GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER
                    IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9


GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER TO GIVE THE PAYER.
Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: i.e.
000-00-0000.  Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated by only
one hyphen: i.e. 00-0000000.  The table below will help determine the number to
give the payer.   All "Section" references are to the Internal Revenue Code of
1986, as amended.  "IRS" is the Internal Revenue Service.

FOR THIS TYPE                           GIVE THE IDENTIFICATION
OF ACCOUNT                              NUMBER OF:
1.         An individual's account      The individual
2.         Two or more individuals      The actual owner of the account
           (joint account)              or, if  combined funds, any one
                                        of the individuals on the
                                        account (1)
3.         Husband and wife             The actual owner of the account
           (joint account)              or, if joint funds, either
                                        person (1)
4.         Custodian account of         The minor (2)
           a minor
           (Uniform Gift to Minors Act)
5.         Adult and minor              The adult or, if the minor is
           (joint account)              the only contributor, the minor
                                       (1)
6.         Account in the name of       The ward, minor, or incompetent
           guardian or committee for a  person (3)
           Designated ward, minor, or
           Incompetent person
7.         a.  The usual revocable      The actual owner (1)
               savings account trust
               account (grantor is
               also trustee)
                                        The actual owner (1)
           b.  So-called trust account
               that is not a legal or
               valid trust under State
               law
8.         Sole proprietorship account  The owner (4)
9.         The valid trust, estate, or  The legal entity (Do not furnish
           pension trust                the trust identifying number of
                                        the personal representatives or
                                        trustee unless the legal entity
                                        itself is not designated in the
                                        account title.) (5)
10.        Corporate account            The corporation
11.        Religious, charitable or     The organization
           educational
12.        Partnership account held in  The partnership
           the name of the business
13.        Association, club, or other  The organization
           tax-exempt organization




FOR THIS TYPE                           GIVE THE IDENTIFICATION
OF ACCOUNT                              NUMBER OF:
14.        The broker or registered     The broker or nominee
           nominee
15.        Account with the Department  The public entity
           of Agriculture in the name
           of a public entity (such as
           a State or local
           government, school
           district, or prison) that
           receives agricultural
           program payouts

           (1)  List first and circle the name of the person whose number you
                furnish. If only one person on the account has a social security
                number, that person's number must be listed.

           (2)  Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security
                number.

           (3)  Circle the ward's, minor's or incompetent person's name and
                furnish such person's social security number.

           (4)  Show the name of the owner.

           (5)  List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or
                pension trust.

NOTE:    IF NO NAME IS CIRCLED WHEN THERE IS MORE THAN ONE NAME, THE NUMBER WILL
         BE CONSIDERED TO BE THAT OF THE FIRST NAME LISTED.







              GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                          NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9


OBTAINING A TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
If you don't have a taxpayer identification number or you don't know your
taxpayer identification number, obtain Form SS-5, Application for a Social
Security Number Card, or Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification
Number, at the local office of the Social Security Administration or the
Internal Revenue Service and apply for a number.

PAYEES EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING
Payees specifically exempted from backup withholding on ALL payments include the
following:

- -     A corporation.
- -     A financial institution.
- -     An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), or an individual
      retirement plan.
- -     The United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.
- -     A State, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United States, or
      any subdivision or instrumentality thereof.
- -     A foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government, or
      any agency or instrumentality thereof.
- -     An international organization or any agency, or instrumentality thereof.
- -     A registered dealer in securities or commodities registered in the U.S. or
      a possession of the U.S.
- -     A futures commission merchant registered with the Commodity Futures
      Trading Commission.
- -     A real estate investment trust.
- -     A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a).
- -     A middleman known in the investment community as a nominee or who is
      listed in the most recent publication of the American Society of Corporate
      Secretaries, Inc., Nominee List.
- -     A trust exempt from tax under section 664 or described in section 4947.
- -     An entity registered at all times under the Investment Company Act of
      1940.
- -     A foreign central bank of issue.

PAYMENTS EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING
Payments of dividends and patronage dividends not generally subject to backup
withholding include the following:

- -     Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under section 1441.
- -     Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S.
      and which have at least one nonresident partner.
- -     Payments of patronage dividends where the amount received is not paid in
      money.
- -     Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
- -     Section 404(k) payments made by an ESOP.

Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding include the
following:

- -     Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals. However, if you
      pay $600 or more in interest in the course of your trade or business to a
      payee, you must report the payment. Backup withholding applies to the
      reportable payment if the payee has not provided a TIN or has provided an
      incorrect TIN.

- -     Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt-interest dividends under
      section 852).

- -     Payments described in section 6049(b)(5) to non-resident aliens.




- -     Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under section 1451.

- -     Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

- -     Mortgage interest paid to you.

Exempt payees described above should file Form W-9 to avoid possible erroneous
backup withholding. FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYER, FURNISH YOUR TAXPAYER
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER, WRITE "EXEMPT" ON THE FACE OF THE FORM, AND RETURN IT TO
THE PAYOR. IF THE PAYMENTS ARE INTEREST, DIVIDENDS, OR PATRONAGE DIVIDENDS, ALSO
SIGN AND DATE THE FORM.

Certain payments that are not subject to information reporting are also not
subject to backup withholding. For details, see the regulations under sections
6041, 6041A(a), 6045, and 6050A.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICE. Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividend, interest,
or other payments to give taxpayer identification numbers to payers who must
report the payments to the IRS. The IRS uses the numbers for identification
purposes. Payors must be given the numbers whether or not recipients are
required to file tax returns. Payors must generally withhold 31% of taxable
interest, dividend, and certain other payments to a payee who does not furnish a
taxpayer identification number to a payer. Certain penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES
(1)   PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER. If you fail
      to furnish your taxpayer identification number to a payer, you are subject
      to a penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to
      reasonable cause and not to willful neglect.

(2)   CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING. If you
      make a false statement with no reasonable basis which results in no
      imposition of backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.

(3)   CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION.  Falsifying certifications or
      affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including fines and/or
      imprisonment.

(4)   MISUSE OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS.  If the requester discloses or
      uses taxpayer identification numbers in violation of Federal law, the
      requester may be subject to civil and criminal penalties.

                    FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT YOUR TAX
                     CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE