EXHIBIT 3.3
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BYLAWS
OF
ESSENTIAL TEC, INC.,
A NEVADA CORPORATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
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ARTICLE I OFFICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 1. Principal Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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Section 2. Other Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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ARTICLE II DIRECTORS - MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 1. Powers, Standard of Care . . . . . . . . . . 1
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1.1 Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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1.2 Standard of Care; Liability. . . . . . . . . . 1
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Section 2. Number and Qualification of Directors . . . . 2
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Section 3. Election and Term of Office of Directors. . 2
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Section 4. Vacancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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Section 5. Removal of Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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Section 6. Place of Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
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Section 7. Annual Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
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Section 8. Other Regular Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
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Section 9. Special Meetings/Notices . . . . . . . . . . . 4
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Section 10. Waiver of Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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Section 11. Quorums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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Section 12. Adjournment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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Section 13. Notice of Adjournment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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Section 14. Sole Director Provided by Articles or Bylaws . . 5
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Section 15. Directors Action by Unanimous Written Consent . . 5
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Section 16. Compensation of Directors . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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Section 17. Committees .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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Section 18. Meetings and Action of Committees . . . . . . 6
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Section 19. Advisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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ARTICLE III OFFICERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Section 1. Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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Section 2. Election of Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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Section 3. Subordinate Officers, Etc . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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Section 4. Removal and Resignation of Officers . . . . . 7
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Section 5. Vacancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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Section 6. Chairman of the Board . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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Section 7. President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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Section 8. Vice President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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Section 9. Secretary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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Section 10. Treasurer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
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ARTICLE IV SHAREHOLDERS' MEETINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Section 1. Place of Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
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Section 2. Annual Meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
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Section 3. Special Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
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Section 4. Notice of Meetings - Reports . . . . . . . . 10
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Section 5. Quorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
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Section 6. Adjourned Meeting and Notice Thereof. . . . . 11
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Section 7. Waiver or Consent by Absent Shareholders . . 11
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Section 8. Maintenance and Inspection of Bylaws. . . . .
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Section 9. Annual Report to Shareholders . . . . . . . . .
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Section 10. Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Section 11. Annual Statement of General Information. . . . .
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ARTICLE V AMENDMENTS TO BYLAWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Section 1. Amendment by Shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . 12
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Section 2. Amendment by Directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
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Section 3. Record of Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
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ARTICLE VI SHARES OF STOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Section 1. Certificate of Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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Section 2. Lost or Destroyed Certificates . . . . . . . . 13
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Section 3. Transfer of Shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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Section 4. Record Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
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ARTICLE VII DIVIDENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
ARTICLE VIII FISCAL YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
ARTICLE IX CORPORATE SEAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
ARTICLE X INDEMNITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
ARTICLE XI MISCELLANEOUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Section 1. Shareholders' Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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Section 2. Subsidiary Corporations . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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iii
BYLAWS
OF
ESSENTIAL TEC, INC.,
A NEVADA CORPORATION
ARTICLE I
OFFICES
Section 1. Principal Office. The principal office for
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the transaction of business of the Corporation is hereby fixed and located at
233 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 930, Santa Monica, CA 90401. The location may be
changed by approval of a majority of the authorized directors, and additional
offices may be established and maintained at such other place or places, either
within or outside of Nevada, as the Board of Directors may from time to time
designate.
Section 2. Other Offices Branch or subordinate offices may at
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any time be established by the Board of Directors at any place or places where
the Corporation is qualified to do business.
ARTICLE II
DIRECTORS - MANAGEMENT
Section 1. Powers, Standard of Care.
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1.1 Powers: Subject to the provisions of the Nevada
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Revised Statutes (hereinafter the "Code"), and subject to any limitations in the
Articles of Incorporation of the Corporation relating to action required to be
approved by the Shareholders, as that term is defined in the Code, or by the
outstanding shares, as that term is defined in the Code, the business and
affairs of the Corporation shall be managed and all corporate powers shall be
exercised by or under the direction of the Board of Directors. The Board of
Directors may delegate the management of the day-to-day operation of the
business of the Corporation to a management company or other persons, provided
that the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed, and all
corporate powers shall be exercised, under the ultimate direction of the Board.
1.2 Standard of Care; Liability:
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1.2.1 Each Director shall exercise such powers and otherwise perform such
duties, in good faith, in the matters such Director believes to be in the best
interests of the Corporation, and with such care, including reasonable inquiry,
using ordinary prudence, as a person in a like position would use under similar
circumstances.
1.2.2 In performing the duties of a Director, a Director shall be
entitled to rely on information, opinions, reports, or statements, including
financial statements and other financial data, in which case prepared or
presented by:
(1) One or more officers or employees of the Corporation whom the
Director believes to be reliable and competent in the matters
presented,
(2) Counsel, independent accountants or other persons as to which
the Director believes to be within such person's professional or
expert competence, or
(3) A Committee of the Board upon which the Director does not
serve, as to matters within its designated authority, which committee
the Director believes to merit confidence, so long as in any such case
the Director acts in good faith, after reasonable inquiry when the
need therefore is indicated by the circumstances and without knowledge
that would cause such reliance to be unwarranted.
Section 2. Number and Qualification of Directors. The authorized
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number of Directors of the Corporation shall be not less than one (1) nor more
than nine (9) until changed by a duly adopted amendment to the Articles of
Incorporation or by an amendment to this Section 2 of Article II of these Bylaws
or, without amendment of these Bylaws, the number of directors may be fixed or
changed by resolution adopted by the vote of the majority of directors in office
or by the vote of holders of shares representing a majority of the voting power
at any annual meeting, or any special meeting called for such purpose; but no
reduction of the number of directors shall have the effect of removing any
director prior to the expiration of his term.
Section 3. Election and Term of Office of Directors.
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3.1 Directors shall be elected at each annual meeting of the
Shareholders to hold office until the next annual meeting. If any such annual
meeting of Shareholders is not held or the Directors are not elected thereat,
the Directors may be elected at any special meeting of Shareholders held for
that purpose. Each Director, including a Director elected to fill a vacancy,
shall hold office until the expiration of the term for which elected and until a
successor has been elected and qualified.
3.2 Except as may otherwise be provided herein, or in the Articles of
Incorporation by way of cumulative voting rights, the members of the Board of
Directors of this Corporation, who need not be shareholders, shall be elected by
a majority of the votes cast at a meeting of shareholders, by the holders of
shares of stock present in person or by proxy, entitled to vote in the election.
Section 4. Vacancies.
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4.1 A vacancy or vacancies on the Board of Directors shall be deemed to
exist in the event of the death, resignation or removal of any Director, or if
the Board of Directors by resolution declares vacant the office of a Director
who has been declared of unsound mind by an order of court or convicted of a
felony, or if the authorized number of directors be increased, or if the
shareholders fail, at any annual or special meeting of shareholders at which any
director or directors are elected, to elect the full authorized number of
directors to be voted for at the meeting.
4.2 Vacancies on the Board of Directors, except for a vacancy created
by the removal of a Director, may be filled by a majority of the remaining
Directors, though less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining Director. Each
Director so elected shall hold office until the next annual meeting of the
Shareholders and until a successor has been elected and qualified. A vacancy in
the Board of Directors created by the removal of a Director may only be filled
by the vote of a majority of the shares entitled to vote represented at a duly
held meeting at which a quorum is present, or by the written consent of the
holders of a majority of the outstanding shares.
4.3 The Shareholders may elect a Director or Directors at any time to
fill any vacancy or vacancies, but any such election by written consent shall
require the consent of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote.
4.4 Any Director may resign, effective on giving written notice to the
Chairman of the Board, the President, the Secretary, or the Board of Directors,
unless the notice specifies a later time for that resignation to become
effective. When one or more directors give notice of his or her or their
resignation from the Board of Directors, effective at a future date, the Board
may fill the vacancy or vacancies to take effect when the resignation or
resignations become effective, each Director so appointed to hold office during
the remainder of the term of office of the resigning Director(s)."
4.5 No reduction of the authorized number of Directors shall have the
effect of removing any Director before that Director's term of office expires.
Section 5. Removal of Directors.
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5.1 The entire Board of Directors, or any individual Director, may be
removed from office as provided by Section 78.335 of the Code at any special
meeting of stockholders called for such purpose by vote of the holders of
two-thirds of the voting power entitling them to elect directors in place of
those to be removed, subject to the provisions of Section 5.2
5.2 No Director may be removed (unless the entire Board is removed)
when the votes cast against removal or not consenting in writing to such removal
would be sufficient to elect such Director if voted cumulatively at an election
at which the same total number of votes were cast (or, if such action is taken
by written consent, all shares entitled to vote, were voted) and the entire
number of Directors authorized at the time of the Directors most recent election
were then being elected; and when by the provisions of the Articles of
Incorporation the holders of the shares of any class or series voting as a class
or series are entitled to elect one or more Directors, any Director so elected
may be removed only by the applicable vote of the holders of the shares of that
class or series.
6. Place of Meetings. Regular meetings of the Board of Directors shall
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be held at any place within or outside the state that has been designated from
time to time by resolution of the Board. In the absence of such resolution,
regular meetings shall be held at the principal executive office of the
Corporation. Special meetings of the Board shall be held at any place within or
outside the state that has been designated in the notice of the meeting, or, if
not stated in the notice or there is no notice, at the principal executive
office of the Corporation. Any meeting, regular or special, may be held by
conference telephone or similar communication equipment, so long as all
Directors participating in such meeting can hear one another, and all such
Directors shall be deemed to have been present in person at such meeting.
Section 7. Annual Meetings. Immediately following each annual meeting
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of Shareholders, the Board of Directors shall hold a regular meeting for the
purpose of organization, the election of officers and the transaction of other
business. Notice of this meeting shall not be required. Minutes of any meeting
of the Board, or any committee thereof, shall be maintained as required by the
Code by the Secretary or other officer designated for that purpose.
Section 8. Other Regular Meetings.
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8.1 Other regular meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held
without call at such time as shall from time to time be fixed by the Board of
Directors. Such regular meetings may be held without notice, provided the time
and place of such meetings has been fixed by the Board of Directors, and further
provided the notice of any change in the time of such meeting shall be given to
all the Directors. Notice of a change in the determination of the time shall be
given to each Director in the same manner as notice for such special meetings of
the Board of Directors.
8.2 If said day falls upon a holiday, such meetings shall be held on
the next succeeding day thereafter.
Section 9. Special Meetings/Notices.
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9.1 Special meetings of the Board of Directors for any purpose or
purposes may be called at any time by the Chairman of the Board or the President
or any Vice President or the Secretary or any two Directors.
9.2 Notice of the time and place for special meetings shall be
delivered personally or by telephone to each Director or sent by first class
mail or telegram, charges prepaid, addressed to each Director at his or her
address as it is shown in the records of the Corporation. In case such notice
is mailed, it shall be deposited in the United States mail at least four days
prior to the time of holding the meeting. In case such notice is delivered
personally, or by telephone or telegram, it shall be delivered personally or be
telephone or to the telegram company at least 48 hours prior to the time of the
holding of the meeting. Any oral notice given personally or by telephone may be
communicated to either the Director or to a person at the office of the Director
who the person giving the notice has reason to believe will promptly communicate
same to the Director. The notice need not specify the purpose of the meeting,
nor the place, if the meeting is to be held at the principal executive office of
the Corporation.
Section 10. Waiver of Notice.
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10.1 The transactions of any meeting of the Board of Directors, however
called, noticed, or wherever held, shall be as valid as though had at a meeting
duly held after the regular call and notice if a quorum is present and if,
either before or after the meeting, each of the Directors not present signs a
written waiver of notice, a consent to holding the meeting or an approval of the
minutes thereof. Waivers of notice or consent need not specify the purposes of
the meeting. All such waivers, consents and approvals shall be filed with the
corporate records or made part of the minutes of the meeting.
10.2 Notice of a meeting shall also be deemed given to any Director who
attends the meeting without protesting, prior thereto or at its commencement,
the lack of notice to such Director.
Section 11. Quorums. Presence of a majority of the authorized number
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of Directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, except
to adjourn as provided in Section 12 of this Article II. Members of the Board
may participate in a meeting through use of conference telephone or similar
communications equipment, so long as all members participating in such meeting
can hear one another. Participation in a meeting as permitted by the preceding
sentence constitutes presence in person at such meeting. Every act or decision
done or made by a majority of the Directors present at a meeting duly held at
which a quorum was present shall be regarded as the act of the Board of
Directors, unless a greater number is required by law or the Articles of
Incorporation. A meeting at which a quorum is initially present may continue to
transact business notwithstanding the withdrawal of Directors, if any action
taken is approved by at least a majority of the required quorum for that
meeting.
Section 12. Adjournment. A majority of the directors present, whether
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or not constituting a quorum, may adjourn any meeting to another time and
place.
Section 13. Notice of Adjournment. Notice of the time and place of
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the holding of an adjourned meeting need not be given, unless the meeting is
adjourned for more than 24 hours, in which case notice of such time and place
shall be given prior to the time of the adjourned meeting to the Directors who
were not present at the time of the adjournment.
Section 14. Sole Director Provided by Articles or Bylaws. In the
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event only one Director is required by the Bylaws or the Articles of
Incorporation, then any reference herein to notices, waivers, consents, meetings
or other actions by a majority or quorum of the Board of Directors shall be
deemed or referred as such notice, waiver, etc., by the sole Director, who shall
have all rights and duties and shall be entitled to exercise all of the powers
and shall assume all the responsibilities otherwise herein described, as given
to the Board of Directors.
Section 15. Directors Action by Unanimous Written Consent. Pursuant to
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Section 78.315, any action required or permitted to be taken by the Board of
Directors may be taken without a meeting and with the same force and effect as
if taken by a unanimous vote of Directors, if authorized by a writing signed
individually or collectively by all members of the Board of Directors. Such
consent shall be filed with the regular minutes of the Board of Directors.
Section 16. Compensation of Directors. Directors, and members as
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such, shall not receive any stated salary for their services, but by resolution
of the Board of Directors, a fixed sum and/or expenses, if any, may be allowed
for their attendance at each regular and special meeting of the Board of
Directors or for their services contributed to the Board of Directors; provided,
however, that nothing contained herein shall be construed to preclude any
Director from serving the Corporation in any other capacity as an officer,
employee or otherwise receiving compensation for such services.
Section 17. Committees. Committees of the Board of Directors may
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be appointed by resolution passed by a majority of the whole Board. Committees
shall be composed of two or more members of the Board of Directors. The Board
may designate one or more Directors as alternate members of any committee, who
may replace any absent member at any meeting of the committee. Committees shall
have such powers as those held by the Board of Directors as may be expressly
delegated to it by resolution of the Board of Directors, except those powers
expressly made non-delegable by the Code.
Section 18. Meetings and Action of Committees. Meetings and action
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of committees shall be governed by, and held and taken in accordance with, the
provisions of Article II, Sections 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15, with such
changes in the context of those Sections as are necessary to substitute the
committee and its members for the Board of Directors and its members, except
that the time of the regular meetings of the committees may be determined by
resolution of the Board of Directors as well as the committee, and special
meetings of committees may also be given to all alternate members, who shall
have the right to attend all meetings of the committee. The Board of Directors
may adopt rules for the government of any committee not inconsistent with the
provisions of these Bylaws.
Section 19. Advisors. The Board of Directors from time to time may
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request and/or hire for a fee one or more persons to be Advisors to the Board of
Directors, but such persons shall not by such appointment be members of the
Board of Directors. Advisors shall be available from time to time to perform
special assignments specified by the President, to attend meetings of the Board
of Directors upon invitation, and to furnish consultation to the Board of
Directors. The period during which the title shall be held may be prescribed by
the Board of Directors. If no period is prescribed, the title shall be held at
the pleasure of the Board of Directors.
ARTICLE III
OFFICERS
Section 1. Officers. The principal officers of
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the Corporation shall be a President, a Chief Operations Officer, a Secretary,
and a Treasurer who may also be called Chief Financial Officer. The Corporation
may also have, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, a Chairman of the
Board, one or more Vice Presidents, one or more Assistant Secretaries, one or
more Assistant Treasurers, and such other officers as may be appointed in
accordance with the provisions of Section 3 of this Article III. Any number of
offices may be held by the same person.
Section 2. Election of Officers. The principal officers of the
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Corporation, except such officers as may be appointed in accordance with the
provisions of Section 3 or Section 5 of this Article, shall be chosen by the
Board of Directors, and each shall serve at the pleasure of the Board of
Directors, subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of
employment. Each officer shall hold office until his successor shall be duly
elected and qualified, or until his death, resignation, or removal in the manner
hereinafter provided.
Section 3. Subordinate Officers, Etc. The Board of Directors may
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appoint such other officers as the business of the Corporation may require, each
of whom shall hold office for such period, have such authority and perform such
duties as are provided in the Bylaws or as the Board of Directors may from time
to time determine.
Section 4. Removal and Resignation of Officers.
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4.1 Subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of
employment, any officer may be removed, either with or without cause, by a
majority of the Directors at that time in office, at any regular or special
meeting of the Board of Directors, or, except in the case of an officer chosen
by the Board of Directors, by any officer upon whom such power of removal may be
conferred by the Board of Directors.
4.2 Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to the
Board of Directors. Any resignation shall take effect on the date of the
receipt of that notice or at any later time specified in that notice; and,
unless otherwise specified in that notice, the acceptance of the resignation
shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any resignation is without
prejudice to the rights, if any, of the Corporation under any contract to which
the officer is a party.
Section 5. Vacancies. A vacancy in any office because of death,
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resignation, removal, disqualification or any other cause shall be filled in the
manner prescribed in the Bylaws for regular appointments to that office.
Section 6. Chairman of the Board
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6.1 The Chairman of the Board, if such an officer be elected, shall, if
present, preside at the meetings of the Board of Directors and exercise and
perform such other powers and duties as may, from time to time, be assigned by
the Board of Directors or prescribed by the Bylaws. If there is no President,
the Chairman of the Board shall, in addition, be the Chief Executive Officer of
the Corporation and shall have the powers and duties prescribed in Section 7 of
this Article III.
Section 7. President. Subject to such supervisory powers, if any,
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as may be given by the Board of Directors to the Chairman of the Board, if there
is such an officer, the President shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the
Corporation and shall, subject to the control of the Board of Directors, have
general supervision, direction and control of the business and officers of the
Corporation. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Shareholders
and, in the absence of the Chairman of the Board, or if there be none, at all
meetings of the Board of Directors. The President shall have the general powers
and duties of management usually vested in the office of President of a
corporation, shall be ex officio a member of all the standing committees,
including the Executive Committee, if any, and shall have such other powers and
duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or the Bylaws.
Section 8. Vice President. In the absence or disability of the
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President, the Vice Presidents, if any, in order of their rank as fixed by the
Board of Directors, or if not ranked, the Vice President designated by the Board
of Directors, shall perform all the duties of the President, and when so acting,
shall have all the powers of, and be subject to all the restrictions upon, the
President. The Vice Presidents shall have such other powers and perform such
other duties as from time to time may be prescribed for them, respectively, by
the Board of Directors or the Bylaws, the President, or the Chairman of the
Board.
Section 9. Secretary.
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9.1 The Secretary shall keep, or cause to be kept, a book of minutes of
all meetings of the Board of Directors and Shareholders at the principal office
of the Corporation or such other place as the Board of Directors may order. The
minutes shall include the time and place of holding the meeting, whether regular
or special, and if a special meeting, how authorized, the notice thereof given,
and the names of those present at Directors' and committee meetings, the number
of shares present or represented at Shareholders' meetings and the proceedings
thereof.
9.2 The Secretary shall keep, or cause to be kept, at the principal
office of the Corporation or at the office of the Corporation's transfer agent,
a share register, or duplicate share register, showing the names of the
Shareholders and their addresses; the number and classes or shares held by each;
the number and date of certificates issued for the same; and the number and date
of cancellation of every certificate surrendered for cancellation.
9.3 The Secretary shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all the
meetings of the Shareholders and of the Board of Directors required by the
Bylaws or by law to be given. The
Secretary shall keep the seal of the Corporation in safe custody, and shall have
such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the
Board of Directors or by the Bylaws.
Section 10. Treasurer.
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10.1 The Treasurer shall keep and maintain, or cause to be kept and
maintained, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles,
adequate and correct accounts of the properties and business transactions of the
Corporation, including accounts of its assets, liabilities, receipts,
disbursements, gains, losses, capital, earnings (or surplus) and shares issued.
The books of account shall, at all reasonable times, be open to inspection by
any Director.
10.2 The Treasurer shall deposit all monies and other valuables in the
name and to the credit of the Corporation with such depositaries as may be
designated by the Board of Directors. The Treasurer shall disburse the funds of
the Corporation as may be ordered by the Board of Directors, shall render to the
President and Directors, whenever they request it, an account of all of the
transactions of the Treasurer and of the financial condition of the Corporation,
and shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be
prescribed by the Board of Directors or the Bylaws.
ARTICLE IV
SHAREHOLDERS' MEETINGS
Section 1. Place of Meetings. Meetings of the Shareholders
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shall be held at any place within or outside the state of Nevada designated by
the Board of Directors. In the absence of any such designation, Shareholders'
meetings shall be held at the principal executive office of the Corporation.
Section 2. Annual Meeting.
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2.1 The annual meeting of the Shareholders shall be held, each year, as
follows:
Time of Meeting: 10:00 A.M.
Date of Meeting: May 1
2.2 If this day shall be a legal holiday, then the meeting shall be
held on the next succeeding business day, at the same time. At the annual
meeting, the Shareholders shall elect a Board of Directors, consider reports of
the affairs of the Corporation and transact such other business as may be
properly brought before the meeting.
2.3 If the above date is inconvenient, the annual meeting of
Shareholders shall be held each year on a date and at a time designated by the
Board of Directors within a reasonable date of the above date upon proper notice
to all Shareholders.
Section 3. Special Meetings.
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3.1 Special meetings of the Shareholders for any purpose or purposes
whatsoever, may be called at any time by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of
the Board, the President, or by one or more Shareholders holding shares in the
aggregate entitled to cast not less than 50% of the votes at any such meeting.
3.2 If a special meeting is called by any person or persons other than
the Board of Directors, the request shall be in writing, specifying the time of
such meeting and the general nature of the business proposed to be transacted,
and shall be delivered personally or sent by registered mail or by telegraphic
or other facsimile transmission to the Chairman of the Board, the President, any
Vice President or the Secretary of the Corporation. The officer receiving such
request shall forthwith cause notice to be given to the Shareholders entitled to
vote, in accordance with the provisions of Sections 4 and 5 of this Article,
that a meeting will be held at the time requested by the person or persons
calling the meeting, not less than 35 nor more than 60 days after the receipt of
the request. If the notice is not given within 20 days after receipt of the
request, the person or persons requesting the meeting may give the notice in the
manner provided in these Bylaws or upon application to the Superior Court.
Nothing contained in this paragraph of this Section shall be construed as
limiting, fixing or affecting the time when a meeting of Shareholders called by
action of the Board of Directors may be held.
Section 4. Notice of Meetings - Reports.
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4.1 Notice of any Shareholders meetings, annual or special, shall be
given in writing not less than 10 days nor more than 60 days before the date of
the meeting to Shareholders entitled to vote thereat by the Secretary or the
Assistant Secretary, or if there be no such officer, or in the case of said
Secretary or Assistant Secretary's neglect or refusal, by any Director or
Stockholder.
4.2 Such notices or any reports shall be given personally or by mail or
other means of written communication as provided in the Code and shall be sent
to the Stockholder's address appearing on the books of the Corporation, or
supplied by the Stockholder to the Corporation for the purpose of notice, and in
the absence thereof, as provided in the Code by posting notice at a place where
the principal executive office of the Corporation is located or by publication
at least once in a newspaper of general circulation in the county in which the
principal executive office is located.
4.3 Notice of any meeting of Shareholders shall specify the place, the
day and the hour of meeting, and (i) in case of a special meeting, the general
nature of the business to be transacted and that no other business may be
transacted, or (ii) in the case of an annual meeting, those matters which the
Board of Directors, at the date of mailing of notice, intends to present for
action by the Shareholders. At any meetings where Directors are elected, notice
shall include the names of the nominees, if any, intended at the date of notice
to be presented for election.
4.4 Notice shall be deemed given at the time it is delivered personally or
deposited in the mail or sent by other means of written communication. The
officer giving such notice or report shall prepare and file in the minute book
of the Corporation an affidavit or declaration thereof.
4.5 If action is proposed to be taken at any meeting for approval of
(i) contracts or transactions in which a Director has a direct or indirect
financial interest, pursuant to Section 310 of the Code, (ii) an amendment to
the Articles of Incorporation, pursuant to Section 902 of the Code, (iii) a
reorganization of the Corporation, pursuant to Section 1201 of the Code, (iv)
dissolution of the Corporation, pursuant to the Code, or (v) a distribution to
preferred Shareholders, pursuant to the Code, the notice shall also state the
general nature of such proposal.
Section 5. Quorum.
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5.1 The holders of a majority of the shares entitled to vote at a
Shareholders' meeting, present in person, or represented by proxy, shall
constitute a quorum at all meetings of the Shareholders for the transaction of
business except as otherwise provided by the Code or by these Bylaws.
5.2 The Shareholders present at a duly called or held meeting at which
a quorum is present may continue to transact business until adjournment,
notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough Shareholders to leave less than a
quorum, if any action taken (other than adjournment) is approved by a majority
of the shares required to constitute a quorum.
Section 6. Adjourned Meeting and Notice Thereof.
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6.1 Any Shareholders' meeting, annual or special, whether or not a
quorum is present, may be adjourned from time to time by the vote of the
majority of the shares represented at such meeting, either in person or by
proxy, but in the absence of a quorum, no other business may be transacted at
such meeting.
6.2 When any meeting of Shareholders, either annual or special, is
adjourned to another time or place, notice need not be given of the adjourned
meeting if the time and place thereof are announced at a meeting at which the
adjournment is taken, unless a new record date for the adjourned meeting is
fixed, or unless the adjournment is for more than 45 days from the date set for
the original meeting, in which case the Board of Directors shall set a new
record date. Notice of any adjourned meeting shall be given to each Stockholder
of record entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting in accordance with the
provisions of Section 4 of this Article. At any adjourned meeting, the
Corporation may transact any business which might have been transacted at the
original meeting.
Section 7. Waiver or Consent by Absent Shareholders.
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7.1 The transactions of any meeting of Shareholders, either annual or
special, however called and noticed, shall be valid as though had at a meeting
duly held after regular call and notice, if a quorum be present either in person
or by proxy, and if, either before or after the meeting,
each of the Shareholders entitled to vote, not present in person or by proxy,
sign a written waiver of notice, or a consent to the holding of such meeting or
an approval of the minutes thereof.
7.2 The waiver of notice or consent need not specify either the
business to be transacted or the purpose of any regular or special meeting of
Shareholders, except that if action is taken or proposed to be taken for
approval of any of those matters specified in Section E of Section 4 of this
Article, the waiver of notice or consent shall state the general nature of such
proposal. All such waivers, consents or approvals shall be filed with the
corporate records or made a part of the minutes of the meeting.
7.3 Attendance of a person at a meeting shall also constitute a waiver
of notice of such meeting, except when the person objects, at the beginning of
the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not
lawfully called or convened, and except that attendance at a meeting is not a
waiver of any right to object to the consideration of matters not included in
the notice.
ARTICLE V
AMENDMENTS TO BYLAWS
Section 1. Amendment by Shareholders. All Bylaws of the
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Corporation shall be subject to alteration or repeal, and new Bylaws may be made
by the affirmative vote of shareholders holding of record in the aggregate at
least a majority of the outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote in the
election of directors at any annual or special meeting of shareholders, provided
that the notice or waiver of notice of such meeting shall have summarized or set
forth in full therein, the proposed amendment.
Section 2. Amendment by Directors. The Board of Directors
----------------------
shall have power to make, adopt, alter, amend and repeal, from time to time,
Bylaws of the Corporation, provided, however, that the shareholders entitled to
vote with respect thereto as in this Article V above-provided may alter, amend
or repeal Bylaws made by the Board of Directors, except that the Board of
Directors shall have no power to change the quorum for meetings of shareholders
or of the Board of Directors or to change any provisions of the Bylaws with
respect to the removal of directors or the filling of vacancies in the Board
resulting from the removal by the shareholders. If any bylaw regulating an
impending election of directors is adopted, amended or repealed by the Board of
Directors, there shall be set forth in the notice of the next meeting of
shareholders for the election of directors, the Bylaws so adopted, amended or
repealed, together with a concise statement of the changes made.
Section 3. Record of Amendments. Whenever an amendment or new
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Bylaw is adopted, it shall be copied in the corporate book of Bylaws with the
original Bylaws, in the appropriate place. If any Bylaw is repealed, the fact of
repeal with the date of the meeting at which the repeal was enacted or written
assent was filed shall be stated in the corporate book of Bylaws.
ARTICLE VI
SHARES OF STOCK
Section 1. Certificate of Stock.
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1.1 The certificates representing shares of the Corporation's stock
shall be in such form as shall be adopted by the Board of Directors, and shall
be numbered and registered in the order issued. The certificates shall bear the
following: the Corporate Seal, the holder's name, the number of shares of stock
and the signatures of: (1) the Chairman of the Board, the President or a Vice
President and (2) the Secretary, Treasurer, any Assistant Secretary or Assistant
Treasurer.
1.2 No certificate representing shares of stock shall be issued until
the full amount of consideration therefore has been paid, except as otherwise
permitted by law.
1.3 To the extent permitted by law, the Board of Directors may
authorize the issuance of certificates for fractions of a share of stock which
shall entitle the holder to exercise voting rights, receive dividends and
participate in liquidating distributions, in proportion to the fractional
holdings; or it may authorize the payment in cash of the fair value of fractions
of a share of stock as of the time when those entitled to receive such fractions
are determined; or its may authorize the issuance, subject to such conditions as
may be permitted by law, of scrip in registered or bearer form over the
signature of an officer or agent of the corporation, exchangeable as therein
provided for full shares of stock, but such scrip shall not entitle the holder
to any rights of a stockholder, except as therein provided.
Section 2. Lost or Destroyed Certificates.
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The holder of any certificate representing shares of stock of the
Corporation shall immediately notify the Corporation of any loss or destruction
of the certificate representing the same. The Corporation may issue a new
certificate in the place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to
have been lost or destroyed. On production of such evidence of loss or
destruction as the Board of Directors in its discretion may require, the Board
of Directors may, in its discretion, require the owner of the lost or destroyed
certificate, or his legal representatives, to give the Corporation a bond in
such sum as the Board may direct, and with such surety or sureties as may be
satisfactory to the Board, to indemnify the Corporation against any claims,
loss, liability or damage it may suffer on account of the issuance of the new
certificate. A new certificate may be issued without requiring any such
evidence or bond when, in the judgment of the Board of directors, it is proper
to do so.
Section 3. Transfer of Shares.
--------------------
3.1 Transfer of shares of stock of the Corporation shall be made on the
stock ledger of the Corporation only by the holder of record thereof, in person
or by his duly authorized attorney, upon surrender for cancellation of the
certificate or certificates representing such shares of stock with an assignment
or power of transfer endorsed thereon or delivered therewith, duly executed,
with such proof of the authenticity of the signature and of authority to
transfer and of payment of taxes as the Corporation or its agents may require.
3.2 The Corporation shall be entitled to treat the holder of record of
any share or shares of stock as the absolute owner thereof for all purposes and,
accordingly, shall not be bound to recognize any legal, equitable or other claim
to, or interest in, such share or shares of stock on the part of any other
person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as
otherwise expressly provided by law.
Section 4. Record Date. In lieu of closing the stock ledger of the
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Corporation, the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a date not exceeding
sixty (60) days, nor less than ten (10) days, as the record date for the
determination of shareholders entitled to receive notice of, or to vote at, any
meeting of shareholders, or to consent to any proposal without a meeting, or for
the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to receive payment of any
dividends or allotment of any rights, or for the purpose of any other action. If
no record date is fixed, the record date for the determination of shareholders
entitled to notice of, or to vote at, a meeting of shareholders shall be at the
close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the notice is
given, or, if no notice is given, the day preceding the day on which the meeting
is held. The record date for determining shareholders for any other purpose
shall be at the close of business on the day on which the resolution of the
directors relating thereto is adopted. When a determination of shareholders of
record entitled to notice of, or to vote at, any meeting of shareholders has
been made, as provided for herein, such determination shall apply to any
adjournment thereof, unless the directors fix a new record date for the
adjourned meeting.
ARTICLE VII
DIVIDENDS
Subject to applicable law, dividends may be declared and paid out of any
funds available therefore, as often, in such amount, and at such time or times
as the Board of Directors may determine.
ARTICLE VIII
FISCAL YEAR
The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be December 31, and may be changed
by the Board of Directors from time to time subject to applicable law.
ARTICLE IX
CORPORATE SEAL
The corporate seal shall be circular in form, and shall have inscribed
thereon the name of the Corporation, the date of its incorporation, and the word
"Nevada" to indicate the Corporation was incorporated pursuant to the laws of
the State of Nevada.
ARTICLE X
INDEMNITY
Section 1. Every person who was or is a party or is threatened to be
made a party to or is involved in any action, suit, or proceeding, whether
civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that he
or a person of whom he is the legal representative is or was a director or
officer of the corporation or is or was serving at the request of the
corporation or for its benefit as a director or officer of another corporation,
or as its representative in a partnership, joint venture, trust, or other
enterprise, shall be indemnified and held harmless to the fullest extent legally
permissible under the general corporation law of the State of Nevada from time
to time against all expenses, liability and loss (including attorneys' fees,
judgments, fines, and amounts paid or to be paid in settlement) reasonably
incurred or suffered by him in connection therewith. The Board of Directors
may, in its discretion, cause the expense of officers and directors incurred in
defending a civil or criminal action, suit or proceeding to be paid by the
corporation as they are incurred and in advance of the final disposition of the
action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the
director or officer to repay the amount if it is ultimately determined by a
court of competent jurisdiction that he is not entitled to be indemnified by the
corporation. No such person shall be indemnified against, or be reimbursed for,
any expense or payments incurred in connection with any claim or liability
established to have arisen out of his own willful misconduct or gross
negligence. Any right of indemnification shall not be exclusive of any other
right which such directors, officers or representatives may have or hereafter
acquire and, which such directors, officers, or representatives may have or
hereafter acquire and, without limiting the generality of such statement, they
shall be entitled to their respective rights of indemnification under any bylaw,
agreement, vote of shareholders, provision of law or otherwise, as well as their
rights under this Article.
Section 2. The Board of Directors may cause the corporation to purchase
and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director or
officer of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the
corporation as a director or officer of another corporation, or as its
representative in a partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise
against any liability asserted against such person and incurred in any such
capacity or arising out of such status, whether or not the corporation would
have the power to indemnify such person.
Section 3. The Board of Directors may from time to time adopt further
Bylaws with respect to indemnification and may amend these and such Bylaws to
the full extent permitted by the Code.
ARTICLE XI
MISCELLANEOUS
Section 1. Shareholders' Agreements. Agreements. Notwithstanding
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anything contained in this Article XI to the contrary, in the event the
Corporation elects to become a close corporation, an agreement between two or
more Shareholders thereof, if in writing and signed by the parties thereto, may
provide that in exercising any voting rights, the shares held by them shall be
voted as provided therein, and may otherwise modify the provisions contained in
Article IV, herein as to shareholders' meetings and actions.
Section 2. Subsidiary Corporations. Shares of the Corporation
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Corporation owned by a subsidiary shall not be entitled to vote on any matter.
For the purpose of this Section, a subsidiary of the Corporation as defined the
Code is defined as another corporation of which shares thereof possessing more
than 25% of the voting power are owned directly or indirectly through one or
more other corporations of which the Corporation owns, directly or indirectly,
more than 50% of the voting power.
CERTIFICATE OF SECRETARY
I, the undersigned, certify that:
1. I am the duly elected and acting Secretary of ESSENTIAL TEC, INC., a
Nevada corporation; and
2. The foregoing Amended and Restated Bylaws, consisting of 16 pages,
are the Bylaws of this Corporation as adopted by the Board of Directors.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have subscribed my name and affixed the seal of this
Corporation on this 11th day of February, 2000.
/s/ Imran Husain
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Imran Husain, Secretary