Exhibit 3.2
BYLAWS
OF
ALMAH INC.
ARTICLE 1.
OFFICERS
1.1 BUSINESS OFFICE
The principal business office ("principal office") of the corporation shall
be located at any place either within or without the state of Nevada as
designated in the corporation's most current Annual Report filed with the Nevada
Secretary of State. The corporation may have such other offices, either within
or without the State of Nevada, as the Board of Directors may designate or as
the business of the corporation may require from time to time. The corporation
shall maintain at its principal office a copy of certain records, as specified
in Section 2.14 of Article 2.
1.2 REGISTERED OFFICE
The registered office of the corporation shall be located within Nevada and
may be, but need not be, identical with the principal office, provided the
principal office is located within Nevada. The address of the registered office
may be changed from time to time by the Board of Directors.
ARTICLE 2.
SHAREHOLDERS
2.1 ANNUAL SHARHOLDER MEETING
The annual meeting of the shareholders shall be held on the 25th of
October, each year, beginning with 2011, at the hour of 9 o'clock a.m., or at
such other time on such other day within such month as shall be fixed by the
Board of Directors, for the purpose of electing directors and for the
transaction of such other business as may come before the meeting. If the day
fixed for the annual meeting shall be a legal holiday in the State of Nevada,
such meeting shall be held on the next succeeding business day.
If the election of directors shall not be held on the day designated herein
for any annual meeting of the shareholders, or at nay subsequent continuation
after adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors shall cause the election to be
held at a special meeting of the shareholders as soon thereafter as convenient.
2.2 SPECIAL SHAREHOLDER MEETINGS
Special meetings of the shareholders, for any purpose or purposes described
in the notice of meeting, may be called by the president, or by the Board of
Directors, and shall be called by the president at the request of the holders of
not less than one-tenth of all outstanding shares of the corporation entitled to
vote on any issue at the meeting.
2.3 PLACE OF SHAREHOLDER MEETINGS
The Board of Directors may designate any place, either within or without
the State of Nevada, as the place for any annual or any special meeting of the
shareholders, unless by written consent, which may be in the form of waivers of
notice or otherwise, all shareholders entitled to vote at the meeting designate
a different place, either within or without the State of Nevada, as the place
for the holding of such meeting. If no designation is made by either the Board
of Directors or unanimous action of the voting shareholders, the place of
meeting shall be the principal office of the corporation in the State of Nevada.
2.4 NOTICE OF SHAREHOLDER MEETINGS
(a) Required Notice Written notice stating the place, day and hour of any
annual or special shareholder meeting shall be delivered not less than 10
nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting, either personally or
by mail, by or at the direction of the president, the Board of Directors,
or other persons calling the meeting, to each shareholder of record
entitled to vote at such meeting and to any other shareholder entitled by
the laws of the State of Nevada governing corporations (the "Act") or the
Articles of Incorporation to receive notice of the meeting. Notice shall be
deemed to be effective at the earlier of: (1) When deposited in the United
States mail, addressed to the shareholder at his address as it appears on
the stock transfer books of the corporation, with postage thereon prepaid;
(2) on the date shown on the return receipt if sent by registered or
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certified mail, return receipt requested, and the receipt is signed by or
on behalf of the addressee; (3) when received; or (4) 5 days after deposit
in the United States mail, if mailed postpaid and correctly addressed to an
address, provided in writing by the shareholder, which is different from
that shown in the corporation's current record of shareholders.
(b) Adjourned Meeting If any shareholder meeting is adjourned to a different
date, time, or place, notice need not be given of the new date, time, and
place if the new date, time, and place is announced at the meeting before
adjournment. But if a new record date for the adjourned meeting is, or must
be fixed (see Section 2.5 of this Article 2) then notice must be given
pursuant to the requirements of paragraph (a) of this Section 2.4, to those
persons who are shareholders as of the new record date.
(c) Waiver of Notice A shareholder may waive notice of the meeting (or any
notice required by the Act, Articles of Incorporation, or Bylaws), by a
writing signed by the shareholder entitled to the notice, which is
delivered to the corporation (either before or after the date and time
stated in the notice) for inclusion in the minutes of filing with the
corporate records.
A shareholder's attendance at a meeting:
(1) Waives objection to lack of notice or defective notice of the meeting
unless the shareholder, at the beginning of the meeting, objects to
holding the meeting or transacting business at the meeting; and
(2) Waives objection to consideration of a particular matter at the
meeting that is not within the purpose or purposes described in the
meeting notice, unless the shareholder objects to consideration of the
matter when it is presented.
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(d) Contents of Notice The notice of each special shareholder meeting shall
include a description of the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is
called. Except as provided in this Section 2.4(d), or as provided in the
corporation's articles, or otherwise in the Act, the notice of an annual
shareholder meeting need not include a description of the purpose or
purposes for which the meeting is called.
If a purpose of any shareholder meeting is to consider either: (1) a
proposed amendment to the Articles of Incorporation (including any restated
articles requiring shareholder approval); (2) a plan of merger or share
exchange; (3) the sale, lease, exchange or other disposition of all, or
substantially all of the corporation's property; (4) the dissolution of the
corporation; or (5) the removal of a director, the notice must so state and be
accompanied by, respectively, a copy or summary of the: (a) articles of
amendment; (b) plan of merger or share exchange; and (c) transaction for
disposition of all, or substantially all, of the corporation's property. If the
proposed corporate action creates dissenters' rights, as provided in the Act,
the dissenters' rights, and must be accompanied by a copy of relevant provisions
of the Act. If the corporation issues, or authorizes the issuance of shares for
promissory notes or for promises to render services in the future, the
corporation shall report in writing to all the shareholders the number of shares
authorized or issued, and the consideration received with or before the notice
of the next shareholder meeting. Likewise, if the corporation indemnifies or
advances expenses to an officer or director, this shall be reported to all the
shareholders with or before notice of the next shareholder meeting.
2.5 FIXING OF RECORD DATE
For the purpose of determining shareholders of any voting group entitled to
notice of or to vote at any meeting of shareholders, or shareholders entitled to
receive payment of any distribution or dividend, or in order to make a
determination of shareholders for any other proper purpose, the Board of
Directors may fix in advance a date as the record date. Such record date shall
not be more than 70 days prior to the date on which the particular action
requiring such determination of shareholders entitled to notice of, or to vote
at a meeting of shareholders, or shareholders entitled to receive a share
dividend or distribution. The record date for determination of such shareholders
shall be at the close of business on:
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(a) With respect to an annual shareholder meeting or any special shareholder
meeting called by the Board of Directors or any person specifically
authorized by the Board of Directors or these Bylaws to call a meeting, the
day before the first notice is given to shareholders;
(b) With respect to a special shareholder meeting demanded by the shareholders,
the date the first shareholder signs the demand;
(c) With respect to the payment of a share dividend, the date Board of
Directors authorizes the share dividend;
(d) With respect to actions taken in writing without a meeting (pursuant to
Article 2, Section 2.12, the first date any shareholder signs a consent;
and
(e) With respect to a distribution to shareholders, (other than one involving a
repurchase or reacquisition of shares), the date the Board of Directors
authorizes the distribution.
When a determination of shareholders entitled to vote at any meeting of
shareholders has been made, as provided in this section, such determination
shall apply to any adjournment thereof unless the Board of Directors fixes a new
record date, which it must do if the meeting is adjourned to a date more than
120 days after the date fixed for the original meeting.
If no record date has been fixed, the record date shall be the date the
written notice of the meeting is given to shareholders.
2.6 SHAREHOLDER LIST
The officer or agent having charge of the stock transfer books for shares
of the corporation shall, at least ten (10) days before each meeting of
shareholders, make a complete record of the shareholders entitled to vote at
each meeting of shareholders, arranged in alphabetical order, with the address
of and the number of shares held by each. The list must be arranged by class or
series of shares. The shareholder list must be available for inspection by any
shareholder, beginning two business days after notice of the meeting is given
for which the list was prepared and continuing through the meeting. The list
shall be available at the corporation's principal office or at a place in the
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city where the meeting is to be held, as set forth in the notice of meeting. A
shareholder, his agent, or attorney is entitled, on written demand, to inspect
and, subject to the requirements of Section 2.14 of this Article 2, to copy the
list during regular business hours and at his expense, during the period it is
available for inspection. The corporation shall maintain the shareholder list in
written form or in another form capable of conversion into written form within a
reasonable time.
2.7 SHAREHOLDER QUORUM AND VOTING REQUIREMENTS
A majority of the outstanding shares of the corporation entitled to vote,
represented in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at a meeting of
shareholders. If less than a majority of the outstanding shares are represented
at a meeting, a majority of the shares so represented may adjourn the meeting
from time to time without further notice. At such adjourned meeting at which a
quorum shall be present or represented, any business may be transacted which
might have been transacted at the meeting as originally notified. The
shareholders present at a duly organized meeting may continue to transact
business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough
shareholders to leave less than a quorum.
Once a share is represented for any purpose at a meeting, it is deemed
present for quorum purposes for the remainder of the meeting and for any
adjournment of that meeting, unless a new record date is or must be set for that
adjourned meeting.
If a quorum exists, a majority vote of those shares present and voting at a
duly organized meeting shall suffice to defeat or enact any proposal unless the
Statutes of the State of Nevada, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws
require a greater-than-majority vote, in which event the higher vote shall be
required for the action to constitute the action of the corporation.
2.8 INCREASING EITHER QUORUM OR VOTING REQUIREMENTS
For purposes of this Section 2.8, a "supermajority" quorum is a requirement
that more than a majority of the votes of the voting group be present to
constitute a quorum; and a "supermajority" voting requirement is any requirement
that requires the vote of more than a majority of the affirmative votes of a
voting group at a meeting.
The Shareholders, but only if specifically authorized to do so by the
Articles of Incorporation, may adopt, amend, or delete a Bylaw which fixes a
"supermajority" quorum or "supermajority" voting requirement.
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The adoption or amendment of a Bylaw that adds, changes, or deletes a
"supermajority" quorum or voting requirement for shareholders must meet the same
quorum requirement and be adopted by the same vote required to take action under
the quorum and voting requirement then if effect or proposed to be adopted,
whichever is greater.
A Bylaw that fixes a supermajority quorum or voting requirement for
shareholders may not be adopted, amended, or repealed by the Board of Driectors.
2.9 PROXIES
At all meetings of shareholders, a shareholder may vote in person, or vote
by written proxy executed in writing by the shareholder or executed by his duly
authorized attorney-in-fact. Such proxy shall be filed with the secretary of the
corporation or other person authorized to tabulate votes before or at the time
of the meeting. No Proxy shall be valid after eleven (11) months from the date
of its execution unless otherwise specifically provided in the proxy or coupled
with an interest.
2.10 VOTING OF SHARES
Unless otherwise provided in the articles, each outstanding share entitled
to vote shall be entitled to one vote upon each matter submitted to a vote at a
meeting of shareholders.
Shares held by an administrator, executor, guardian or conservator may be
voted by him, either in person or by proxy, without the transfer of such shares
into his name. Shares standing in the name of a trustee may be voted by him,
either in person or by proxy, but no trustee shall be entitled to vote shares
held by him without transfer of such shares into his name.
Shares standing in the name of a receiver may be voted by such receiver,
and shares held by or under the control of a receiver may be voted by such
receiver without the transfer thereof into his name if authority to do so is
contained in an appropriate order of the Court by which such receiver was
appointed.
A shareholder whose shares are pledged shall be entitled to vote such
shares until the shares are transferred into the name of the pledgee, and
thereafter, the pledgee shall be entitled to vote the shares so transferred.
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Shares of its own stock belonging to the corporation or held by it in a
fiduciary capacity shall not be voted, directly or indirectly, at any meeting,
and shall not be counted in determining the total number of outstanding shares
at any given time.
Redeemable shares are not entitled to vote after notice of redemption is
mailed to the holders and a sum sufficient to redeem the shares has been
deposited with a bank, trust company, or other financial institution under an
irrevocable obligation to pay the holders the redemption price on surrender of
the shares
2.11 CORPORATION'S ACCEPTANCE OF VOTES
(a) If the name signed on a vote, consent, waiver, or proxy appointment
corresponds to the name of a shareholder, the corporation, if acting in
good faith, is entitled to accept the vote, consent, waiver, or proxy
appointment and give it effect as the act of the shareholder.
(b) If the name signed on a vote, consent, waiver, or proxy appointment does
not correspond to the name of its shareholder, the corporation, if acting
in good faith, is nevertheless entitled to accept the vote, consent,
waiver, or proxy appointment and give it effect as the act of the
shareholder if:
(1) the shareholder is an entity, as defined in the Act, and the name
signed purports to be that of an officer or agent of the entity;
(2) the name signed purports to be that of an administrator, executor,
guardian or conservator representing the shareholder and, if the
corporation requests, evidence of fiduciary status acceptable to the
corporation has been presented with respect to the vote, consent,
waiver, or proxy appointment;
(3) the name signed purports to be that of a receiver or trustee in
bankruptcy of the shareholder and, if the corporation requests,
evidence of this status acceptable to the corporation has been
presented with respect to the vote, consent, waiver or proxy
appointment;
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(4) the name signed purports to be that of a pledgee, beneficial owner, or
attorney-in-fact of the shareholder and, if the corporation of the
signatory's authority to sign for the shareholder has been presented
with respect to the vote, consent, waiver, or proxy appointment; or
(5) the shares are held in the name of two or more persons as co-tenants
or fiduciaries and the name signed purports to be the name of at least
one of the co-owners and the person signing appears to be acting on
behalf of all the co-owners.
(c) The corporation is entitled to reject a vote, consent, waiver, or proxy
appointment if the secretary or other officer or agent authorized to
tabulate votes, acting in good faith, has reasonable basis for doubt about
the validity of the signature on it or about the signatory's authority to
sign for the shareholder.
(d) The corporation and its officer or agent who accepts or rejects a vote,
consent, waiver, or proxy appointment in good faith and in accordance with
the standards of this Section 2.11 are not liable in damages to the
shareholder for the consequences of the acceptance or rejection.
(e) Corporation action based on the acceptance or rejection of a vote, consent,
waiver, or proxy appointment under this section is valid unless a court of
competent jurisdiction determines otherwise.
2.12 INFORMAL ACTION BY SHAREHOLDERS
Any action required or permitted to be taken at a meeting of the
shareholders may be taken without a meeting if one or more written consents,
setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by shareholders holding a
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majority of the shares entitled to vote with respect to the subject matter
thereof, unless a "supermajority" vote is required by these Bylaws, in which
case a "supermajority" vote will be required. Such consent shall be delivered to
the corporation secretary for inclusion in the minute book. A consent signed
under this section has the effect of a vote at a meeting and may be described as
such in any document.
2.13 VOTING FOR DIRECTORS
Unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation, directors are
elected by a plurality of the votes cast by the shares entitled to vote in the
election at a meeting at which a quorum is present.
2.14 SHAREHOLDERS' RIGHTS TO INSPECT CORPORATE RECORDS
Shareholders shall have the following rights regarding inspection of
corporate records:
(a) Minutes and Accounting Records - The corporation shall keep, as permanent
records, minutes of all meetings of its shareholders and Board of
Directors, a record of all actions taken by the shareholders or Board of
Directors without a meeting, and a record of all actions taken by a
committee of the Board of Directors in place of the Board of Directors on
behalf of the corporation. The corporation shall maintain appropriate
accounting records.
(b) Absolute Inspection Rights of Records Required at Principal Office - If a
shareholder gives the corporation written notice of his demand at least
five business days before the date on which he wishes to inspect and copy,
he, or his agent or attorney, has the right to inspect and copy, during
regular business hours, any of the following records, all of which the
corporation is required to keep at its principal office:
(1) its Articles of Incorporation and all amendments to them currently in
effect;
(2) its Bylaws or restated Bylaws and all amendments to them currently in
effect;
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(3) resolutions adopted by its Board of Directors creating one or more
classes or series of shares, and fixing their relative rights,
preferences and limitations, if shares issued pursuant to those
resolutions are outstanding;
(4) the minutes of all shareholders' meetings, and records of all action
taken by shareholders without a meeting, for the past three years;
(5) all written communications to shareholders within the past three
years, including the financial statements furnished for the past three
years to the shareholders;
(6) a list of the names and business addresses of its current directors
and officers; and
(7) its most recent annual report delivered to the Nevada Secretary of
State.
(c) Conditional Inspection Right - In addition, if a shareholder gives the
corporation a written demand, made in good faith and for a proper purpose,
at least five business days before the date on which he wishes to inspect
and copy, describes with reasonable particularity his purpose and the
records he desires to inspect, and the records are directly connected to
his purpose, a shareholder of a corporation, or his duly authorized agent
or attorney, is entitled to inspect and copy, during regular business hours
at a reasonable location specified by the corporation, any of the following
records of the corporation:
(1) excerpts from minutes of any meeting of the Board of Directors;
records of any action of a committee of the Board of Directors on
behalf of the corporation; minutes of any meeting of the shareholders;
and records of action take by the shareholders or Board of Directors
without a meeting, to the extent not subject to inspection under
paragraph (a) of this Section 2.14;
(2) accounting records of the corporation; and
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(3) the record of shareholders (compiled no earlier than the date of the
shareholder's demand).
(d) Copy Costs - The right to copy records includes, if reasonable, the right
to receive copies made by photographic, xerographic, or other means. The
corporation may impose a reasonable charge, to be paid by the shareholder
on terms set by the corporation, covering the costs of labor and material
incurred in making copies of any documents provided to the shareholder.
(e) "Shareholder" Includes Beneficial Owner - For purposes of this Section
2.14, the term "shareholder" shall include a beneficial owner whose shares
are held in a voting trust or by a nominee on his behalf.
2.15 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SHALL BE FURNISHED TO THE SHAREHOLDERS
(a) The corporation shall furnish its shareholders annual financial statements,
which may be consolidated or combined statements of the corporation and one
or more of its subsidiaries, as appropriate, that include a balance sheet
as of the end of the fiscal year, an income statement for that year, and a
statement of changes in shareholders' equity for the year, unless that
information appears elsewhere in the financial statements. If financial
statements are prepared for the corporation on the basis of generally
accepted accounting principles, the annual financial statements for the
shareholders must also be prepared on that basis.
(b) If the annual financial statements are reported upon by a public
accountant, his report must accompany them. If not, the statements must be
accompanied by a statement of the president or the person responsible for
the corporation's accounting records:
(1) stating his reasonable belief that the statements were prepared on the
basis of generally accepted accounting principles and, if not,
describing the basis of preparation; and
(2) describing any respects in which the statements were not prepared on a
basis of accounting consistent with statements prepared for the
preceding year.
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(c) A corporation shall mail the annual financial statements to each
shareholder within 120 days after the close of each fiscal year.
Thereafter, on written request from a shareholder who was not mailed the
statements, the corporation shall mail him the latest financial statements.
2.16 DISSENTERS' RIGHTS
Each shareholder shall have the right to dissent from and obtain payment
for his shares when so authorized by the Act, Articles of Incorporation, the
Bylaws, or a resolution of the Board of Directors.
2.17 ORDER OF BUSINESS
The following order of business shall be observed at all meetings of the
shareholders, as applicable and so far as practicable:
(a) Calling the roll of officers and directors present and determining
shareholder quorum requirements;
(b) Reading, correcting and approving of minutes of previous meeting;
(c) Reports of officers;
(d) Reports of Committees;
(e) Election of Directors;
(f) Unfinished business;
(g) New business; and
(h) Adjournment.
ARTICLE 3.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
3.1 GENERAL POWERS
Unless the Articles of Incorporation have dispensed with or limited the
authority of the Board of Directors by describing who will perform some or all
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of the duties of a Board of Directors, all corporate powers shall be exercised
by or under the authority of, and the business and affairs of the corporation
shall be managed under the direction of the Board of Directors.
3.2 NUMBER, TENURE AND QUALIFICATIONS OF DIRECTORS
Unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation, the authorized
number of directors shall be not less than 1 (minimum number) nor more than 9
(maximum number). The initial number of directors was established in the
original Articles of Incorporation. The number of directors shall always be
within the limits specified above, and as determined by resolution adopted by
the Board of Directors. After any shares of this corporation are issued, neither
the maximum nor minimum number of directors can be changed, nor can a fixed
number be substituted for the maximum and minimum numbers, except by a duly
adopted amendment to the Articles of Incorporation duly approved by a majority
of the outstanding shares entitled to vote. Each director shall hold office
until the next annual meeting of shareholders or until his successor shall have
been elected and qualified, or until there is a decrease in the number of
directors. Unless required by the Articles of Incorporation, directors do not
need to be residents of Nevada or shareholders of the corporation.
3.3 REGULAR MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
A regular meeting of the Board of Directors shall be held without other
notice than this Bylaw immediately after, and at the same place as, the annual
meeting of shareholders. The Board of Directors may provide, by resolution, the
time and place for the holding of additional regular meetings without other
notice than such resolution. (If permitted by Section 3.7, any regular meeting
may be held by telephone).
3.4 SPECIAL MEETING OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by or at the
request of the president or any one director. The person or persons authorized
to call special meetings of the Board of Directors may fix any place, either
within or without the State of Nevada, as the place for holding any special
meeting of the Board of Directors or, if for holding any special meeting of the
Board of Directors or, if permitted by Section 3.7, any special meeting may be
held by telephone.
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3.5 NOTICE OF, AND WAIVER OF NOTICE OF, SPECIAL MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF
DIRECTORS
Unless the Articles of Incorporation provide for a longer or shorter
period, notice of any special meeting of the Board of Directors shall be given
at least two days prior thereto, either orally or in writing. If mailed, notice
of any director meeting shall be deemed to be effective at the earlier of: (1)
when received; (2) five days after deposited in the United States mail,
addressed to the director's business office, with postage thereon prepaid; or
(3) the date shown on the return receipt, if sent by registered or certified
mail, return receipt requested, and the receipt is signed by or on behalf of the
director. Notice may also be given by facsimile and, in such event, notice shall
be deemed effective upon transmittal thereof to a facsimile number of a
compatible facsimile machine at the director's business office. Any director may
waive notice of any meeting. Except as otherwise provided herein, the waiver
must be in writing, signed by the director entitled to the notice, and filed
with the minutes or corporate records. The attendance of a director at a meeting
shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except where a director
attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any
business and at the beginning of the meeting, or promptly upon his arrival,
objects to holding the meeting or transacting business at the meeting, and does
not thereafter vote for or assent to action taken at the meeting. Unless
required by the Articles of Incorporation or the Act, neither the business to be
transacted at, nor the purpose of, any special meeting of the Board of Directors
need be specified in the notice or waiver of notice of such meeting.
3.6 DIRECTOR QUORUM
A majority of the number of directors fixed, pursuant to Section 3.2 of
this Article 3, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any
meeting of the Board of Directors, unless the Articles of Incorporation or the
Act require a greater number for a quorum.
Any amendment to this quorum requirement is subject to the provisions of
Section 3.8 of this Article 3.
Once a quorum has been established at a duly organized meeting, the Board
of Directors may continue to transact corporate business until adjournment,
notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough directors to leave less than a quorum.
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3.7 ACTIONS BY DIRECTORS
The act of the majority of the directors present at a meeting at which a
quorum is present when the vote is taken shall be the act of the Board of
Directors, unless the Articles of Incorporation or the Act require a greater
percentage. Any amendment which changes the number of directors needed to take
action is subject to the provisions of Section 3.8 of this Article 3.
Unless the Articles of Incorporation provide otherwise, any or all
directors may participate in a regular or special meeting by, or conduct the
meeting through the use of, any means of communication by which all directors
participating may simultaneously hear each other during the meeting. Minutes of
any such meeting shall be prepared and entered into the records of the
corporation. A director participating in a meeting by this means is deemed to be
present in person at the meeting.
A director who is present at a meeting of the Board of Directors or a
committee of the Board of Directors when corporate action is taken is deemed to
have assented to the action taken unless: (1) he objects at the beginning of the
meeting, or promptly upon his arrival, to holding it or transacting business at
the meeting; or (2) his dissent or abstention from the action taken is entered
in the minutes of the meeting; or (3) he delivers written notice of his dissent
or abstention to the presiding officer of the meeting before its adjournment or
to the corporation within 24 hours after adjournment of the meeting. The right
of dissent or abstention is not available to a director who votes in favor of
the action taken.
3.8 ESTABLISHING A "SUPERMAJORITY" QUORUM OR VOTING REQUIREMENT FOR THE BOARD OF
DIRECTORS
For purposes of this Section 3.8, a "supermajority" quorum is a requirement
that more than a majority of the directors in office constitute a quorum; and a
"supermajority" voting requirement is one which requires the vote of more than a
majority of those directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present to
be the act of the directors.
A Bylaw that fixes a supermajority quorum or supermajority voting
requirement may be amended or repealed:
(1) if originally adopted by the shareholders, only by the shareholders
(unless otherwise provided by the shareholders); or
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(2) if originally adopted by the Board of Directors, either by the
shareholders or by the Board of Directors.
A Bylaw adopted or amended by the shareholders that fixes a supermajority
quorum or supermajority voting requirement for the Board of Directors may
provide that it ay be amended or repealed only by a specified vote of either the
shareholders or the Board of Directors.
Subject to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, action by the Board
of Directors to adopt, amend, or repeal a Bylaw that changes the quorum or
voting requirements for the Board of Directors must meet the same quorum
requirement and be adopted by the same vote required to take action under the
quorum and voting requirement then in effect or proposed to be adopted,
whichever is greater.
3.9 DIRECTOR ACTION WITHOUT A MEETING
Unless the Articles of Incorporation provide otherwise, any action required
or permitted to be taken by the Board of Directors at a meeting may be taken
without a meeting if all the directors sign a written consent describing the
action taken. Such consents shall be filed with the records of the corporation.
Action taken by consent is effective when the last director signs the consent,
unless the consent specifies a different effective date. A signed consent has
the effect of a vote at a duly noticed and conducted meeting of the Board of
Directors and may be described as such in any document.
3.10 REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS
The shareholders may remove one or more directors at a meeting called for
that purpose if notice has been given that a purpose of the meeting is such
removal. The removal may be with or without cause unless the Articles of
Incorporation provide that directors may only be removed for cause. If
cumulative voting is not authorized, a director may be removed only if the
number of votes cast in favor of removal exceeds the number of votes cast
against removal.
3.11 BOARD OF DIRECTOR VACANCIES
Unless the Articles of Incorporation provide otherwise, if a vacancy occurs
on the Board of Directors, excluding a vacancy resulting from an increase in the
number of directors, the director(s) remaining in office shall fill the vacancy.
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If the directors remaining in office constitute fewer than a quorum of the Board
of Directors, they may fill the vacancy by the affirmative vote of a majority of
all the directors remaining in office.
If a vacancy results from an increase in the number of directors, only the
shareholders may fill the vacancy.
A vacancy that will occur at a specific later date (by reason of a
resignation effective at a later date) may be filled by the Board of Directors
before the vacancy occurs, but the new director may not take office until the
vacancy occurs.
The term of a director elected to fill a vacancy expires at the next
shareholders' meeting at which directors are elected. However, if his term
expires, he shall continue to serve until his successor is elected and qualifies
or until there is a decrease in the number of directors.
3.12 DIRECTOR COMPENSATION
Unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation, by resolution
of the Board of Directors, each director may be paid his expenses, if any, of
attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors, and may be paid a stated
salary as director or a fixed sum for attendance at each meeting of the Board of
Directors, or both. No such payment shall preclude any director from serving the
corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor.
3.13 DIRECTOR COMMITTEES
(a) Creation of Committees Unless the Articles of Incorporation provide
otherwise, the Board of Directors may create one or more committees and
appoint members of the Board of Directors to serve on them. Each committee
must have two or more members, who serve at the pleasure of the Board of
Directors.
(b) Selection of Members The creation of a committee and appointment of members
to it must be approved by the greater of (1) a majority of all the
directors in office when the action is taken, or (2) the number of
directors required by the Articles of Incorporation to take such action.
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(c) Required Procedures Sections 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9 of this
Article 3 apply to committees and their members.
(d) Authority Unless limited by the Articles of Incorporation or the Act, each
committee may exercise those aspects of the authority of the Board of
Directors which the Board of Directors confers upon such committee in the
resolution creating the committee. Provided, however, a committee may not:
(1) authorizes distributions to shareholders;
(2) approve or propose to shareholders any action that the Act requires be
approved by shareholders;
(3) fill vacancies on the Board of Directors or on any of its committees;
(4) amend the Articles of Incorporation;
(5) adopt, amend, or repeal Bylaws;
(6) approve a plan of merger not requiring shareholder approval;
(7) authorize or approve reacquisition of shares, except according to a
formula or method prescribed by the Board of Directors; or
(8) authorize or approve the issuance or sale, or contract for sale of
shares, or determine the designation and relative rights, preferences,
and limitations of a class or series of shares; except that the Board
of Directors may authorize a committee to do so within limits
specifically prescribed by the Board of Directors.
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ARTICLE 4.
OFFICERS
4.1 DESIGNATION OF OFFICERS
The officers of the corporation shall be a president, a secretary, and a
treasurer, each of whom shall be appointed by the Board of Directors. Such other
officers and assistant officers as may be deemed necessary, including any
vice-presidents, may be appointed by the Board of Directors. The same individual
may simultaneously hold more than one office in the corporation.
4.2 APPOINTMENT AND TERM OF OFFICE
The officers of the corporation shall be appointed by the Board of
Directors for a term as determined by the Board of Directors. If no term is
specified, they shall hold office until the first meeting of the directors held
after the next annual meeting of shareholders. If the appointment of officers is
not made at such meeting, such appointment shall be made as soon thereafter as
is convenient. Each officer shall hold office until his successor has been duly
appointed and qualified, until his death, or until he resigns or has been
removed in the manner provided in Section 4.3 of this Article 4.
The designation of a specified term does not grant to the officer any
contract rights, and the Board of Directors can remove the officer at any time
prior to the termination of such term.
Appointment of an officer shall not of itself create any contract rights.
4.3 REMOVAL OF OFFICERS
Any officer may be removed by the Board of Directors at any time, with or
without cause. Such removal shall be without prejudice to the contract rights,
if any, of the person so removed.
4.4 PRESIDENT
The president shall be the principal executive officer of the corporation
and, subject to the control of the Board of Directors, shall generally supervise
and control all of the business and affairs of the corporation. He shall, when
present, preside at all meetings of the shareholders. He may sign, with the
secretary or any other proper officer of the corporation thereunto duly
authorized by the Board of Directors, certificates for shares of the corporation
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and deeds, mortgages, bonds, contracts, or other instruments which the Board of
Directors has authorized to be executed, except in cases where the signing and
execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the Board of Directors or by
these Bylaws to some other officer or agent of the corporation, or shall be
required by law to be otherwise signed or executed. The president shall
generally perform all duties incident to the office of president and such other
duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors from time to time.
4.5 VICE-PRESIDENT
If appointed, in the absence of the president or in the event of the
president's death, inability or refusal to act, the vice-president (or in the
event there be more than one vice-president, the vice-presidents in the order
designated at the time of their election, or in the absence of any designation,
then in the order of their appointment) shall perform the duties of the
president, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to
all the restrictions upon the president. If there is no vice-president, then the
treasurer shall perform such duties of the president. Any vice-president may
sign, with the secretary or an assistant secretary, certificates for shares of
the corporation the issuance of which have been authorized by resolution of the
Board of Directors. A vice-president shall perform such other duties as from
time to time may be assigned to him by the president or by the Board of
Directors.
4.6 SECRETARY
The secretary shall (a) keep the minutes of the proceedings of the
shareholders and of the Board of Directors in one or more books provided for
that purpose; (b) see that all notices are duly given in accordance with the
provisions of these Bylaws or as required by law; (c) be custodian of the
corporate records and of any seal of the corporation and, if there is a seal of
the corporation, see that it is affixed to all documents, the execution of which
on behalf of the corporation under its seal is duly authorized; (d) when
requested or required, authenticate any records of the corporation; (e) keep a
register of the post office address of each shareholder, as provided to the
secretary by the shareholders; (f) sign with the president, or vice-president,
certificates for shares of the corporation, the issuance of which has been
authorized by resolution of the Board of Directors; (g) have general charge of
the stock transfer books of the corporation; and (h) generally perform all
duties incident to the office of secretary and such other duties as from time to
time may be assigned to him by the president or by the Board of Directors.
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4.7 TREASURER
The treasurer shall (a) have charge and custody of and be responsible for
all funds and securities of the corporation; (b) receive and give receipts for
moneys due and payable to the corporation; (b) receive and give receipts for
moneys due and payable to the corporation from any source whatsoever, and
deposit all such moneys in the name of the corporation in such banks, trust
companies, or other depositaries as may be selected by the Board of Directors;
and (c) generally perform all of the duties incident to the office of treasurer
and such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to him by the
president or by the Board of Directors.
If required by the Board of Directors, the treasurer shall give a bond for
the faithful discharge of his duties in such sum and with such surety or
sureties as the Board of Directors shall determine.
4.8 ASSISTANT SECRETARIES AND ASSISTANT TREASURERS
The assistant secretaries, when authorized by the Board of Directors, may
sign with the president, or a vice-president, certificates for shares of the
corporation, the issuance of which has been authorized by a resolution of the
Board of Directors. The assistant treasurers shall respectively, if required by
the Board of Directors, give bonds for the faithful discharge of their duties in
such sums and with such sureties as the Board of Directors shall determine.
The assistant secretaries and assistant treasurers, generally, shall
perform such duties as may be assigned to them by the secretary or the
treasurer, respectively, or by the president or the Board of Directors.
4.9 SALARIES
The salaries of the officers, if any, shall be fixed from time to time by
the Board of Directors.
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ARTICLE 5.
INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES
5.1 INDEMNIFICATION OF OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES AND AGENTS
Unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation, the corporation
shall indemnify any individual made a party to a proceeding because he is or was
an officer, director, employee or agent of the corporation against liability
incurred in the proceeding, all pursuant to and consistent with the provisions
of NRS 78.751, as amended from time to time.
5.2 ADVANCE EXPENSES FOR OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
The expenses of officers and directors incurred in defending a civil or
criminal action, suit or proceeding shall be paid by the corporation as they are
incurred and in advance of the final deposition of the action, suit or
proceeding, but only after receipt by the corporation of an undertaking by or on
behalf of the officer or director on terms set by the Board of Directors, to
repay the expenses advanced if it is ultimately determined by a court of
competent jurisdiction that he is not entitled to be indemnified by the
corporation.
5.3 SCOPE OF INDEMNIFICATION
The indemnification permitted herein is intended to be to the fullest
extent permissible under the laws of the State of Nevada, and any amendments
thereto.
ARTICLE 6.
CERTIFICATES FOR SHARES AND THEIR TRANSFER
6.1 CERTIFICATES FOR SHARES
(a) Content
Certificates representing shares of the corporation shall at minimum, state
on their face the name of the issuing corporation; that the corporation is
formed under the laws of the State of Nevada; the name of the person to
whom issued; the certificate number; class and par value of shares; and the
designation of the series, if any, the certificate represents. The form of
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the certificate shall be as determined by the Board of Directors. Such
certificates shall be signed (either manually or by facsimile) by the
president or a vice-president and by the secretary of an assistant
secretary and may be sealed with a corporate seal or a facsimile thereof.
Each certificate for shares shall be consecutively numbered or otherwise
identified.
(b) Legend as to Class or Series
If the corporation is authorized to issue different classes of shares or
different series within a class, the designations, relative rights,
preferences, and limitations applicable to each class and the variations in
rights, preferences, and limitations determined for each series (and the
authority of the Board of Directors to determine variations for future
series) must be summarized on the front or back of the certificate
indicating that the corporation will furnish the shareholder this
information on request in writing and without charge.
(c) Shareholder List
The name and address of the person to whom the shares are issued, with the
number of shares and date of issue, shall be entered on the stock transfer
books of the corporation.
(d) Transferring Shares
All certificates surrendered to the corporation for transfer shall be
canceled and no new certificate shall be issued until the former
certificate for a like number of shares shall have been surrendered and
canceled, except that in case of a lost, destroyed, or mutilated
certificate, a new one may be issued therefore upon such terms as the Board
of Directors may prescribe, including indemnification of the corporation
and bond requirements.
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6.2 REGISTRATION OF THE TRANSFER OF SHARES
Registration of the transfer of shares of the corporation shall be made
only on the stock transfer books of the corporation. In order to register a
transfer, the record owner shall surrender the share certificate to the
corporation for cancellation, properly endorsed by the appropriate person or
persons with reasonable assurances that the endorsements are genuine and
effective. Unless the corporation has established a procedure by which a
beneficial owner of shares held by a nominee is to be recognized by the
corporation as the owner, the person in whose name shares stand on the books of
the corporation shall be deemed by the corporation to be the owner thereof for
all purposes.
6.3 RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSFER OF SHARES PERMITTED
The Board of Directors may impose restrictions on the transfer or
registration of transfer of shares, including any security convertible into, or
carrying a right to subscribe for or acquire shares. A restriction does not
affect shares issued before the restriction as adopted unless the holders of the
shares are parties to the restriction agreement or voted in favor of the
restriction.
A restriction on the transfer or registration of transfer of shares may be
authorized:
(1) to maintain the corporation's status when it is dependent on the
number or identity of its shareholders;
(2) to preserve exemptions under federal or state securities law; or
(3) for any other reasonable purpose.
A restriction on the transfer or registration of transfer of shares may:
(1) obligate the shareholder first to offer the corporation or other
persons (separately, consecutively, or simultaneously) an opportunity
to acquire the restricted shares;
(2) obligate the corporation or other persons (separately, consecutively,
or simultaneously) to acquire the restricted shares;
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(3) require the corporation, the holders of any class of its shares, or
another person to approve the transfer of the restricted shares, if
the requirement is not manifestly unreasonable; or
(4) prohibit the transfer of the restricted shares to designated persons
or classes of persons, if the prohibition is not manifestly
unreasonable.
A restriction on the transfer or registration of transfer of shares is
valid and enforceable against the holder or a transferee of the holder if the
restriction is authorized by this Section 6.3 and its existence is noted
conspicuously on the front or back of the certificate. Unless so noted, a
restriction is not enforceable against a person without knowledge of the
restriction.
6.4 ACQUISITION OF SHARES
The corporation may acquire its own shares and unless otherwise provided in
the Articles of Incorporation, the shares so acquired constitute authorized but
unissued shares.
If the Articles of Incorporation prohibit the reissue of shares acquired by
the corporation, the number of authorized shares is reduced by the number of
shares acquired, effective upon amendment of the Articles of Incorporation,
which amendment shall be adopted by the shareholders, or the Board of Directors
without shareholder action (if permitted by the Act). The amendment must be
delivered to the Secretary of State and must set forth:
(1) the name of the corporation;
(2) the reduction in the number of authorized shares, itemized by class
and series; and
(3) the total number of authorized shares, itemized by class and series,
remaining after reduction of the shares.
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ARTICLE 7.
DISTRIBUTIONS
7.1 DISTRIBUTIONS
The Board of Directors may authorize, and the corporation may make
distributions (including dividends on its outstanding shares) in the manner and
upon the terms and conditions provided by law.
ARTICLE 8.
CORPORATE SEAL
8.1 CORPORATE SEAL
The Board of Directors may adopt a corporate seal which may be circular in
form and have inscribed thereon any designation, including the name of the
corporation, Nevada as the state of incorporation, and the words "Corporate
Seal."
ARTICLE 9.
EMERGENCY BYLAWS
9.1 EMERGENCY BYLAWS
Unless the Articles of Incorporation provide otherwise, the following
provisions shall be effective during an emergency, which is defined as a time
when a quorum of the corporation's directors cannot be readily assembled because
of some catastrophic event. During such emergency:
(a) Notice of Board Meetings
Any one member of the Board of Directors or any one of the following
officers: president, any vice-president, secretary, or treasurer, may call
a meeting of the Board of Directors. Notice of such meeting need be given
only to those directors whom it is practicable to reach, any may be given
in any practical manner, including by publication and radio. Such notice
shall be given at least six hours prior to commencement of the meeting.
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(b) Temporary Directors and Quorum
One or more officers of the corporation present at the emergency board
meeting, as is necessary to achieve a quorum, shall be considered to be
directors for the meeting, and shall so serve in order of rank, and within
the same rank, in order of seniority. In the event that less than a quorum
(as determined by Section 3.6 of Article 3) of the directors are present
(including any officers who are to serve as directors for the meeting),
those directors present (including the officers serving as directors) shall
constitute a quorum.
(c) Actions Permitted To Be Taken
The Board of Directors, as constituted in paragraph (b), and after notice
as set forth in paragraph (a), may:
(1) Officers' Powers Prescribe emergency powers to any officer of the
corporation;
(2) Delegation of Any Power Delegate to any officer or director, any of
the powers of the Board of Directors;
(3) Lines of Succession Designate lines of succession of officers and
agents, in the event that any of them are unable to discharge their
duties;
(4) Relocate Principal Place of Business Relocate the principal place of
business, or designate successive or simultaneous principal places of
business;
(5) All Other Action Take any other action which is convenient, helpful,
or necessary to carry on the business of the corporation.
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ARTICLE 10.
AMENDMENTS
10.1 AMENDMENTS
The Board of Directors may amend or repeal the corporation's Bylaws unless:
(1) the Articles of Incorporation or the Act reserve this power
exclusively to the shareholders, in whole or part; or
(2) the shareholders, in adopting, amending, or repealing a particular
Bylaw, provide expressly that the Board of Directors may not amend or
repeal that Bylaw; or
(3) the Bylaw either establishes, amends or deletes a "supermajority"
shareholder quorum or voting requirement, as defined in Section 2.8 of
Article 2.
Any amendment which changes the voting or quorum requirement for the Board
of Directors must comply with Section 3.8 of Article 3, and for the
shareholders, must comply Section 2.8 of Article 2.
The corporation's shareholders may also amend or repeal the corporation's
Bylaws at any meeting held pursuant to Article 2.
CERTIFICATE OF THE SECRETARY
I hereby certify that I am the Secretary of Almah Inc. and that the
forgoing Bylaws, consisting of twenty-nine (29) pages, constitutes the code of
Almah Inc. as duly adopted by the Board of Directors of the Corporation on this
25th day of June, 2010.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto subscribed my name this 20th day of
September, 2009.
----------------------------------
Secretary
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