Optimer Pharmaceuticals (OPTR) 10-Q 2013 Q1 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

xQUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2013

or

oTRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from               to             

Commission File Number 001-33291

OPTIMER PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	33-0830300
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

101 Hudson Street, Suite 3501
Jersey City, NJ 07302
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(201) 333-8819
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:  Yes x  No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files):  Yes x  No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large Accelerated Filer x	Accelerated Filer o
Non-accelerated Filer o	Smaller Reporting Company o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):  Yes o  No x

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding as of May 6, 2013 was 48,720,800 shares.

OPTIMER PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
FORM 10-Q
For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)
Consolidated Balance Sheets — March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012	3
Consolidated Statements of Operations — Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012	4
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss — Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012	5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012	6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	30
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	30
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	31
Item 1A. Risk Factors	31
Item 6. Exhibits	51
SIGNATURES	52

2

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.  Financial Statements

Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	March 31,			December 31,
	2013			2012
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	87,964,542		$	119,444,586
Short-term investments	5,385,109			4,556,329
Trade accounts receivable, net	7,062,761			7,119,089
Accounts receivable, other	3,939,220			2,391,071
Inventory, net	22,142,846			15,061,771
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,943,388			3,442,717
Total current assets	129,437,866			152,015,563
Property, equipment and other, net	4,027,355			4,338,720
Long-term investments	—			820,000
Deferred tax assets, non-current	890,843			890,843
Other assets	1,070,388			1,362,196
Total assets	$	135,426,452		$	159,427,322
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	3,728,709		$	7,166,127
Accrued expenses	24,473,695			19,165,362
Deferred revenue	128,229			456,250
Total current liabilities	28,330,633			26,787,739
Deferred rent	1,110,743			938,520
Income taxes payable, non-current	890,843			890,843
Commitments and contingencies	—			—
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.001, 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively	—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 150,000,000 shares authorized; 48,024,010 shares and 47,791,531 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively	48,024			47,792
Additional paid-in capital	387,945,979			382,277,671
Accumulated other comprehensive income	411,342			464,170
Accumulated deficit	(283,311,112		)	(251,979,413		)
Total stockholders’ equity	105,094,233			130,810,220
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	135,426,452		$	159,427,322

See accompanying notes.

3

Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2013			2012
Revenues:
Product sales, net	$	16,813,536		$	14,380,541
Contract revenue	2,621,958			—
Other	—			2,106
Total revenues	19,435,494			14,382,647
Cost and expenses:
Cost of product sales	1,634,454			1,216,524
Cost of contract revenue	1,656,046			1,067,736
Research and development	9,886,185			11,067,967
Selling, general and administrative	33,999,733			25,522,282
Co-promotion expenses with Cubist	3,750,000			10,081,583
Total operating expenses	50,926,418			48,956,092
Loss from operations	(31,490,924		)	(34,573,445		)
Gain on de-consolidation of OBI	—			23,782,229
Equity in net loss of OBI	—			(485,969		)
Interest income and other, net	159,225			76,387
Consolidated net loss	$	(31,331,699	)	$	(11,200,798	)
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	—			280,344
Net loss attributable to Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	$	(31,331,699	)	$	(10,920,454	)
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.65	)	$	(0.23	)
Weighted average number of shares used to compute net loss per share - basic and diluted	47,884,210			46,722,617

See accompanying notes.

4

Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2013			2012
Consolidated net loss	$	(31,331,699	)	$	(11,200,798	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment	(81,094		)	20,708
Unrealized gains on securities:
Holding gains during period	28,266			992,686
Reclassification adjustment for net gains included in net income	—			—
Net unrealized gain on securities	28,266			992,686
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	(52,828		)	1,013,394
Total comprehensive loss	$	(31,384,527	)	$	(10,187,404	)

See accompanying notes.

5

Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2013			2012
Operating activities:
Net loss	$	(31,331,699	)	$	(11,200,798	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided (used) in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	257,610			173,477
Stock-based compensation	4,319,613			3,105,344
Issuance of common stock for consulting services and other	10,841			—
Deferred rent	172,493			(2,895		)
Gain on de-consolidation of OBI	—			(23,782,229		)
Equity in net loss of OBI	—			485,969
Gain on disposal of assets	(13,516		)	—
Tax provision	(15,375		)	—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable, net	56,328			1,215,527
Accounts receivable, other	(1,548,149		)	(1,419,904		)
Inventory	(7,081,075		)	(1,921,946		)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	499,329			(1,489,211		)
Other assets	291,808			(102,122		)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	1,870,915			7,193,323
Deferred revenues	(328,021		)	—
Net cash used by operating activities	(32,838,898		)	(27,745,465		)
Investing activities:
Sales or maturities of short-term investments	34,861			20,707,127
Purchases of property and equipment	(38,834		)	(1,228,979		)
Proceeds from sale or refund on fixed assets	106,105			—
Reduction of cash due to de-consolidation of OBI	—			(4,010,680		)
Purchase of OBI shares	—			2,027,109
Net cash provided by investing activities	102,132			17,494,577
Financing activities:
Proceeds from sale of common stock	1,338,086			289,030
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,338,086			289,030
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(81,364		)	406,746
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(31,480,044		)	(9,555,112		)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	119,444,586			31,787,512
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	87,964,542		$	22,232,400

See accompanying notes.

6

Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

1.Interim Financial Information

Organization and Business Activities

Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Optimer” or the “Company”) is a global biopharmaceutical company focused on commercializing innovative hospital specialty products. The Company currently markets one product in the United States and Canada, DIFICID® (fidaxomicin) tablets.  DIFICID is a macrolide antibacterial drug that is approved in the United States for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (“CDAD”) in adults.  CDAD is the most common symptom of Clostridium difficile infection (“CDI”). DIFICID is approved in Canada for the treatment of CDI and is commercialized by Optimer.  Fidaxomicin also is approved in Europe for the treatment of CDI, where it is marketed by a licensee as DIFICLIR™, and in Australia, where it is marketed by a licensee as DIFICID.  Optimer is pursuing commercialization in other territories through collaboration partners and is moving forward with life-cycle management initiatives for fidaxomicin.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the results of these interim periods have been included. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2013 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 18, 2013.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared, assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. A going concern basis of accounting contemplates the recovery of the Company’s assets and the satisfaction of its liabilities in the normal course of business. Based on the Company’s current forecast, it believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents of $93.3 million will be sufficient to fund its cash requirements through March 31, 2014.   If the Company is not able to achieve its planned revenue, or incurs costs in excess of its forecast, it may be required to substantially reduce discretionary spending or raise additional capital. If the Company is forced to seek additional financing, which may include additional equity financing or funding through other third party agreements, there can be no assurances that additional financing will be available on favorable terms or otherwise. Furthermore, any equity financing may result in dilution to existing stockholders.

2.     Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include all the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries.  Prior to February 7, 2012, OBI Pharma, Inc., formerly known as Optimer Biotechnology Inc. (“OBI”), was consolidated for financial reporting purposes.  All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. During the three months ended March 31, 2012, the Company reduced its ownership interest in OBI from a majority interest to a 43% interest.  As a result, the Company de-consolidated OBI as of February 7, 2012 and derecognized the OBI assets, liabilities and non-controlling interest from its financial statements. Management applied de-consolidation accounting guidance, which included analyzing the Company’s investment in OBI at February 7, 2012, to determine the fair value on the date of de-consolidation and the related gain or loss upon de-consolidation.  The Company subsequently sold its remaining interest in OBI in October 2012 (see Note 7).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments

Investments with maturities of less than 90 days, at the date of purchase, are considered to be cash equivalents.  All of the Company’s investments at March 31, 2013 are classified as short-term investments, which are deemed by management to be available-for-sale and are reported at fair value, with net unrealized gains or losses reported within other comprehensive income/(loss).  Realized gains and losses, and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary, are included in investment income or interest expense.  The cost of securities sold is computed using the specific identification method. At March 31, 2013, cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaled approximately $93.3 million.

7

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded net of reserves for estimated prompt-payment discounts, service fee arrangements and any allowance for doubtful accounts. Reserves for other sales-related allowances, such as rebates, distribution and other fees, and product returns, are included in accrued expenses in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The allowance for prompt-payment discounts and service fees was $1.8 million and $1.9 million at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or market.  Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. The Company reserves for potentially excess, dated or obsolete inventories based on an analysis of inventory on hand compared to forecasts of future sales. Net inventory consisted of the following, as of the dates indicated:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2013		2012
Raw materials	$	16,951,610	$	9,072,123
Work in process	—		3,552,169
Finished goods	5,191,236		2,923,541
	$	22,142,846	$	15,547,833
Reserves	—		(486,062		)
	$	22,142,846	15,061,771

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency for the Company’s Canadian subsidiary is the local currency. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rates on the balance sheet dates. Net revenues and expenses are translated using the average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Any translation adjustments resulting from this process are shown separately as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are reported net in the consolidated statements of operations.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities are considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. The fair value of available-for-sale securities is based upon quoted market prices for those securities.

Net Product Sales

DIFICID is available in the United States and Canada through three major wholesalers - AmerisourceBergen Corporation, Cardinal Health, Inc. and McKesson Corporation - and through regional wholesalers and specialty pharmacies that provide DIFICID to purchasing customers, such as hospitals, retail pharmacies, long-term care facilities and other purchasing outlets that may dispense DIFICID. The Company recognizes revenue from product sales when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, title has passed to the customer, the price is fixed and determinable, the buyer is obligated to pay the Company, the obligation to pay is not contingent on resale of the product, the buyer has economic substance apart from the Company, the Company has  no obligation to bring about the sale of the product, the amount of returns can be reasonably estimated and collectability is reasonably assured.  The Company recognizes product sales of DIFICID upon delivery of product to the wholesalers, specialty pharmacies and certain direct purchasers.

The Company’s net product sales represent total gross product sales in the United States and Canada less allowances for customer credits, including estimated rebates, chargebacks, discounts and returns. These allowances are established by management as its best estimate, based on available information, and are adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. Allowances for rebates, chargebacks, discounts and returns are established based on the contractual terms with customers, communications with customers, as well as expectations about the market for the product and anticipated introduction of competitive products.  Product shipping and handling costs are included in cost of product sales.

Product Sales Allowances.  The Company establishes reserves for prompt-payment discounts, fee-for-service arrangements, government and commercial rebates, product returns and other applicable allowances, such as the Company’s hospital discount.  Allowances relate to prompt-payment discounts and fee-for-service arrangement with the Company’s contracted wholesalers and direct purchase discounts, and are recorded at the time of sale, resulting in a reduction in product sales.  Accruals related to government and commercial rebates, product returns and other applicable allowances are recognized at the time of sale, resulting in a reduction in product sales and an increase in accrued expenses.

8

Prompt-payment Discounts.   The Company offers a prompt-payment discount to its customers.  Since the Company expects its customers will take advantage of this discount, the Company accrues 100% of the prompt-payment discount that is based on the gross amount of each invoice, at the time of sale.

Government and Commercial Rebates and Chargebacks.   The Company estimates commercial rebates as well as government-mandated rebates and discounts relating to federal and state programs such as Medicaid, the Veterans’ Administration, or VA, and Department of Defense programs, the Medicare Part D Coverage Discount Program and certain other qualifying federal and state government programs.  The Company estimates the amount of these rebates and chargebacks based on historical trends for DIFICID.  These allowances are adjusted periodically based on actual experience.

Medicaid rebate reserves relate to the Company’s estimated obligations to states under statutory “best price” obligations which also may include supplemental rebate agreements with certain states.  Rebate accruals are recorded during the same period in which the related product sales are recognized.  Actual rebate amounts are determined at the time of claim by the state, and the Company generally will make cash payments for such amounts after receiving billings from the state.

VA rebates or chargeback reserves represent the Company’s estimated obligations resulting from contractual commitments to sell DIFICID to qualified healthcare providers at a price lower than the list price charged to the Company’s distributors.  A distributor will charge the Company for the difference between what the distributor pays for the product and the ultimate selling price to the qualified healthcare provider.  Rebate and chargeback accruals are established during the same period in which the related product sales are recognized. Actual chargeback amounts for Public Health Service are determined at the time of resale to the qualified healthcare provider from the distributor, and the Company generally will issue credits for such amounts after receiving notification from the distributor.

Although allowances and accruals are recorded at the time of product sale, certain rebates generally will be paid, on average, in six months or longer after the sale.  Reserve estimates are evaluated quarterly and, if necessary, adjusted to reflect actual results.  Any such adjustments will be reflected in the Company’s operating results in the period of the adjustment.

Product Returns.  The Company’s policy in the United States is to accept returns of DIFICID for six months prior to, and twelve months after, the product expiration date.  The Company’s policy in Canada is to accept returns of DIFICID for three months prior to, and twelve months after, the product expiration date.  The Company permits returns if the product is damaged or defective when received by its customers. The Company will provide a credit for such returns to customers with whom it has a direct relationship. Once product is dispensed it cannot be returned, but the Company allows partial returns in states where such returns are mandated.  The Company does not exchange product from inventory for the returned product.

Allowances for product returns are recorded during the period in which the related product sales are recognized, resulting in a reduction to product sales.  The Company estimates product returns based upon the sales pattern of DIFICID, management’s experience with similar products, historical trends in the pharmaceutical industry and trends for similar products sold by others.

During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the provisions for product sales allowances reduced gross product sales as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2013			2012
Total gross product sales	$	21,729,014		$	16,447,200
Returns reserve and allowances	(323,401		)	(246,708		)
Government and commercial rebates and chargebacks	(2,988,698		)	(559,291		)
Prompt-pay discounts and fees	(1,603,379		)	(1,260,660		)
Product sales allowance	$	(4,915,478	)	$	(2,066,659	)
Total product sales, net	$	16,813,536		$	14,380,541
Total product sales allowances as a percent of gross product sales	22.6		%	12.6		%

9

An analysis of the amount of, and change in, product sales reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2013 is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
	Returns Reserve and Allowances			Government and Commercial Rebates and Chargebacks			Prompt-pay Discounts and Fees			Total
Balance at January 1, 2013	$	1,475,124		$	1,642,849		$	1,888,523		$	5,006,496
Provisions related to sales	323,401			2,988,698			1,603,379			4,915,478
Returns and payments	(139,724		)	(2,630,641		)	(1,669,944		)	(4,440,309		)
Balance at March 31, 2013	$	1,658,801		$	2,000,906		$	1,821,958		$	5,481,665

Contract Revenue

Under certain of the Company’s licensing and collaboration agreements, it is entitled to receive payments upon the achievement of contingent milestone events. In order to determine the revenue recognition for contingent milestone-based payments, the Company evaluates the contingent milestones using the criteria as provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Boards, or FASB, guidance on the milestone method of revenue recognition at the inception of a collaboration agreement.

Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) Topic 605-28, Revenue Recognition — Milestone Method (ASC 605-28), established the milestone method as an acceptable method of revenue recognition for certain contingent, event-based payments under research and development arrangements.  Under the milestone method, a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone is recognized in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved.  A milestone is an event: (i) that can be achieved based in whole or in part on either the Company’s performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance; (ii) for which there is substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved; and (iii) that would result in additional payments being due to the Company.  The determination that a milestone is substantive is judgmental and is made at the inception of the arrangement.  Milestones are considered substantive when the consideration earned from the achievement of the milestone is: (i) commensurate with either the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of value of the item delivered as a result of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone; (ii) relates solely to past performance; and (iii) is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement.

Other contingent, event-based payments received for which payment is either contingent solely upon the passage of time or the results of a collaborative partner’s performance are not considered milestones under ASC 605-28.  In accordance with ASC Topic 605-25, Revenue Recognition — Multiple-Element Arrangements (ASC 605-25), such payments will be recognized as revenue when all of the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; the price is fixed or determinable; and collectability is reasonably assured.

Revenues recognized for royalty payments are recognized as earned in accordance with the terms of various research and collaboration agreements.

For collaboration agreements with multiple deliverables, the Company recognizes collaboration revenues and expenses by analyzing each element of the agreement to determine if it is to be accounted for as a separate element or single unit of accounting. If an element is to be treated separately for revenue recognition purposes, the revenue recognition principles most appropriate for that element are applied to determine when revenue is to be recognized. If an element is not to be treated separately for revenue recognition purposes, the revenue recognition principles most appropriate for the bundled group of elements are applied to determine when revenue is to be recognized.

Cash received in advance of services being performed is recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as revenue as services are performed over the applicable term of the agreement.  In connection with certain research collaboration agreements, revenues are recognized from non-refundable, up-front fees that the Company does not believe are specifically tied to a separate earnings process, ratably over the term of the agreement.  Research fees are recognized as revenue as the related research activities are performed.

With respect to revenues derived from reimbursement of direct out-of-pocket expenses for research costs associated with grants, where the Company acts as a principal, with discretion to choose suppliers, bears credit risk and performs part of the services required in the transaction, the Company records revenue for the gross amount of the reimbursement. The costs associated with these reimbursements are reflected as a component of research and development expense in the consolidated statements of operations. None of the payments the Company has received from collaborators to date, whether recognized as revenue or deferred, is refundable even if the related program is not successful.

10

Research and Development

The Company expenses costs related to research and development as incurred. The Company’s research and development expenses consist primarily of license fees, salaries and related employee benefits, costs associated with clinical trials managed by contract research organizations and costs associated with non-clinical activities and regulatory approvals.  The Company uses external service providers and vendors to conduct clinical trials, to manufacture supplies of product candidates to be used in clinical trials and to provide various other research and development-related products and services. Patent application and administrative costs are recorded as general and administration expenses.

When non-refundable payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are made, the Company defers and capitalizes these types of payments. The capitalized amounts are expensed when the related goods are delivered or the services are performed.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.  The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized as income in the period that includes the enactment date.  The Company provides a valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets unless, based upon the available evidence, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized.  A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that some of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.  The Company reviews the need for a valuation allowance each interim period to reflect uncertainties about whether we will be able to utilize deferred tax assets before they expire.  The valuation allowance analysis is based on estimates of taxable income for the jurisdictions in which it operates and the periods over which its deferred tax assets may be realized.  Changes in the Company’s valuation allowance could result in material increases or decreases in our income tax expense in the period such changes occur, which could have a material impact on its operating results.

Net Income (Loss) per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic net income (loss) per share, attributable to common stockholders, is calculated by dividing net income (loss), attributable to common stockholders, by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net income (loss) per share, attributable to common stockholders, is computed by dividing net income (loss), attributable to common stockholders, by the weighted-average number of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock method.  For purposes of this calculation, stock options and warrants are considered to be common stock equivalents and are only included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders when their effect is dilutive.

Reclassification

The Company has reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation.  Specifically, it has adjusted amounts to reclassify cost of contracts from cost of product sales in the three months ended March 31, 2012.  This reclassification has no impact on the net loss from operations or stockholders’ equity as previously reported.

As per the requirement of the Accounting Standards Update 2013-02, the Company has determined that there is no significant reclassification out of accumulated other comprehensive income to net income during the three months ended March 31, 2013.

Segment Reporting

The Company’s management has determined that it operates in one business segment which is the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products.

11

3.     Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value at March 31, 2013:

	Quoted Prices in Active Markets(Level 1)		Other Observable Inputs(Level 2)		Unobservable Inputs(Level 3)		Total
Cash equivalents	$	82,904,682	$	—	$	—	$	82,904,682
Marketable security	—		3,716,999		—		3,716,999
Investment in Cempra	848,110		—		—		848,110
Auction rate preferred security	—		—		820,000		820,000
	$	83,752,792	$	3,716,999	$	820,000	$	88,289,791

Level 1:  Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities

Level 2:  Quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities

Level 3:  Unobservable inputs

Marketable Securities.  With the exception of an auction rate security, the Company obtains pricing information from quoted market prices, pricing vendors or quotes from brokers/dealers. The Company conducts reviews of its primary pricing vendors to determine whether the inputs used in the vendors’ pricing processes are deemed to be observable. At March 31, 2013, the Company’s marketable security consisted solely of a government agency security.  The fair value of government agency securities generally is determined using standard observable inputs, including reported trades, quoted market prices and broker/dealer quotes.  This security is in Level 2.

Investment in Cempra.  Equity securities that have readily determinable fair values, not classified as trading securities or as held-to-maturity securities, are classified as available-for-sale securities.  Any unrealized gains and losses are reported in other comprehensive income (loss) until realized.  In February 2012, Cempra became a publicly-traded company and, as such, the Company assigned a value to the shares it received in March 2006 (see Note 7) and recorded the entire amount as an unrealized gain.  The Company considers the equity it owns in Cempra as available-for-sale. The fair value of the Company’s investment in Cempra is based on the quoted market price on the reporting date.  Cempra’s stock is publicly traded and is in Level 1.

Auction Rate Preferred Security (“ARPS”).  The fair value of the Company’s auction rate preferred security is estimated using third-party pricing information or a discounted cash flow model that incorporates transaction details such as contractual terms, maturity and timing and amount of cash flows and the expected holding period of the ARPS.  The ARPS does not have observable inputs and is included in Level 3.

On March 8, 2013, we received notice that the Boulder Total Return Fund is redeeming the ARPS on April 10, 2013.  The Company’s ARPS was reclassified from long-term investments to short-term investments as of March 31, 2013.

In April 2013, we redeemed the ARPS for $1 million. We will recognize a gain of $180,000 in the second quarter of 2013.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs is as follows:

	Auction Rate Preferred Security
Beginning balance at January 1, 2013	$	820,000
Total gains and losses:
Realized net income	—
Unrealized gain included in accumulated other comprehensive income	—
Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements	—
Transfers in (out) of Level 3	—
Ending balance at March 31, 2013	$	820,000
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in net loss related to assets still held	$	—

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4.    Investment Securities

The following is a summary of the Company’s consolidated investment securities, all of which are classified as available-for-sale. Determination of estimated fair value is based upon quoted market prices, pricing vendors or quotes from brokers/dealers as of the dates presented.

	March 31, 2013
	Gross Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Market Value
Government agency security	$	3,715,336	$	1,663	$	—	$	3,716,999
Investment in Cempra	—		848,110		—		848,110
	$	3,715,336	$	849,773	$	—	$	4,565,109

	December 31, 2012
	Gross Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Market Value
Government agency security	$	3,750,198	$	1,997	$	—	$	3,752,195
Investment in Cempra	—		804,134		—		804,134
	$	3,750,198	$	806,131	$	—	4,556,329

The government agency security did not have an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2013.

In February 2012, Cempra completed its initial public offering and the Company determined that its equity in Cempra had readily determinable value and recorded the fair value in the Company’s books. Prior to February 2012, the Company assigned no value to its equity in Cempra.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities available-for-sale at March 31, 2013 are as follows:

	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	3,715,336	$	3,716,999

The weighted-average maturity of the Company’s short-term investments at March 31, 2013 and 2012 was approximately six months and four months, respectively.

5.Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2013			2012
Numerator:
Net loss - basic and diluted	$	(31,331,699	)	$	(10,920,454	)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding - basic and diluted	47,884,210			46,722,617
Net loss per share - basic and diluted	$	(0.65	)	$	(0.23	)

Potentially dilutive shares of common stock equivalents, totaling 5.1 million and 4.4 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, were not included in the diluted net income per share calculations because they would have been anti-dilutive.

6.Stock Based Compensation

Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Stock Options

In November 1998, the Company adopted the 1998 Stock Plan (the “1998 Plan”).  The Company terminated and ceased granting options under the 1998 Plan upon the closing of the Company’s initial public offering in February 2007.

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In December 2006, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (“2006 Plan”) which became effective upon the closing of the Company’s initial public offering.  The 2006 Plan was succeeded by the 2012 Equity Plan (“2012 Plan”) which became effective upon approval by the Company’s stockholders on May 9, 2012. After May 9, 2012, no additional stock awards will be awarded under the 2006 Plan.  However, all outstanding stock awards granted under the 2006 Plan remain subject to the terms of the 2006 Plan.

The 2012 Plan is a continuation of the 2006 Plan.  Upon its adoption, the maximum number of shares of the Company’s common stock issuable under the 2012 Plan was 11,289,455, which consisted of: (a) 3,400,000 new shares; and (b) the number of unallocated shares remaining available for grant of new awards under the 2006 Plan as of May 9, 2012, which include shares subject to outstanding stock awards granted under the 2006 Plan that: (i) expire or terminate for any reason prior to exercise or settlement; (ii) are forfeited because of the failure to meet a contingency or condition required to vest such shares or repurchased at the original issuance price; or (iii) are re-acquired or withheld (or not issued) to satisfy a tax withholding obligation in connection with an award other than a stock option or stock appreciation right.

Options granted under the 1998 Plan, the 2006 Plan and the 2012 Plan generally expire 10 years from the date of grant (five years for a 10% or greater stockholder) and vest over a period of four years.  The exercise price of options granted must at least be equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.

Restricted Stock Units

From time to time the Company grants restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to its board members, executives and other employees. RSUs are valued based on the fair market value of the Company’s stock on the date of grant.

Performance-based Stock Options and Performance-based Restricted Stock Units

In February 2013, the Compensation Committee granted to certain executives performance-based RSUs covering up to an aggregate of 170,000 shares of common stock, which vest over time beginning on the date the Company determines that a specified product revenue goal has been achieved.

On May 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors appointed Pedro Lichtinger as its President and CEO and as a member of its Board of Directors.  Pursuant to Mr. Lichtinger’s offer letter, he received performance-based stock options to purchase up to an aggregate of 480,000 shares of common stock and performance-based RSUs covering up to an aggregate of 120,000 shares of common stock, which vested over time beginning on the dates the Company achieved specified development and commercialization goals.  In February 2011, one of the performance criteria was met and, in May 2011, another one of the performance criteria was met. As a result, 1/4th of the performance-based stock options and performance-based restricted stock units related to each goal vested in February 2012 and May 2012, respectively. In February 2013, Mr. Lichtinger resigned as President and CEO and as a member of the Company’s Board of Directors.  As a result, the performance-based options and performance-based restricted stock units which goals had not been achieved at the time of Mr. Lichtinger’s resignation were cancelled.

Simultaneously with Mr. Lichtinger’s appointment as President and CEO in 2010, Dr. Michael Chang resigned as the Company’s President and CEO.  The Company entered into a consulting agreement with Dr. Michael Chang to provide general consulting services. Pursuant to his consulting agreement and as part of his compensation, Dr. Michael Chang received performance-based stock options to purchase up to an aggregate of 400,000 shares of common stock which were to vest over time beginning on the dates certain regulatory filings were accepted and approved. Dr. Michael Chang’s consulting agreement was terminated in April 2012 and, as a result, the unvested portion of the performance-based options was cancelled.  Prior to the termination of his consulting agreement, 248,437 options had vested.  However, due to Dr. Michael Chang’s continuing role as a director, his other equity awards remain outstanding and continue to vest as per the vesting term of the awards.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Optimer issues stock awards under its employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”). Under the terms of the ESPP, eligible employees may purchase shares of Optimer’s common stock at the lesser of 85% of the fair market value of Optimer’s common stock on the offering date or the purchase date.

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Stock Option Valuation

Stock options are valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model on the date of grant. This option pricing model involves a number of estimates, including the expected lives of stock options, the Company’s anticipated stock volatility and applicable interest rates.  The Company recognizes compensation expense for performance-based stock awards granted to employees under the accelerated attribution method.  The following table shows the assumptions used to compute stock-based compensation expense for the stock options and restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, using the Black-Scholes option pricing model:

	Three Months ended March 31,
Stock Options Including Performance-based Stock Options	2013		2012
Risk-free interest rate	0.97	%	1.52-2.17	%
Dividend yield	0.00	%	0.00	%
Expected life of options (years)	6.08		6.08-8.33
Volatility	61.27	%	69.71-70.26	%

	Three Months ended March 31,
ESPP	2013		2012
Risk-free interest rate	0.13	%	0.09	%
Dividend yield	0.00	%	0.00	%
Expected life of options (years)	0.5		0.5
Volatility	47.24	%	42.61	%

The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the rates for U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with maturities similar to those of the expected term of the award being valued.  The assumed dividend yield was based on the Company’s expectation of not paying dividends for the foreseeable future.  The weighted-average expected life of options was calculated using the simplified method.  The Company used its historical volatility.

Total stock-based compensation expense related to all of the Company’s stock options, RSUs and other stock awards issued to employees and consultants, and employee stock purchases, recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 was as follows:

	Three Months ended March 31,
	2013		2012
Research and development	$	681,552	$	964,783
Selling, general and administrative	3,648,902		2,122,915
Stock-based compensation expense	$	4,330,454	$	3,087,698

At March 31, 2013, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options and restricted stock units issued to employees was approximately $23.6 million and the related weighted-average period over which such expense is expected to be recognized is approximately 2.8 years.

Optimer Biotechnology, Inc.

Stock Options

Until February 7, 2012, the Company consolidated OBI into its results of operations and recoded stock based compensation related to options granted by OBI. The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense for OBI included in each operating expense line item in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012:

	Three Months ended March 31,
	2013		2012
Research and development	$	—	$	8,465
Selling, general and administrative	—		9,181
Stock-based compensation expense	$	—	$	17,646

7.     Third-party Agreements

AstraZeneca UK Limited (“AstraZeneca”)

In November 2012, the Company entered an exclusive distribution and license agreement with AstraZeneca to commercialize fidaxomicin tablets for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in Latin America, including Brazil, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean.  Under the terms of the license agreement, the Company will provide to AstraZeneca the completed preclinical and clinical data, regulatory information and documents, testing information, protocols and any know-how relating to fidaxomicin.  In addition to the transfer of know-how, the Company will provide drug product for purposes of conducting validation testing in connection with seeking regulatory approval in the covered territories for commercial use of the product.  AstraZeneca will be performing, at its own expense, the work required to obtain regulatory approval and commercialization in the covered territories. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company received a $1.0 million up-front payment.

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The Company is eligible to receive up to $3.0 million in aggregate contingent payments on the first commercial sale in certain countries, and up to $19.0 million on the achievement of sales-related targets for fidaxomicin in the specified regions.  In addition, under the terms of a supply agreement entered into between the Company and AstraZeneca on the same date, the Company also is entitled to receive payments that provide a return resulting in a double-digit percent of net sales in the territory.

The Company assessed the deliverables under the authoritative guidance for multiple element arrangements.  Analyzing the arrangement to identify deliverables requires the use of judgment, and each deliverable may be an obligation to deliver services, a right or license to use an asset or another performance obligation.  Once the Company identified the deliverables under the arrangement, the Company determined whether or not the deliverables can be accounted for as separate units of accounting and determined the appropriate method of revenue recognition for each element.  The Company identified the two units of accounting as the license and the related know-how and the supply of drug product for validation testing.  As of December 31, 2012, the Company recognized $0.7 million of the $1.0 million up-front payment, as the Company determined that revenue was earned upon the delivery of license rights and related know-how.  The remaining $0.3 million was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2013, upon delivery of the batches manufactured for validation testing. The Company has determined that the achievement of the performance conditions associated with the contingent payments is based solely on the performance of AstraZeneca and that the payments do not meet the criteria for a milestone under the revised authoritative guidance for contingent milestones. The Company will recognize the revenue for the contingent payments when the performance condition is achieved.

Specialised Therapeutics Australia Pty. Ltd. (“STA”)

In June 2012, the Company entered into a distribution and license agreement with STA to register and commercialize fidaxomicin in Australia and New Zealand for the treatment of CDI.  Under the distribution and license agreement, STA is responsible for all costs associated with the registration and commercialization of fidaxomicin in Australia and New Zealand.  In addition, the Company entered a supply agreement with STA to supply product for the registration and commercial activities of STA and its sublicensees.  Upon signing the distribution and license agreement, STA made a payment of $0.5 million related to expenses incurred by the Company in connection with pre-approved activities in Australia which was recognized as contract revenue in 2012.

The Company is entitled to receive contingent payments, which may exceed $1.5 million, upon the achievement of cumulative net sales targets and also will receive payments for the supply of fidaxomicin to STA. The Company has determined that the achievement of the performance conditions associated with the contingent payments is solely based on the performance of STA and that the payments do not meet the criteria for a milestone under the revised authoritative guidance for contingent milestones. The Company will recognize the revenue for the contingent payments when the performance condition is achieved.

In April 2013, STA received from the Therapeutic Goods Administration, the Australian regulatory body for therapeutic goods such as medicine, marketing approval of DIFICID tablets for the treatment of confirmed Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in adults.  DIFICID will be available in Australia starting in May 2013.

Astellas Pharma Inc. (“Astellas Japan”)

In March 2012, the Company entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Astellas Japan pursuant to which the Company granted to Astellas Japan an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain of its know-how and intellectual property to develop and commercialize fidaxomicin in Japan.  Under the terms of the collaboration and license agreement, and at its expense, Astellas Japan agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize fidaxomicin in Japan and achieve certain additional regulatory and commercial diligence milestones with respect to fidaxomicin in Japan.  In addition, under the terms of the collaboration and license agreement, Astellas Japan granted to the Company an exclusive, royalty-free license under know-how and intellectual property generated by Astellas Japan and its sublicensees in the course of developing fidaxomicin and controlled by Astellas Japan or its affiliates for use by the Company and any of its sublicensees in the development and commercialization of fidaxomicin outside Japan and, following termination of the collaboration and license agreement and subject to payment by the Company of a single-digit royalties, in Japan.  In addition, under the terms of a supply agreement entered into by Astellas Japan and Optimer Europe, on the same date as the collaboration and license agreement, Optimer Europe will be the exclusive supplier of fidaxomicin to Astellas Japan for Astellas Japan’s development and commercialization activities in Japan during the term of the supply agreement.

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Under the terms of the collaboration and license agreement, Astellas Japan paid the Company an up-front fee of $20.0 million in April 2012. The Company also is eligible to receive additional contingent cash payments totaling up to $70.0 million upon the achievement by Astellas Japan of specified regulatory and commercial milestones.  In addition, the Company will be entitled to receive high-single-digit royalties on net sales of fidaxomicin products in Japan above an agreed threshold, which royalties are subject to reduction in certain limited circumstances.  Such royalties will be payable by Astellas Japan on a product-by-product basis until a generic product accounts for a specified market share of the applicable fidaxomicin product in Japan.  Under the supply agreement, in exchange for commercial supply of fidaxomicin, Astellas Japan is obligated to pay Optimer Europe a price equal to net sales of fidaxomicin products in Japan minus a discount that is based on a high-double-digit percentage of such net sales and a mark-up to cost of goods.  This price will be payable by Astellas Japan on a product-by-product basis for commercial supply until a generic product accounts for a specified market share of the applicable fidaxomicin product in Japan.

The collaboration and license agreement will continue in effect on a product-by-product basis until expiration of Astellas Japan’s obligation to pay royalties with respect to each fidaxomicin product in Japan, unless terminated early by either party.  Following expiration of the collaboration and license agreement, Astellas Japan’s license to develop and commercialize the applicable fidaxomicin product will become non-exclusive.  Each of the Company and Astellas Japan may terminate the collaboration and license agreement prior to expiration upon the material breach of such agreement by the other party or upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party.  In addition, the Company may terminate the collaboration and license agreement prior to expiration in the event Astellas Japan or any of its affiliates or sublicensees commences an interference or opposition proceeding with respect to, challenges the validity or enforceability of, or opposes any extension of or the grant of a supplementary protection certificate with respect to, any patent licensed to it under the collaboration and license agreement.  Astellas Japan may terminate the collaboration and license agreement prior to expiration for any reason upon 180 days’ prior written notice to the Company.  Upon any such termination, the license granted to Astellas Japan (in total or with respect to the terminated product, as applicable) will terminate and revert to the Company.  The supply agreement will continue in effect until terminated by either party.  Each of Optimer Europe and Astellas Japan may terminate the supply agreement (i) upon the material breach of such agreement by the other party, (ii) upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party or (iii) on a product-by-product basis following expiration of Astellas Japan’s obligation to pay the price described above with respect to the applicable fidaxomicin product, or in its entirety following expiration of Astellas Japan’s obligation to pay the price described above with respect to all fidaxomicin products.

The Company assessed the deliverables under the authoritative guidance for multiple element arrangements.  Analyzing the arrangement to identify deliverables requires the use of judgment, and each deliverable may be an obligation to deliver services, a right or license to use an asset or another performance obligation.  Once the Company identified the deliverables under the arrangement, the Company determined whether or not the deliverables can be accounted for as separate units of accounting, and the appropriate method of revenue recognition for each element. During the three months ended June 30, 2012, the Company recognized $19.9 million of the $20.0 million up-front payment, as the Company determined that revenue was earned upon the delivery of license rights and related know-how.  The remaining $0.1 million is being amortized over the term of the agreement and relates to the Company’s obligation to Astellas Japan to provide support in regulatory inquires and additional data as they are generated through the Company’s U.S. operations.

Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Cubist”)

In April 2011, the Company entered into a co-promotion agreement with Cubist pursuant to which the Company engaged Cubist as its exclusive partner for the promotion of DIFICID in the United States.  Under the terms of the agreement, the Company and Cubist have agreed to co-promote DIFICID to physicians, hospitals, long-term care facilities and other healthcare institutions as well as jointly to provide medical affairs support for DIFICID. In conducting their respective co-promotion activities, each party is obligated under the agreement to commit minimum levels of personnel, and Cubist is obligated to tie a portion of the incentive compensation paid to its sales representatives to the promotion of DIFICID in the United States.  Under the terms of the agreement, the Company is responsible for the distribution of DIFICID in the United States and for recording revenue from sales of DIFICID and agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain adequate inventory and third-party logistics support for the supply of DIFICID in the United States.  In addition, Cubist agreed to not promote competing products in the United States during the term of the agreement and, subject to certain exceptions, for a specified period of time thereafter. The initial term of the agreement is two years from the date of first commercial sale of DIFICID in the United States, subject to renewal or early termination as described below.  We currently do not anticipate renewing the co-promotion agreement when it expires on July 31, 2013, and will evaluate expanding our field force to detail the hospitals currently covered only by a Cubist representative.

In exchange for Cubist’s co-promotion activities and personnel commitments, the Company is obligated to pay a quarterly fee of approximately $3.8 million to Cubist ($15.0 million per year), beginning upon the commencement of the sales program of DIFICID in the United States. Except for the first quarterly payment which the Company paid in advance, all payments are paid in arrears. Cubist also is eligible to receive an additional $5.0 million in the first year after first commercial sale and $12.5 million in the second year after first commercial sale if mutually agreed upon annual sales targets are achieved, as well as a portion of the Company’s gross profits derived from net sales above the specified annual targets, if any. During 2012, the Company achieved the first year sales target and expensed $23.2 million, which consisted of $14.7 million in quarterly co-promotion fees, $5.0 million for the year-one sales target bonus and $3.5 million for Cubist’s portion of the gross profit on net sales above the year-one target.

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The agreement may be renewed by mutual agreement of the parties for additional, consecutive one-year terms.  Cubist and the Company each may terminate the agreement prior to expiration upon the uncured material breach of the agreement by the other party or upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party.  In addition, the Company may terminate the agreement, subject to certain limitations, if (i) the Company withdraws DIFICID from the market in the United States, (ii) Cubist fails to comply with applicable laws in performing its obligations, (iii) Cubist undergoes a change of control, (iv) certain market events occur related to Cubist’s product CUBICIN® (daptomycin for injection) in the United States or (v) Cubist undertakes certain restructuring activities with respect to its sales force.  Cubist may terminate the agreement, subject to certain limitations, if (i) the Company experiences certain supply failures in relation to the demand for DIFICID in the United States, (ii) the Company is acquired by certain types of entities, including competitors of Cubist, (iii) certain market events occur related to CUBICIN in the United States or (iv) the Company fails to comply with applicable laws in performing its obligations.

Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd. (“APEL”)

In February 2011, the Company entered into a collaboration and license agreement with APEL pursuant to which the Company granted to APEL an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain of the Company’s know-how and intellectual property to develop and commercialize fidaxomicin in Europe and certain other countries in the Middle East, Africa and the Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS.  In March 2011, the parties amended the collaboration and license agreement and the supply agreement (described below) to include certain additional countries in the CIS and all additional territories in Africa (all such countries and territories are referred to as the APEL territories).  Under the terms of the collaboration and license agreement, APEL has agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize fidaxomicin in the APEL territories at its expense, and to achieve certain additional regulatory and commercial diligence milestones with respect to fidaxomicin in the APEL territories.  The Company and APEL also may agree to collaborate in, and share data resulting from, global development activities with respect to fidaxomicin, in which case the Company and APEL will be obligated to co-fund such activities.  In addition, under the terms of the collaboration and license agreement, APEL granted the Company an exclusive, royalty-free license under know-how and intellectual property generated by APEL and its sublicensees in the course of developing fidaxomicin and controlled by APEL or its affiliates for use by the Company and any of its sublicensees in the development and commercialization of fidaxomicin outside the APEL territories and, following termination of the agreement and subject to payment by the Company of single-digit royalties, in the APEL territories.  In addition, under the terms of a supply agreement entered into between the Company and APEL on the same date, the Company is the exclusive supplier of fidaxomicin to APEL for APEL’s development and commercialization activities in the APEL territories during the term of the supply agreement, and APEL is obligated to pay the Company an amount equal to cost plus an agreed mark-up for such supply.

Under the terms of the collaboration and license agreement, APEL paid the Company an up-front fee of $69.2 million in March 2011, and the Company recognized a milestone payment of 40.0 million Euros in December 2011 as the result of APEL attaining EMA approval of DIFICLIR.  APEL paid the Company 50.0 million Euros in June 2012, which consisted of the 40.0 million Euro approval milestone payment and a 10.0 million Euro milestone payment for the first commercial launch of DIFICLIR in an APEL territory. The Company is eligible to receive additional contingent cash payments totaling up to 65.0 million Euros, upon the achievement by APEL of additional specified commercial milestones.

In addition, the Company is entitled to receive escalating double-digit royalties ranging from the high teens to low twenties on net sales of DIFICLIR products in the APEL territories, which royalties are subject to reduction in certain, limited circumstances.  Such royalties are payable by APEL on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis until a generic product accounts for a specified market share of the applicable DIFICLIR product in the applicable country. APEL launched DIFICLIR in Europe during the second quarter of 2012.

The Company assessed the deliverables under the authoritative guidance for multiple element arrangements. Based on the Company’s analysis, it determined that all of the up-front payment was earned upon the delivery of the license and related know-how, which occurred by March 31, 2011.

The agreements with APEL will continue in effect on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis until expiration of APEL’s obligation to pay royalties with respect to each fidaxomicin product in each country in the APEL territory, unless terminated early by either party as more fully described below.  Following expiration, APEL’s license to develop and commercialize the applicable fidaxomicin product in the applicable country will become non-exclusive.  The Company and APEL each may terminate either of the agreements, prior to expiration, upon the material breach of such agreement by the other party or upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party.  In addition, the Company may terminate the agreements prior to expiration in the event APEL or any of its affiliates or sublicensees commences an interference or opposition proceeding with respect to, challenges the validity or enforceability of, or opposes any extension of or the grant of a supplementary protection certificate with respect to any patent licensed to it. APEL may terminate the agreements prior to expiration for any reason on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis upon 180 days’ prior written notice to the Company.  Upon any such termination, the license granted to APEL (in total or with respect to the terminated product or terminated country, as applicable) will terminate and revert to the Company.

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Par Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Par”)

In February 2007, the Company repurchased the rights to develop and commercialize fidaxomicin in North America and Israel from Par under a prospective buy-back agreement.  The Company paid Par a $5.0 million milestone payment in June 2010 for the successful completion by the Company of its second pivotal Phase 3 trial for fidaxomicin.  The Company is obligated to pay Par a 5% royalty on net sales by the Company, its affiliates or its licensees of fidaxomicin in North America and Israel, including Cubist, and a 1.5% royalty on net sales by the Company or its affiliates of fidaxomicin in the rest of the world.  In addition, the Company is required to pay Par a 6.25% royalty on net revenues it receives related to fidaxomicin in connection with licensing of its right to market fidaxomicin in the rest of the world, such as the licenses the Company has granted to its partners in territories outside the United States and Canada.  The Company is obligated to pay each of these royalties, on a country-by-country basis for seven years commencing on the applicable commercial launch in each such country. For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company expensed approximately $0.9 million and $0.7 million, respectively, in royalties to Par.

Biocon Limited (“Biocon”)

In May 2010, the Company entered into a long-term supply agreement with Biocon for the commercial manufacture of fidaxomicin active pharmaceutical ingredient (“API”).  Pursuant to the agreement, Biocon agreed to manufacture and supply the Company, up to certain limits, fidaxomicin API and, subject to certain conditions, the Company agreed to purchase from Biocon at least a portion of its requirements for fidaxomicin API in the United States and Canada.  The Company previously paid to Biocon $2.5 million for certain equipment purchases and manufacturing scale-up activities, and is entitled to recover up to $1.5 million of this amount under the supply agreement in the form of discounted prices for fidaxomicin API.  As of March 31, 2013, the Company had fully recovered the $1.5 million.  Unless both Biocon and the Company agree to extend the term of the supply agreement, it will terminate seven and one-half years from the date the Company obtained marketing authorization for DIFICID in the United States.  The supply agreement may be earlier terminated: (i) by either party by giving two and one-half years notice after the fifth anniversary of the Effective Date or upon a material breach of the supply agreement by the other party; (ii) by the Company upon the occurrence of certain events, including Biocon’s failure to supply requested amounts of fidaxomicin API; or (iii) by Biocon upon the occurrence of certain events, including the Company’s failure to purchase amounts of fidaxomicin API that it indicates in binding forecasts.

Patheon Inc. (“Patheon”)

In June 2011, the Company entered into a commercial manufacturing services agreement with Patheon to manufacture and supply fidaxomicin drug products, including DIFICID, in North America, Europe and other countries, subject to agreement by the parties to any additional fees for such countries.  The Company agreed to purchase a specified percentage of its fidaxomicin product requirements for North America and Europe from Patheon or its affiliates.

The term of the agreement extends through December 31, 2016 and automatically will renew for subsequent two year terms unless either party provides a timely notice of its intent not to renew or unless the Agreement is terminated early pursuant to its terms. Patheon and the Company may terminate the agreement prior to expiration upon the uncured material breach of the agreement by the other party or upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party. In addition, the agreement will terminate with respect to any fidaxomicin product if the Company provides notice to Patheon that it no longer requires manufacturing services for such product because the product has been discontinued. Additionally, the Company may terminate the agreement, subject to certain limitations: (i) with respect to any fidaxomicin product if any regulatory authority takes any action or raises any objection that prevents the Company from importing, exporting, purchasing or selling such product, or if the Company determine to discontinue development or commercialization of such product for safety or efficacy reasons; (ii) if any regulatory authority takes an enforcement action against Patheon’s manufacturing site that relates to fidaxomicin products or that could reasonably be expected to adversely affect Patheon’s ability to supply fidaxomicin products to us; (iii) if Patheon is unable to deliver or supply any firm orders for any two calendar quarters during any four consecutive calendar quarters; (iv) if Patheon uses any debarred or suspended person in the performance of its service obligations under the agreement; or (v) if Patheon fails to meet certain production yield requirements in relation to fidaxomicin API.

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Cempra, Inc. (“Cempra”)

In March 2006, the Company entered into a collaborative research and development and license agreement with Cempra.  The Company granted to Cempra an exclusive worldwide license, except in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, with the right to sublicense the Company’s patent and know-how related to the Company’s macrolide and ketolide antibacterial program.  As partial consideration for granting Cempra the licenses, the Company obtained equity of Cempra representing an ownership of less than 20%.  The Company may receive milestone payments as product candidates are developed and/or co-developed by Cempra, in addition to milestone payments based on certain sublicense revenue.  The aggregate potential amount of such milestone payments is not capped and, based in part on the number of products developed under the agreement, may exceed $24.5 million. The milestone payments will be triggered upon the completion of certain clinical development milestones and, in certain instances, regulatory approval of products.  The Company also may receive royalty payments based on a percentage of net sales of licensed products.

Pursuant to the agreement, Cempra granted the Company an exclusive license whereby Cempra may receive milestone payments from the Company in the amount of $1.0 million for each of the first two products the Company develops which receive regulatory approval in ASEAN countries, as well as royalty payments on the net sales of such products.

Subject to certain exceptions, on a country-by-country basis, the general terms of this agreement continue until the later of (i) the expiration of the last to expire patent rights of a covered product in the applicable country or (ii) ten years from the first commercial sale of a covered product in the applicable country.  Either party may terminate the agreement in the event of a material breach by the other party, subject to prior notice and the opportunity to cure.  Either party also may terminate the agreement for any reason upon 30 days’ prior written notice provided that all licenses granted by the terminating party to the non-terminating party will survive upon the express election of the non-terminating party.

The Company has assessed milestones under the revised authoritative guidance for research and development milestones and determined that the preclinical milestone payments, as defined in the agreement, meet the definition of a milestone as they are (i) events that can only be achieved in part on the Company’s past performance or upon the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance, (ii) there is substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved and (iii) they result in additional payments being due to the Company. Clinical development and commercial milestone payments, however, currently do not meet these criteria as their achievement is solely based on the performance of Cempra.

In February 2012, Cempra completed an initial public offering at which time the Company’s equity interest in Cempra was converted to 125,646 shares of common stock.  The Company considers its equity interest in Cempra as available-for-sale (see Note 3).

In June 2012, Cempra completed its first Phase 2 clinical trial of solithromycin (CEM101) in patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, which triggered a $1.0 million milestone payment to the Company.  To date, the Company has received $1.5 million in payments from this collaboration.

OBI Pharma, Inc.

In October 2009, the Company entered into certain transactions involving OBI, its then wholly-owned subsidiary, to provide funding for the development of two of its early-stage, non-core programs.  The transactions with OBI included an intellectual property assignment and license agreement, pursuant to which the Company assigned to OBI certain patent rights, information and know-how related to OPT-88 and OPT-822/821.  In anticipation of these transactions, the Company assigned, and OBI assumed, its rights and obligations under related license agreements with Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.  Under the intellectual property assignment and license agreement, the Company is eligible to receive up to $10 million in milestone payments related to the development of OPT-822/821 and is eligible to receive royalties on net sales of any product which is commercialized under the program.  The term of the intellectual property assignment and license agreement continues until the last to expire of certain patents assigned to and licensed by the Company to OBI.

In January 2012, OBI and the Company executed a letter of agreement which provided the Company the right of first refusal if OBI or one of its affiliates receives any offer to obtain an exclusive, royalty-bearing license (including the right to sublicense) under the OPT-822/821 patents and the OBI OPT-822/821 technology to develop, make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale, have sold and import OPT-822/821 products in the United States, Europe or other specified territories.  In the letter of agreement, as consideration for the grant of the right of first refusal, the Company waived certain of OBI’s obligations under the intellectual property assignment and license agreement. The letter of agreement expires 10 years from the effective date of the agreement.

In the fourth quarter of 2012, the Company sold its remaining equity interest in OBI (see Note 8) but retains its rights to receive milestone and royalty payments related to OPT-822/821 under the Intellectual Property Assignment and License Agreement.  The Company retains a right of first refusal to license commercial rights to OPT-822/821 in the United States, Europe or other specified territories.

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Scripps Research Institute (“TSRI”)

In July 1999, the Company acquired exclusive, worldwide rights certain drug technology from TSRI.  The agreement with TSRI includes the license to the Company of patents, patent applications and copyrights related to the technology.  The Company also acquired, pursuant to three separate license agreements with TSRI, exclusive, worldwide rights to over 20 TSRI patents and patent applications related to other potential drug compounds and technologies, including HIV/FIV protease inhibitors, aminoglycoside antibiotics, polysialytransferase, selectin inhibitors, nucleic acid binders and carbohydrate mimetics.

Under the four agreements with TSRI, the Company paid TSRI license fees consisting of an aggregate of 239,996 shares of the Company’s common stock with a deemed aggregate fair market value of $46,400, as determined on the dates of each such payment. In October 2009, the Company assigned to OBI one of the agreements with TSRI related to OPT-88 which, after further evaluation, OBI decided not to pursue. In February 2011, OBI and TSRI agreed to terminate the agreement and OBI returned the patents related to OPT-88. Under each of the three remaining agreements, the Company owes TSRI royalties based on net sales by the Company, the Company’s affiliates and sublicensees of the covered products and royalties based on revenue the Company generates from sublicenses granted pursuant to the agreements.  For the first licensed product under each of the three remaining agreements, the Company also will owe TSRI payments upon achievement of certain milestones.  In two of the three TSRI agreements, the milestones are the successful completion of a Phase 2 trial or its foreign equivalent, the submission of an NDA or its foreign equivalent and government marketing and distribution approval.  In the remaining TSRI agreement, the milestones are the initiation of a Phase 3 trial or its foreign equivalent, the submission of an NDA or its foreign equivalent and government marketing and distribution approval.  The aggregate potential amount of milestone payments the Company may be required to pay TSRI, under the three remaining TSRI agreements, is approximately $11.1 million.  The Company is currently not developing any products covered by the TSRI agreements.

8.     Investment in OBI

In February 2012, OBI issued 36 million newly-issued shares of its common stock, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately 540 million New Taiwan dollars (approximately $18.3 million based on then-current exchange rates). The Company did not participate in the February 2012 financing. In March 2012, the Company sold 1.5 million shares of its equity interest in OBI. These transactions reduced the Company’s ownership interest in OBI from a majority interest to a 42.9% interest and triggered consideration regarding whether or not to continue consolidating OBI, as well as an evaluation to consider whether OBI was a variable interest entity (“VIE”).

As a result of its evaluation, the Company determined that OBI was not a VIE and that Optimer no longer had voting control or other forms of control over the operations and decision making of OBI. As a result of this evaluation, the Company de-consolidated OBI as of February 7, 2012 and de-recognized the OBI assets, liabilities and non-controlling interest from its financial statements and no longer consolidated its results of operations. Management applied de-consolidation accounting guidance, which included analyzing Optimer’s investment in OBI at February 7, 2012 to determine the fair value on the date of de-consolidation and the related gain or loss upon de-consolidation. Based on available evidence, management determined that the fair value of Optimer’s investment in OBI at February 7, 2012 was $29.7 million. This fair value was based primarily on OBI’s financing transaction in February 2012 in which shares of common stock were sold at approximately $0.51 per share (based on then-current exchange rates). As a significant portion of the additional investment in OBI was made by outside investors in an arms-length transaction and the common shares have the same rights and preferences as the shares held by Optimer, management determined that this price per share approximated fair market value as of February 7, 2012. The gain attributed to the de-consolidation of OBI was $23.8 million. During a portion of 2012, Optimer provided consulting, purchasing and other services to OBI and billed OBI in the amount of approximately $89,000 for such services. The Company is no longer providing consulting, purchasing, or other services to OBI.

As of the date of de-consolidation, and prior to the sale of its remaining equity interest in OBI, the Company accounted for its investment in OBI under the equity method. The investment was adjusted for Optimer’s share in the equity in net loss and cash contributions and distributions for the appropriate periods. In addition, the Company recorded adjustments to reflect the amortization of basis differences attributable to the fair values in excess of net book values of identified tangible and intangible assets. Based on a preliminary valuation, the fair value in excess of book value was attributed to in-process research and development related to a License and Collaboration Agreement for fidaxomicin and an Intellectual Property Assignment and License Agreement related to OBI’s OPT-822/821 program (see Note 6). For the period post de-consolidation, the Company’s equity method investment in OBI had been reduced by $1.8 million to reflect its share in OBI losses during that period. Any difference between the carrying amount of the investment on the Company’s balance sheet and the underlying equity in net assets was evaluated for impairment at each reporting period.

In May 2012, we purchased the 924,000 shares of OBI from Mr. Lichtinger and canceled a restricted stock unit previously granted to Mr. Lichtinger covering an aggregate of 450,000 common shares of OBI, for an amount of cash equal to approximately $0.5 million.

During the fourth quarter of 2012, the Company sold the remainder of its equity interest in OBI for $60.0 million in gross proceeds. The gain attributed to the sale of OBI stock was $31.5 million.

9.     Commitments and Contingencies

Contingencies

In March 2012, the Company became aware of an attempted grant in September 2011 to Dr. Michael Chang of 1.5 million technical shares of OBI.  The Company engaged external counsel to assist it in an internal review and determined that the attempted grant may have violated certain applicable laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”).

In April 2012, the Company self-reported the results of its preliminary findings to the SEC and the U.S. Department of Justice (the “DOJ”), which included information about the attempted grant and certain related matters, including a potentially improper $300,000 payment in July 2011 to a research laboratory involving an individual associated with the OBI share grant.  At that time, the Company terminated the employment of its then-Chief Financial Officer and its then-Vice President, Clinical Development.  The Company also removed Dr. Michael Chang as the Chairman of its Board of Directors and requested that Dr. Michael Chang resign from the Board of Directors, which he has not.  The Company continued its investigation and its cooperation with the SEC and the DOJ.

As a result of the continuing internal investigation, in February 2013, the independent members of the Board of Directors determined that additional remedial action should be taken in light of prior compliance, record keeping and conflict-of-interest issues surrounding the potentially improper payment to the research laboratory and certain related matters.  On February 26, 2013, the Company’s then-President and Chief Executive Officer and its then-General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer resigned at the request of the independent members of the Board of Directors.

In addition, over the past year, the Company has revised its compliance policies, strengthened its approval procedures and implemented training and internal audit procedures to make compliance and monitoring more comprehensive.

The Company continues to cooperate with the ongoing investigations by the SEC and DOJ, including by responding to document and interview requests, conducting in-person meetings and updating these authorities on its findings with respect to the attempted OBI technical share grant, the potentially improper payment to the research laboratory and certain matters that may be related.  The Company is unable to predict the ultimate resolution of these matters, whether it will be charged with violations of applicable civil or criminal laws or whether the scope of the investigations will be extended to new issues.  The Company also is unable to predict what potential penalties or other remedies, if any, the authorities may seek against it or any of its current or former employees, or what the collateral consequences may be of any such government actions.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this report, as well as the audited financial statements and accompanying notes included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC.  This discussion and other parts of this report may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties.  Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report.

Overview

We are a global biopharmaceutical company currently focused on commercializing our antibiotic product DIFICID® (fidaxomicin) in the United States and Canada, and on developing other fidaxomicin products in the United States and worldwide, both independently and with our partners and licensees.  DIFICID is a macrolide antibacterial drug indicated in adults 18 years of age or older for the treatment of CDAD and is the first antibacterial drug to be approved in the United States for the treatment of CDAD in more than 25 years. We currently are marketing DIFICID in the United States through our own sales force and through our co-promotion agreement with Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Cubist.

We continue to pursue regulatory approval for, and commercialization of, fidaxomicin in other geographies outside the United States and Canada through various collaboration partners.  In December 2011, the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, approved the Marketing Authorization Application for DIFICLIR (fidaxomicin) for the treatment of adults suffering from CDI in Europe.  In June 2012, our collaboration partner, APEL, achieved the first sales of DIFICLIR tablets in its European territories.  In addition, in June 2012, our subsidiary Optimer Pharmaceuticals Canada, Inc., or Optimer Canada, began marketing DIFICID in Canada. In April, 2013 the Therapeutic Goods Administration, the Australian regulatory body for therapeutic goods such as medicines, approved DIFICID for the treatment of confirmed CDI in adults.  STA, our Australia and New Zealand licensee, plans to commence commercialization in Australia in May 2013. We have entered into an agreement with Astellas Japan for the development and commercialization of fidaxomicin in Japan.

In November 2012 we entered an exclusive agreement with AstraZeneca to commercialize fidaxomicin tablets for the treatment of CDI in Latin America, including Brazil, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean.

We were incorporated in November 1998 and have incurred significant net losses since our inception.  At March 31, 2013, we had an accumulated deficit of $283.3 million.  These losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in connection with research and development activities, including the costs of clinical trial activities, license fees and general and administrative expenses and, more recently, expenses incurred in connection with our commercial efforts with respect to DIFICID in the United States and Canada.  We expect to incur operating losses for at least the next two years as we commercialize DIFICID and pursue further development of DIFICID, including conducting post-marketing studies for label expansion and continuing further development, regulatory approval and commercialization of fidaxomicin worldwide. For example, in October 2012, we initiated a Phase 3b clinical trial of DIFICID for the prevention of CDAD in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or HSCT.  We may acquire or in-license additional products or product candidates, technologies or businesses that are complementary.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of our Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.  The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses and related disclosures.  Actual results could differ from those estimates. While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this report, we believe the following accounting policies to be critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Product Sales

DIFICID is available in the United States and Canada through three major wholesalers - AmerisourceBergen Corporation, Cardinal Health, Inc. and McKesson Corporation - and through regional wholesalers and specialty pharmacies that provide DIFICID to purchasing customers, such as hospitals, retail pharmacies, long-term care facilities and other purchasing outlets that may dispense DIFICID. We recognize revenue from product sales when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, title has passed to the customer, the price is fixed and determinable, the buyer is obligated to pay us, the obligation to pay is not contingent on resale of the product, the buyer has economic substance apart from us, we have no obligation to bring about the sale of the product, the amount of returns can be reasonably estimated and collectability is reasonably assured. We recognize product sales of DIFICID upon delivery of product to the wholesalers, specialty pharmacies and certain direct purchasers.

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During the three months ended March 31, 2013, the $16.8 million in net product sales to wholesalers reflected a total of 7,393 DIFICID bottles shipped to wholesalers and specialty pharmacies. We believe net product sales were negatively impacted by an inventory sell-down by wholesalers. Wholesalers and specialty pharmacies shipped approximately 7,600 DIFICID bottles to hospitals, retail pharmacies, long-term care facilities and other purchasing outlets that may dispense DIFICID in the United States and Canada during the three months ended March 31, 2013.  Our sales representatives primarily target approximately 1,200 hospitals, although approximately 3,100 hospitals have ordered DIFICID.

Our net product sales represent total gross product sales in the United States and Canada less allowances for customer credits, including estimated rebates, chargebacks, discounts and returns. These allowances are established by management as its best estimate, based on available information, and are adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. Allowances for rebates, chargebacks, discounts and returns are established based on the contractual terms with customers, communications with customers, as well as expectations about the market for the product and anticipated introduction of competitive products.  Product shipping and handling costs are included in cost of product sales.

Our total product sales allowance, as a percentage of gross product sales, increased from 12.6% at March 31, 2012 to 22.6% at March 31, 2013 primarily due to higher hospital discounts.

Product Sales Allowances. We establish reserves for prompt-payment discounts, fee-for-service arrangements, government and commercial rebates, product returns and other applicable allowances, such as our hospital discount.  Allowances relate to prompt-payment discounts and fee-for-service arrangement with our contracted wholesalers and direct purchase discounts, and are recorded at the time of sale, resulting in a reduction in product sales.  Accruals related to government and commercial rebates, product returns and other applicable allowances are recognized at the time of sale, resulting in a reduction in product sales and an increase in accrued expenses.

Prompt-payment Discounts.  We offer a prompt-payment discount to our customers.  Since we expect our customers will take advantage of this discount, we accrue 100% of the prompt-payment discount that is based on the gross amount of each invoice, at the time of sale.  .

Government and Commercial Rebates and Chargebacks.  We estimate commercial rebates as well as government-mandated rebates and discounts relating to federal and state programs such as Medicaid, the Veterans’ Administration, or VA, and Department of Defense programs, the Medicare Part D Coverage Discount Program and certain other qualifying federal and state government programs.  We estimate the amount of these rebates and chargebacks based on historical trends for DIFICID.  These allowances are adjusted periodically based on actual experience.

Medicaid rebate reserves relate to our estimated obligations to states under statutory “best price” obligations which also may include supplemental rebate agreements with certain states.  Rebate accruals are recorded during the same period in which the related product sales are recognized.  Actual rebate amounts are determined at the time of claim by the state, and we generally will make cash payments for such amounts after receiving billings from the state.

VA rebates or chargeback reserves represent our estimated obligations resulting from contractual commitments to sell DIFICID to qualified healthcare providers at a price lower than the list price charged to our distributors.  A distributor will charge us for the difference between what the distributor pays for the product and the ultimate selling price to the qualified healthcare provider.  Rebate and chargeback accruals are established during the same period in which the related product sales are recognized. Actual chargeback amounts for Public Health Service are determined at the time of resale to the qualified healthcare provider from the distributor, and we generally will issue credits for such amounts after receiving notification from the distributor.

Although allowances and accruals are recorded at the time of product sale, certain rebates generally will be paid, on average, in six months or longer after the sale.  Reserve estimates are evaluated quarterly and, if necessary, adjusted to reflect actual results.  Any such adjustments will be reflected in our operating results in the period of the adjustment.

Product Returns.  Our policy in the United States is to accept returns of DIFICID for six months prior to, and twelve months after, the product expiration date.  Our policy in Canada is to accept returns of DIFICID for three months prior to, and twelve months after, the product expiration date.  We permit returns if the product is damaged or defective when received by our customers. We will provide a credit for such returns to customers with whom we have a direct relationship. Once product is dispensed it cannot be returned, but we allow partial returns in states where such returns are mandated. We do not exchange product from inventory for the returned product.

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Allowances for product returns are recorded during the period in which the related product sales are recognized, resulting in a reduction to product sales.  We estimate product returns based upon the sales pattern of DIFICID, management’s experience with similar products, historical trends in the pharmaceutical industry and trends for similar products sold by others.

During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the provisions for product sales allowances reduced gross product sales as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2013			2012
Total gross product sales	$	21,729,014		$	16,447,200
Returns reserve and allowance	(323,401		)	(246,708		)
Government and commercial rebates and chargebacks	(2,988,698		)	(559,291		)
Prompt-pay discounts and fees	(1,603,379		)	(1,260,660		)
Product sales allowance	$	(4,915,478	)	$	(2,066,659	)
Total product sales, net	$	16,813,536		$	14,380,541
Total product sales allowances as a percent of gross product sales	22.6		%	12.6		%

An analysis of the amount of, and change in, product sales reserves for the three months ended March 31, 2013 is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2013
	Returns Reserve and Allowances			Government and Commercial Rebates and Chargebacks			Prompt-pay Discounts and Fees			Total
Balance at January 1, 2013	$	1,475,124		$	1,642,849		$	1,888,523		$	5,006,496
Provisions related to sales	323,401			2,988,698			1,603,379			4,915,478
Returns and payments	(139,724		)	(2,630,641		)	(1,669,944		)	(4,440,309		)
Balance at March 31, 2013	$	1,658,801		$	2,000,906		$	1,821,958		$	5,481,665

Contract Revenue

Under certain of our licensing and collaboration agreements, we are entitled to receive payments upon the achievement of contingent milestone events. In order to determine the revenue recognition for contingent milestone-based payments, we evaluate the contingent milestones using the criteria as provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Boards, or FASB, guidance on the milestone method of revenue recognition at the inception of a collaboration agreement.

Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) Topic 605-28, Revenue Recognition — Milestone Method (ASC 605-28), established the milestone method as an acceptable method of revenue recognition for certain contingent, event-based payments under research and development arrangements.  Under the milestone method, a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone is recognized in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved.  A milestone is an event: (i) that can be achieved based in whole or in part on either our performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from our performance; (ii) for which there is substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved; and (iii) that would result in additional payments being due to us.  The determination that a milestone is substantive is judgmental and is made at the inception of the arrangement.  Milestones are considered substantive when the consideration earned from the achievement of the milestone is: (i) commensurate with either our performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of value of the item delivered as a result of a specific outcome resulting from our performance to achieve the milestone; (ii) relates solely to past performance; and (iii) is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement.

Other contingent, event-based payments received for which payment is either contingent solely upon the passage of time or the results of a collaborative partner’s performance are not considered milestones under ASC 605-28.  In accordance with ASC Topic 605-25, Revenue Recognition - Multiple-Element Arrangements (ASC 605-25), such payments will be recognized as revenue when all of the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; the price is fixed or determinable; and collectability is reasonably assured.

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Revenues recognized for royalty payments are recognized as earned in accordance with the terms of various research and collaboration agreements.

For collaboration agreements with multiple deliverables, we recognize collaboration revenues and expenses by analyzing each element of the agreement to determine if it is to be accounted for as a separate element or single unit of accounting. If an element is to be treated separately for revenue recognition purposes, the revenue recognition principles most appropriate for that element are applied to determine when revenue is to be recognized. If an element is not to be treated separately for revenue recognition purposes, the revenue recognition principles most appropriate for the bundled group of elements are applied to determine when revenue is to be recognized.

Cash received in advance of services being performed is recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as revenue as services are performed over the applicable term of the agreement.  In connection with certain research collaboration agreements, revenues are recognized from non-refundable, up-front fees that we do not believe are specifically tied to a separate earnings process, ratably over the term of the agreement.  Research fees are recognized as revenue as the related research activities are performed.

With respect to revenues derived from reimbursement of direct out-of-pocket expenses for research costs associated with grants, where we act as a principal, with discretion to choose suppliers, bears credit risk and performs part of the services required in the transaction, we record revenue for the gross amount of the reimbursement. The costs associated with these reimbursements are reflected as a component of research and development expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

None of the payments we have received from collaborators to date, whether recognized as revenue or deferred, is refundable even if the related program is not successful.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or market.  Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. We reserve for potentially excess, dated or obsolete inventory based on an analysis of inventory on hand compared to forecasts of future sales. At March 31, 2013, inventory consisted of $16.9 million in raw materials and $5.2 million in finished goods.

Research and Development

We expense costs related to research and development as incurred. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of license fees, salaries and related employee benefits, costs associated with clinical trials managed by contract research organizations and costs associated with non-clinical activities and regulatory approvals.  We use external service providers and vendors to conduct clinical trials, to manufacture supplies of product candidates to be used in clinical trials and to provide various other research and development-related products and services.

When non-refundable payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are made, we defer and capitalize these types of payments. The capitalized amounts are expensed when the related goods are delivered or the services are performed.

Stock-based Compensation

The FASB authoritative guidance requires that share-based payment transactions with employees be recognized in the financial statements based on their fair value and recognized as compensation expense over the vesting period.  Total consolidated stock-based compensation expense of $4.3 million and $3.1 million was recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The stock-based compensation expense recognized included expense from performance-based stock options and restricted stock units.

Stock-based compensation expense is estimated, as of the grant date, based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which generally represents the vesting period. We estimate the fair value of our stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the fair value of our stock awards based on the quoted market price of our common stock.

For performance-based stock options and performance-based restricted stock units, we begin to recognize the expense when it is deemed probable that the performance-based goal will be met. We evaluate the probability of achieving performance-based goals on a quarterly basis.

Equity instruments issued to non-employees are periodically revalued as the equity instruments vest and are recognized as expense over the related service period.

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Income Taxes

We estimate income taxes based on the jurisdictions where we conduct business.  Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide income tax provision.  We estimate our current tax liability and assess temporary differences that result from differing treatments of certain items for tax and accounting purposes.  These differences result in net deferred tax assets and liabilities.  We then assess the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be realized.

We estimate that our federal and state taxable income, if any, for the current year will be fully offset by net operating losses and research and development credit carryovers.  As such, no current tax provision has been recorded.  We also have recorded a full valuation allowance for the remaining net deferred tax benefits.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2013, we recorded a deferred tax benefit of $15,000, which reflected our application of the intra-period tax allocation rules under which we are required to record a tax benefit in continuing operations to offset the tax provision we recorded directly to other comprehensive income primarily related to the unrealized gain on our investment in Cempra stock.

Segment Reporting

Our management has determined that we operate in one business segment which is the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

Product Sales, Net

Net product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 were $16.8 million and $14.4 million, respectively, an increase of $2.4 million.  The increase was due to an increase in the number of customers ordering DIFICID and increased sales to existing DIFICID customers, as well as the impact of a price increase.

Contract Revenue

Contract revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was $2.6 million. The $2.6 million was related to fidaxomicin shipments to our collaborative partners, as well as royalties from APEL.  In addition, during the period, we recognized approximately $0.3 million of revenue related to the up-front payment received from AstraZeneca in the prior year.  There was no contract revenue in the quarter ended March 31, 2012.

Costs and Expenses

Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 was $1.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively, an increase of $0.4 million.  The increase generally was due to higher product sales in the quarter ended March 31, 2013, as compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2012.

Cost of Contract Revenue. Cost of contract revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 was $1.7 million and $1.1 million, respectively, an increase of $0.6 million.  The $1.7 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2013, included royalties on APEL sales, as well as inventory costs for fidaxomicin shipments to our collaboration partners.  The $1.1 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2012, included the cost of bulk tablets, for which no revenue was recognized, as the bulk tablets did not meet quality standards.

Research and Development Expense.  Research and development expense for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 was $9.9 million and $11.1 million, respectively, a decrease of $1.2 million. The decrease was primarily due to lower chemistry, manufacturing and control expenses as well as lower consulting expenses.  The decrease was offset by higher health economics and outcomes research expenses.  We also incurred higher expenses related to our prophylaxis and pediatric clinical trials.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense. Selling, general and administrative expense for three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 was $34.0 million and $25.5 million, respectively, an increase of $8.5 million. The increase primarily was due to higher legal, professional and outside service expenses. We also recognized higher stock compensation expense, primarily related to the departure of certain executives.

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Co-promotion Expenses with Cubist. Co-promotion expenses with Cubist for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 were $3.8 million and $10.1 million, respectively, a decrease of $6.3 million. The co-promotion expenses for the quarter ended March 31, 2012 included an accrual of the first year’s sales target bonus and an accrual of the first year’s gross profit on sales above the target. We did not accrue similar expenses in the quarter ended March 31, 2013.

Gain on De-consolidation of OBI. The $23.8 million gain in the quarter ended March 31, 2012 represented the gain on the de-consolidation of OBI.  We did not have a similar gain in the quarter ended March 31, 2013.

Equity in Net Loss of OBI. The $0.5 million loss in the quarter ended March 31, 2012 represented the loss recognized in our investment in OBI, using the equity method from February 2012 through March 2012. We did not have a similar loss in the three months ended March 31, 2013.

Interest Income and Other, Net. Net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 was $159,000 and $76,000, respectively.

Net Loss Attributable to Non-controlling Interest. Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest for the three months ended March 31, 2012 was $280,000. The $280,000 represented approximately one month of non-controlling interest, prior to deconsolidation of OBI in February 2012.  We did not have a similar loss in the three months ended March 31, 2013.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Prior to the launch of DIFICID in July 2011, our operations were financed primarily through the sale of equity securities.  Through March 31, 2013, we received gross proceeds of approximately $333.8 million from the sale of equity securities in various private and public financing transactions. Since July 2011, we entered into collaboration and license agreements and received a total of approximately $157.8 million from up-front and milestone payments pursuant to the agreements.  In the fourth quarter of 2012, we sold our remaining equity interest in OBI for $60.0 million in gross proceeds.  Through March 31, 2013, we had generated $100.7 million of net product sales.

Until required for operations, we invest a substantial portion of our available funds in marketable securities, consisting primarily of government agency securities.  We have established guidelines relating to diversification and maturities of our investments to preserve principal and maintain liquidity.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared, assuming that we will continue as a going concern. A going concern basis of accounting contemplates the recovery of our assets and the satisfaction of our liabilities in the normal course of business. Based on our current forecast, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents of $93.3 million will be sufficient to fund our cash requirements through March 31, 2014.   If we are not able to achieve our planned revenue, or incur costs in excess of our forecast, we may be required to substantially reduce discretionary spending or raise additional capital. If we are forced to seek additional financing, which may include additional equity financing or funding through other third party agreements, there can be no assurances that additional financing will be available on favorable terms or otherwise. Furthermore, any equity financing may result in dilution to existing stockholders.

Cash Flows

As of March 31, 2013, cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaled $93.3 million, as compared to $124.0 million as of December 31, 2012, a decrease of $30.7 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2013, cash used by operating activities was $32.8 million. We had a net loss of $31.3 million, which included non-cash expenses of $4.6 million.  Such non-cash expenses included stock-based compensation and depreciation and amortization. We also had an increase in accounts receivable, other, of $1.5 million related to fidaxomicin shipments to collaboration partners, and we had an increase in inventory of $7.1 million. The increase in inventory is to mitigate any risk inherent with a single source of supply and to meet contractual obligations under certain supply agreements. Accounts payable and accrued expenses increased $1.8 million, primarily due to increased legal and professional service fees, as well as severance costs associated with the departure of certain executives.

During the three months ended March 31, 2012, cash used by operating activities was $27.7 million. We had a net loss of $11.2 million, which included non-cash expenses of $3.3 million.  Such non-cash expenses included stock-based compensation and depreciation and amortization.  In March 2012, we sold 1.5 million shares of our then-majority-owned subsidiary, OBI, and recognized a $23.8 million gain on de-consolidation.  Accounts payable and accrued expenses increased $7.2 million, primarily due to costs accrued for the year-one, Cubist target sales bonus.

During the three months ended March 31, 2013, cash provided by investing activities was $0.1 million, primarily related to the sale of computer equipment.

During the three months ended March 31, 2012, cash provided by investing activities was $17.5 million. The cash increase was primarily due to maturities of short-term investments of $20.7 million and due to proceeds on the sale of OBI shares of $2.0 million.  The increase was offset by the purchase of property and equipment for $1.2 million and a $4.0 million reduction of cash related to the de-consolidation of OBI.

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During the three months ended March 31, 2013, cash provided by financing activities was $1.3 million due to proceeds from the exercise of stock options. During the three months ended March 31, 2012, cash provided by financing activities was $0.3 million due to proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

Although we started selling DIFICID in July 2011, we cannot be certain if, when or to what extent we will receive meaningful cash inflows from our commercialization activities.  We expect our commercialization expenses to be substantial. We also expect to continue to incur development expenses as we pursue life-cycle management opportunities and build our pipeline.

In December 2012, we entered into a collaboration agreement with AstraZeneca to commercialize fidaxomicin in Latin America, including Brazil, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean.  Under the terms of the agreement, we received a $1.0 million up-front payment.  We are eligible to receive up to $3.0 million in aggregate milestone payments upon the first commercial sale in certain countries, and up to $19.0 million in other milestone payments contingent on the achievement of sales-related targets for fidaxomicin in the territories.  We also are entitled to receive payments that provide a return resulting in a double-digit percent of net sales in the territory under a fidaxomicin supply agreement.

In March 2012, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with Astellas Japan pursuant to which we granted to Astellas Japan an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain of our know-how and intellectual property to develop and commercialize fidaxomicin in Japan. Under the terms of the license agreement, Astellas Japan paid to us an up-front fee equal to $20.0 million which we received in April 2012. We also are eligible to receive additional cash payments totaling up to $70.0 million upon the achievement by Astellas Japan of specified regulatory and commercial milestones.  In addition, we are entitled to receive high single-digit royalties on net sales of fidaxomicin products in Japan above an agreed threshold, which royalties are subject to reduction in certain, limited circumstances.  Such royalties will be payable by Astellas Japan on a product-by-product basis until a generic product accounts for a specified market share of the applicable fidaxomicin product in Japan. Under the supply agreement, in exchange for commercial supply of fidaxomicin, Astellas Japan is obligated to pay Optimer Europe a price equal to net sales of fidaxomicin products in Japan minus a discount that is based on a high double-digit percentage of such net sales and a mark-up to cost of goods.  This price will be payable by Astellas Japan on a product-by-product basis for commercial supply until a generic product accounts for a specified market share of the applicable fidaxomicin product in Japan.

In April 2011, we entered into a co-promotion agreement with Cubist pursuant to which we engaged Cubist as our exclusive partner for the promotion of DIFICID in the United States.  Under the terms of the agreement, Cubist and we have agreed to co-promote DIFICID to physicians, hospitals, long-term care facilities and other healthcare institutions as well as jointly provide medical affairs support for DIFICID. In exchange for Cubist’s co-promotion activities and personnel commitments, we are obligated to pay a quarterly fee of approximately $3.8 million to Cubist which we began paying upon the commencement of the DIFICID sales program in the United States. Cubist also is eligible to receive an additional $5.0 million in the first year after first commercial sale and $12.5 million in the second year after first commercial sale if mutually agreed upon annual sales targets are achieved, as well as a portion of our gross profits derived from net sales above the specified annual targets, if any.  During 2012, we achieved the first year sales target and paid Cubist $23.2 million, which consisted of $14.7 million in quarterly co-promotion fees, $5.0 million for the year-one sales target bonus and $3.5 million for Cubist’s portion of the gross profit on net sales above the year-one target. We currently do not anticipate renewing the co-promotion agreement when it expires on July 31, 2013, and will evaluate expanding our field force to detail the hospitals currently covered only by a Cubist representative.

In June 2011, we entered into a commercial manufacturing services agreement with Patheon to manufacture and supply fidaxomicin drug products, including DIFICID, in North America, Europe and other countries, subject to agreement by the parties to any additional fees for such countries.  We agreed to purchase a specified percentage of our fidaxomicin product requirements for North America and Europe from Patheon or its affiliates.

In February 2011, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with APEL pursuant to which we granted to APEL an exclusive, royalty-bearing license under certain of our know-how and intellectual property to develop and commercialize fidaxomicin in the APEL territories. Under the terms of the license agreement, APEL paid to us an up-front fee of $69.2 million in March 2011 and we recognized a milestone payment of 40.0 million Euros in December 2011 as the result of APEL attaining EMA approval of DIFICLIR. APEL paid us 50.0 million Euros in June 2012 which consisted of the 40.0 million Euro approval milestone payment and a 10.0 million Euro milestone for the first commercial launch of DIFICLIR in the APEL territories. We are eligible to receive additional cash payments totaling up to 65.0 million Euros upon the achievement by APEL of specified commercial milestones.  In addition, we are entitled to receive escalating double-digit royalties ranging from the high-teens to low-twenties on net sales of fidaxomicin products in the APEL territories, which royalties are subject to reduction in certain, limited circumstances.  Such royalties are payable by APEL on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis until a generic product accounts for a specified market share of the applicable fidaxomicin product in the applicable country.  APEL launched DIFICLIR in Europe during the second quarter of 2012.

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In May 2010, we entered into a long-term supply agreement with Biocon Limited, or Biocon, for the commercial manufacture of fidaxomicin’s active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API. Pursuant to the agreement, Biocon agreed to manufacture and supply to us, up to certain limits, fidaxomicin API and, subject to certain conditions, we agreed to purchase from Biocon at least a portion of our requirements for fidaxomicin API in the United States and Canada.  We previously paid Biocon $2.5 million for certain equipment purchases and manufacturing scale-up activities, and we are entitled to recover up to $1.5 million of this amount, under the supply agreement, in the form of discounted prices for fidaxomicin API.  As of March 31, 2013, we had fully recovered the $1.5 million.

We may be obligated to make additional payments to Biocon if we fail to meet minimum purchase requirements, following Biocon’s dedication of certain manufacturing capacity to the production of fidaxomicin API and if Biocon is unable to manufacture alternative products with the dedicated capacity.

In February 2007, we repurchased the rights to develop and commercialize DIFICID in North America and Israel from Par under a prospective buy-back agreement.  We paid Par a $5.0 million milestone payment in June 2010 for the successful completion of the second pivotal Phase 3 trial for DIFICID.  We are obligated to pay Par a 5% royalty on net sales by us, our affiliates or our licensees of DIFICID in North America and Israel and are obligated to pay a 1.5% royalty on net sales by us or our affiliates of fidaxomicin in the rest of the world.  In addition, in the event we license our right to market fidaxomicin in the rest of the world, we will be required to pay Par a 6.25% royalty on net revenues received related to fidaxomicin.  We are obligated to pay each of these royalties, on a country-by-country basis, for seven years, commencing on the applicable commercial launch in each such country. Through the three months ended March 31, 2013, we paid an aggregate of $8.9 million in royalties to Par.

Funding Requirements

Our future capital uses and requirements depend on numerous factors including, but not limited to, the following:

·our ability to successfully market and sell DIFICID in the United States and Canada and the ability of our collaborators to market other fidaxomicin products in countries outside the United States and Canada;

·the costs of maintaining, growing and managing our commercial infrastructure including our sales and distribution capabilities and the timing of such efforts;

·our decision to conduct future clinical trials, including the design, timing and progress of such clinical trials;

·our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations, including licensing and other arrangements;

·the amount and timing of payments we may receive or be required to make under strategic collaborations, including licensing, co-promotion and other arrangements;

·our decision to partner or license fidaxomicin or commercialize fidaxomicin ourselves in countries where we currently do not have a collaboration partner or our own presence;

·the costs of preparing and pursuing applications for regulatory approvals and the timing of such approvals;

·the costs involved in connection with investigating and responding to governmental inquiries related to the issuance of OBI shares to Dr. Michael Chang, the potentially improper payment to the research laboratory and certain related matters described in the Risk Factors, as well as any costs relating to any potential litigation or enforcement proceedings related thereto;

·the costs involved in prosecuting, enforcing or defending patent claims or other intellectual property rights;

·the extent to which we in-license, acquire or invest in other indications, products, technologies and businesses; and

·the ongoing review of strategic alternatives.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our capital requirements for at least the next 12 months.

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Until we can generate significant cash from our operations, we expect to continue to fund our operations with existing cash resources, revenues from sales of DIFICID in the United States and Canada and contract revenues from existing and future collaboration agreements.  In addition, we may finance future cash needs through the sale of additional equity securities, new collaboration agreements or debt financing.  However, we may not be successful in completing future equity financings, in entering into additional collaboration agreements, in receiving milestone or royalty payments under new or existing collaboration agreements or in obtaining debt financing.  In addition, we cannot be sure that our existing cash and investment resources will be adequate, that financing will be available when needed or that, if available, financing will be obtained on terms favorable to us or our stockholders.

The capital markets continue to be volatile which has generally made equity and debt financing more difficult to obtain, and may negatively impact our ability to complete financing transactions.  Having insufficient funds may require us to delay, scale-back or eliminate some or all of our planned commercialization activities and development programs or negotiate less favorable terms for rights to our products or product candidates than we would otherwise choose.  Failure to obtain adequate financing also may adversely affect our ability to operate as a going concern.  If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, substantial dilution to existing stockholders would likely result.  If we raise funds by incurring debt, the terms of the debt may involve significant cash payment obligations as well as covenants and specific financial ratios that may restrict our ability to operate our business.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities Risk

Our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments at March 31, 2013 consisted of money market funds, a U.S. government security and an auction rate preferred security that was redeemed in April 2013.  Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates.  The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing the income we receive from our investments without significantly increasing risk.  A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during the three month ended March 31, 2013 would have resulted in an approximately $3,000 change in net income. Accordingly, we would not expect our operating results or cash flows to be affected to any significant degree by a sudden change in market interest rates applicable to our securities portfolio.  In general, money market funds are not subject to market risk because the interest paid on such funds fluctuates with the prevailing interest rate.

Fair Value Measurements

All of our investment securities are available-for-sale securities and are reported on the consolidated balance sheet at market value except for one auction rate preferred security, or ARPS, with a par value of approximately $1.0 million.

Foreign Currency Risk

While we operate primarily in the United States, we are exposed to foreign currency risk.  Our agreement with APEL includes milestone and royalty payments which are denominated in Euros.  Our fidaxomicin API manufacturer, Biocon, is located in India and our manufacturer of fidaxomicin tablets, Patheon, is located in Canada.  Although we pay Biocon and Patheon in U.S. dollars, changes in the Rupee and the Canadian dollar may result in price adjustments and affect our operating results.

We established subsidiaries in Canada, Optimer Canada, and in Luxembourg, Optimer Luxembourg 2 S.à.r.l., or Optimer Europe, and we expect Optimer Canada’s and Optimer Europe’s transactions to be denominated primarily in Canadian dollars and Euros, respectively.  As a result, our financial results could be affected by factors such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates or weak economic conditions in foreign markets where we conduct business, including the impact of the existing conditions in the global financial markets in such countries and the impact on both the U.S. dollar, the Canadian dollar and the Euro.

We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. We do not engage in exchange rate hedging or hold or issue foreign exchange contracts for trading purposes. Currently, we do not expect the impact of fluctuations in the relative fair value of the other currencies to be material to our results of operations.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

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As required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on the foregoing, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of the end of the period covered by this report because of a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to approval of certain non-recurring transactions as discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012. Notwithstanding the existence of the material weakness, management has concluded that the consolidated financial statements included in this report present fairly, in all material respects, our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Remediation Efforts to Address Material Weakness

We believe we have taken steps to remediate the issues that contributed to the material weakness.  These steps include the revision of our corporate authorization policy and other compliance policies, the strengthening of our approval procedures, the implementation of training and internal audit procedures to make our compliance and monitoring more comprehensive and changes to our senior management team, including the replacement of our Chief Executive Officer and General Counsel in February 2013.  There is no assurance that the remedial steps we have undertaken will be sufficient and additional steps may be necessary to remediate the material weakness identified above. We will not be able to determine whether the material weakness has been fully remediated until the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through its annual testing, that these controls are operating effectively.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Except as described above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting in our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.   Legal Proceedings

In March 2012, we became aware of an attempted grant in September 2011 to Dr. Michael Chang of 1.5 million technical shares of OBI.  We engaged external counsel to assist us in an internal review and determined that the attempted grant may have violated certain applicable laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA.

In April 2012, we self-reported the results of our preliminary findings to the SEC and the U.S. Department of Justice, or the DOJ, which included information about the attempted grant and certain related matters, including a potentially improper $300,000 payment in July 2011 to a research laboratory involving an individual associated with the OBI share grant.  At that time, we terminated the employment of our then-Chief Financial Officer and our then-Vice President, Clinical Development.  We also removed Dr. Michael Chang as the Chairman of our Board of Directors and requested that Dr. Michael Chang resign from the Board of Directors, which he has not.  We continued our investigation and our cooperation with the SEC and the DOJ.

As a result of our continuing internal investigation, in February 2013, the independent members of our Board of Directors determined that additional remedial action should be taken in light of prior compliance, record keeping and conflict-of-interest issues surrounding the potentially improper payment to the research laboratory and certain related matters.  On February 26, 2013, our then-President and Chief Executive Officer and our then-General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer resigned at the request of the independent members of our Board of Directors.

In addition, over the past year, we have revised our compliance policies, strengthened our approval procedures and implemented training and internal audit procedures to make our compliance and monitoring more comprehensive.

We continue to cooperate with the ongoing investigations by the SEC and DOJ, including by responding to document and interview requests, conducting in-person meetings and updating these authorities on our findings with respect to the attempted OBI technical share grant, the potentially improper payment to the research laboratory and certain matters that may be related.  We are unable to predict the ultimate resolution of these matters, whether we will be charged with violations of applicable civil or criminal laws or whether the scope of the investigations will be extended to new issues.  We also are unable to predict what potential penalties or other remedies, if any, the authorities may seek against us or any of our current or former employees, or what the collateral consequences may be of any such government actions.

Item 1a. Risk Factors

The risk factors set forth below with an asterisk (*) next to the title are new risk factors or risk factors containing changes, including any material changes, from the risk factors previously disclosed in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, as filed with the SEC.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our success largely depends on our ability to successfully commercialize our only product, DIFICID.

Our success depends on our ability to effectively commercialize our only product, DIFICID, which was approved by the FDA in May 2011 for the treatment of CDAD in adults 18 years of age and older.  We launched DIFICID in the United States in July 2011 and launched DIFICID in Canada in June 2012 following our receipt of Canadian marketing approval. Our ability to effectively commercialize and generate revenues from DIFICID will depend on several factors, including:

·our continued ability to create market demand in the United States for DIFICID through our own commercial activities as well as through our co-promotion agreement with Cubist;

·our ability to successfully implement customer contracting and discounting programs to certain institutional customer segments, such as hospitals and group purchasing organizations;

·the effectiveness of our reimbursement support programs designed to improve patient access to DIFICID;

·the ability of our collaboration partners to successfully commercialize fidaxomicin outside the United States and Canada;

·our continued ability to train, deploy and support a qualified sales force;

·our continued ability to preserve existing formulary acceptance and secure additional formulary approvals for DIFICID at a substantial number of targeted hospitals and long-term care facilities;

·the availability of adequate coverage or reimbursement for DIFICID by government healthcare programs and third-party payors, including private health coverage insurers and health maintenance organizations;

·our customers’ ability to realize adequate reimbursement from payors, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ recently implemented New Technology Add-on Payment, or NTAP, program for DIFICID

·the performance of our third-party manufacturers and our ability to ensure that our supply chain efficiently and consistently delivers DIFICID to our customers and collaboration partners;

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·our ability to implement and maintain agreements with wholesalers and distributors on commercially reasonable terms;

·our ability to expand the label of DIFICID to cover additional indications; and

·our ability to maintain and defend our patent protection and regulatory exclusivity for DIFICID.

Any disruption in our ability to generate revenues from the sale of DIFICID or lack of success in its commercialization will have a substantial adverse impact on our results of operations.

The success of our efforts to commercialize DIFICID in the United States will be partially dependent on our co-promotion agreement with Cubist.

Pursuant to our co-promotion agreement with Cubist, we engaged Cubist as our exclusive partner for the promotion of DIFICID in the United States. The initial term of the agreement will end in July 2013, subject to potential renewal for additional one-year terms.  We have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that Cubist may devote to the co-promotion of DIFICID. If Cubist fails to adequately promote DIFICID, or if Cubist’s efforts are not effective for any other reason, our business may be negatively affected.  In particular, we are relying on our co-promotion agreement with Cubist to reach a broader segment of the CDAD market than we currently can reach on our own.  If Cubist is unsuccessful or the co-promotion agreement is terminated earlier than we expect, we may not be able to address these broader CDAD market segments, and the revenues we may generate from sales of DIFICID in the United States will be limited.

We are subject to a number of other risks associated with our dependence on our co-promotion agreement with Cubist, including:

·Cubist could fail to devote sufficient resources to the promotion of DIFICID, including by failing to maintain or train sufficient sales or medical affairs personnel to promote or provide information regarding DIFICID;

·Cubist may not provide us with timely and accurate information regarding promotion and sales activities with respect to DIFICID, which could adversely impact our ability to manage our own inventory of DIFICID in the United States, as well as our ability to generate accurate financial forecasts;

·Cubist and we may not be successful in coordinating our respective sales and promotion activities under the co-promotion agreement, which could lead to inefficiencies, the failure to maximize DIFICID sales in the Unites States, and/or disagreements between Cubist and us;

·Cubist may not comply with applicable regulatory guidelines with respect to the promotion of DIFICID, which could adversely impact sales of DIFICID in the United States; or

·business combinations or significant changes in Cubist’s business strategy, including the acquisition or development by Cubist of other products, may adversely affect Cubist’s ability or willingness to perform its obligations under our co-promotion agreement.

Our co-promotion agreement with Cubist is subject to early termination, including through Cubist’s right to terminate if we experience certain supply failures in relation to the demand for DIFICID in the United States or if we are acquired by certain types of entities, including competitors of Cubist.  If the agreement is terminated early, we may not be able to find another partner to co-promote DIFICID in the United States on acceptable terms, or at all, and we may be unable to sufficiently promote and commercialize DIFICID in the United States on our own.  If the agreement is not renewed beyond July 2013, we may be unable to successfully replace the resources and efforts of Cubist in co-promoting DIFICID and our sales of DIFICID in the United States may decline as a result.  We currently do not anticipate renewing the co-promotion agreement when it expires on July 31, 2013, and will evaluate expanding our field force to detail the hospitals currently covered only by a Cubist representative.

We are dependent on our collaboration agreements with various third parties to commercialize and further develop fidaxomicin in territories outside the United States and Canada.  The failure to maintain these agreements or the failure of our collaboration partners to perform their obligations under their respective agreements, could negatively impact our business.

Pursuant to the terms of our collaboration agreements, we granted to third parties, including APEL, Astellas Japan, STA and AstraZeneca, exclusive rights to develop and commercialize fidaxomicin in various territories outside the United States and Canada, including Europe, Japan, Australia and Latin America. We also have entered into supply agreements with our collaboration partners pursuant to which we are obligated to supply our partners all of their requirements of fidaxomicin for such development and commercialization activities.  Consequently, our ability to generate any revenues from fidaxomicin in territories outside the United States and Canada depends on our collaboration partners’ ability to obtain regulatory approvals for and successfully commercialize fidaxomicin in their respective territories.  We have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaboration partners will dedicate to these efforts.

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We are subject to a number of other risks associated with our dependence on our collaboration agreements including:

·our collaboration partners may not comply with applicable regulatory guidelines with respect to developing or commercializing fidaxomicin, which could adversely impact sales or future development of fidaxomicin outside the United States and Canada;

·our collaboration partners could disagree as to future development plans and our collaboration partners may delay future clinical trials or stop a future clinical trial;

·there may be disputes between our collaboration partners and us, including disagreements regarding the applicable collaboration agreement, that may result in (i) the delay of or failure to achieve regulatory and commercial objectives that would result in milestone or royalty payments, (ii) the delay or termination of any future development or commercialization of fidaxomicin and/or (iii) costly litigation or arbitration that diverts our management’s attention and resources;

·because the milestone and royalty payments in the collaboration agreement with APEL are stated in terms of Euros but paid to us in U.S. Dollars, the amounts of any milestone or royalty payments that may be paid to us under the collaboration agreement could be less than what we expect, depending on the applicable exchange rate at the time of such payments;

·our collaboration partners may not provide us with timely and accurate information regarding sales and marketing activities and supply forecasts, which could adversely impact our ability to comply with our supply obligations to our collaboration partners and manage our own inventory of fidaxomicin, as well as our ability to generate accurate financial forecasts;

·business combinations or significant changes in our collaboration partners’ business strategy may adversely affect our collaboration partners’ ability or willingness to perform their respective obligations under our collaboration and supply agreements;

·our collaboration partners may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights in the their respective territories or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property rights or expose us to potential litigation;

·the payments we are eligible to receive from our collaboration partners may be reduced or eliminated based upon our collaboration partners’ and our ability to maintain or defend our intellectual property rights and the presence of generic competitors in the applicable territories;

·limitations under certain of our collaboration agreements on our, or an acquiror’s, ability to maintain or pursue development or commercialization of products that are competitive with fidaxomicin could deter a potential acquisition of us that our stockholders may otherwise view as beneficial; and

·if our collaboration partners are unsuccessful in obtaining regulatory approvals for or commercializing fidaxomicin in their respective territories, we may not receive any payments under the applicable collaboration agreement and our business prospects and financial results may be materially harmed.

Our collaboration and supply agreements are subject to early termination, including through our collaboration partners’ right to terminate without cause upon advance notice to us.  If the agreements are terminated early, we may not be able to find another collaborator for the commercialization and further development of fidaxomicin in the applicable territory on acceptable terms, or at all, and we may be unable to pursue continued commercialization or development of fidaxomicin in the applicable territory on our own.

We may enter into additional agreements for the commercialization of fidaxomicin and may similarly be dependent on the performance of third parties with similar risk.

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Other than our existing collaboration agreements, we may not be able to enter into acceptable agreements to commercialize fidaxomicin outside of the United States and Canada or, if needed, adequately build our own marketing and sales capabilities.

We intend to continue the development and commercialization of fidaxomicin outside of the United States and Canada through collaboration arrangements with third parties, such as our collaborations with APEL, Astellas Japan, STA and AstraZeneca, or independently.  We may be unable to enter into additional collaboration arrangements in international markets.  In addition, there can be no guarantee that our existing collaboration partners or any other parties with which we may enter into collaboration arrangements will be successful or will generate more revenues than we could obtain by marketing fidaxomicin on our own.  If we are unable to enter into additional collaboration arrangements for our products or develop an effective international sales force, our ability to generate product revenues would be limited, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.  If we are unable to enter into additional collaboration arrangements for development of fidaxomicin in countries outside of the United States and Canada, or if we otherwise decide to market fidaxomicin ourselves in these countries, we will need to develop our own marketing and sales force to market fidaxomicin to hospital-based and long-term care physicians in these territories.  These efforts may not be successful as we have limited relationships among such hospital-based and long-term care physicians and may not currently have sufficient funds to develop an adequate sales force in each of these regions.  If we cannot commercialize fidaxomicin, either through a collaboration or independently, in any territory that represents a significant market opportunity, our ability to achieve and sustain profitability will be substantially limited.

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future.*

We have experienced significant operating losses since our inception in 1998.  As of March 31, 2013, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $283.3 million.  We have generated limited revenues from product sales and collaborations to date, and we expect our expenses to continue to be significant in the near-term as we execute the commercialization of DIFICID due to, among other things, our employee headcount, on-going payments to Cubist pursuant to our co-promotion agreement and our pursuit of additional research and development activities, including potential additional indications and life-cycle management projects for DIFICID. We have funded our operations through March 31, 2013 primarily from the sale of approximately $333.8 million of our equity securities and through payments received under collaborations with partners or government grants and product revenues from sales of DIFICID. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with commercializing DIFICID and with developing, obtaining regulatory approval for and commercializing any future product candidates, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses.  Our collaborators or we may never successfully commercialize our products or product candidates, including fidaxomicin outside of the United States, and thus we may never have any significant future revenues or achieve and sustain profitability.

The commercial success of DIFICID, and any other products we develop or acquire, will depend upon attaining significant market acceptance among physicians, hospitals, patients, healthcare payors and the medical community.

Even after being approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities for marketing and sale, physicians may not prescribe any of our products, which would prevent us from generating revenues or becoming profitable.  Market acceptance of our products by physicians, hospitals, patients and healthcare payors generally will depend on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

·timing of market introduction of our products as well as of competitive drugs;

·the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments, including numerous generic antibiotics;

·the clinical indications for which the product is approved;

·acceptance by physicians and patients of each product as a safe and effective treatment;

·perceived advantages over alternative treatments;

·the extent to which the product is approved for inclusion on formularies of hospitals and managed care organizations;

·the extent to which bacteria develop resistance to the product, thereby limiting its efficacy in treating or managing infections;

·the availability of adequate reimbursement by third parties, such as insurance companies and other healthcare payors;

·patients’ compliance in filling prescriptions;

·limitations or warnings contained in a product’s FDA-approved labeling;

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·relative convenience and ease of administration;

·prevalence and severity of adverse side effects; and

·whether the product is designated under physician treatment guidelines as a first-line therapy or as a second- or third-line therapy for particular infections.

With respect to DIFICID specifically, successful commercialization will depend on whether, and to what extent, physicians, pharmacists, long-term care facilities and hospital pharmacies, over whom we have no control, determine to utilize DIFICID. The sale of DIFICID to each hospital is, to a large extent, dependent upon the addition of DIFICID to that hospital’s list of approved drugs, or formulary, and we may experience substantial delays in obtaining formulary approvals and restrictions on the usage of the drug may be implemented. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in getting additional approvals in a timely manner or at all, and the failure to do so will limit our ability to optimize hospital sales of DIFICID.

Even if we obtain hospital formulary approval for DIFICID, physicians must still prescribe DIFICID for its commercialization to be successful. Because DIFICID is a new drug with a limited track record of sales in the United States, any inability to timely supply DIFICID to our customers, or any unexpected side effects that arise from the use of the drug may lead physicians to not accept DIFICID as a viable treatment alternative.

Even after receipt of regulatory approval from the FDA, DIFICID is, and any other products we may develop or acquire in the future will be, subject to substantial, ongoing regulatory requirements.

DIFICID is, and any future approved products will be, subject to ongoing FDA requirements with respect to manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, advertising, promotion, record-keeping and submission of safety and other post-market information on the drug. The FDA has the authority to regulate the claims we make in marketing any products, including DIFICID, to ensure that such claims are true, not misleading, supported by scientific evidence and consistent with the approved label for the drug. In addition, the discovery of previously unknown problems with DIFICID or any future approved product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facilities where active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, or final drug product is manufactured, may result in the imposition of additional restrictions, including requiring us to reformulate the product, conduct additional clinical trials, make changes in the labeling of the product or withdraw the product from the market.

The FDA or foreign regulatory authorities also may impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies for any approved product. For example, as a condition of the FDA’s approval of DIFICID, we are required to conduct a microbiological surveillance program to identify the potential for decreased susceptibility of C. difficile to DIFICID, as well as two post-marketing studies in pediatric patients and a randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of DIFICID in the treatment of patients with multiple CDAD recurrences.  Depending on the outcome of the studies, we may be unable to expand the indications for DIFICID, or we may be required to include specific warnings or limitations on dosing this product, which could negatively impact our sales of DIFICID.

We have implemented a comprehensive compliance program and related infrastructure, but we cannot provide absolute assurance that we are or will be in compliance with all potentially applicable laws and regulations. If our operations, in relation to DIFICID or any future approved product, fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, the FDA or other regulatory agencies may:

·issue warning letters or untitled letters;

·impose consent decrees, which may include the imposition of various fines, reimbursement for inspection costs, due dates for specific actions and penalties for noncompliance;

·impose fines or other civil or criminal penalties;

·suspend regulatory approval;

·suspend any ongoing clinical trials;

·refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us;

·impose restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements;

·exclude us from participating in U.S. federal healthcare programs, including Medicaid or Medicare; or

·seize or detain products or require a product recall.

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Any of these regulatory actions, due to our failure to comply with post-approval requirements, could damage our reputation, limit our ability to market our products and adversely affect our operating results.  In addition, the failure of our current or future collaborators to comply with these regulations and similar regulations in foreign jurisdictions would limit our ability to fully commercialize fidaxomicin and any other product we may develop or acquire in the future.

We must comply with federal and state “fraud and abuse” laws and, if we are unable to fully comply with such laws, we could face substantial penalties, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the United States, in addition to FDA restrictions, we are subject to healthcare fraud and abuse regulation and enforcement by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:

·the federal healthcare programs’ Anti-Kickback Law, which prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

·federal false claims laws which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent;

·the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created federal criminal laws that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any health care benefit program or making false statements relating to health care matters;

·federal “sunshine” laws that require transparency regarding financial arrangements with health care providers, such as the reporting and disclosure requirements imposed by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or collectively, the PPACA, on drug manufacturers regarding any “transfer of value” made or distributed to prescribers and other health care providers; and

·state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers.

Some states, such as California, Massachusetts and Vermont, mandate implementation of comprehensive compliance programs to ensure compliance with these laws.

The risk of our being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by applicable regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution or other regulatory sanctions, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor.

Recently, several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly inflating drug prices they report to pricing services, which in turn are used by the government to set Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates, and for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. In addition, certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, also violate false claims laws.

Recent healthcare reform legislation has strengthened these laws.  For example, the recently enacted PPACA, among other things, amended the intent requirement of the federal anti-kickback and criminal health care fraud statutes such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it.  In addition, PPACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal anti-kickback statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the false claims statutes.  We expect there will continue to be federal and state laws and/or regulations, proposed and implemented, that could impact our operations and business.  The extent to which future legislation or regulations, if any, relating to healthcare fraud abuse laws and/or enforcement, may be enacted or what effect such legislation or regulation would have on our business remains uncertain.

Violations of these laws are punishable by criminal and civil sanctions, including, in some instances, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of operations.  We believe that our operations are in material compliance with these laws, and we increased our compliance resources in connection with the commercial launch of DIFICID.  However, because of the far-reaching nature of these laws, there can be no assurance that we will not be required to alter one or more of our practices to be in compliance with these laws.  In addition, there can be no assurance that the occurrence of one or more violations of these laws or regulations would not result in a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Our product sales depend on adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors.

Sales of DIFICID by our collaborators and us are dependent on the availability and extent of coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors, including government healthcare programs and private insurance plans, as well as effective use by our customers of reimbursement programs for DIFICID.  Our collaborators and we rely in large part on the reimbursement coverage by federal and state sponsored government programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid in the United States, which are increasingly challenging prices charged and the cost-effectiveness of medical products.  These practices may be further exacerbated by future healthcare reform measures.  In addition, many healthcare providers, such as hospitals, receive a fixed reimbursement amount per procedure or other treatment therapy based on a prospective payment system, and these amounts are not necessarily based on the actual costs incurred.  As a result, these healthcare providers may be inclined to choose the least expensive therapies.  We cannot guarantee that our potential customers will find the reimbursement amounts sufficient to cover the costs of our products, including DIFICID.

We have licensed rights to develop and commercialize fidaxomicin in Europe, Japan, Australia, Latin America and certain other territories to our collaboration partners.  In the event our collaborators or we seek approvals to market fidaxomicin in other non-U.S. territories, our collaborators or we will need to work with the applicable government-sponsored healthcare entities in the applicable territories that are the primary payors of healthcare costs in such regions.  Certain government payors may regulate prices, reimbursement levels and/or access to fidaxomicin or any future products to control costs or to affect levels of use of the product.

We cannot predict the availability or level of coverage and reimbursement for DIFICID or any future approved product.  If third-party coverage and reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to commercialize DIFICID or any other products successfully or at all, which would materially harm our business and prospects.

Regulatory approval for any approved product is limited by the FDA to those specific indications and conditions for which clinical safety and efficacy have been demonstrated as listed in the approved labeling.

Any regulatory approval is limited to those specific diseases and indications for which a product is deemed to be safe and effective by the FDA. In addition to the FDA approval required for new formulations, any new indication for an approved product also requires FDA approval.

While physicians may choose to prescribe drugs for uses that are not described in the product’s labeling and for uses that differ from those tested in clinical studies and approved by the regulatory authorities, our ability to promote the products is limited to those indications that are specifically approved by the FDA. Regulatory authorities in the United States generally do not regulate the behavior of physicians in their choice of treatments, and such off-label uses by healthcare professionals are common. Regulatory authorities do, however, restrict communications by pharmaceutical companies on the subject of off-label use. If we are not able to obtain FDA approval for any desired future indications for DIFICID or any future approved products, our ability to market and sell such products will be limited and our business may be adversely affected.

If our collaborators or we fail to gain and/or maintain marketing approvals from regulatory authorities in international markets for fidaxomicin and any future product candidates for which we have or license rights in any significant international markets, our market opportunities will be limited.*

The ability of our collaborators and us to sell our product candidates outside of the United States is subject to foreign regulatory requirements governing clinical trials and marketing approval.  Even if the FDA grants marketing approval for a product candidate, comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries also must approve the marketing of the product candidate in those countries. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay the introduction of our products in those countries.  Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not guarantee regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country.  In addition, our collaborators’ or our failure to obtain regulatory approval in any country may delay or have negative effects on the process for regulatory approval in others. We could experience significant delays and difficulties and incur significant costs in obtaining foreign regulatory approvals in the territories for which we retain commercialization rights.

Other than DIFICLIR’s approval by the EMA in Europe and DIFICID’s approval in Canada and in Australia, none of our product candidates is approved for sale in any significant international market. If our collaborators or we fail to comply with regulatory requirements with respect to our product candidates in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, our market opportunities and ability to generate revenues will be diminished, which would significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

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If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our products.

We face an inherent risk of product liability lawsuits related to the testing of our product candidates, and face an even greater risk related to the sale of commercial products, such as DIFICID.  An individual may bring a liability claim against us if one of our products or product candidates causes, or merely appears to have caused, an injury.  If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against a product liability claim, we may incur substantial liabilities.  Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

·significant litigation costs;

·substantial monetary awards to, or costly settlement with, patients;

·product recalls and/or an inability to continue marketing our products;

·decreased demand for our product;

·injury to our reputation;

·termination of clinical trial sites or entire clinical trial programs;

·withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

·loss of revenues; and

·the inability to commercialize our product candidates.

Our ability to market products is dependent upon physician and patient perceptions of us and the efficacy, safety and quality of our products. We could be adversely affected if we or our products and product candidates are subject to negative publicity.  We also could be adversely affected if any of our products or product candidates or any similar products distributed by other companies prove to be, or are asserted to be, harmful to patients.  Also, because of our dependence upon physician and patient perceptions, any adverse publicity associated with illness or other adverse effects resulting from patients’ use or misuse of our products or any similar products distributed by other companies could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

We have product liability insurance that covers our commercial product as well as global clinical trial liability insurance.  Our current or future insurance coverage may prove insufficient to cover any liability claims brought against us.  Because of the increasing costs of insurance coverage, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or obtain insurance coverage that will be adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

If we fail to obtain additional financing, we may be unable to commercialize DIFICID and develop and commercialize other product candidates.

We may require additional capital to fully commercialize DIFICID and any future products for which we obtain regulatory approval or acquire or in-license.  We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all.  To the extent that we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience significant dilution.  Any debt financing, if available, may require us to pledge our assets as collateral or involve restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional indebtedness, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could negatively impact our ability to conduct our business.  If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may have to significantly scale back our commercialization activities for DIFICID in the United States and Canada or significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development of one or more of our product candidates or research and development initiatives.

To the extent we require additional resources to successfully commercialize DIFICID, and we are unable to raise additional capital or are unable to effectively collaborate with additional partners for the commercialization of DIFICID, we will not generate significant revenues from sales of this product, and our business will be harmed materially.

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If we fail to attract and retain senior management and key personnel, we may be unable to successfully develop or commercialize our product candidates.

Our success depends, in part, on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management, sales and marketing, clinical and scientific personnel and on our ability to develop and maintain important relationships with leading academic institutions, clinicians and scientists.  Since the beginning of 2012, there have been several changes to our senior management team including the appointment of a new chief executive officer, chief financial officer, and general counsel and chief compliance officer, among others. The unexpected loss of the service of any of these new appointees or their failure to perform as expected may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of research, development, commercialization and other business objectives.  Replacing key employees may be difficult and costly and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to develop and commercialize pharmaceutical products successfully.  We do not maintain “key person” insurance policies on the lives of these individuals or the lives of any of our other employees.  We employ these individuals on an at-will basis and their employment can be terminated by us or them at any time, for any reason and with or without notice.

We may not be able to attract or retain qualified management, sales and marketing and scientific personnel on acceptable terms in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses, particularly in the San Diego, California and New Jersey areas.  If we are not able to attract and retain the necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will impede significantly the achievement of our commercialization and research and development objectives, our ability to raise additional capital and our ability to implement our business strategy.  In particular, if we lose any members of our senior management team, we may not be able to find suitable replacements, and our business and prospects may be harmed as a result.

As a result of ongoing investigations by U.S. authorities, it is possible that we and certain of our current and former employees and directors may be named as defendants in future civil or criminal enforcement proceedings that could result in substantial penalties and costs, and divert management’s attention.

In March 2012, we became aware of an attempted grant in September 2011 to Dr. Michael Chang of 1.5 million technical shares of OBI.  We engaged external counsel to assist us in an internal review and determined that the attempted grant may have violated certain applicable laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA.

In April 2012, we self-reported the results of our preliminary findings to the SEC and the U.S. Department of Justice, or the DOJ, which included information about the attempted grant and certain related matters, including a potentially improper $300,000 payment in July 2011 to a research laboratory involving an individual associated with the OBI share grant.  At that time, we terminated the employment of our then-Chief Financial Officer and our then-Vice President, Clinical Development.  We also removed Dr. Michael Chang as the Chairman of our Board of Directors and requested that Dr. Michael Chang resign from the Board of Directors, which he has not.  We continued our investigation and our cooperation with the SEC and the DOJ.

As a result of our continuing internal investigation, in February 2013, the independent members of our Board of Directors determined that additional remedial action should be taken in light of prior compliance, record keeping and conflict-of-interest issues surrounding the potentially improper payment to the research laboratory and certain related matters.  On February 26, 2013, our then-President and Chief Executive Officer and our then-General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer resigned at the request of the independent members of our Board of Directors.

While we are continuing to cooperate with the investigations by the relevant U.S. authorities in their review of these matters and have already taken aggressive remedial steps in response to our ongoing internal investigation, these events potentially could result in lawsuits being filed against us and certain of our current or former employees and directors or we and our current or former employees and directors could be the subject of criminal or civil enforcement proceedings. In the event any such lawsuit is filed or enforcement proceeding is instigated, there is no guarantee that we will be successful in defending it. Also, our insurance coverage may be insufficient and our assets may be insufficient to cover any amounts that exceed our insurance coverage, and we may have to pay penalties or damage awards or otherwise may enter into settlement arrangements in connection with such claims. A settlement of any such claims could involve the issuance of common stock or other equity, which may result in dilution to existing stockholders. Any payments or settlement arrangements could have material adverse effects on our business, operating results and financial condition. Even if any claims against us are not successful, any related litigation or enforcement proceeding, as well as the costs of investigation, could result in substantial costs and significantly and adversely impact our reputation and divert management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, any such lawsuit, investigation or proceeding could result in collateral consequences for our business including, among other things, making it more difficult to finance our operations, obtain certain types of insurance (including directors’ and officers’ liability insurance), enter into collaboration agreements and attract and retain qualified executive officers, other employees and directors. If we are unable to effectively manage these risks, our business, operating results or financial condition may be adversely affected.

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We have limited experience as a company in marketing drug products and managing a sales and marketing organization.

Our strategy is to build a fully-integrated biopharmaceutical company to successfully execute the commercialization of DIFICID in the United States and Canada.  Although we have engaged Cubist as our exclusive partner to co-promote DIFICID in the United States, we have limited experience commercializing pharmaceutical products on our own. In order to commercialize products, in addition to our engagement of Cubist, we have established our own marketing, sales, distribution, pharmacovigilance, managerial and other non-technical capabilities. The establishment and development of our own sales force to market DIFICID has been, and will continue to be, expensive and time consuming, and we cannot be certain that we will be able to successfully maintain this capability or successfully adapt it to commercialize any future products we may develop or acquire. Our agreement with Cubist could terminate early, and our commercial presence may not be sufficient to adequately market DIFICID in the United States on our own. In addition, if our agreement with Cubist is not renewed beyond July 2013, we may be unable to successfully replace the resources and efforts of Cubist in co-promoting DIFICID in the United States. We compete with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to recruit, hire, train and retain marketing and sales personnel. To the extent we rely on third parties to commercialize our products, if any, we may receive less revenues than if we commercialized these products ourselves. In addition, we may have little or no control over the sales efforts of any third parties involved in commercializing our products, including those of APEL in Europe and Cubist in the United States. In the event we are unable to further develop and maintain our own marketing and sales capabilities or collaborate with a third-party marketing and sales organization, we would not be able to fully commercialize any product, including DIFICID, which would negatively impact our ability to generate product revenues.

We currently depend, and will in the future continue to depend, on third parties to manufacture our products and product candidates, including DIFICID.  If these manufacturers fail to provide our collaborators and us with adequate supplies of commercial product and clinical trial materials or fail to comply with the requirements of regulatory authorities, we may be unable to develop or commercialize our products.

We have outsourced all manufacturing of supplies of our products and product candidates to third parties.  We seek to establish long-term supply arrangements with third-party contract manufacturers. For example, in May 2010, we entered into a long-term supply agreement with Biocon for the commercial manufacturing of the API for fidaxomicin, and in June 2011, we entered into a manufacturing services agreement with Patheon to manufacture and supply certain fidaxomicin products, including DIFICID. Biocon currently is our sole source of supply for fidaxomicin API and Patheon currently is our sole source of supply for finished fidaxomicin drug product. We intend to continue outsourcing the manufacture of our products and product candidates to third parties for any future clinical trials and large-scale commercialization of any product candidates that receive regulatory approval and become commercial drugs, such as DIFICID.

Our ability, and that of our collaborators, to develop and commercialize fidaxomicin and any other product candidates will depend, in part, on our ability, and that of our collaborators, to arrange for third parties to manufacture our products at a competitive cost, in accordance with strictly enforced regulatory requirements and in sufficient quantities for regulatory approval, commercialization and any future clinical trials.  Third-party manufacturers that we select to manufacture our product candidates for clinical testing or on a commercial scale may encounter difficulties with the small- and large-scale formulation and manufacturing processes required for such manufacture.  Further, development of large-scale manufacturing processes will require additional validation studies, which the FDA must review and approve.  Difficulties in establishing these required manufacturing processes could result in delays in clinical trials, regulatory submissions and approvals, or commercialization of our product candidates.

While we work closely with Biocon and Patheon to try to ensure continuity of supply while maintaining high quality and reliability, we cannot guarantee that these efforts will be successful, and we do not have secondary sources of supply to replace these third parties.  Even if we are able to establish additional or replacement manufacturers, identifying these sources and entering into definitive supply agreements and obtaining regulatory approvals may involve a substantial amount of time and cost and such supply arrangements may not be available on acceptable economic terms.  A reduction or interruption in our supply of fidaxomicin API or drug product from our current suppliers, and an inability to develop alternative sources for such supply, could adversely affect our ability to obtain fidaxomicin in a timely or cost effective manner to maximize product sales, and could result in a breach of our supply agreements with APEL, Astellas Japan, other collaboration partners or our co-promotion agreement with Cubist, which could result in any of those parties terminating their respective agreements with us.

In addition, our collaborators, we and other third-party manufacturers of our products must comply with strictly enforced current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, requirements enforced by the FDA through its facilities inspection program.  These requirements include quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation.  We currently rely on Biocon to manufacture fidaxomicin API and rely on Patheon to manufacture the finished drug product.  As such, Biocon and Patheon will be

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subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and other agencies for compliance with current cGMP, and similar foreign standards. The manufacturing facilities of Biocon and Patheon have been inspected and approved by the FDA for other companies’ drug products; however, none of Biocon’s or Patheon’s facilities has been inspected by the FDA for the manufacture of our drug supplies.  Third-party manufacturers of our products and we may be unable to comply with cGMP requirements and with other FDA, state, local and foreign regulatory requirements.  Our collaborators and we have little control over third-party manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards.  A failure to comply with these requirements by our third-party manufacturers, including Biocon and Patheon, could result in the issuance of untitled letters and/or warning letters from authorities, as well as sanctions being imposed on us, including fines and civil penalties, suspension of production, suspension or delay in product approval, product seizure or recall or withdrawal of product approval.  In addition, we have no control over these manufacturers’ ability to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel.  If the safety of any quantities supplied by third parties is compromised due to their failure to adhere to applicable laws or for other reasons, our collaborators and we may not be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize one or more of our products, which would significantly harm our business and prospects.

If our product candidates are unable to compete effectively with branded and generic antibiotics, our commercial opportunity would be reduced or eliminated.

Our products and product candidates compete or will compete against both branded and generic antibiotic therapies. With respect to DIFICID, we face competition from branded Vancocin Pulvules, generic vancomycin capsules, reconstituted intravenious vancomycin “slurry” for oral administration and metronidazole.  In addition, we anticipate that DIFICID will compete with other antibiotic and anti-infective product candidates currently in development for the treatment of CDAD. For example, Cubist has initiated a Phase 3 clinical trial for its compound, CB-183,315, as a potential treatment for CDAD. Many of these products have been or will be developed and marketed by major pharmaceutical companies, who have significantly greater financial resources and expertise than we do in research and development, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, manufacturing and marketing approved products.  As a result, these companies may obtain regulatory approval more rapidly than we are able to and may be more effective in selling and marketing their products as well.  Smaller or early-stage companies also may prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established pharmaceutical or other companies.

DIFICID currently faces, and we anticipate it will continue to face, increasing competition in the form of generic versions of branded products.  For example, DIFICID currently faces direct competition from an inexpensive generic form of metronidazole and vancomycin capsules in the United States.  In Europe, DIFICLIR faces generic oral vancomycin competition.  In addition, our internal market research suggests that there is continued significant use of oral reconstituted intravenous vancomycin “slurry” in the hospital setting.  Generic antibiotic therapies typically are sold at lower prices than branded antibiotics and generally are preferred by managed care providers of health services.  For example, because metronidazole and generic vancomycin “slurry” are available at such a low price and because generic vancomycin capsules are available at a low price, we believe it may be difficult to sell DIFICID as a first-line therapy for the treatment of CDAD.  Even if physicians prescribe DIFICID to their patients, the relatively high cost of DIFICID compared to generic alternatives may cause patients not to fill their retail prescriptions or cause pharmacists to try to convert DIFICID prescriptions to generic alternatives.  If our collaborators or we are unable to demonstrate to physicians and patients that, based on experience, clinical data, side-effect profiles and other factors, our products are preferable to these generic antibiotic therapies, we may never generate meaningful product revenues.  In addition, many antibiotics experience bacterial resistance over time because of their continued use.  There can be no guarantee that bacteria would not develop resistance to DIFICID or any of our other product candidates.  Our commercial opportunity would also be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize generic or branded antibiotics that are safer, more effective, have lower recurrence rates, have fewer side effects or are less expensive than our product candidates.

Our future growth depends on our ability to identify and acquire or in-license products.  If we do not successfully identify and acquire or in-license related product candidates or integrate them into our operations, we may have limited growth opportunities.

An important part of our business strategy is to continue to develop a pipeline of product candidates by developing new indications for fidaxomicin or by acquiring or in-licensing products, businesses or technologies that we believe are a strategic fit for our business.  Future in-licenses or acquisitions, however, may entail numerous operational and financial risks, including:

·exposure to unknown liabilities;

·disruption of our business and diversion of our management’s time and attention to develop acquired products or technologies;

·incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of securities to pay for acquisitions or licenses;

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·higher than expected acquisition and integration costs;

·difficulty and cost in combining the operations and personnel of any acquired businesses with our operations and personnel;

·impairment of relationships with key suppliers, customers or partners of any acquired businesses due to changes in management and ownership; and

·inability to retain key employees of any acquired businesses.

We have limited resources to identify and execute the acquisition or in-licensing of third-party products, businesses and technologies and integrate them into our current infrastructure.  In particular, we may compete with larger pharmaceutical companies and other competitors in our efforts to establish new collaborations and in-licensing opportunities.  These competitors likely will have access to greater financial resources than us and may have greater expertise in identifying and evaluating new opportunities. Moreover, we may devote resources to potential acquisitions or in-licensing opportunities that are never completed, or we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such efforts.

Clinical trials involve a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain.  Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical testing.  In addition, sub-analysis of clinical trial data may reveal limitations even though top-line results are positive.  The type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain regulatory approval also may change during or after completion of clinical trials or we may inaccurately characterize such requirements. Moreover, we cannot guarantee that the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities will agree with our interpretation of clinical trial data, or find such data sufficient to grant product approval. There are also risks that post-approval clinical trials we are conducting, agreed to conduct or otherwise plan to conduct with respect to DIFICID will not yield positive results, which would impair our ability to continue marketing DIFICID in the United States.

Delays in clinical trials are common and have many causes, and any such delays could result in increased costs to us and jeopardize or delay our ability to achieve regulatory approval and commence product sales as currently contemplated.

We have, in the past, experienced delays in clinical trials of our product candidates, and we may experience delays in on-going or future clinical trials.  We do not know whether our clinical trials will begin on time, will need to be redesigned or will be completed on schedule, if at all.  Clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays in obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial, in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective clinical research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites, in obtaining institutional review board approval at each site, in recruiting suitable patients to participate in a trial, in having patients complete a trial or return for post-treatment follow-up, in adding new sites or in obtaining sufficient supplies of clinical trial materials.  Many factors affect patient enrollment, including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, competing clinical trials, clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are investigating, and whether the clinical trial design involves comparison to placebo.

We could encounter delays if prescribing physicians encounter unresolved ethical issues associated with enrolling patients in clinical trials of our product candidates in lieu of prescribing existing antibiotics that have established safety and efficacy profiles or with administering placebo to patients in our placebo-controlled trials.  Further, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, our collaborators, the FDA or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a drug, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial.  If we experience delays in the completion of, or termination of, any clinical trial, the commercial prospects of our product candidates may be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues from any of these product candidates will be delayed.  In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenues.  Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects.

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We may be required to suspend or discontinue clinical trials due to adverse events, adverse side effects or other safety risks that could preclude approval of our product candidates or negatively affect sales of any marketed product.

Our clinical trials may be suspended at any time for a number of reasons.  We may voluntarily suspend or terminate our clinical trials if at any time we believe that they present an unacceptable risk to participants.  In addition, regulatory agencies may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of our clinical trials at any time if they believe that the clinical trials are not being conducted in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements or that they present an unacceptable safety risk to participants.  In our Phase 3 clinical trials of DIFICID, the most common drug-related side effects reported were nausea, vomiting, constipation, anorexia, headache and dizziness.  If adverse, drug-related events are encountered or suspected, our trials would be interrupted, delayed or halted and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications.  Adverse events encountered in any post-approval studies also may harm our efforts and those of our collaborators to market our product candidates or could result in withdrawal of regulatory approvals.  Even if we believe our product candidates are safe, our data is subject to review by the FDA, which may disagree with our conclusions and delay or deny approval of our product candidates which would significantly harm the commercial prospects of such product candidates.  Moreover, we could be subject to significant liability if any volunteer or patient suffers, or appears to suffer, adverse side effects as a result of participating in our clinical trials.  Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business and prospects.

We have relied on, and currently rely on, third parties to conduct our clinical trials.  If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, our collaborators and we may not be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates.

We have entered into agreements with third-party CROs to provide monitors for and to manage data for our clinical programs, including our Phase 3b clinical trial of DIFICID for the prevention of CDAD in patients undergoing HSCT.

We, and any CROs conducting clinical trials for us, are required to comply with current good clinical practices, or GCPs, regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA for all of our products in clinical development.  The FDA enforces GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites.  If we or the CROs that conduct clinical trials of our product candidates fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in the clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA may require additional clinical trials before approving any marketing applications.

We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, the FDA will determine that any clinical trials of our product candidates comply with GCPs.  In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under cGMP regulations, and require a large number of test subjects.  Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would be costly and delay the regulatory approval process and commercialization of our product candidates or could prevent us from complying with post-approval study requirements.

In addition, these third-party CROs are not our employees, and we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical programs.  These CROs may have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may be conducting clinical studies or other drug development activities, which could harm our competitive position.  If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain are compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated or may have to be repeated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates or our ability to comply with post-approval study requirements could be jeopardized. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

Current healthcare laws and regulations and future legislative or regulatory reforms to the healthcare system may affect our ability to sell DIFICID and any future approved product profitably.

The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering or have enacted a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products profitably. Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives.

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In March 2010, PPACA became law in the United States. PPACA substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers and significantly affects the pharmaceutical industry. Among the provisions of PPACA of greatest importance to the pharmaceutical industry are the following:

·an annual, non-deductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs and biologic agents, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs;

·an increase in the rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program to 23.1% and 13% of the average manufacturer price for branded and generic drugs, respectively;

·a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their overage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D;

·extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations;

·expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to additional individuals which began in April 2010 and by adding new mandatory eligibility categories for certain individuals with income at or below 133% of the Federal Poverty Level beginning in 2014, thereby potentially increasing manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability;

·expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program;

·new requirements to report certain financial arrangements with physicians, including reporting any “transfer of value” made or distributed to prescribers and other healthcare providers, effective March 30, 2013, and reporting any investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members during the preceding calendar year;

·a new requirement to report annually drug samples that manufacturers and distributors provide to physicians;

·a licensure framework for follow-on biologic products; and

·a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research.

We anticipate that the PPACA, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and an additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product, and could seriously harm our business. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.

We cannot be certain that DIFICID or any future approved products will successfully be placed on the list of drugs covered by particular health plan formularies, nor can we predict the negotiated price for any future products, which will be determined by market factors. Many states have created preferred drug lists and include drugs on those lists only when the manufacturers agree to pay a supplemental rebate.  If DIFICID or any future products are not included on these preferred drug lists, physicians may not be inclined to prescribe them to their Medicaid patients, thereby diminishing the potential market for our products.

As a result of the PPACA and the trend toward cost-effectiveness criteria and managed healthcare in the United States, third-party payors increasingly are attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement of new drugs.  They also may refuse to provide any coverage of uses of approved products for medical indications other than those for which the FDA has granted market approvals.  As a result, significant uncertainty exists as to whether and how much third-party payors will reimburse for newly-approved drugs, which in turn will put pressure on the pricing of drugs.  Further, we do not have experience in ensuring approval by applicable third-party payors outside of the United States for coverage and reimbursement of our products.  The availability of numerous generic antibiotics at lower prices than branded antibiotics can also be expected to substantially reduce the likelihood of reimbursement for DIFICID.  We anticipate pricing pressures in connection with the sale of our products due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative proposals.

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Our business involves the use of hazardous materials and we and our third-party manufacturers must comply with environmental laws and regulations, which can be expensive and restrict how we do business.

Our third-party manufacturers’ activities and, to a lesser extent, our own activities, involve the controlled storage, use and disposal of hazardous materials, including the components of our products and product candidates and other hazardous compounds. Our manufacturers and we are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials.  Although we believe that the safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials.  We currently have insurance coverage for damage claims arising from contamination on our property.  These amounts may not be sufficient to adequately protect us from liability for damage claims relating to contamination.  If we are subject to liability exceeding our insurance coverage amounts, our business and prospects would be harmed.  In the event of an accident, state or federal authorities may also curtail our use of these materials and interrupt our business operations.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of computer, telecommunications or other system failure.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures.  Any system failure, accident or security breach that causes interruptions in our operations could result in a material disruption of our commercialization activities or drug development programs.  To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we may incur liability, the commercialization of our products may be harmed and the further development of our product candidates may be delayed.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

It is difficult and costly to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies, and we may not be able to ensure their protection.*

Our commercial success will depend, in part, on obtaining and maintaining patent protection and trade secret protection of the use, formulation and structure of our products and product candidates, and the methods used to manufacture them, as well as successfully defending these patents against third-party challenges, including those from generic drug manufacturers.  Our ability to protect our product and product candidates from unauthorized making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing by third parties is dependent upon the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved.  No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in biotechnology patents has emerged to date in the United States.  The biotechnology patent situation outside the United States is even more uncertain.  Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property.  Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our licensed patents, our patents or in third-party patents.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage.  For example:

·others may be able to make compounds that are similar to our product and product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of our pending patent applications or owned or licensed patents, or for which we are not licensed under our license agreements;

·others may be able to make competing pharmaceutical formulations containing our product and product candidates or components of our product formulations that are not covered by the claims of our owned or licensed patents, not licensed to us under our license agreements or are subject to patents that expire;

·our licensors and we might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by our patents and patent applications or the pending patent applications and issued patents of our licensors;

·our licensors or we might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions;

·others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies;

·it is possible that our pending patent applications or our licensed patent applications will not result in issued patents;

·our pending patent applications or the pending patent applications and issued patents we own or license may not provide us with any competitive advantages, may be designed around by our competitors, including generic drug companies, or may be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges by third parties;

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·we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; or

·the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.

In addition, to the extent we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our products and product candidates or in the event such patent protection expires, it may no longer be cost effective to extend our portfolio by pursuing additional development of a product candidate for follow-on indications for any product.

We have 13 pending patent applications and 5 issued patents related to fidaxomicin from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or U.S.P.T.O. These patents and patent applications related to fidaxomicin encompass various topics relating to:

·composition of matter for fidaxomicin;

·pharmaceutical composition of fidaxomicin and use for CDI;

·polymorphic forms (issued in the United States);

·composition comprising a polymorphic form (issued in the United States);

·manufacturing processes (issued in the United States);

·treatment of diseases with fidaxomicin (issued in the United States);

·formulation; and

·fidaxomicin-related compounds, including metabolites (issued in the United States).

If we are unable to obtain a composition of matter patent, our competitors, including generic drug companies, may be able to design other similar formulations of the active ingredient of fidaxomicin.  Furthermore, our competitors, including generic drug companies, may be able to design around our existing patents and pending applications which may issue as patents for fidaxomicin. As a result, our competitors may be able to develop competing products.

We depend, in part, on our licensors and collaborators to protect a portion of our proprietary rights.  In such cases, our licensors and collaborators may be primarily or wholly responsible for the maintenance of patents and prosecution of patent applications relating to important areas of our business.  We may be dependent on Par to provide technical support for patent applications relating to fidaxomicin.  If Par fails to adequately protect fidaxomicin with issued patents, our business and prospects would be significantly harmed.

We rely on trade secrets to protect our technology, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable.  However, trade secrets are difficult to protect.  Although we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, contractors, outside scientific collaborators and other advisors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our information to competitors.  Enforcing a claim that a third-party entity illegally obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable.  In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets.  Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how.

If our licensees or we fail to obtain or maintain patent protection or trade secret protection for our product candidates or our technologies, third parties could use our proprietary information, which could impair our ability to compete in the market and adversely affect our ability to generate revenues and attain profitability.

We may incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to our patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights, and we may be unable to protect our rights to, or use, our technology.

If we or, as applicable, our commercialization partners pursuant to their first right to enforce the patents licensed to them in their respective territories, choose to go to court to stop someone else from using our inventions, that individual or company has the right to ask the court to rule that the underlying patents are invalid and/or should not be enforced against that third party. These lawsuits are expensive and would consume time and other resources even if we or our commercialization partners were successful in stopping the infringement of these patents.  There is also the risk that, even if the validity of these patents is upheld, the court will refuse to stop the other party on the ground that such other party’s activities do not infringe our rights to these patents.

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Furthermore, a third party may claim that we or our manufacturing or commercialization partners are using inventions covered by the third party’s patent rights and may go to court to stop us from engaging in our normal operations and activities, including making, using or selling our product candidates.  These lawsuits are costly and could affect our results of operations and divert the attention of managerial and technical personnel.  There is a risk that a court would decide that we or our commercialization partners are infringing the third party’s patents and would order us or our partners to stop the activities covered by the patents.  In addition, there is a risk that a court will order us or our partners to pay the other party damages for having violated the other party’s patents.  We have indemnified our commercialization partners against patent infringement claims and thus would be responsible for any of their costs associated with such claims and actions.  The biotechnology industry has produced a proliferation of patents, and it is not always clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of products or methods of use.  The coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts and the interpretation is not always uniform.  If we are sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our products or methods of use either do not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent and/or that the patent claims are invalid, and we may not be able to do this.  Proving invalidity, in particular, is difficult since it requires a showing of clear and convincing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity enjoyed by issued patents.

Although we have conducted searches of third-party patents with respect to DIFICID, these searches may not have identified all third-party patents relevant to this product and we have not conducted an extensive search of patents issued to third parties with respect to our product candidates.  Consequently, no assurance can be given that third-party patents containing claims covering our products, technology or methods do not exist, have not been filed or could not be filed or issued.  Because of the number of patents issued and patent applications filed in our technical areas or fields, we believe there is a risk that third parties may allege they have patent rights encompassing our products, technology or methods.  In addition, we have not conducted an extensive search of third-party trademarks, so no assurance can be given that such third-party trademarks do not exist, have not been filed, could not be filed or issued or could not exist under common trademark law.

Because some patent applications in the United States may be maintained in secrecy until the patents are issued, because patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until eighteen months after filing and because publications in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications for technology covered by our licensors’ issued patents or our pending applications or our licensors’ pending applications, or that we or our licensors were the first to invent the technology.  Our competitors may have filed, and may in the future file, patent applications covering technology similar to ours.  Any such patent application may have priority over our or our licensors’ patent applications and could further require us to obtain rights to issued patents covering such technologies.  If another party has filed a U.S. patent application on inventions similar to ours, we may have to participate in an interference proceeding declared by the U.S. PTO to determine priority of invention in the United States.  The costs of these proceedings could be substantial, and it is possible that such efforts would be unsuccessful, resulting in a loss of our U.S. patent position with respect to such inventions.

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources.  In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations.

Risks Related to the Securities Market and Ownership of Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile.*

Before our initial public offering in February 2007, there was no public market for our common stock.  We cannot assure you that an active trading market will continue to exist for our common stock. You may not be able to sell your shares quickly or at the market price if trading in our common stock is not active.

The trading price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in price in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

·general economic and market conditions and other factors that may be unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors;

·actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results, including fidaxomicin sales and royalties, and our quarterly expenses;

·announcement of foreign regulatory agency approval or non-approval of our or our competitors’ product candidates, or specific label indications for their use, or delays in the foreign regulatory agency review process;

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·actions taken by the FDA or other regulatory agencies with respect to our product or product candidates, clinical trials, manufacturing process or marketing and sales activities;

·failure of fidaxomicin to achieve commercial success;

·changes in laws or regulations applicable to our products, including but not limited to clinical trial requirements for approvals;

·the success of our development efforts and clinical trials, particularly with respect to DIFICID;

·announcements by our collaborators with respect to clinical trial results, regulatory submissions and communications from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory agencies;

·the success of our efforts to acquire or in-license additional products or product candidates;

·developments concerning our collaborations and partnerships, including but not limited to, those with our sources of manufacturing supply and our development and commercialization partners;

·our dependence on our collaborators, such as APEL, Astellas Japan, STA and AstraZeneca, to commercialize and further develop our products in foreign countries in compliance with foreign regulatory schemes;

·our failure to successfully execute our commercialization strategy with respect to our products following marketing approval thereof;

·the success of our continuing efforts to establish and build marketing and sales capabilities;

·inability to obtain adequate commercial supply for any product following marketing approval thereof, or inability to do so at acceptable prices;

·announcements of technological innovations by us, our collaborators or our competitors;

·new products or services introduced or announced by us or our commercialization partners, or our competitors, and the timing of these introductions or announcements;

·the development of generic product alternatives to our or our competitors’ products;

·third-party coverage or reimbursement policies;

·changes in government regulations affecting product approvals, reimbursement or other aspects of our or our competitors’ business;

·actual or anticipated changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;

·conditions or trends in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries;

·announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

·changes in the market valuations of similar companies;

·sales of common stock or other securities by us or our stockholders in the future;

·additions or departures of key scientific or management personnel;

·disputes or other developments relating to intellectual property, proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;

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·trading volume of our common stock;

·developments in the investigation and governmental inquiries related to the attempted issuance of OBI shares to Dr. Michael Chang, the potentially improper payment to the research laboratory and certain related matters described in the Risk Factors; and

·developments related to the ongoing review of strategic alternatives.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated and/or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies.  These broad market and industry factors may significantly harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance.  In the past, following periods of volatility in the market, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies.  Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects.

Future sales of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to decline.

We have registered all common stock that we have issued under our employee benefits plans. As a result, these shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to any applicable restrictions under the securities laws. In addition, certain of our directors and executive officers have established, and others may in the future establish, programmed selling plans under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, for the purpose of effecting sales of our common stock. If any of these events cause a large number of our shares to be sold in the public market, the sales could reduce the trading price of our common stock and impede our ability to raise future capital.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, result in material misstatements in our financial statements.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act.  As disclosed in Item 9A on our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, management identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to approval of certain non-recurring transactions.  A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.  As a result of this material weakness, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective based on criteria set forth in the “Internal Control-Integrated Framework” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.  We believe that the steps that we have taken have remediated the issues that contributed to the material weakness.  These steps included the revision of our corporate authorization policy and other compliance policies, the strengthening of our approval procedures, the implementation of training and internal audit procedures to make our compliance and monitoring more comprehensive and changes to our senior management team, concluding with the replacement of our Chief Executive Officer and General Counsel in February 2013.  If our remedial measures are insufficient to address the material weakness, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements, and we could be required to restate our financial results.

Some provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders, or remove our current management.  These provisions include:

·a board of directors divided into three classes serving staggered three-year terms, such that not all members of the board will be elected at one time;

·authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval;

·limiting the removal of directors by the stockholders;

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·prohibiting stockholder action by written consent, thereby requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

·eliminating the ability of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders; and

·establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management.  In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with a stockholder owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless such transactions are approved by our board of directors.  This provision could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control, whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our stockholders.  Such a delay or prevention of a change of control transaction could cause the market price of our stock to decline.

We adopted a rights plan that could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us.

On February 26, 2013, our Board of Directors adopted a stockholder rights plan in conjunction with deciding to conduct a review of strategic alternatives.  The plan could discourage, delay or prevent a third-party from acquiring a large portion of our securities, initiating a tender offer or proxy contest or acquiring us, even if our stockholders might receive a premium for their shares over then-current market prices.

The results and impact of our announcement that we are exploring strategic alternatives cannot be determined.

On February 27, 2013, our Board of Directors announced that it has commenced a process to explore a full range of strategic alternatives.  There can be no assurance that this process will result in the pursuit or consummation of any strategic transaction or that there will be a formal cessation of the process.  In addition, this process may distract the attention of our Board of Directors and management from our business, cause us to incur significant expenses pursuing one or more transactions unsuccessfully or impair our relationships with customers, suppliers and employees.  If we are unable to effectively manage these risks, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.  In addition, the market price of our stock may be volatile as we consider strategic alternatives, and volatility may persist or be increased if and when a decision to pursue a particular alternative (or no alternative) is announced.

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Item 6.  Exhibits

Exhibit No.		Description of Document
3.1	(1)	Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporaton.
3.2	(2)	Bylaws of Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc., as amended.
3.3	(3)	Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
4.1	(4)	Common Stock Certificate of Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
4.2	(5)	Stockholder Protection Rights Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2013, between Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, as Rights Agent, including as Exhibit A the forms of Rights Certificate and of Election to Exercise and as Exhibit B the form of Certificate of Designation and Terms of the Participating Preferred Stock of the Company.
10.1	(6)+	Separation Agreement between Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Gregory Papaz, dated January 22, 2013.
10.2	(5)+	Letter Agreement, by and between Pedro Lichtinger and Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc., dated February 26, 2013.
10.3	(5)+	Letter Agreement, by and between Kurt Hartman and Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc., dated February 26, 2013.
10.4	(6)+	Separation Agreement between Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Kurt Hartman, dated March 2, 2013.
10.5	+	Separation Agreement between Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Pedro Lichtinger, dated March 25, 2013.
10.6	+	Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Amended and Restated Severance Benefit Plan
31.1		Certification of principal executive officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
31.2		Certification of principal financial officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
32		Certification by the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of the Registrant, as required by Rule 13a-14(b) or 15d-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. 1350).
101.INS		XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

+Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

(1)Filed with Registrant’s Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 22, 2007.

(2)Filed with Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on September 18, 2007.

(3)Filed with Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on May 10, 2012.

(4)Filed with Registrant’s Amendment No. 4 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 on February 5, 2007.

(5)Filed with Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on February 27, 2013.

(6)Filed with Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on March 18, 2013.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	OPTIMER PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Dated: May 10, 2013	By:	/s/ Stephen W. Webster
	Name:	Stephen W. Webster
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer
		(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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