CODE OF ETHICS
FOR
SENIOR OFFICERS
POLICY
This Code of Ethics for Senior Officers (this "Code") sets forth the
policies, practices and values expected to be exhibited by Senior Officers
of the Pioneer Funds (collectively, the "Funds" and each, a "Fund"). This
Code does not apply generally to officers and employees of service providers
to the Funds, including Pioneer Investment Management, Inc. ("Pioneer"),
unless such officers and employees are also Senior Officers.
The term "Senior Officers" shall mean the principal executive officer,
principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controller of
the Funds, although one person may occupy more than one such office. Each
Senior Officer is identified by title in Exhibit A to this Code.
The Chief Compliance Officer ("CCO") of the Pioneer Funds is primarily
responsible for implementing and monitoring compliance with this Code,
subject to the overall supervision of the Board of Trustees of the Funds
(the "Board"). The CCO has the authority to interpret this Code and its
applicability to particular situations. Any questions about this Code should
be directed to the CCO or his or her designee.
PURPOSE
The purposes of this Code are to:
. Promote honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of
actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and
professional relationships;
. Promote full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in
reports and documents that the Fund files with, or submits to, the
Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and in other public
communications made by the Fund;
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. Promote compliance with applicable laws and governmental rules and
regulations;
. Promote the prompt internal reporting of violations of the Code to an
appropriate person or persons identified in the Code; and
. Establish accountability for adherence to the Code.
Each Senior Officer should adhere to a high standard of business ethics and
should be sensitive to situations that may give rise to actual as well as
apparent conflicts of interest.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF SENIOR OFFICERS
Conflicts of Interest
A "conflict of interest" occurs when a Senior Officer's private interests
interfere in any way - or even appear to interfere - with the interests of
or his/her service to a Fund. A conflict can arise when a Senior Officer
takes actions or has interests that may make it difficult to perform his or
her Fund work objectively and effectively. Conflicts of interest also arise
when a Senior Officer or a member of his/her family receives improper
personal benefits as a result of the Senior Officer's position with the Fund.
Certain conflicts of interest arise out of the relationships between Senior
Officers and the Fund and already are subject to conflict of interest
provisions in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "ICA"),
and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the "IAA"). For
example, Senior Officers may not individually engage in certain transactions
(such as the purchase or sale of securities or other property) with the
Funds because of their status as "affiliated persons" of the Funds. The
Fund's and Pioneer's compliance programs and procedures are designed to
prevent, or identify and correct, violations of these provisions. This Code
does not, and is not intended to, repeat or replace such policies and
procedures, and such conflicts fall outside of the parameters of this Code.
Although typically not presenting an opportunity for improper personal
benefit, conflicts arise as a result of the contractual relationship between
the Fund and Pioneer because the Senior Officers are officers or employees
of both. As a result, this Code recognizes that Senior Officers will, in the
normal course of their duties (whether formally for a Fund or for Pioneer,
or for both), be involved in establishing policies and implementing
decisions that will have different effects on Pioneer and the Fund. The
participation of Senior Officers in such activities is inherent in the
contractual relationship between a Fund and Pioneer and is consistent with
the performance by the Senior Officers of their duties as officers of the
Fund and, if addressed in conformity with the provisions of the ICA and the
IAA, will be deemed to have been handled ethically. In addition, it is
recognized by the Board that Senior Officers may also be officers of
investment companies other than the Pioneer Funds.
Other conflicts of interest are covered by this Code, even if such conflicts
of interest are not subject to provisions of the ICA or the IAA. In reading
the following examples of conflicts of interest under this Code, Senior
Officers should keep in mind that such a list cannot ever be exhaustive or
cover every possible
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scenario. It follows that the overarching principle is that the personal
interest of a Senior Officer should not be placed improperly before the
interest of a Fund.
Each Senior Officer must:
. Not use his or her personal influence or personal relationships
improperly to influence investment decisions or financial reporting
by a Fund whereby the Senior Officer would benefit personally to the
detriment of the Fund;
. Not cause a Fund to take action, or fail to take action, for the
individual personal benefit of the Senior Officer rather than the
benefit of the Fund; and
. Report at least annually any affiliations or other relationships that
give rise to conflicts of interest.
Any material conflict of interest situation should be approved by the CCO,
his or her designee or the Board. Examples of these include:
. Service as a director on the board of any public or private company;
. The receipt of any gift with a value in excess of an amount
established from time to time by Pioneer's Business Gift and
Entertainment Policy from any single non-relative person or entity.
Customary business lunches, dinners and entertainment at which both
the Senior Officer and the giver are present, and promotional items
of insignificant value are exempt from this prohibition;
. The receipt of any entertainment from any company with which a Fund
has current or prospective business dealings unless such
entertainment is business-related, reasonable in cost, appropriate as
to time and place, and not so frequent as to raise any question of
impropriety;
. Any ownership interest in, or any consulting or employment
relationship with, any of a Fund's service providers other than its
investment adviser, principal underwriter, administrator or any
affiliated person thereof; and
. A direct or indirect financial interest in commissions, transaction
charges or spreads paid by a Fund for effecting portfolio
transactions or for selling or redeeming shares other than an
interest arising from the Senior Officer's employment, such as
compensation or equity ownership.
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Corporate Opportunities
Senior Officers may not (a) take for themselves personally opportunities
that are discovered through the use of a Fund's property, information or
position; (b) use a Fund's property, information, or position for personal
gain; or (c) compete with a Fund. Senior Officers owe a duty to the Funds to
advance their legitimate interests when the opportunity to do so arises.
Confidentiality
Senior Officers should maintain the confidentiality of information entrusted
to them by the Funds, except when disclosure is authorized or legally
mandated. Confidential information includes all non-public information that
might be of use to competitors, or harmful to the Funds, if disclosed.
Fair dealing with Fund shareholders, suppliers, and competitors
Senior Officers should endeavor to deal fairly with the Funds' shareholders,
suppliers, and competitors. Senior Officers should not take unfair advantage
of anyone through manipulation, concealment, abuse of privileged
information, misrepresentation of material facts, or any other
unfair-dealing practice. Senior Officers should not knowingly misrepresent
or cause others to misrepresent facts about a Fund to others, whether within
or outside the Fund, including to the Board, the Funds' auditors or to
governmental regulators and self-regulatory organizations.
Compliance with Law
Each Senior Officer must not knowingly violate any law, rule and regulation
applicable to his or her activities as an officer of the Funds. In addition,
Senior Officers are responsible for understanding and promoting compliance
with the laws, rules and regulations applicable to his or her particular
position and by persons under the Senior Officer's supervision. Senior
Officers should endeavor to comply not only with the letter of the law, but
also with the spirit of the law.
Disclosure
Each Senior Officer should familiarize himself or herself with the
disclosure requirements generally applicable to the Funds. Each Senior
Officer should, to the extent appropriate within his or her area of
responsibility, consult with other officers of the Funds and Pioneer with
the goal of promoting full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable
disclosure in the reports and documents a Fund files with, or submits to,
the SEC and in other public communications made by the Funds.
INITIAL AND ANNUAL CERTIFICATIONS
Upon becoming a Senior Officer the Senior Officer is required to certify
that he or she has received, read, and understands this Code. On an annual
basis, each Senior Officer must certify that he or she has complied with all
of the applicable requirements of this Code.
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ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE CODE
Report of Violations
Pioneer relies on each Senior Officer to report promptly if he or she knows
of any conduct by a Senior Officer in violation of this Code. All violations
or suspected violations of this Code must be reported to the CCO or a member
of Pioneer's Legal and Compliance Department. Failure to do so is itself a
violation of this Code.
Investigation of Violations
Upon notification of a violation or suspected violation, the CCO or other
members of Pioneer's Compliance Department will take all appropriate action
to investigate the potential violation reported. If, after such
investigation, the CCO believes that no violation has occurred, the CCO and
Compliance Department is not required to take no further action. Any matter
the CCO believes is a violation will be reported to the Independent
Trustees. If the Independent Trustees concur that a violation has occurred,
they will inform and make a recommendation to the full Board. The Board
shall be responsible for determining appropriate action. The Funds, their
officers and employees, will not retaliate against any Senior Officer for
reports of potential violations that are made in good faith and without
malicious intent.
The CCO or his or her designee is responsible for applying this Code to
specific situations in which questions are presented under it and has the
authority to interpret this Code in any particular situation. The CCO or his
or her designee shall make inquiries regarding any potential conflict of
interest.
Violations and Sanctions
Compliance with this Code is expected and violations of its provisions will
be taken seriously and could result in disciplinary action. In response to
violations of the Code, the Board may impose such sanctions as it deems
appropriate within the scope of its authority over Senior Officers,
including termination as an officer of the Funds.
Waivers from the Code
The Independent Trustees will consider any approval or waiver sought by any
Senior Officer.
The Independent Trustees will be responsible for granting waivers, as
appropriate. Any change to or waiver of this Code will, to the extent
required, be disclosed as provided by SEC rules.
OTHER POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
This Code shall be the sole Code of Ethics adopted by the Funds for purposes
of Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and forms applicable
to registered investment companies thereunder. The Funds', Pioneer's, and
Pioneer Funds Distributor, Inc.'s Codes of Ethics under Rule 17j-1 under the
ICA and Rule 204A-1 of the IAA are separate requirements applying to the
Senior Officers and others, and are not a part of this Code. To the extent
any other policies and procedures of the Funds, Pioneer or Pioneer
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Fund Distributor, Inc. overlap or conflict with the provisions of the this
Code, they are superseded by this Code.
SCOPE OF RESPONSIBILITIES
A Senior Officer's responsibilities under this Code are limited to Fund
matters over which the Senior Officer has direct responsibility or control,
matters in which the Senior Officer routinely participates, and matters with
which the Senior Officer is otherwise involved. In addition, a Senior
Officer is responsible for matters of which the Senior Officer has actual
knowledge.
AMENDMENTS
This Code other than Exhibit A may not be amended except in a writing that
is specifically approved or ratified by a majority vote of the Board,
including a majority of the Independent Trustees.
CONFIDENTIALITY
All reports and records prepared or maintained pursuant to this Code will be
considered confidential and shall be maintained and protected accordingly.
Except as otherwise required by law or this Code, such matters shall not be
disclosed to anyone other than the Board and their counsel or to Pioneer's
Legal and Compliance Department.
INTERNAL USE
This Code is intended solely for the internal use by the Funds and does not
constitute an admission, by or on behalf of any Fund, as to any fact,
circumstance, or legal conclusion.
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EXHIBIT A - SENIOR OFFICERS OF THE PIONEER FUNDS
President (Principal Executive Officer)
Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer)
Code of Ethics for Senior Officers
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