13) (13)
Net deferral and amortization 375 196 301 35 10 19 13 7 8
Amortization of transition obligation (20) (20) (20) 6 7 7 - - -
(asset) (2)
--------------------------- -------------------------- ----------------------------
Net benefit expense $ 58 $ 96 $ 46 $ 75 $ 88 $ 84 $ 29 $ 37 $ 35
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) For plans outside the U.S., net postretirement benefit expense totaled $9
million in 1997, $8 million in 1996, and $6 million in 1995.
(2) U.S. pension transition asset is being amortized over 14 years, with 2
years remaining at December 31, 1997.
Prepaid Benefit Cost (Benefit Liability)
Pension Plans Postretirement
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Qualified Non-Qualified Funded Plans Other Plans Benefit Plans (1)
-----------------
U.S. Plans U.S. Plans Outside U.S. Outside U.S. U.S. Plans
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan assets at fair value (2) $3,709 $3,118 $ - $ - $798 $763 $ - $ - $ 159 $ 119
Benefit obligation 2,850 2,567 278 248 851 814 288 311 440 459
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan assets in excess of (less than)
benefit obligation 859 551 (278) (248) (53) (51) (288) (311) (281) (340)
Unrecognized prior service cost 70 73 33 41 (2) 13 1 - (11) (7)
Unrecognized net actuarial (gain) loss (275) 27 50 42 72 39 (3) (8) 1 41
Unamortized transition (asset) obligation (37) (58) 5 6 33 46 25 31 - -
Adjustment to recognize minimum liability - - (21) (33) (1) (1) (14) (7) - -
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prepaid benefit cost (benefit liability) $ 617 $ 593 $(211) $(192) $ 49 $ 46 $(279) $(295) $(291) $(306)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Projected pension benefit obligation includes:
Accumulated benefit obligation $2,361 $2,086 $191 $ 192 $625 $613 $ 237 $ 249
Vested benefit obligation 2,046 1,830 173 153 580 550 209 224
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accumulated postretirement benefit
obligation to:
Retirees $ 282 $ 309
Employees eligible for full benefits 37 23
Other employees 121 127
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) For plans outside the U.S., the accumulated postretirement benefit
obligation was $62 million and $54 million and the postretirement benefit
liability was $31 million and $28 million at December 31, 1997 and 1996,
respectively.
(2) For U.S. plans, plan assets are primarily listed stocks, commingled funds,
and fixed-income securities.
In connection with Citicorp's 1997 restructuring (Note 15), there was a $76
million curtailment gain in the U.S. pension plans, which will be recognized in
future periods as employee terminations occur.
117
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The expected long-term rates of return on assets used in determining Citicorp's
pension and postretirement expense are shown below.
1997 1996 1995
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rate of return on assets
U.S. plans 9.0% 9.0% 8.75%
Plans outside the U.S. (1) 4.5% to 13.0% 6.0% to 13.0% 6.0% to 13.0%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Excluding highly inflationary countries.
The principal assumptions used in determining pension and postretirement benefit
obligations for Citicorp's plans are shown below.
At Year-End 1997 1996
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Discount rate
U.S. plans 7.25% 7.5%
Plans outside the U.S.(1) 3.5% to 12.0% 4.0% to 12.0%
Future compensation increase rate
U.S. plans 5.0% 5.0%
Plans outside the U.S.(1) 1.0% to 10.0% 1.5% to 10.0%
Health care cost increase rate--U.S. plans
Following year 8.0% 9.0%
Decreasing to the year 2001 to 5.0% 5.0%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Excluding highly inflationary countries.
As an indicator of sensitivity, increasing the assumed health care cost trend
rate by 1% in each year would have increased the accumulated postretirement
benefit obligation as of December 31, 1997 by $16 million and the aggregate of
the benefits earned and interest components of 1997 net postretirement benefit
expense by $1 million.
21. TRADING SECURITIES, COMMODITIES, DERIVATIVES AND RELATED RISKS
DERIVATIVE AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTRACTS
Notional Principal Balance Sheet
Amounts Credit Exposure (1)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
In Billions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996 1997 1996
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Interest rate products
Futures contracts $1,080.2 $ 691.5 $ - $ -
Forward contracts 626.1 335.5 0.4 0.4
Swap agreements 1,972.1 1,334.0 15.3 13.6
Options 636.4 532.2 1.2 1.2
Foreign exchange products
Futures contracts .9 1.4 - -
Forward contracts 1,432.5 1,243.1 29.8 18.3
Cross-currency swaps 60.3 45.3 3.3 1.8
Options 426.5 281.4 4.3 2.2
Equity products 127.0 81.1 4.0 1.9
Commodity products 32.5 40.1 1.2 0.8
Credit derivative products 6.9 1.9 - -
----------------------------------
59.5 40.2
Effects of master netting
agreements at Citicorp (2) (24.1) (15.5)
Effects of securitization (3) (0.8) -
----------------------------------
$ 34.6 $ 24.7
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) There is no balance sheet credit exposure for futures contracts because
they settle daily in cash, and none for written options because they
represent obligations (rather than assets) of Citigroup. Amounts do not
reflect credit loss reserves attributable to derivative and foreign
exchange contracts.
(2) Master netting agreements mitigate credit risk by permitting the offset of
amounts due from and to individual counterparties in the event of
counterparty default. The effect of master netting agreements at Salomon
Smith Barney is reflected in the individual line items for each of the
products in the table above.
(3) Citibank has securitized and sold net receivables, and the associated
credit risk related to certain derivative and foreign exchange contracts
via Markets Assets Trust.
Citigroup enters into derivative and foreign exchange futures, forwards,
options, and swaps, which enable customers to transfer, modify, or reduce their
interest rate, foreign exchange, and other market risks, and also trades these
products for its own account. In addition, Citigroup uses derivatives and other
instruments, primarily interest rate products, as an end-user in connection with
its risk management activities. Derivatives are used to manage interest rate
risk relating to specific
118
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
groups of on-balance sheet assets and liabilities, including investments,
commercial and consumer loans, deposit liabilities, long-term debt, and other
interest-sensitive assets and liabilities, as well as credit card
securitizations and redemptions and sales. In addition, foreign exchange
contracts are used to hedge, non-U.S. dollar denominated debt, net capital
exposures and foreign exchange transactions. Through the effective use of
derivatives, Citigroup has been able to modify the volatility of its revenue
from asset and liability positions. Derivative instruments with leverage
features are not utilized in connection with risk management activities. The
preceding table presents the aggregate notional principal amounts of Citigroup's
outstanding derivative and foreign exchange contracts at December 31, 1997 and
1996, along with the related balance sheet credit exposure. The table includes
all contracts with third parties, including both trading and end-user positions.
Futures and forward contracts are commitments to buy or sell at a future date a
financial instrument, commodity, or currency at a contracted price, and may be
settled in cash or through delivery. Swap contracts are commitments to settle in
cash at a future date or dates which may range from a few days to a number of
years, based on differentials between specified financial indices, as applied to
a notional principal amount. Option contracts give the purchaser, for a fee, the
right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell within a limited time a financial
instrument or currency at a contracted price that may also be settled in cash,
based on differentials between specified indices.
Citigroup also sells various financial instruments that have not been purchased
(short sales). In order to sell securities short, the securities are borrowed or
received as collateral in conjunction with short-term financing agreements and,
at a later date, must be delivered (i.e. replaced) with like or substantially
the same financial instruments or commodities to the parties from which they
were originally borrowed.
Derivatives and short sales may expose Citigroup to market risk or credit risk
in excess of the amounts recorded on the balance sheet. Market risk on a
derivative, short sale or foreign exchange product is the exposure created by
potential fluctuations in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and other
values, and is a function of the type of product, the volume of transactions,
the tenor and terms of the agreement, and the underlying volatility. Credit risk
is the exposure to loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the
transaction and if the value of collateral held, if any, was not adequate to
cover such losses. The recognition in earnings of unrealized gains on these
transactions is subject to management's assessment as to collectibility.
Liquidity risk is the potential exposure that arises when the size of the
derivative position may not be able to be rapidly adjusted in times of high
volatility and financial stress at a reasonable cost.
Balance sheet credit exposure represents the current cost of replacing the
contracts and is equal to the amount of Citigroup's unrealized gain. A
substantial majority of the total balance sheet exposure was to counterparties
considered by Citigroup to be investment grade and was under three years tenor.
At December 31,1997, the balance sheet credit exposure of foreign currency
derivative contracts for which the recognition of revaluation gains had been
suspended amounted to $59 million at December 31, 1997. There were no
significant nonperforming contracts in 1996. For the three years ended December
31, 1997 there were no material credit losses related to derivative and foreign
exchange contracts. During 1997, credit losses related to the foreign currency
derivative contracts totaled $35 million.
119
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
End-User Derivative Interest Rate and Foreign Exchange Contracts
Notional Principal Amounts (1) Percentage of 1997 Amount Maturing
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dec. 31, Dec. 31, Within 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to After
In Billions of Dollars 1997 1996 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years 4 Years 5 Years 5 Years
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Interest rate products
Futures contracts $ 29.3 $ 23.4 63% 27% 10% -% -% -%
Forward contracts 6.9 3.6 97 3 - - - -
Swap agreements 122.8 127.4 33 15 12 11 10 19
Option contracts 20.1 71.4 68 16 10 1 2 3
Foreign exchange products
Futures and forward contracts 67.2 63.7 93 5 1 - 1 -
Cross-currency swaps 4.8 4.2 10 10 12 14 39 15
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes third-party and intercompany contracts.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
End-User Interest Rate Swaps and Net Purchased Options as of December 31, 1997
Remaining Contracts Outstanding --Notional Principal Amounts
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Billions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Receive fixed swaps $98.1 $71.9 $56.7 $42.3 $29.7 $18.7
Weighted-average fixed rate 6.5% 6.7% 6.6% 6.6% 6.7% 6.8%
Pay fixed swaps 14.2 7.7 5.4 4.6 4.1 3.5
Weighted-average fixed rate 6.7% 7.1% 6.7% 6.8% 6.8% 7.1%
Basis swaps 10.5 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2
Purchased caps (including collars) 10.0 4.9 1.8 - - -
Weighted-average cap rate purchased 6.4% 6.8% 7.1% -% -% -%
Purchased floors 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Weighted-average floor rate purchased 5.5% 5.8% 5.8% 5.8% 5.8% 5.8%
Written floors related to purchased
caps (collars) 1.0 0.2 0.2 - - -
Weighted-average floor rate written 6.0% 8.2% 8.2% -% -% -%
Written caps related to other purchased caps(1) 7.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.5
Weighted-average cap rate written 6.8% 8.6% 8.4% 8.4% 8.3% 9.8%
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Three-month forward LIBOR rates(2) 5.8% 5.9% 6.1% 6.1% 6.1% 6.3%
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Includes written options related to purchased options embedded in other
financial instruments.
(2) Represents the implied forward yield curve for three-month LIBOR as of
December 31, 1997, provided for reference.
The tables above provide data on the notional principal amounts and maturities
of end-user (non-trading) derivatives, along with additional data on end-user
interest rate swaps and net purchased option positions at year-end 1997 with
three-month LIBOR forward rates included for reference. The tables are intended
to provide an overview of these components of the end-user portfolio, but should
be viewed only in the context of Citigroup's related assets and liabilities.
The majority of derivative positions used in Citigroup's asset and liability
management activities are established via intercompany transactions with
independently managed Citigroup dealer units, with the dealer acting as a
conduit to the marketplace. Contract maturities are related to the underlying
risk management strategy.
Citigroup's utilization of these instruments is modified from time to time in
response to changing market conditions as well as changes in the characteristics
and mix of the related assets and liabilities. In this connection, during 1997
interest rate futures, swaps and options with a notional principal amount of
$23.7 billion were closed out which resulted in a net deferred loss of
approximately $67 million. Total unamortized net deferred losses, including
those from prior year close-outs, were approximately $63 million at December 31,
1997, which will be amortized into earnings over the remaining life of the
original contracts (approximately 71% in 1998, 19% in 1999, and 10% in
subsequent years), consistent with the risk management strategy.
22. Concentrations of Credit Risk
Concentrations of credit risk exist when changes in economic, industry or
geographic factors similarly affect groups of counterparties whose aggregate
credit exposure is material in relation to Citigroup's total credit exposure.
Although Citigroup's portfolio of financial instruments is broadly diversified
along industry, product, and geographic lines, material
120
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
transactions are completed with other financial institutions, particularly in
the securities trading, derivative, and foreign exchange businesses.
23. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments
1997 1996
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimated Estimated
Fair Value In Fair Value In
Excess of Excess of
Carrying Value Estimated (Less Than) (Less Than)
In Billions of Dollars at Year-End Fair Value Carrying Value Carrying Value
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assets $663.9 $670.7 $ 6.8 $ 6.7
Liabilities 591.7 592.0 (0.3) (0.5)
End-user derivative and foreign exchange contracts 1.4 2.5 1.1 0.5
Credit card securitizations - (0.3) (0.3) 0.4
----------------------------
Subtotal 7.3 7.1
Deposits with no fixed maturity (1) 3.3 2.7
----------------------------
Total $ 10.6 $ 9.8
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Represents the estimated excess fair value related to the expected time
period until runoff of existing deposits with no fixed maturity on the
balance sheet at year-end, without assuming any regeneration of balances,
based on the estimated difference between the cost of funds on these
deposits and the cost of funds from alternative sources. The increase
during 1997 was primarily due to an increase in deposits as well as a
higher spread between the cost of funds on the deposits and the cost of
funds from alternative sources. Under applicable requirements, excess fair
values of these deposits are excluded from amounts included under the
Liabilities caption above and from the table below, in which the estimated
fair value is shown as being equal to the carrying value.
Citigroup's financial instruments, as defined in accordance with applicable
requirements, include financial assets and liabilities recorded on the balance
sheet as well as off-balance sheet instruments such as derivative and foreign
exchange contracts and credit card securitizations. To better reflect
Citigroup's values subject to market risk and to illustrate the
interrelationships that characterize risk management strategies, the table above
also provides estimated fair value data for the expected time period until
runoff of existing deposits with no fixed maturity.
In the aggregate, estimated fair values exceeded the carrying values by
approximately $10.6 billion at December 31, 1997 and $9.8 billion at December
31, 1996. Fair values vary from period to period based on changes in a wide
range of factors, including interest rates, credit quality, and market
perceptions of value, and as existing assets and liabilities run off and new
items are generated. The increase from the prior year is primarily due to a
higher value of derivative contracts due to a lower interest rate environment in
the U.S., deposits with no fixed maturity, and deposits, partially offset by a
decline in the fair value of credit card securitizations due to lower U.S.
interest rates.
Additional detail is provided in the following table. In accordance with
applicable requirements, the disclosures exclude leases, affiliate investments,
and pension and benefit obligations, and contractholder funds amounts exclude
certain insurance contracts. Also in accordance with the applicable requirements
the disclosures also exclude the effect of taxes, do not reflect any premium or
discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the entire
holdings of a particular instrument, as well as other expenses that would be
incurred in a market transaction. In addition, the table excludes the values of
nonfinancial assets and liabilities, as well as a wide range of franchise,
relationship, and intangible values, which are integral to a full assessment of
Citigroup's financial position and the value of its net assets.
The data represents management's best estimates based on a range of
methodologies and assumptions. The carrying value of short-term financial
instruments as well as receivables and payables arising in the ordinary course
of business, approximates fair value because of the relatively short period of
time between their origination and expected realization. Quoted market prices
are used for most investments, for loans where available, and for both trading
and end-user derivative and foreign exchange contracts, as well as for
liabilities, such as long-term debt, with quoted prices. For performing loans
where no quoted market prices are available, contractual cash flows are
discounted at quoted secondary market rates or estimated market rates if
available. Otherwise, sales of comparable loan portfolios or current market
origination rates for loans with similar terms and risk characteristics are
used. For loans with doubt as to collectibility, expected cash flows are
discounted using an appropriate rate considering the time of collection and a
premium for the uncertainty of the flows. The value of collateral is also
considered. For liabilities such as long-term debt without quoted market prices,
market borrowing rates of interest are used to discount contractual cash flows.
121
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Fair values of credit card securitizations reflect the various components of
these transactions but principally arise from fixed rates payable to certificate
holders. Under the applicable requirements, the estimated fair value of deposits
with no fixed maturity in the following table excludes the premium values
available in the market for such deposits, and the estimated value is shown in
the table as being equal to the carrying value.
1997 1996
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimated Estimated
Carrying Fair Carrying Fair
In Billions of Dollars at Year-End Value Value Value Value
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assets and related instruments
Investments $ 91.6 $ 91.6 $ 80.9 $ 80.9
Trading account assets 180.1 180.1 157.4 157.4
Loans(1) 187.9 194.6 175.7 182.3
Related derivatives 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5
Other financial assets (2) 204.3 204.4 178.6 178.7
Credit card securitizations - (0.3) 0.1 0.5
Related derivatives 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Liabilities and related instruments
Deposits $ 199.1 $ 198.9 $ 185.0 $ 185.2
Related derivatives (0.4) (0.7) (0.2) (0.3)
Long-term debt 47.4 48.3 43.3 44.0
Related derivatives (0.2) (0.9) (0.2) (0.5)
Trading account liabilities 127.2 127.2 114.1 114.1
Contractholder funds
With defined maturities 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.7
Without defined maturities 9.7 9.5 9.1 8.8
Other financial liabilities (3) 206.0 205.8 174.1 174.0
Related derivatives - 0.1 0.1 0.1
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The carrying value of loans is net of the allowance for credit losses and
also excludes $4.7 billion and $5.1 billion of lease finance receivables in
1997 and 1996, respectively.
(2) Includes cash and cash equivalents, deposits at interest with banks,
federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to
resell, brokerage receivables, reinsurance recoverables and separate and
variable accounts for which the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of
fair value, and the carrying value and estimated fair value of financial
instruments included in Other assets on the balance sheet.
(3) Includes investment banking and brokerage borrowings, short-term
borrowings, federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under
agreements to repurchase, brokerage payables, and separate and variable
accounts with, for which the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of
fair value, and the carrying value and estimated fair value of financial
instruments included in other liabilities on the balance sheet.
The estimated fair values of loans reflect changes in credit status since the
loans were made, changes in interest rates in the case of fixed-rate loans, and
premium values at origination of certain loans. The estimated fair values of
Citigroup's loans, in the aggregate, exceeded carrying values (reduced by the
allowance for credit losses) by $6.7 billion at year-end 1997 compared with $6.6
billion at year-end 1996, an improvement of $0.1 billion. Within these totals,
estimated fair values exceeded carrying values for consumer loans net of the
allowance by $3.7 billion, an improvement of $0.1 billion from year-end 1996,
and for commercial loans net of the allowance by $3.0 billion, which was
unchanged from year-end 1996.
The improvement in estimated fair values in excess of carrying values of
consumer loans primarily reflects the effects of restoring to the allowance a
$0.4 billion reserve that had previously been attributed to securitized credit
card receivables (as described on page 94) partially offset by a decline in the
credit quality of loans in Asia. The estimated fair values in excess of carrying
values of commercial loans were unchanged from year-end 1996 because the
increases that were experienced in secondary market prices on certain loans and
improved credit conditions on commercial real estate loans in North America were
somewhat offset by a decline in the credit quality of commercial loans in Asia.
The estimated fair value of credit card securitizations was $0.3 billion less
than their carrying value at December 31, 1997, which is $0.7 billion lower than
December 31, 1996, when the estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value by
$0.4 billion. This decrease is due to restoring to the allowance a $0.4 billion
reserve that had previously been attributed to securitized credit card
receivables as well as the effects of a lower interest rate environment on the
fixed-rate investor certificates.
The estimated fair value of interest-bearing deposits and long-term debt
reflects changes in market rates since the deposits were taken or the debt was
issued.
122
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
For all derivative and foreign exchange contracts in the previous tables, the
gross difference between the fair value and carrying amount as of December 31,
1997 and 1996 was $1.9 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, for contracts
whose fair value exceeds carrying value, and $0.8 billion and $0.9 billion for
contracts whose carrying value exceeds fair value.
24. Pledged Assets and Commitments
Pledged Assets
At December 31,1997, the approximate market values of securities sold under
agreements to repurchase and other assets pledged, excluding the impact of FIN
41, or pledged by the Company was as follows:
In Millions of Dollars 1997
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For securities sold under agreements to repurchase $160,853
As collateral for securities borrowed of approximately equivalent value 59,216
As collateral on bank loans 7,293
To clearing organizations or segregated under securities laws and regulations 2,165
For securities loaned 16,148
As collateral for letters of credit 1,043
Other 3,321
-------------
$250,039
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
At December 31, 1997 the Company had $2.7 billion of outstanding letters of
credit from banks to satisfy various collateral and margin requirements.
Loan Commitments
In Billions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unused commercial commitments to make or purchase loans, to purchase third-party
receivables, and to provide note issuance or revolving underwriting facilities $107.0 $ 89.9
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unused credit card and other consumer revolving commitments $135.6 $ 126.5
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The majority of unused commitments are contingent upon customers maintaining
specific credit standards. Commercial commitments generally have floating
interest rates and fixed expiration dates and may require payment of fees. Such
fees (net of certain direct costs) are deferred and, upon exercise of the
commitment, amortized over the life of the loan or, if exercise is deemed
remote, amortized over the commitment period. The table does not include
commercial letters of credit issued on behalf of customers and collateralized by
the underlying shipment of goods which totaled $5.8 billion at December 31, 1997
and $5.6 billion at December 31, 1996.
Loans Sold with Credit Enhancements
Amounts
-------------------
In Billions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996 Form of Credit Enhancement
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residential mortgages and other loans Recourse obligation
sold with recourse (1) $8.1 $11.3 $4.7 in 1997 and $7.3 in 1996
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GNMA sales/servicing agreements (2) 1.0 1.0 Secondary recourse obligation
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Securitized credit card receivables 26.8 25.2 Net revenue over the life of the
transaction
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Residential mortgages represent 92% of amounts in 1997 and 94% in 1996.
(2) Government National Mortgage Association sales/servicing agreements covering
securitized residential mortgages.
Citigroup and its subsidiaries are obligated under various credit enhancements
related to certain sales of loans or sales of participations in pools of loans,
summarized above.
Net revenue on securitized credit card receivables is recognized over the life
of each sale transaction. The net revenue is based upon the sum of finance
charges and fees received from cardholders and interchange revenue earned on
cardholder transactions, less the sum of the yield paid to investors, credit
losses, transaction costs, and a contractual servicing fee, which is also
retained by certain Citigroup subsidiaries as servicers. As specified in certain
of the sale agreements, the net revenue collected each month is deposited in an
account, up to a predetermined maximum amount, and is available over
123
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
the remaining term of that transaction to make payments of yield, fees, and
transaction costs in the event that net cash flows from the receivables are not
sufficient. When the account reaches the predetermined amount, net revenue is
passed directly to the Citigroup subsidiary that sold the receivables. The
amount contained in these accounts is included in Other assets and was $20
million at December 31, 1997 and $383 million at December 31, 1996. During 1997,
Citigroup securitized and sold approximately $288 million of balances included
in these accounts.
Citigroup maintains reserves relating to asset securitization programs. These
reserves totaled $85 million at December 31, 1997 and $473 million at December
31, 1996. During 1997, Citigroup restored to the aggregate allowance for credit
losses $373 million that had previously been attributed to credit card
securitization transactions where the exposure to credit losses is contractually
limited to the cash flows from the securitized receivables.
Financial Guarantees
Financial guarantees are used in various transactions to enhance the credit
standing of Citigroup customers. They represent irrevocable assurances that
Citigroup will make payment in the event that the customer fails to fulfill
its obligations to third parties. Citicorp issues financial standby letters
of credit which are obligations to pay a third-party beneficiary when a
customer fails to repay an outstanding loan or debt instrument, such as
assuring payments by a foreign reinsurer to a U.S. insurer, to act as a
substitute for an escrow account, to provide a payment mechanism for a
customer's third-party obligations, and to assure payment of specified
financial obligations of a customer. Fees are recognized ratably over the
term of the standby letter of credit. The following table summarizes
financial standby letters of credit issued by Citicorp. The table does not
include securities lending indemnifications issued to customers, which are
fully collateralized and totaled $9.8 billion at December 31, 1997 and $4.2
billion at December 31, 1996, and performance standby letters of credit.
1997 1996
---------------------------------------------------------
Expire Within Expire After Total Amount Total Amount
In Billions of Dollars at Year-End 1 Year 1 Year Outstanding Outstanding
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Insurance, surety $ 2.0 $ 5.4 $ 7.4 $ 7.7
Options, purchased securities,
and escrow 0.8 0.2 1.0 0.9
Clean payment 1.2 0.3 1.5 1.5
Backstop state, county, and
municipal securities 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.7
Other debt related 4.5 1.7 6.2 6.6
---------------------------------------------------------
Total (1) $ 8.9 $ 7.9 $ 16.8 $ 17.4
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Total is net of cash collateral of $1.6 billion in 1997 and $1.5 billion in
1996. Collateral other than cash covered 21% of the total in 1997 and 20%
in 1996.
In addition TAP underwrote insurance guaranteeing the securities of other
issuers, primarily corporate and industrial revenue bond issuers. The
aggregate gross amount of guarantees of principal and interest for such
securities was $5.6 billion and $8.3 billion at December 31, 1997 and 1996,
respectively. Reserves for the financial guarantee business, which includes
reserves for defaults, incurred but not reported losses and unearned
premiums, totaled $71 million at December 31, 1997 and 1996. It is not
practicable to estimate a fair value for these financial guarantees because
there is no quoted market price for such contracts, it is not practicable to
reliably estimate the timing and amount of all future cash flows due to the
unique nature of each of these contracts, and TAP no longer writes such
guarantees. Included in the gross amounts are financial guarantees representing
TAP's participation in the Municipal Bond Insurance Association's guarantee of
municipal bond obligations of $5.3 billion and $7.6 billion at December 31,
1997 and 1996, respectively. The bonds are generally rated A or above, and
TAP's participation has been reinsured.
124
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
At December 31, 1997, the scheduled maturities for these guarantees, net of
TAP's participation in the municipal bond guarantee pools, are $6 million, $6
million, $8 million, $4 million and $310 million for 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and
2002 and thereafter, respectively.
Lease Commitments
Rental expense (principally for offices and computer equipment) was $1,030
million, $982 million and $952 million for the years ended December 31, 1997,
1996 and 1995, respectively.
Future minimum annual rentals under noncancellable leases, net of sublease
income, are as follows:
In Millions of Dollars
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1998 $ 703
1999 648
2000 522
2001 436
2002 343
Thereafter 1,596
-------------------------
$4,248
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Company and certain of Salomon Smith Barney's subsidiaries together have an
option to purchase the buildings presently leased for Salomon Smith Barney's
executive offices and New York City operations at the expiration of the lease
term.
Other Commitments
Salomon Smith Barney and a principal broker-dealer subsidiary have each provided
a portion of a residual value guarantee in the amount of $586 million in
connection with the lease of the buildings occupied by Salomon Smith Barney's
executive offices and New York operations.
The Company makes commitments to fund partnership investments and transfers
receivables to third parties with recourse from time to time. The off-balance
sheet risks of these financial instruments were not significant at December 31,
1997 or 1996.
25. Contingencies
In 1997, the Company reached an agreement to settle the arbitration with
underwriters at Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) and certain London companies in New
York State to enforce reinsurance contracts with respect to recoveries for
certain asbestos claims. The dispute involved the ability of the Company to
aggregate asbestos claims under a market agreement between Lloyd's and the
Company or under the applicable reinsurance treaties. The outcome of this
agreement had no impact on earnings. With respect to environmental and asbestos
property and casualty insurance claims, see Note 13.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company and/or its subsidiaries are
defendants or co-defendants in various litigation matters, other than
environmental and asbestos property and casualty insurance claims. Although
there can be no assurances, the Company believes, based on information currently
available, that the ultimate resolution of these legal proceedings would not be
likely to have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial
condition or liquidity.
125
NOTES TO SUPPLEMENTAL CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
26. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)
1997 1996
------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars,
Except Per Share Amounts First Second Third Fourth First Second Third Fourth
- ---------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ -----------
Total revenues $16,949 $17,773 $18,821 $18,763 $15,428 $16,298 $16,260 $17,115
Total revenues, net
of interest expense 11,518 11,703 12,422 12,139 10,103 11,134 10,926 11,602
Total expenses 8,560 8,626 9,917 9,929 7,310 8,850 8,283 8,598
Gain on sale of stock by
subsidiary -- -- -- -- -- 363 -- --
Income before income taxes
and minority interest 2,958 3,077 2,505 2,210 2,793 2,647 2,643 3,004
Provision for income taxes 1,094 1,120 906 713 1,047 865 963 1,092
Minority interest, net of
income taxes 49 49 55 59 -- (44) 44 47
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
Income from continuing
operations 1,815 1,908 1,544 1,438 1,746 1,826 1,636 1,865
Discontinued operations,
net of income taxes -- -- -- -- (34) (7) 3 (296)
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
Net income $1,815 $1,908 $1,544 $1,438 $1,712 $1,819 $1,639 $1,569
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
Basic earnings per share:
Continuing operations $0.77 $0.82 $0.66 $0.61 $ 0.74 $ 0.77 $ 0.68 $ 0.79
Discontinued operations -- -- -- -- (0.02) (0.01) -- (0.13)
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
Net income $0.77 $0.82 $0.66 $0.61 $ 0.72 $ 0.76 $ 0.68 $ 0.66
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
Diluted earnings per
share:
Continuing operations $0.74 $0.78 $0.63 $0.59 $ 0.69 $ 0.74 $ 0.66 $ 0.76
Discontinued operations -- -- -- -- (0.01) (0.01) -- (0.13)
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
Net income $0.74 $0.78 $0.63 $0.59 $ 0.68 $ 0.73 $ 0.66 $ 0.63
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
Common stock price per
share:
High $38.922 $44.078 $49.078 $57.375 $23.500 $22.875 $24.937 $31.667
Low $29.172 $30.828 $42.000 $43.125 $19.000 $18.833 $19.375 $24.563
Close $32.000 $42.047 $45.547 $53.875 $22.000 $22.812 $24.562 $30.250
Dividends per share of
common stock $ 0.100 $ 0.100 $ 0.100 $ 0.100 $ 0.075 $ 0.075 $ 0.075 $ 0.075
- --------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
Due to changes in the number of average shares outstanding, quarterly earnings
per share of common stock do not add to the totals for the years. The above
information has been restated to reflect the stock split as discussed in Note 1.
The selected quarterly financial data gives retroactive effect to the mergers
with Citicorp (Note 1) and Salomon (Note 2) in transactions accounted for as
pooling of interests. The pooling of interests method of accounting requires the
restatement of all periods presented as if the companies had always been
combined. As a result of the Salomon Merger, in the fourth quarter of 1997,
Salomon Smith Barney recorded an after-tax restructuring charge of $496 million
($838 million pre-tax) primarily for severance and costs related to excess or
unused office space, facilities and other assets. Additionally, the third
quarter of 1997 includes a $550 million after-tax ($880 million pre-tax)
restructuring charge related to Citicorp (Note 15).
126
FINANCIAL DATA SUPPLEMENT
AVERAGE BALANCES AND INTEREST RATES, Taxable Equivalent Basis (1) (2) (3)
Citigroup Inc. and Subsidiaries
Average Volume Interest Revenue/Expense % Average Rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
In U.S. offices $ 2,416 $ 1,847 $ 1,540 $ -- $ 1 $ -- -- 0.05 --
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 1,114 1,568 2,016 16 19 33 1.44 1.21 1.64
----------------------------------------------------------
Total 3,530 3,415 3,556 16 20 33 0.45 0.59 0.93
----------------------------------------------------------
Deposits at interest with banks (4) 14,003 12,559 11,288 995 858 770 7.11 6.83 6.82
----------------------------------------------------------
Investments
At cost/lower of cost or market
In U.S. offices - taxable -- -- 1,460 -- -- 96 -- -- 6.58
In offices outside the U.S. (4) -- -- 3,090 -- -- 236 -- -- 7.64
----------------------------------------------------------
Total -- -- 4,550 -- -- 332 -- -- 7.30
----------------------------------------------------------
At fair value
In U.S. offices
Taxable 57,661 48,415 35,893 3,828 3,265 2,147 6.64 6.74 5.98
Exempt from U.S. income tax 8,613 6,383 5,432 724 556 519 8.41 8.71 9.55
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 20,729 15,189 8,465 1,661 1,342 879 8.01 8.84 10.38
----------------------------------------------------------
Total 87,003 69,987 49,790 6,213 5,163 3,545 7.14 7.38 7.12
----------------------------------------------------------
Total investments 87,003 69,987 54,340 6,213 5,163 3,877 7.14 7.38 7.13
----------------------------------------------------------
Federal funds sold and securities
borrowed or purchased under
agreements to resell
In U.S. offices 76,034 68,171 72,735 5,326 4,257 4,385 7.00 6.24 6.03
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 51,074 37,825 19,938 2,527 2,094 2,043 4.95 5.54 10.25
----------------------------------------------------------
Total 127,108 105,996 92,673 7,853 6,351 6,428 6.18 5.99 6.94
----------------------------------------------------------
Brokerage receivables
In U.S. offices 7,643 7,341 9,485 857 645 615 11.21 8.79 6.48
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 5,934 4,668 2,827 73 37 94 1.23 0.79 3.33
----------------------------------------------------------
Total 13,577 12,009 12,312 930 682 709 6.85 5.68 5.76
----------------------------------------------------------
Trading account assets (5) (6)
In U.S. offices 80,751 73,826 64,809 2,899 2,620 2,888 3.59 3.55 4.46
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 75,563 59,959 62,786 2,160 2,087 3,007 2.86 3.48 4.79
----------------------------------------------------------
Total 156,314 133,785 127,595 5,059 4,707 5,895 3.24 3.52 4.62
----------------------------------------------------------
Loans (net of unearned income) (7)
Consumer loans
In U.S. offices 65,339 61,683 57,957 7,213 6,912 6,726 11.04 11.21 11.61
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 51,274 51,282 48,811 6,308 6,489 6,251 12.30 12.65 12.81
----------------------------------------------------------
Total consumer loans 116,613 112,965 106,768 13,521 13,401 12,977 11.59 11.86 12.15
----------------------------------------------------------
Commercial loans
In U.S. offices
Commercial and industrial 10,484 8,927 9,982 905 827 883 8.63 9.26 8.85
Mortgage and real estate 6,386 8,268 10,284 678 748 853 10.62 9.05 8.29
Loans to financial institutions 499 481 426 48 41 20 9.62 8.52 4.69
Lease financing 3,048 3,219 3,198 205 211 231 6.73 6.55 7.22
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 50,791 43,387 37,921 5,411 4,867 4,405 10.65 11.22 11.62
----------------------------------------------------------
Total commercial loans 71,208 64,282 61,811 7,247 6,694 6,392 10.18 10.41 10.34
----------------------------------------------------------
Total loans 187,821 177,247 168,579 20,768 20,095 19,369 11.06 11.34 11.49
----------------------------------------------------------
Other interest-earning assets 20,348 16,973 17,583 511 117 222 2.51 0.69 1.26
----------------------------------------------------------
Total interest-earning assets 609,704 531,971 487,926 $ 42,345 $ 37,993 $ 37,303 6.95 7.14 7.65
--------------------------------------------------------------
Non-interest-earning assets (5) 68,616 59,819 61,328
----------------------------
Total assets $678,320 $591,790 $549,254
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The taxable equivalent adjustment is based on the U.S. federal statutory
tax rate of 35%.
(2) Interest rates and amounts include the effects of risk management
activities associated with the respective asset and liability categories.
See Note 21.
(3) For certain amounts associated with Travelers, monthly or quarterly
averages have been used as daily averages are unavailable.
(4) Average rates reflect prevailing local interest rates including
inflationary effects and monetary correction in certain countries.
(5) The fair value carrying amounts of derivative and foreign exchange
contracts are reported in non-interest earning assets and other
non-interest bearing liabilities.
(6) Interest expense on trading account liabilities of Salomon Smith Barney is
reported as a reduction of interest revenue.
(7) Includes cash-basis loans.
(8) Savings deposits consist of Insured Money Market Rate accounts, NOW
accounts, and other savings deposits.
(9) Includes allocations for capital and funding costs based on the location of
the asset.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
127
FINANCIAL DATA SUPPLEMENT
AVERAGE BALANCES AND INTEREST RATES, Taxable Equivalent Basis (1) (2) (3)
Citigroup Inc. and Subsidiaries
Average Volume Interest Revenue/Expense % Average Rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Liabilities
Deposits
In U.S. offices
Savings deposits (8) $ 27,149 $ 25,927 $ 24,715 $ 811 $ 756 $ 758 2.99 2.92 3.07
Other time deposits 12,302 12,556 11,756 610 782 741 4.96 6.23 6.30
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 128,546 116,565 110,236 8,192 7,436 7,403 6.37 6.38 6.72
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 167,997 155,048 146,707 9,613 8,974 8,902 5.72 5.79 6.07
--------------------------------------------------------------
Investment banking and brokerage
borrowings
In U.S. offices 8,259 5,869 5,457 543 382 379 6.57 6.51 6.95
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 3,369 3,482 4,835 104 56 370 3.09 1.61 7.65
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 11,628 9,351 10,292 647 438 749 5.56 4.68 7.28
--------------------------------------------------------------
Short-term borrowings
In U.S. offices 7,663 6,267 6,587 578 525 546 7.54 8.38 8.29
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 5,101 3,672 3,191 713 628 760 13.98 17.10 23.82
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 12,764 9,939 9,778 1,291 1,153 1,306 10.11 11.60 13.36
--------------------------------------------------------------
Long-term debt
In U.S. offices 41,394 38,154 36,980 2,568 2,447 2,692 6.20 6.41 7.28
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 4,448 4,356 3,492 412 426 368 9.26 9.78 10.54
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 45,842 42,510 40,472 2,980 2,873 3,060 6.50 6.76 7.56
--------------------------------------------------------------
Federal funds purchased and
securities loaned or sold under
agreements to repurchase
In U.S. offices 85,817 77,026 85,161 6,251 4,897 5,260 7.28 6.36 6.18
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 55,321 38,524 36,406 2,969 2,420 2,244 5.37 6.28 6.16
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 141,138 115,550 121,567 9,220 7,317 7,504 6.53 6.33 6.17
--------------------------------------------------------------
Brokerage payables
In U.S. offices 6,103 5,962 7,473 155 69 89 2.54 1.16 1.19
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 5,394 4,847 2,884 57 55 40 1.06 1.13 1.39
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 11,497 10,809 10,357 212 124 129 1.84 1.15 1.25
--------------------------------------------------------------
Trading account liabilities (5) (6)
In U.S. offices 52,168 48,222 35,509 147 157 205 0.28 0.33 0.58
In offices outside the U.S. (4) 46,335 35,705 22,633 178 175 324 0.38 0.49 1.43
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total 98,503 83,927 58,142 325 332 529 0.33 0.40 0.91
--------------------------------------------------------------
Other interest-bearing liabilities 18,025 15,614 15,331 -- 54 211 -- 0.35 1.38
------------------------------
Total interest-bearing liabilities 507,394 442,748 412,646 24,288 21,265 22,390 4.79 4.80 5.43
------------------------------------------------------
Demand deposits in U.S. offices 11,166 12,368 11,636
Other non-interest-bearing
liabilities (5) 116,282 98,640 91,238
------------------------------
Total liabilities 634,842 553,756 515,520
------------------------------
ESOP preferred stock 138 151 157
Redeemable preferred stock 403 543 691
Mandatorily redeemable preferred
securities of subsidiary trusts 2,958 937 -- 236 71 -- 7.98 7.58 --
Total stockholders' equity 39,979 36,403 32,886
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total liabilities and stockholders'
equity $678,320 $591,790 $549,254 $ 24,524 $ 21,336 $ 22,390
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NET INTEREST REVENUE AS A
PERCENTAGE OF AVERAGE
INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS
In U.S. offices (9) $339,198 $305,596 $290,835 $ 10,675 $ 9,654 $ 7,990 3.15 3.16 2.75
In offices outside the U.S. (9) 270,506 226,375 197,091 7,146 7,003 6,923 2.64 3.09 3.51
--------------------------------------------------------------
Total $609,704 $531,971 $487,926 $ 17,821 $ 16,657 $ 14,913 2.92 3.13 3.06
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The taxable equivalent adjustment is based on the U.S. federal statutory
tax rate of 35%.
(2) Interest rates and amounts include the effects of risk management
activities associated with the respective asset and liability categories.
See Note 21.
(3) For certain amounts associated with Travelers, monthly or quarterly
averages have been used as daily averages are unavailable.
(4) Average rates reflect prevailing local interest rates including
inflationary effects and monetary correction in certain countries.
(5) The fair value carrying amounts of derivative and foreign exchange
contracts are reported in non-interest earning assets and other
non-interest bearing liabilities.
(6) Interest expense on trading account liabilities of Salomon Smith Barney is
reported as a reduction of interest revenue.
(7) Includes cash-basis loans.
(8) Savings deposits consist of Insured Money Market Rate accounts, NOW
accounts, and other savings deposits.
(9) Includes allocations for capital and funding costs based on the location of
the asset.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
128
ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN NET INTEREST REVENUE
Citigroup Inc. and Subsidiaries
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Taxable Equivalent Basis (1) 1997 vs. 1996 1996 vs. 1995
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Increase (Decrease) Increase (Decrease)
Due to Change In: Due to Change In:
--------------------- ----------------------
Average Average Net Average Average Net
In Millions of Dollars Volume Rate Change(2) Volume Rate Change(2)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Cash and cash equivalents
In U.S. offices $ -- $ (1) $ (1) $ -- $ 1 $ 1
In offices outside the U.S. (3) (6) 3 (3) (6) (8) (14)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total (6) 2 (4) (6) (7) (13)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Deposits at interest with banks (3) 102 35 137 87 1 88
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Investments
In U.S. offices 789 (58) 731 824 235 1,059
In offices outside the U.S. (3) 453 (134) 319 327 (100) 227
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 1,242 (192) 1,050 1,151 135 1,286
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased
under agreements to repurchase
In U.S. offices 520 549 1,069 (281) 153 (128)
In offices outside the U.S. (3) 674 (241) 433 1,275 (1,224) 51
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 1,194 308 1,502 994 (1,071) (77)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Brokerage receivables
In U.S. offices 27 185 212 (158) 188 30
In offices outside the U.S. (3) 12 24 36 40 (97) (57)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 39 209 248 (118) 91 (27)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Trading account assets (4)
In U.S. offices 248 31 279 368 (636) (268)
In offices outside the U.S. (3) 486 (413) 73 (130) (790) (920)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 734 (382) 352 238 (1,426) (1,188)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Loans--consumer
In U.S. offices 405 (104) 301 423 (237) 186
In offices outside the U.S. (3) (1) (180) (181) 313 (75) 238
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 404 (284) 120 736 (312) 424
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Loans--commercial
In U.S. offices (42) 51 9 (258) 98 (160)
In offices outside the U.S. (3) 798 (254) 544 617 (155) 462
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 756 (203) 553 359 (57) 302
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total loans 1,160 (487) 673 1,095 (369) 726
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Other interest-earning assets 28 366 394 (7) (98) (105)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total interest revenue 4,493 (141) 4,352 3,434 (2,744) 690
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Deposits
In U.S. offices 38 (155) (117) 81 (42) 39
In offices outside the U.S. (3)
763 (7) 756 414 (381) 33
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 801 (162) 639 495 (423) 72
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Investment banking and brokerage borrowings
In U.S. offices 157 4 161 28 (25) 3
In offices outside the U.S. (3) (2) 50 48 (83) (231) (314)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 155 54 209 (55) (256) (311)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Short-term borrowings
In U.S. offices 109 (56) 53 (27) 6 (21)
In offices outside the U.S. (3) 214 (129) 85 104 (236) (132)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 323 (185) 138 77 (230) (153)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Long-term debt
In U.S. offices 203 (82) 121 83 (328) (245)
In offices outside the U.S. (3) 9 (23) (14) 86 (28) 58
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 212 (105) 107 169 (356) (187)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold
under agreements to repurchase
In U.S. offices 595 759 1,354 (513) 150 (363)
In offices outside the U.S. (3) 940 (391) 549 132 44 176
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 1,535 368 1,903 (381) 194 (187)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Brokerage payables
In U.S. offices 2 84 86 (17) (3) (20)
In offices outside the U.S. (3) 6 (4) 2 23 (8) 15
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 8 80 88 6 (11) (5)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Trading account liabilities (4)
In U.S. offices 12 (22) (10) 59 (107) (48)
In offices outside the U.S. (3) 46 (43) 3 130 (279) (149)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total 58 (65) (7) 189 (386) (197)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Other interest-bearing liabilities 7 (61) (54) 3 (160) (157)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Mandatorily redeemable preferred securities of subsidiary
trusts 161 4 165 71 -- 71
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Total interest expense 3,260 (72) 3,188 574 (1,628) (1,054)
------------------------------- --------------------------------
Net interest revenue $ 1,233 $ (69) $ 1,164 $ 2,860 $(1,116) $ 1,744
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) The taxable equivalent adjustment is based on the U.S. federal statutory
tax rate of 35%.
(2) Rate/volume variance is allocated based on the percentage relationship of
changes in volume and changes in rate to the total "net change."
(3) Changes in average rates reflect changes in prevailing local interest rates
including inflationary effects and monetary correction in certain
countries.
(4) Interest expense on trading account liabilities of Salomon Smith Barney is
reported as a reduction of interest revenue.
129
RATIOS
1997 1996 1995
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income to average assets 0.99% 1.14% 1.05%
Return on common stockholders' equity (1) 17.49% 19.42% 18.88%
Return on total stockholders' equity (2) 16.70% 18.41% 17.36%
Total average equity to average assets 5.89% 6.15% 5.99%
Dividends declared per common share as a percentage of income per common
share, assuming dilution (3) 14.6% 11.1% 11.9%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Based on income less total preferred stock dividends as a percentage of
average common stockholders' equity.
(2) Based on net income less redeemable preferred stock dividends as a
percentage of average total stockholders' equity.
(3) Dividend amounts represent Travelers' historical dividends per common
share.
LOANS OUTSTANDING
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consumer Loans
In U.S. offices
Mortgage and real estate $ 28,084 $ 27,173 $ 25,862 $ 24,231 $ 25,704
Installment, revolving credit, and
other 42,022 41,200 37,067 33,918 26,437
Lease financing -- -- -- 32 152
-----------------------------------------------------------------
70,106 68,373 62,929 58,181 52,293
-----------------------------------------------------------------
In offices outside the U.S.
Mortgage and real estate 17,685 18,379 18,240 16,830 13,908
Installment, revolving credit, and
other 32,179 33,905 32,521 29,303 25,355
Lease financing 544 754 765 732 672
-----------------------------------------------------------------
50,408 53,038 51,526 46,865 39,935
-----------------------------------------------------------------
120,514 121,411 114,455 105,046 92,228
Unearned income (1,417) (1,532) (1,606) (1,583) (1,555)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Consumer loans-- net 119,097 119,879 112,849 103,463 90,673
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Commercial Loans
In U.S. offices
Commercial and industrial 11,234 8,747 9,509 10,236 8,969
Mortgage and real estate 5,960 6,789 8,729 11,032 14,805
Loans to financial institutions 371 1,035 365 297 269
Lease financing 3,087 3,017 3,239 3,271 3,541
-----------------------------------------------------------------
20,652 19,588 21,842 24,836 27,584
-----------------------------------------------------------------
In offices outside the U.S.
Commercial and industrial 47,417 36,901 32,966 27,120 23,624
Mortgage and real estate 1,651 1,815 1,901 1,995 2,201
Loans to financial institutions 6,480 4,837 4,229 3,263 3,123
Governments and official institutions 2,376 2,252 2,180 3,265 4,807
Lease financing 1,092 1,294 1,098 934 800
-----------------------------------------------------------------
59,016 47,099 42,374 36,577 34,555
-----------------------------------------------------------------
79,668 66,687 64,216 61,413 62,139
Unearned income (159) (110) (169) (177) (161)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Commercial loans-- net 79,509 66,577 64,047 61,236 61,978
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Total loans-- net of unearned income 198,606 186,456 176,896 164,699 152,651
Allowance for credit losses (1) (6,137) (5,743) (5,561) (5,337) (4,547)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Total Loans -- net of unearned income
and allowance for credit losses $ 192,469 $ 180,713 $ 171,335 $ 159,362 $ 148,104
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) See Note 11 on page 94 regarding the change in the apportionment and
display of the aggregate allowance for credit losses in 1997.
130
LOAN MATURITIES AND SENSITIVITY TO CHANGES IN INTEREST RATES
Due Over 1 but
Within Within Over
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End 1 Year 5 Years 5 Years Total
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maturities of the gross commercial loan portfolio
In U.S. offices
Commercial and industrial loans $ 4,203 $ 5,127 $ 1,904 $11,234
Mortgage and real estate 1,121 2,537 2,302 5,960
Loans to financial institutions 152 178 41 371
Lease financing 893 1,398 796 3,087
In offices outside the U.S. 43,924 10,273 4,819 59,016
----------------------------------------
Total commercial loan portfolio $50,293 $19,513 $ 9,862 $79,668
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sensitivity of loans due after one year to
changes in interest rates (1)
Loans at predetermined interest rates $ 4,069 $ 2,338
Loans at floating or adjustable interest rates 13,922 5,859
------------------
Total $17,991 $ 8,197
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Based on contractual terms. Repricing characteristics may effectively be
modified from time to time using derivative contracts. See Note 21.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CASH-BASIS, RENEGOTIATED, AND PAST DUE LOANS (1)
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Commercial Cash-Basis Loans
Collateral dependent (at lower of cost or collateral value) (2) $ 258 $ 263 $ 779 $1,347 $2,704
Other (3) 806 642 755 770 1,970
----------------------------------------------------
Total $ 1,064 $ 905 $1,534 $2,117 $4,674
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Commercial Cash-Basis Loans
In U.S. offices $ 296 $ 292 $ 925 $1,547 $2,841
In offices outside the U.S. (3) 768 613 609 570 1,833
----------------------------------------------------
Total $ 1,064 $ 905 $1,534 $2,117 $4,674
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Commercial Renegotiated Loans
In U.S. offices $ 20 $ 264 $ 309 $ 563 $ 641
In offices outside the U.S. 39 57 112 155 67
----------------------------------------------------
Total $ 59 $ 321 $ 421 $ 718 $ 708
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consumer Loans on which Accrual of Interest had been Suspended
In U.S. offices (4) $ 967 $1,184 $1,466 $1,586 $2,004
In offices outside the U.S. 993 1,071 1,247 1,066 948
----------------------------------------------------
Total $ 1,960 $2,255 $2,713 $2,652 $2,952
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accruing Loans 90 or More Days Delinquent (5)
In U.S. offices (4) $ 606 $ 696 $ 499 $ 415 $ 635
In offices outside the U.S. 467 422 498 460 421
----------------------------------------------------
Total $ 1,073 $1,118 $ 997 $ 875 $1,056
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) For a discussion of risks in the consumer loan portfolio, see pages 19-22
and 29-30, and of commercial cash-basis loans, see page 23.
(2) A cash-basis loan is defined as collateral dependent when repayment is
expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral and there are
no other available and reliable sources of repayment, in which case the
loans are written down to the lower of cost or collateral value.
(3) Includes foreign currency derivative contracts with a balance sheet credit
exposure of $59 million at December 31, 1997 for which the recognition of
revaluation gains has been suspended.
(4) Excludes $11 million of consumer loans on which accrual of interest had
been suspended and $27 million of accruing loans 90 or more days delinquent
related to loans held for sale at December 31, 1997.
(5) Includes consumer loans of $1.0 billion, $1.0 billion, $951 million, $828
million, and $802 million at December 31, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, and 1993,
respectively, of which $240 million, $239, million, $208 million, $150
million, and $114 million, respectively, are government-guaranteed student
loans.
OTHER REAL ESTATE OWNED (OREO) AND ASSETS PENDING DISPOSITION (1)
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consumer OREO $ 275 $ 459 $ 535 $ 577 $ 748
Commercial OREO 461 614 625 958 1,637
------------------------------------------------
Total $ 736 $ 1,073 $1,160 $1,535 $2,385
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assets Pending Disposition (2) $ 96 $ 160 $ 205 $ 195 $ 429
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Carried at lower of cost or collateral value.
(2) Represents consumer residential mortgage loans that have a high probability
of foreclosure.
131
FOREGONE INTEREST REVENUE ON LOANS(1)
In U.S In Non-U.S. 1997
In Millions of Dollars Offices Offices Total
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Interest revenue that would have been accrued at original contractual rates (2) $162 $260 $422
Amount recognized as interest revenue (2) 89 65 154
------------------------------------------
Foregone interest revenue $ 73 $195 $268
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Relates to commercial cash-basis and renegotiated loans and consumer loans
on which accrual of interest had been suspended.
(2) Interest revenue in offices outside the U.S. may reflect prevailing local
interest rates, including the effects of inflation and monetary correction
in certain countries.
DETAILS OF CREDIT LOSS EXPERIENCE
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End 1997(1) 1996 1995 1994 1993
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate allowance for credit losses at beginning of year $5,743 $5,561 $5,337 $4,547 $4,028
----------------------------------------------------
Provision for credit losses 2,197 2,200 2,176 2,034 2,737
Gross credit losses
Consumer (2)
In U.S. offices 1,731 1,555 1,339 1,284 1,411
In offices outside the U.S. 868 876 825 594 504
Commercial
Mortgage and real estate
In U.S. offices 21 27 118 200 333
In offices outside the U.S. 47 32 25 48 132
Governments and official institutions in offices outside the U.S. - - 37 - 131
Loans to financial institutions in offices outside the U.S. 7 12 11 - 9
Commercial and industrial
In U.S. offices 13 36 48 57 148
In offices outside the U.S. 109 159 137 64 175
----------------------------------------------------
2,796 2,697 2,540 2,247 2,843
----------------------------------------------------
Credit recoveries
Consumer (2)
In U.S. offices 270 254 258 239 230
In offices outside the U.S. 234 216 187 147 132
Commercial
Mortgage and real estate
In U.S. offices 47 88 26 15 48
In offices outside the U.S. 7 8 21 8 8
Governments and official institutions in offices outside the U.S. 36 81 52 240 42
Loans to financial institutions in offices outside the U.S. 17 1 1 3 22
Commercial and industrial
In U.S. offices 60 46 82 64 54
In offices outside the U.S. 54 44 46 248 105
----------------------------------------------------
725 738 673 964 641
----------------------------------------------------
Net credit losses
In U.S. offices 1,388 1,230 1,139 1,223 1,560
In offices outside the U.S. 683 729 728 60 642
----------------------------------------------------
2,071 1,959 1,867 1,283 2,202
----------------------------------------------------
Other-net (3) 368 (59) (85) 39 (16)
----------------------------------------------------
Aggregate allowance for credit losses at end of year 6,237 5,743 5,561 5,337 4,547
Reserves for securitization activities 85 473 486 422 527
----------------------------------------------------
Total credit loss reserves $6,322 $6,216 $6,047 $5,759 $5,074
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net consumer credit losses $2,095 $1,961 $1,719 $1,492 $1,553
As a percentage of average consumer loans 1.80 1.74 1.61 1.60 1.78
Net commercial credit (recoveries) losses (24) (2) 148 (209) 649
As a percentage of average commercial loans NM NM 0.24 NM 1.10
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) See Note 11 on page 94 regarding the change in the apportionment and
display of the aggregate allowance for credit losses in 1997.
(2) Consumer credit losses and recoveries primarily relate to revolving credit
and installment loans.
(3) Primarily includes net transfers from (to) the reserves for securitization
activities and foreign currency translation effects.
NM Not Meaningful
132
CITIGROUP CROSS BORDER OUTSTANDINGS AND COMMITMENTS
The following table presents total cross-border outstandings and commitments on
a regulatory basis in accordance with Federal Financial Institutions Examination
Council (FFIEC) guidelines. Total cross-border outstandings include cross-border
claims on third parties as well as investments in and funding of local
franchises. See page 53 for a listing of Citicorp's cross-border outstandings
and commitments at December 31, 1997, 1996 and 1995.
Cross-Border Claims on Investments Total
Third Parties Trading and Short-Term Claims (1) in and Cross-
------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- Funding Border
In Billions of Dollars of Local Outstand Commit-
at December 31, 1997 Banks Public Private Total SSB Citicorp Insurance Franchises -ings ments(2)
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Countries with total cross-border outstandings in excess of 1% of Citigroup's total assets at December 31, 1997 were:
Italy $0.9 $12.0 $0.5 $13.4 $12.5 $0.8 $- $2.5 $15.9 $0.5
Germany 2.4 10.6 0.8 13.8 11.1 2.3 - 1.3 15.1 1.7
Japan 3.1 7.5 2.1 12.7 9.4 2.8 - - 12.7 1.1
France 2.0 5.8 1.5 9.3 6.1 2.7 - 0.2 9.5 0.6
Brazil 0.5 3.4 2.0 5.9 2.8 1.3 - 1.4 7.3 0.1
Countries with total cross-border outstandings between 0.75% and 1.0% of Citigroup's total assets at December 31, 1997 were:
United Kingdom 2.2 0.5 3.8 6.5 0.3 3.3 0.1 - 6.5 7.8
Mexico - 5.0 1.0 6.0 3.2 1.0 0.1 0.4 6.4 0.6
Spain 0.5 3.3 0.4 4.2 3.7 0.4 - 1.8 6.0 0.4
Sweden 0.7 4.1 1.0 5.8 4.5 1.0 - 0.1 5.9 0.7
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Included in total cross-border claims on third parties. SSB refers to
Salomon Smith Barney. Insurance includes Life Insurance Services and
Property and Casualty Insurance Services.
(2) Commitments (not included in total cross-border outstandings) include
legally binding cross-border letters of credit and other commitments and
contingencies.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trading and short-term claims (included in total cross-border claims on third
parties) include cross-border debt and equity securities in the trading account,
resale agreements, trade finance receivables, net revaluation gains on foreign
exchange and derivative contracts, and other claims with a maturity of less than
one year. Under resale agreements, the counterparty has the legal obligation for
repayment; however, for purposes of the above table, resale agreements are
reported based on the domicile of the issuer of the securities that are held as
collateral, as required by FFIEC guidelines. A substantial portion of resale
agreements are with investment grade counterparties in the G-7 countries
(Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States).
AVERAGE DEPOSIT LIABILITIES IN OFFICES OUTSIDE THE U.S. (1)
In Millions of Dollars at Year-End 1997 1996 1995
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Average % Average % Average
Average Interest Average Interest Average Interest
Balance Rate Balance Rate Balance Rate
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Banks (2) $ 15,326 7.33 $ 10,528 8.44 $ 12,777 8.18
Other demand deposits 31,833 2.99 28,801 3.27 25,569 3.52
Other time and savings deposits (2) 90,610 6.75 85,176 6.58 79,157 6.89
------------- ------------- -------------
Total $137,769 5.95 $124,505 5.97 $117,503 6.30
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Interest rates and amounts include the effects of risk management
activities, and also reflect the impact of the local interest rates
prevailing in certain countries. See Note 21.
(2) Primarily consists of time certificates of deposit and other time deposits
in denominations of $100,000 or more.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIME DEPOSITS IN U.S. OFFICES
MATURITY PROFILE
Under Over 3 to Over 6 to Over
In Millions of Dollars ($100,000 or more) at Year-End 1997 3 Months 6 Months 12 Months 12 Months
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Certificates of deposit $2,526 $403 $497 $306
Other time deposits 497 125 44 229
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
133
SHORT-TERM AND OTHER BORROWINGS (1)
Federal Funds Purchased Investment Banking
and Securities Sold Under and Brokerage
Agreements to Repurchase Commercial Paper Other Funds Borrowed (2) Borrowings
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amounts outstanding
at year-end $132,103 $113,567 $121,374 $5,920 $2,795 $3,101 $8,108 $6,958 $6,797 $11,464 $10,020 $11,249
Average outstanding
during the year 141,138 115,550 121,567 4,366 3,898 3,528 8,398 6,041 6,250 11,628 9,351 10,292
Maximum month-end
outstanding 170,110 136,806 142,501 6,090 4,372 4,529 9,949 6,958 7,383 13,174 10,020 13,726
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weighted-average
interest rate
During the year (3) 6.53% 6.33% 6.17% 5.57% 5.49% 5.93% 12.47% 15.54% 17.57% 5.56% 4.68% 7.28%
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Original maturities of less than one year.
(2) Rates reflect the impact of local interest rates prevailing in countries
outside the United States.
(3) Interest rates include the effects of risk management activities. See
Notes 12 and 21.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
134
SCHEDULE I
Citigroup (Parent Company Only)
Supplemental Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Supplemental Condensed Statement of Income
Year Ended December 31,
--------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Revenues $ 1 $ 1 $ (5)
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Expenses:
- ---------
Interest 171 162 129
Other 143 126 104
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Total 314 288 233
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Pre-tax loss (313) (287) (238)
Income tax benefit 112 103 85
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Loss before equity in net income of subsidiaries (201) (184) (153)
Equity in net income of subsidiaries from
continuing operations 6,906 7,257 5,763
Equity in net income of subsidiaries from
discontinued operations - (334) 150
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Net income $6,705 $6,739 $5,760
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The supplemental condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction
with the supplemental consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and
the accompanying notes to the supplemental condensed financial information of
Registrant.
Citigroup (Parent Company Only)
Supplemental Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Supplemental Condensed Statement of Financial Position
December 31,
---------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assets
- ------
Investment in subsidiaries at equity $45,031 $41,492
Advances to and receivables from subsidiaries 80 88
Cost of acquired businesses in excess of net assets 422 436
Other-principally investments 430 650
---------------- ----------------
$45,963 $42,666
---------------- ----------------
Liabilities
- -----------
Junior subordinated debentures, held by subsidiary trusts $1,026 $1,026
Long-term debt 1,695 1,903
Advances from and payables to subsidiaries 29 -
Other liabilities 721 546
---------------- ----------------
3,471 3,475
---------------- ----------------
Redeemable preferred stock, held by subsidiary 226 226
---------------- ----------------
Redeemable preferred stock - Series I 280 420
---------------- ----------------
ESOP preferred stock - Series C 153 164
Guaranteed ESOP obligation (18) (35)
---------------- ----------------
135 129
---------------- ----------------
Stockholders' equity
- --------------------
Preferred stock ($1.00 par value; authorized shares: 30 million), at aggregate liquidation value 3,353 3,203
Common stock ($.01 par value; authorized shares: 6.0 billion; issued shares:
1997 - 2,499,949,682 and 1996 - 2,650,411,087 25 27
Additional paid-in capital 12,362 14,894
Retained earnings 32,002 26,989
Treasury stock, at cost (1997 - 220,026,597 shares; 1996 - 351,346,518 shares) (6,595) (7,073)
Unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities 1,692 1,145
Foreign currency translation (635) (483)
Other, principally unearned compensation (353) (286)
---------------- ----------------
41,851 38,416
---------------- ----------------
$45,963 $42,666
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The supplemental condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction
with the supplemental consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and
the accompanying notes to the supplemental condensed financial information of
Registrant.
135
SCHEDULE I
Citigroup (Parent Company Only)
Supplemental Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Supplemental Condensed Statement of Cash Flows
Year Ended December 31,
---------------------------------------------------------------------
In Millions of Dollars 1997 1996 1995
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cash flows from operating activities
- ------------------------------------
Net income $6,705 $6,739 $5,760
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash
provided by operating activities:
Equity in net income of subsidiaries (6,906) (6,923) (5,913)
Dividends received from subsidiaries, net 1,324 1,808 508
Advances from subsidiaries, net 3,142 3,461 1,817
Other, net 1,078 316 217
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Net cash provided by operating activities 5,343 5,401 2,389
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Cash flows from investing activities
- ------------------------------------
Capital contributions to subsidiary (521) (1,140) -
Other investments, primarily short-term, net 240 (408) (198)
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Net cash used in investing activities (281) (1,548) (198)
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Cash flows from financing activities
- ------------------------------------
Dividends paid (1,692) (1,530) (1,313)
Issuance of common stock 434 537 416
Issuance of preferred stock 1,000 250 390
Redemption of preferred stock (850) (112) (265)
Redemption of redeemable preferred stock - - (35)
(held by subsidiary)
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes (384) (201) (94)
Treasury stock acquired (3,447) (3,711) (1,951)
Issuance of long-term debt - - 700
Issuance of junior subordinated debentures - 1,026 -
Payments and redemptions of long-term debt (185) (100) -
Net change in short-term borrowings - - (101)
Other, net 62 (12) 62
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Net cash used in financing activities (5,062) (3,853) (2,191)
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Change in cash $ - $ - $ -
---------------- ----------------- ----------------
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
- -------------------------------------------------
Cash paid during the period for interest $ 180 $ 157 $ 112
Cash received during the period for taxes $ 569 $ 263 $ 155
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The supplemental condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction
with the supplemental consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and
the accompanying notes to the supplemental condensed financial information of
Registrant.
136
SCHEDULE I
Notes to Supplemental Condensed Financial Statements of Registrant
1. Basis of Presentation
- --------------------------
The accompanying financial statements include the accounts of Citigroup
Inc. (the Parent) and on an equity basis its subsidiaries and affiliates
and should be read in conjunction with the Supplemental Consolidated
Financial Statements and notes thereto.
2. Supplementary Disclosure of Non-Cash Financing Activities
- --------------------------------------------------------------
During 1995, $35 million of redeemable preferred stock held by subsidiaries
was repurchased and retired.
137
Independent Auditors' Report
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Citigroup Inc.
We have audited the accompanying supplemental consolidated statement of
financial position of Citigroup Inc. (formed as a result of the merger between
Travelers Group Inc. and Citicorp which has been accounted for as a pooling of
interests as described in Note 1 to the supplemental consolidated financial
statements) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 1997 and 1996, and the related
supplemental consolidated statements of income, changes in stockholders' equity
and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31,
1997. These supplemental consolidated financial statements are the
responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these supplemental consolidated financial statements based on our
audits. We did not audit the separate consolidated statement of financial
condition of Salomon Inc and subsidiaries (which became part of Travelers Group
Inc. and subsidiaries as a result of the merger between Travelers Group Inc. and
Salomon Inc which has been accounted for as a pooling of interests as described
in Note 2 to the supplemental consolidated financial statements) as of December
31, 1996, or the related consolidated statements of income, changes in
stockholders' equity and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 1996 and
1995, which consolidated statements reflect total assets of $194,881 million as
of December 31, 1996, and total revenues of $9,046 million and $8,953 million
for the years ended December 31, 1996 and 1995, respectively. Those consolidated
financial statements, were audited by other auditors whose report has been
furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included
for Salomon Inc and subsidiaries for such periods, is based solely on the report
of such other auditors.
We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes
assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.
We believe that our audits and the report of the other auditors provide a
reasonable basis for our opinion.
The supplemental consolidated financial statements give retroactive effect to
the merger of Travelers Group Inc. and Citicorp which has been accounted for as
a pooling of interests. Generally accepted accounting principles proscribe
giving effect to a consummated business combination accounted for by the pooling
of interests method in financial statements that do not include the date of
consummation. The supplemental consolidated financial statements do not extend
to the date of consummation. However, they will become the historical
consolidated financial statements of Citigroup Inc. and subsidiaries after
financial statements covering the date of consummation of the business
combination are issued.
In our opinion, based on our audits and the report of other auditors, the
supplemental consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly,
in all material respects, the financial position of Citigroup Inc. and
subsidiaries as of December 31, 1997 and 1996, and the results of their
operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period
ended December 31, 1997 in conformity with generally accepted accounting
principles applicable after financial statements are issued for a period which
includes the date of consummation of the business combination.
Our audits also included the supplemental financial statement schedule relating
to Citigroup (Parent Company Only). This supplemental financial statement
schedule is the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility
is to express an opinion on the supplemental financial statement schedule based
on our audits. In our opinion, based on our audits and the report of other
auditors, such supplemental financial statement schedule, when considered in
relation to the supplemental consolidated financial statements taken as a whole,
presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
New York, New York
October 8, 1998
138