Energy Services of America (ESOA) 10-K 2024 FY Annual report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year ended September 30, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________________ to ____________________

Commission File Number: 001-32998

Energy Services of America Corporation

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	20-4606266
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

75 West 3rd Ave., Huntington, West Virginia	25701
(Address of Principal Executive Office)	(Zip Code)

(304) 522-3868

(Registrant’s Telephone Number including area code)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange On Which Registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001per share	ESOA	The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and an “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed by reference to the closing price on March 31, 2024, was $ 92,406,947.

As of December 18, 2024, there were issued and outstanding 17,911,640 and 16,621,912, respectively, shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The registrant incorporates by reference its definitive Proxy Statement with respect to its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days following the end of its fiscal year, into (Part III) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Energy Services of America Corporation

Annual Report on Form 10-K
For the Fiscal Year Ended

September 30, 2024

Table of Contents

ITEM 1.	Business	3
ITEM 1A.	Risk Factors	8
ITEM 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	15
ITEM 1C.	Cybersecurity	15
ITEM 2.	Properties	17
ITEM 3.	Legal Proceedings	17
ITEM 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	18
ITEM 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	18
ITEM 6.	Reserved	18
ITEM 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	18
ITEM 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	34
ITEM 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	34
ITEM 9.	Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	34
ITEM 9A.	Controls and Procedures	34
ITEM 9B.	Other Information	35
ITEM 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	35
ITEM 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	36
ITEM 11.	Executive Compensation	36
ITEM 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	36
ITEM 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	36
ITEM 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	36
ITEM 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	37
ITEM 16.	Form 10-K Summary	38
Signatures.		39

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Forward Looking Statements

Within Energy Services’ (as defined below) consolidated financial statements and this Annual Report on Form 10-K, there are included statements reflecting assumptions, expectations, projections, intentions, or beliefs about future events that are intended as “forward-looking statements” under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. They use words such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “forecast,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend” and other words of similar meaning.

These forward-looking statements do not guarantee future performance and involve or rely on risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict or beyond Energy Services’ control. Energy Services has based its forward-looking statements on management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information available to management at the time the statements are made. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed, implied, and forecasted by forward-looking statements and any or all of Energy Services’ forward-looking statements may turn out to be wrong. The accuracy of such statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions and by known or unknown risks and uncertainties.

All the forward-looking statements, whether written or oral, are expressly qualified by these cautionary statements and any other cautionary statements that may accompany such forward-looking statements or that are otherwise included in this report. In addition, Energy Services does not undertake and expressly disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or otherwise.

PART I

ITEM 1.     Business

Overview

Energy Services of America Corporation (“Energy Services” or the “Company”), formed in 2006, is a contractor and service company that operates primarily in the mid-Atlantic and central regions of the United States and provides services to customers in the natural gas, petroleum, water distribution, automotive, chemical, and power industries. For the gas industry, the Company is primarily engaged in the construction, replacement and repair of natural gas pipelines and storage facilities for utility companies and private natural gas companies. Energy Services is involved in the construction of both interstate and intrastate pipelines, with an emphasis on the latter. For the oil industry, the Company provides a variety of services relating to pipeline, storage facilities and plant work. For the power, chemical, and automotive industries, the Company provides a full range of electrical and mechanical installations and repairs including substation and switchyard services, site preparation, equipment setting, pipe fabrication and installation, packaged buildings, transformers, and other ancillary work with regards thereto. Energy Services’ other pipeline services include corrosion protection services, horizontal drilling services, liquid pipeline construction, pump station construction, production facility construction, water and sewer pipeline installations, various maintenance and repair services and other services related to pipeline construction. The Company has also added the ability to install broadband and solar electric systems and perform civil and general contracting services.

The Company had consolidated operating revenues of $351.9 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, of which 53.2% was attributable to electrical, mechanical, and general contract services, 23.5% to gas and petroleum transmission projects, and 23.3% to gas & water distributions services. The Company had consolidated operating revenues of $304.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, of which 48.8% was attributable to electrical, mechanical, and general contract services, 30.3% to gas and petroleum transmission projects, and 20.9% to gas & water distributions services.

Energy Services’ customers include many of the leading companies in the industries it serves, including:

TransCanada Corporation

NiSource, Inc.

Marathon Petroleum

Mountaineer Gas

American Electric Power

Toyota Motor Manufacturing

Bayer Chemical

Dow Chemical

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Kentucky American Water

WV American Water

Various state, county, and municipal public service districts.

The majority of the Company’s customers are in West Virginia, Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky. However, the Company also performs work in other states including Alabama, Michigan, Illinois, Tennessee, and Indiana.

Energy Services’ sales force consists of industry professionals with significant relevant sales experience, who utilize industry contacts and available public data to determine how to market the Company’s line of products most appropriately. The Company relies on direct contact between its sales force and customers’ engineering and contracting departments to obtain new business.

A substantial portion of the Company’s workforce are union members of various construction-related trade unions and are subject to separately negotiated collective bargaining agreements that expire at varying time intervals. The Company believes its relationship with its unionized workforce is good.

C.J. Hughes Construction Company, Inc. (“C.J. Hughes”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, is a general contractor primarily engaged in pipeline construction for utility companies. Contractors Rental Corporation (“Contractors Rental”), a wholly owned subsidiary of C.J. Hughes, provides union building trade employees for projects managed by C.J. Hughes.

Nitro Construction Services, Inc. (“NCS”), a wholly owned subsidiary of C.J. Hughes, provides electrical, mechanical, HVAC/R, and fire protection services to customers primarily in the automotive, chemical, and power industries. Revolt Energy, LLC (“Revolt”), a wholly owned subsidiary of NCS, performs residential solar installation projects. Nitro Electric Company, LLC (“Nitro Electric”), a wholly owned subsidiary of NCS, performs industrial electrical work and has a satellite office registered in Michigan. Pinnacle Technical Solutions, Inc. (“Pinnacle”), a wholly owned subsidiary of NCS, operates as a data storage facility within Nitro’s office building. Pinnacle is supported by NCS and has no employees of its own. NCS and its subsidiaries will collectively be referred to “Nitro”.

All C.J. Hughes, Nitro, and Contractors Rental construction personnel are union members of various related construction trade unions and are subject to collective bargaining agreements that expire at varying time intervals.

West Virginia Pipeline, Inc. (“West Virginia Pipeline” or “WVP”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy Services, operates as a gas and water distribution contractor primarily in southern West Virginia. The employees of West Virginia Pipeline are non-union and are managed independently of the Company’s union subsidiaries.

SQP Construction Group, Inc. (“SQP”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy Services, operates as a general contractor primarily in West Virginia. SQP engages in the construction and renovation of buildings and other civil construction projects for state and local government agencies and commercial customers. As a general contractor, SQP manages the overall construction project and subcontracts most of the work. The employees of SQP are non-union and are managed independently of the Company’s union subsidiaries.

Tri-State Paving & Sealcoating, Inc. (“TSP” or “Tri-State Paving”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy Services, provides utility paving services to water distribution customers in the Charleston, West Virginia, Lexington, Kentucky, and Chattanooga, Tennessee markets. The employees of TSP are non-union and are managed independently of the Company’s union subsidiaries.

Ryan Construction Services Inc. (“Ryan Construction” or “RCS”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Energy Services, provides directional drilling services for broadband service providers along with offering natural gas distribution services, cathodic protection and corrosion prevention services, and civil construction services. Ryan Construction operates primarily in West Virginia and Pennsylvania. The employees of RCS are non-union and are managed independently of the Company’s union subsidiaries.

The Company’s website address is www.energyservicesofamerica.com. Information on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K unless otherwise stated.

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The Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding the Company. The Company makes available free of charge through its website its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed with the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These items are available as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such material with the SEC. These materials are also available free of charge by written request to: Charles Crimmel, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary, Energy Services of America Corporation, 75 West 3^rd Ave., Huntington, West Virginia 25701.

Seasonality: Fluctuation of Results

Our revenues and results of operations can and usually are subject to seasonal variations. These variations are the result of weather, customer spending patterns, bidding seasons and holidays. The first quarter of the calendar year is typically the slowest in terms of revenues because inclement weather conditions cause delays in production and customers usually do not plan large projects during that time. While usually better than the first quarter, the second calendar year quarter often has some inclement weather which can cause delays in production, reducing the revenues the Company receives and/or increasing the production costs. The third and fourth calendar year quarters usually are less impacted by weather and usually have the largest number of projects underway. Many projects are completed in the fourth calendar year quarter and revenues are often impacted by customers seeking to either spend their capital budget for the year or scale back projects due to capital budget overruns.

In addition to the fluctuations discussed above, the pipeline industry can be highly cyclical, reflecting variances in capital expenditures in proportion to energy price fluctuations. As a result, our volume of business may be adversely affected by where our customers are in the cycle and thereby their financial condition as to their capital needs and access to capital to finance those needs.

Accordingly, our operating results in any quarter or year may not be indicative of the results that can be expected for any other quarter or any other year. You should read “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Understanding Gross Margins” below for discussions of trends and challenges that may affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Paycheck Protection Program Loans

Due to the economic uncertainties created by COVID-19 and limited operating funds available, the Company applied for loans under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”). On April 15, 2020, the Company and its subsidiaries, C.J. Hughes, Contractors Rental and Nitro, entered into separate PPP notes effective April 7, 2020, with United Bank as the lender (“Lender”) in an aggregate principal amount of $13.1 million pursuant to the PPP (collectively, the “PPP Loans”). In a special meeting held on April 27, 2020, the Board of Directors of the Company unanimously voted to return $3.3 million of the PPP Loans after discussing the financing needs of the Company and subsidiaries. That left the Company and subsidiaries with $9.8 million in PPP Loans to fund operations. During fiscal year 2021, the Company received notice that the SBA had granted forgiveness of the $9.8 million of PPP Loans and the SBA repaid the Lender in full. The forgiveness was recorded as other income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021.

During April 2023, management received notification from the SBA that one of the Company’s forgiveness applications related to the PPP Loans was under review. As part of the review, the SBA requested additional payroll information. Additionally, the SBA requested information regarding the ability of the Company’s affiliates to meet SBA size standards and/or PPP corporate maximum limits.  The requested information was subsequently provided to the SBA through the Lender. The Company recognizes that there is a possibility that the SBA could reverse its previous determination on the forgiveness of the PPP Loans. As a result of this uncertainty, the Company restated the previously issued audited financial statements of the Company for the fiscal years 2022 and 2021. The Company has recorded a short-term borrowing due to the SBA inquiry for the full $9.8 million, plus accrued interest.

During July 2023, management received notification from the SBA that two additional forgiveness applications related to the PPP Loans were under review. As part of the review, the SBA requested information regarding the ability of the Company’s affiliates to meet SBA size standards and/or PPP corporate maximum limits.  The requested information was subsequently provided to the SBA through the Lender.

Borrowers must retain PPP documentation for at least six years after the date the loan is forgiven or paid in full, and the SBA and SBA Inspector General must be granted these files upon request. The SBA could revisit its forgiveness decision and determine that the Company does not qualify in whole or in part for loan forgiveness and demand repayment of the loans. In addition, it is unknown

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what type of penalties could be assessed against the Company if the SBA disagrees with the Company’s certification. Any penalties in addition to the potential repayment of the PPP Loans could negatively impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.

Backlog/New Business

The Company’s backlog represents contracts for services that have been entered into, but which have not yet been completed. At September 30, 2024, Energy Services had a backlog of $243.2 million of work to be completed on existing contracts. At September 30, 2023, the Company had a backlog of $229.8 million.

Due to the timing of Energy Services’ construction contracts and the long-term nature of some of our projects, portions of our backlog work may not be completed in the current fiscal year. Most of the Company’s projects can be completed in a short period of time, typically two to five months. Larger projects usually take seven to eighteen months to be completed. As a rule, work starts shortly after the signing of the contract.

Types of Contracts

Energy Services’ contracts are usually awarded on a competitive and negotiated basis. While some contracts may be lump sum or time and material projects, most of the work is bid based upon unit prices for various portions of the work with a total agreed-upon price based on estimated units. The actual revenues produced from the project will be dependent upon how accurate the customer estimates are as to the units of the various items.

Raw Materials and Suppliers

The principal raw materials that the Company and its subsidiaries use are metal plate, structural steel, pipe, wire, fittings, and selected engineering equipment such as pumps, valves and compressors. For the most part, the largest portion of these materials are supplied by the customer. Purchases made by the Company are predominately those of a consumable nature, such as small tools, welding rod and environmental supplies. We anticipate being able to obtain materials for current work, as well as any raw materials not supplied by our customers, for the foreseeable future. However, the inability of our customers to obtain raw materials may delay projects from being bid, awarded, started, or completed. Although not a significant impact, the Company has experienced minor delays resulting from the availability of construction equipment and vehicles.

Industry Factors

Energy Services’ revenues, cash flows and earnings are substantially dependent upon, and affected by, the level of natural gas exploration development activity and the levels of work on existing pipelines as well as the level of demand for our electrical and mechanical services. Such activity and the resulting level of demand for pipeline construction and related services and electrical and mechanical services are directly influenced by many factors over which the Company has no control. Such factors include the market prices of natural gas and electricity, market expectations about future prices, the volatility of such prices, the cost of producing and delivering natural gas and electricity, government regulations and trade restrictions, local and international political and economic conditions, the development of alternate energy sources, changes in the tax code that affect the energy industry, and the long-term effects of worldwide energy conservation measures. Energy Services cannot predict the future level of demand for its construction services, future conditions in the pipeline or electrical construction industry or future pipeline and electrical construction rates.

Competition

The pipeline, electrical, and mechanical construction industries are highly competitive and characterized by high capital and maintenance costs. Contracts are usually awarded through a competitive bid process. The Company believes that operators consider factors such as quality of service, type and location of equipment, or the ability to provide ancillary services. However, price and the ability to complete the project in a timely manner are the primary factors in determining which contractor is awarded a job. There are many regional and national competitors that offer services similar to Energy Services. Certain of the Company’s competitors have greater financial and human resources than Energy Services, which may enable them to compete more efficiently because of price and technology. The Company’s largest competitors are Otis Eastern, Miller Pipeline, Brown Electric, Summit Electric and Apex Pipeline.

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Operating Hazards and Insurance

Energy Services’ operations are subject to many hazards inherent in the pipeline, electrical, and mechanical construction businesses, including, for example, operating equipment in mountainous terrain, people working in deep trenches, people working near large construction equipment, and people working near manufacturing equipment and power sources. These hazards could cause personal injury or death, serious damage to or destruction of property and equipment, and substantial damage to the environment, including damage to producing formations and surrounding areas. Energy Services seeks protection against certain of these risks through insurance, including property casualty insurance on its equipment, commercial general liability and commercial contract indemnity, commercial umbrella, and workers’ compensation insurance.

The Company’s insurance coverage for property damage to its equipment is based on estimates of the cost of comparable used equipment to replace the insured property. There is a deductible per occurrence on equipment of $2,500 and $500 for damage to miscellaneous tools. The Company also maintains third party liability insurance, pollution and professional liability insurance, and a commercial umbrella policy. Energy Services believes that it is adequately insured for public liability and property damage to others with respect to its operations. However, such insurance may not be enough to protect Energy Services against liability for all consequences related to its operations.

Government Regulation and Environmental Matters

General. Energy Services’ operations are affected from time to time in varying degrees by political developments and federal, state, and local laws and regulations. In particular, natural gas production, operations and the profitability of the gas industry are or have been affected by price controls, taxes and other laws relating to the natural gas industry, by changes in such laws and by changes in administrative regulations. Although significant capital expenditures may be required to comply with such laws and regulations, to date, such compliance costs have not had a material adverse effect on the earnings or competitive position of Energy Services. In addition, Energy Services’ operations are vulnerable to risks arising from the numerous laws and regulations governing the discharge of materials into the environment or otherwise relating to environmental protection. Energy Services may also be affected by regulations designed to provide benefits to companies engaged in the production of alternative sources of energy, such as solar, wind, and related industries.

Environmental Regulation. Energy Services’ activities are subject to existing federal, state and local laws and regulations governing environmental quality, pollution control and the preservation of natural resources. Such laws and regulations concern, among other things, the containment, disposal and recycling of waste materials, and reporting of the storage, use or release of certain chemicals or hazardous substances. Numerous federal and state environmental laws regulate drilling activities and impose liability for discharges of waste or spills, including those in coastal areas. The Company has conducted pipeline construction in or near ecologically sensitive areas, such as wetlands and coastal environments, which are subject to additional regulatory requirements. State and federal legislation also provide special protections for animal and marine life that could be affected by the Company’s activities. In general, under various applicable environmental programs, the Company may potentially be subject to regulatory enforcement action in the form of injunctions, cease and desist orders and administrative, civil, and criminal penalties for violations of environmental laws. Energy Services may also be subject to liability for natural resource damages and other civil claims arising out of a pollution event. The Company would be responsible for any pollution event that was determined to be caused by its actions. It has insurance that it believes is adequate to cover any such occurrences.

Environmental regulations that affect Energy Services’ customers also have an indirect impact on Energy Services. Increasingly stringent environmental regulation of the natural gas industry has led to higher drilling costs and a more difficult and lengthier well permitting process.

The primary environmental statutory and regulatory programs that affect Energy Services’ operations include the following: Department of Transportation regulations, regulations set forth by agencies such as the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and various environmental agencies including the Environmental Protection Agency, and state and local government agencies.

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Health and Safety Matters. Energy Services’ facilities and operations are also governed by various other laws and regulations, including the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act, relating to worker health and workplace safety. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has issued the Hazard Communication Standard. This standard applies to all private-sector employers, including the natural gas exploration and producing industry. The Hazard Communication Standard requires that employers assess their chemical hazards, obtain and maintain certain written descriptions of these hazards, develop a hazard communication program and train employees to work safely with the chemicals on site. Failure to comply with the requirements of the standard may result in administrative, civil and criminal penalties. Energy Services believes that appropriate precautions are taken to protect employees and others from harmful exposure to materials handled and managed at its facilities and that it operates in substantial compliance with all Occupational Safety and Health Act regulations. It is not anticipated that Energy Services will be required to make material expenditures by reason of such health and safety laws and regulations.

Research and Development/Intellectual Property

Energy Services has not made any material expenditure for research and development. Energy Services does not own any patents, trademarks, or licenses.

Employees and Human Capital Resources

Energy Services of America believes the Company’s greatest asset is its employees. The Company’s emphasis on the health and safety of its employees is an important factor in maintaining its experienced workforce and attracting new talent. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had 1,396 employees including 490 full-time non-union employees.

The Company’s non-union construction, management, and administrative employees are all eligible to participate in the Company paid health, vision, dental, life, prescription, and long-term disability insurance plans. The Company also provides employee-paid supplemental life and accident insurance plans. To encourage employees to keep up with routine medical care and participate in its wellness program, the Company funds a Health Reimbursement Account for participating employees. To help employees cover medical expenses pre-tax, the Company offers employees a Flexible Spending Account. The Company also offers employees a 401(k)-retirement plan with a Company match.

The Company’s union construction workers are represented by various collective bargaining units, with contracts that expire at various times, that provide health and welfare and retirement plans to their members. The Company’s top priority is the safety of our construction employees. The Company’s experienced safety department ensures that employees have the Company and customer required safety training before starting a project. Daily and weekly safety meetings at project sites help employees remain aware of potential hazards. Periodic internal and third-party safety audits are performed to help ensure that the Company’s and customer’s safety procedures are followed.

ITEM 1A.     Risk Factors

Our business is subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risk and uncertainties described below. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we may face. Additional risks and uncertainties not known to us or not described below also may impair our business operations. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business financial condition and results of operations could be impacted, and we may not be able to achieve our expectations, projections, intentions or beliefs about future events that are intended as “forward-looking statements” under Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and should be read in conjunction with the section entitled “Forward looking statements”.

Risk Related to our Operations

Our operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter.

We typically experience lower volumes and lower margins during the winter months due to lower demand for our pipeline services and more difficult operating conditions. Also, other items that can materially affect our quarterly results include:

● Adverse weather;

● Variations in the mix of our work in any quarter;

● Shortage of qualified labor;

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● Unfavorable regional, national or global economic and market conditions;

● A reduction in the demand for our services;

● Changes in customer spending patterns and need for the services we provide;

● Unanticipated increases in construction and design costs;

● Timing and volume of work we perform;

● Termination of existing agreements;

● Losses experienced not covered by insurance;

● Payment risks associated with customer financial condition;

● Changes in bonding requirements of agreements;

● Supply chain constraints;

● Interest rate variations; and

● Changes in accounting and financial reporting standards.

Future acquisitions could disrupt the Company’s business and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

On December 2, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of the assets of Tribute Contracting & Consultants, LLC. In fiscal 2022, the Company completed the acquisitions of Tri-State Paving and Ryan Construction. The Company may continue to expand by making additional acquisitions that could be material to its business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Acquisitions involve many risks, including the following:

● an acquisition may negatively affect the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or cash flows because it may require us to incur charges or assume substantial debt or other liabilities, may cause adverse tax consequences or unfavorable accounting treatment, may expose us to claims and disputes by third parties, or may not generate sufficient financial return to offset additional costs and expenses related to the acquisition;

● the Company may encounter difficulties or unforeseen expenditures in integrating the operations of any company that it acquires, particularly if key personnel of the acquired company decide not to work for us;

● an acquisition may disrupt our ongoing business, divert resources, increase our expenses and distract our management;

● an acquisition may involve the entry into geographic or business markets in which the Company has little or no prior experience or where competitors have stronger market positions;

● if the Company incurs debt to fund such acquisition, such debt may subject us to material restrictions on our ability to conduct our business as well as financial maintenance covenants; and

● to the extent that the Company issues a significant amount of equity securities in connection with future acquisitions, existing stockholders may be diluted and earnings per share may decrease.

The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Risk Related to our Business

The type of contracts we obtain could adversely affect our profitability.

We enter into various types of contracts, including fixed price and variable pricing contracts. On fixed price contracts our profits could be curtailed or eliminated by unanticipated pricing increases associated with the contract.

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A portion of our business depends on our ability to provide surety bonds. We may be unable to compete on certain projects if we are not able to obtain the necessary surety bonds.

Current or future market conditions, including losses in the construction industry or as a result of large corporate bankruptcies, as well as changes in our surety providers’ assessment of our operating and financial risk, could cause our surety providers to decline to issue or renew, or substantially reduce the amount of bonds for our work or could increase our bonding costs. These actions could be taken on short notice. Since a growing number of our customers require such bonding, should our surety providers limit or eliminate our access to bonding, our performance could be negatively impacted if we are unable to replace the bonded business with work that does not require bonding or if we are unable to provide other means of securing the jobs performance such as with letters of credit or cash.

Many of our contracts can be cancelled or delayed or may not be renewed upon completion.

If our customers cancel or delay many projects, our revenues could be reduced if we are unable to replace these contracts with others. Also, we have contracts that expire and are renewed periodically. If we are unsuccessful in renewing those contracts, that could reduce our revenue as well.

Our business requires a skilled labor force and if we are unable to attract and retain qualified employees, our ability to maintain our productivity could be impaired.

Our productivity depends upon our ability to employ and maintain skilled personnel to meet our requirements. Should some of our key managers leave the Company, it could limit our productivity. Also, many of our labor personnel are trade union members. Should we encounter labor problems associated with our union employees or if we are unable to employ enough available operators, welders, or other skilled labor, our production could be significantly curtailed.

Our backlog may not be realized.

Our backlog could be reduced due to the cancellation of projects by customers and/or reductions in scope of the projects. Should this occur, our anticipated revenues would be reduced unless we are able to replace those contracts.

We extend credit to customers for purchases of our services and therefore have risk that they may not be able to repay us.

While we have not had any significant problems with collections of accounts receivables historically, should there be an economic downturn our customers’ ability to repay us could be compromised, and this may curtail our operations and ability to operate profitably.

Our dependence on suppliers, subcontractors and equipment manufacturers could expose us to risk of loss in our operations.

On certain projects, we rely on suppliers to obtain the necessary materials and subcontractors to perform portions of our services. We also rely on equipment manufacturers to provide us with the equipment needed to conduct our operations. Any limitation on the availability of materials or equipment or failure to complete work on a timely basis by subcontractors in a quality fashion could lead to added costs and therefore lower profitability for the Company.

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We face cybersecurity risk including breach of confidential personal information, Company or customer intellectual properties, and delays related to data loss.

Information technology systems are critical to our business. We use various technology systems to manage our customer relationships, general ledger, and other systems. Our computer systems, data management and internal processes, as well as those of third parties, are integral to our performance. Our operational risks include the risk of malfeasance by employees or persons outside our company, errors relating to transaction processing and technology, systems failures or interruptions, breaches of our internal control systems, and business continuation and disaster recovery. There have been increasing efforts by third parties to breach data security. Such attacks include computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, phishing attacks, denial of service or information or other security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of confidential, proprietary, and other information, damages to systems, or other material disruptions to network access or business operations. The Company uses industry-leading firewall hardware and runs anti-malware, antivirus, and anti-exploit solutions on all computers as a first line of defense to prevent security breaches. The Company’s email software utilizes spam blocking, phishing filtering, and external sender warnings. The Company uses compartmentalized network drive access to mitigate ransomware damage and performs daily encrypted backups to secure offsite locations including a disaster recovery site.

Although we take protective measures and believe that we have not experienced any of the data breaches described above, the security of our computer systems, software, and networks may be vulnerable to breaches, unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses, or other malicious code and cyber-attacks that could have an impact on information security. Because the techniques used to cause security breaches change frequently, we may be unable to proactively address these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures.

Inflation can have an adverse impact on our business and on our customers.

Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. Over the last several years, there have been market indicators of a pronounced rise in inflation and the Federal Reserve has raised certain benchmark interest rates to combat inflation. Inflation generally increases the cost of goods and services we will use in our business operations, such as electricity and other utilities, which increases our expenses. In addition, we may have to increase both wages to retain our employees and the cost of our services by a greater amount than we have budgeted. Furthermore, our customers will also be affected by inflation and the rising costs of goods and services used in their businesses, which could have a negative impact on their ability to use our services and afford to pay our fees.

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Societal responses to climate change could adversely affect our business and performance, including indirectly through impacts on our customers.

Concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led and will continue to lead to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses also may change their behavior on their own as a result of these concerns. We and our customers will need to respond to new laws and regulations as well as consumer and business preferences resulting from climate change concerns. We and our customers may face cost increases, asset value reductions and operating process changes. The impact on our customers will likely vary depending on their specific attributes, including reliance on or role in carbon intensive activities. Among the impacts on us could be a drop in demand for our products and services, particularly in certain sectors. Our efforts to take these risks into account may not be effective in protecting us from the negative impact of new laws and regulations or changes in consumer or business behavior.

The SBA may review the Company’s PPP Loan forgiveness application and if the SBA disagrees with the Company’s certification the Company could be subject to penalties and the repayment of the PPP Loans, which could negatively impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.

Due to the economic uncertainties created by COVID-19 and limited operating funds available, the Company applied for loans under the PPP. On April 15, 2020, the Company and its subsidiaries, C.J. Hughes, Contractors Rental and Nitro, entered into separate PPP notes effective April 7, 2020, with the Lender in an aggregate principal amount of $13.1 million pursuant to the PPP Loans. In a special meeting held on April 27, 2020, the Board of Directors of the Company unanimously voted to return $3.3 million of the PPP Loans after discussing the financing needs of the Company and subsidiaries. That left the Company and subsidiaries with $9.8 million in PPP Loans to fund operations. During fiscal year 2021, the Company received notice that the SBA had granted forgiveness of the $9.8 million of PPP Loans and the SBA repaid the Lender in full. The forgiveness was recorded as other income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021.

During April 2023, management received notification from the SBA that one of the Company’s forgiveness applications related to the PPP Loans was under review. As part of the review, the SBA requested additional payroll information. Additionally, the SBA requested information regarding the ability of the Company’s affiliates to meet SBA size standards and/or PPP corporate maximum limits.  The requested information was subsequently provided to the SBA through the Lender. The Company recognizes that there is a possibility that the SBA could reverse its previous determination on the forgiveness of the PPP Loans. As a result of this uncertainty, the Company restated the previously audited financial statements of the Company for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

During July 2023, management received notification from the SBA that two additional forgiveness applications related to the PPP Loans were under review. As part of the review, the SBA requested information regarding the ability of the Company’s affiliates to meet SBA size standards and/or PPP corporate maximum limits.  The requested information was subsequently provided to the SBA through the Lender.

Borrowers must retain PPP documentation for at least six years after the date the loan is forgiven or paid in full, and the SBA and SBA Inspector General must be granted these files upon request. The SBA could revisit its forgiveness decision and determine that the Company does not qualify in whole or in part for loan forgiveness and demand repayment of the loans. In addition, it is unknown what type of penalties could be assessed against the Company if the SBA disagrees with the Company’s certification. Any penalties in addition to the potential repayment of the PPP Loans could negatively impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.

Risk Related to our Industry

An economic downturn in the industries we serve could lead to less demand for our services.

In addition to the effects of an economic recession, there could be reductions in the industries that the Company serves. If the demand for natural gas should drop dramatically, or the demand for electrical and mechanical services drops dramatically, these would in turn result in less demand for the Company’s services.

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Project delays or cancellations may result in additional costs to us, reductions in revenues or the payment of liquidated damages.

In certain circumstances, we guarantee project completion by a scheduled acceptance date or are paid only upon achievement of certain acceptance and performance testing levels. Failure to meet any of these requirements could result in additional costs or penalties which could exceed the expected project profits.

Our industry is highly competitive.

Our industry has been and remains competitive with competitors ranging from small owner operated companies to large public companies. Within that group there may be companies with lower overhead costs that may be able to price their services at lower levels than we can. Accordingly, if that occurs, our business opportunities could be severely limited. In addition, our industry competes for energy demand with suppliers of alternative energy sources such as solar and wind.

We may be unsuccessful at generating internal growth.

Our ability to generate internal growth will be affected by our ability to:

● Attract new customers;

● Expand our relationships with existing customers;

● Hire and maintain qualified employees;

● Expand geographically; and

● Adjust quickly to changes in our industry.

Risk Related to Financing

Credit facilities to fund our operations and growth might not be available.

Our business relies heavily on having lines of credit in place to fund the various projects we are working on. Should funding not be available, or on favorable terms, it could severely curtail our operations and the ability to generate profits. Energy Services maintains a banking relationship with two regional banks and has lines of credit and borrowing facilities with these institutions.

On August 8, 2024, the Company renewed its $30.0 million line of credit with a maturity date of June 28, 2026. The line of credit is limited to a borrowing base calculation, which was approximately $25.1 million at September 30, 2024. The outstanding balance on the line of credit was $4.5 million at September 30, 2024. The line of credit has a variable interest rate equal to the “Wall Street Journal” Prime Rate with a floor of 4.5%, which was 8.0% at September 30, 2024.

The Company believes this line of credit will provide enough operating capital for future projects. The Company cannot guarantee it will always have access to this line of credit in the future depending on the Company’s financial performance.

Risk Related to our Financial Performance

Revenue and cost estimates on projects may differ from actual results.

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis, based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. While the Company believes estimates on project performance are materially correct at September 30, 2024, there can be no assurance that actual results will not differ from those estimates.

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Risk Related to Law and Regulatory Compliance

During the ordinary course of business, we may become subject to lawsuits or indemnity claims, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

From time to time, we may in the ordinary course of business be named as a defendant in lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings. These actions may seek, among other things, compensation for alleged personal injury, worker’s compensation, employment discrimination, breach of contract, property damages, civil penalties, and other losses of injunctive or declaratory relief. Also, we often indemnify our customers for claims related to the services we provide and actions we take under our contracts with them. Because our services in certain instances may be integral to the operation and performance of our customers’ infrastructure, we may become subject to lawsuits or claims for any failure of the systems we work on. While we carry insurance to protect the Company against such claims, the outcomes of any of the lawsuits, claims or legal proceedings could result in significant costs and diversion of management’s attention from the business. Payments of significant amounts, even if reserved, could adversely affect our reputation, liquidity and results of operations.

We may incur liabilities or suffer negative financial or reputational harm relating to occupational health and safety matters.

Our operations are subject to extensive laws and regulations relating to the maintenance of safe conditions in the workplace. While we are constantly monitoring our health and safety programs, our industry involves a high degree of operating risk and there can be no assurance given that we will avoid significant liability exposure and/or be precluded from working for various customers due to high incident rates.

Changes by the government in laws regulating the industries we serve could reduce our sales volumes.

If the government enacts legislation that has a serious impact on the industries we serve, it could lead to the curtailment of capital projects in those industries and therefore lead to lower sales volumes for our Company.

Our failure to comply with environmental laws could result in significant liabilities.

Our operations are subject to various environmental laws and regulations, including those dealing with the handling and disposal of waste products, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other hazardous materials, as well as fuel storage. We also work around and under bodies of water. We invest significantly in compliance with the appropriate laws and regulations. However, if we should inadvertently cause contamination of waters or soils, liabilities for our Company relating to cleanup and remediation could be substantial and could exceed any insurance coverage we might have and result in a negative impact to the Company’s ability to operate.

We have operations in multiple states and face risks related to pandemics such as the Coronavirus/COVID 19 global pandemic that could impact our results of operations.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of a widespread outbreak of a global pandemic such as COVID-19 and other adverse public health developments that could have a material and adverse effect on our business operations. These could include disruptions or restrictions on our ability to travel or to complete our projects, as well as temporary closures of our facilities or the facilities of our suppliers or customers. Any disruption of our suppliers or customers would likely impact our operating results.

Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our common stock is not heavily traded, and the stock price may fluctuate significantly.

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “ESOA.” Certain brokers currently make a market in the common stock, but such transactions are infrequent, and the volume of shares traded is relatively small. Management cannot predict whether these or other brokers will continue to make a market in our common stock. Prices on stock that is not heavily traded, such as our common stock, can be more volatile than heavily traded stock. Factors such as our financial results, the introduction of new products and services by us or our competitors, publicity regarding our industry, and various other factors may have a significant impact on the market price of the shares of the common stock. Management also cannot predict the extent to which an active public market for our common stock will develop or be sustained in the future. Accordingly, stockholders may not be able to sell their shares of our common stock at the volumes, prices, or times that they desire.

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Our directors beneficially own a significant portion of our common stock and have substantial influence over us.

Our directors, as a group, beneficially owned approximately 32.4% of our outstanding shares of common stock as of September 30, 2024. As a result of this level of ownership, our directors have the ability, by taking coordinated action, to exercise significant influence over our affairs and policies. The interests of our directors may not be consistent with your interests as a stockholder. This influence may also have the effect of delaying or preventing changes of control or changes in management or limiting the ability of our other stockholders to approve transactions that they may deem to be in the best interests of our Company.

Our dividend policy may change without notice and any payment of dividends in the future is subject to the discretion of our board of directors.

The holders of our common stock will receive cash dividends if and when declared by our board of directors out of legally available funds. Although we paid an annual cash dividend in calendar 2024 and have initiated a regular quarterly cash dividend in fiscal 2025, we have no obligation to continue paying dividends. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, future prospects, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders will continue to be subject to, and limited by, certain legal restrictions. Further, any lenders making loans to us may impose financial covenants that may be more restrictive with respect to dividend payments than our legal requirements.

Increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to our environmental, social and governance practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.

Companies are facing increasing scrutiny from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders related to their environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) practices and disclosure. Investor advocacy groups, investment funds and influential investors are also increasingly focused on these practices, especially as they relate to the environment, health and safety, diversity, labor conditions and human rights. Increased ESG-related compliance costs could result in increases to our overall operational costs. Failure to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or investor or stakeholder expectations and standards could negatively impact our reputation, ability to do business with certain partners, and our stock price. New government regulations could also result in new or more stringent forms of ESG oversight and expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and disclosure.

ITEM 1B.     Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

ITEM 1C.     Cybersecurity

The Company’s Board of Directors recognizes the critical importance of developing, implementing, and maintaining robust cybersecurity measures to assess, identify, and manage material risks associated with cybersecurity threats. These risks include, among other things, internal information technology risks; system security risks; data protection; risks to proprietary business information; intellectual property theft; fraud; extortion; harm to employees, partners, or customers; violation of privacy or security laws and other litigation and legal risk; and reputational risks. The Company has implemented a cybersecurity risk management program that generally aligns with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework to manage these material risks, safeguard the Company’s information systems, protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the Company’s data, and maintain the trust and confidence of our customers, business partners, and employees.

Risk Management and Strategy

The Board of Directors is actively involved in oversight of the Company’s risk management framework. The Company’s cybersecurity risk management practices are strategically integrated into its broader risk management framework to promote a company-wide culture of cybersecurity awareness. This integration ensures cybersecurity considerations are an integral part of decision-making processes across the organization.

The Company’s risk management team collaborates closely with its internal IT team to evaluate and address cybersecurity risks in alignment with the Company’s overall business objectives and operational needs. The Company has implemented controls and

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procedures to ensure the prompt escalation of cybersecurity concerns so that management, the Audit Committee, and the Board of Directors receive timely and appropriate information.

Given the complexity and evolving nature of cybersecurity threats, the Company engages external experts, such as cybersecurity assessors, third-party legal consultants, and auditors, to evaluate and test its risk management systems. These engagements include audits, threat assessments, and consultations on security enhancements. Such collaboration ensures the Company leverages specialized knowledge to maintain cybersecurity practices aligned with industry standards.

To assess, identify, and manage cybersecurity risks, the Company:

● Utilizes advanced technology solutions, such as proactive detection tools, to safeguard its assets and identify threats within its environment.

● Conducts cyber education and awareness training sessions to equip employees with the necessary knowledge and foster a strong security culture.

● Analyzes internal and external cybersecurity incidents and threat intelligence to assess relevance to its environment and industry.

● Performs recovery testing to ensure the resilience of critical systems and support business continuity.

● Implements stringent oversight of third-party service providers, including conducting security reviews before engagement and ongoing monitoring to ensure compliance with the Company’s cybersecurity standards.

Governance

The Company’s Board of Directors believes it understands the significance of risks associated with cybersecurity threats to its operational integrity and stakeholder confidence and believes it has established mechanisms to effectively manage such risks based on the current understanding of the threat environment. As part of the Company’s entire Board of Directors operational risk management responsibilities, it has oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. As discussed below, members of management advise the entire Board of Directors about cybersecurity threat risks, among other cybersecurity related matters, at least annually and management also reports to the Audit Committee with respect to cybersecurity risks with financial statement or financial statement reporting implications. The Audit Committee routinely interacts and reports to the entire Board of Directors on these matters.

The Board of Directors is composed of members with diverse expertise including risk management, technology, and finance domain expertise, equipping them to oversee cybersecurity risks effectively.

The Board of Directors and the Audit Committee receive briefings from the Company’s Chief Information Officer (“CIO”), Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) and President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) on a regular basis, with a minimum frequency of once per year. These briefings encompass a broad range of topics, including:

● Current cybersecurity landscape and emerging threats;

● Status of ongoing cybersecurity initiatives and strategies;

● Incident reports and learnings from any cybersecurity events; and

● Compliance with regulatory requirements and industry standards.

In addition to scheduled briefings, ad hoc discussions regarding emerging or potential cybersecurity risks ensure the Board remains informed and engaged in strategic decision-making related to cybersecurity. The Board conducts an annual review of the Company’s cybersecurity posture and risk management strategies to identify areas for improvement and maintain alignment with the Company’s overall risk management framework.

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The Company’s CIO has over 20 years of experience in the field of technology and security and is instrumental in developing and designing, implementing and executing the Company’s cybersecurity strategies. The internal IT team is responsible for the day-to-day implementation of the Company’s cybersecurity risk management programs, testing compliance with standards, remediating known risks, and leading employee training programs. The team monitors the latest developments in cybersecurity, including potential threats and innovative risk management techniques, to help prevent, detect, and mitigate cybersecurity incidents.

In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the IT team implements the Company’s incident response plan to mitigate immediate impacts, implement remediation strategies, and prevent future incidents. The team also ensures that senior management is regularly informed about material cybersecurity risks and incidents to maintain alignment with organizational priorities.

As of the date hereof, the Company has not encountered cybersecurity incidents that the Company believes to have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company taken as a whole, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.

ITEM 2.     Properties

The Company and its subsidiaries own the property where its subsidiaries, C.J. Hughes, Nitro, West Virginia Pipeline, and the Company’s headquarters are located. We maintain our executive offices at 75 West 3^rd Ave., Huntington, West Virginia 25701, which is also the offices of C.J. Hughes and Contractors Rental. Nitro’s office is located at 4300 1^st Ave., Nitro, WV 25143. West Virginia Pipeline’s office is located at 300 Pipeline Road, Princeton, WV 24739. SQP leases its office space and is located at 281 Smiley Drive, St Albans, WV 25177. TSP leases its office space and is located at 3384 Teays Valley Rd, Hurricane, WV 25526. Ryan Construction leases its office space and is located at 5793 W. Veterans Memorial Highway, Bridgeport, WV 26330. The Company’s management believes that its properties are adequate for the business it conducts. Please see “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a description of the mortgages and leases on these properties.

ITEM 3.     Legal Proceedings

As previously disclosed, in February 2018, the Company filed a lawsuit against a customer in the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (the “District Court”). The lawsuit was related to a dispute over work performed on a pipeline construction project. On November 21, 2022, the District Court issued a judgment in favor of the Company. On April 17, 2024, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (the “Appeals Court”) affirmed the decision of the District Court. In May 2024, the Appeals Court denied petitions for a rehearing. This upheld the award granted by the District Court in November 2022. The Company received an approximately $15.6 million payment related to the lawsuit. The Company recognized the payment in its consolidated financial statements for the third fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2024.

On November 12, 2021, the Company received a withdrawal liability claim from a pension plan to which the Company made pension contributions for union construction employees performing covered work in a particular jurisdiction. The Company has not performed covered work in their jurisdiction since 2011; however, the Company disagrees with the withdrawal claim and believes it is covered by an exemption under federal law. The demand called for thirty-four quarterly installment payments of $41,000 starting December 15, 2021. The Company complied with the demand according to federal pension law; however, the Company firmly believes no withdrawal liability exists. The Company is in negotiations with the pension fund to resolve the matter and all future payments have been suspended as part of the negotiation. The Company has expensed all $164,000 in payments made through September 30, 2022 and does not expect any future liabilities related to this claim. The Company did not make any payments during the twelve months ended September 30, 2023 or 2024.

Other than described above, at September 30, 2024, the Company was not involved in any legal proceedings other than in the ordinary course of business. The Company is a party from time to time to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. These actions typically seek, among other things, compensation for alleged personal injury, breach of contract and/or property damages, punitive damages, civil penalties, or other losses, or injunctive or declaratory relief. With respect to all such lawsuits, claims, and proceedings, we record reserves when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. At September 30, 2024, the Company does not believe that any of these proceedings, separately or in aggregate, would be expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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ITEM 4.     Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

PART II

ITEM 5.     Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On March 23, 2022, the Company’s common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market operated by The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC under the symbol “ESOA”. The Company’s common stock had previously been traded under the symbol “ESOA” on the OTCQB Marketplace.

As of September 30, 2024, there were 24 holders of record of our common stock. Certain shares of the Company’s common stock are held in “nominee” or “street” name and accordingly the number of beneficial owners of common stock is not included in the number of record holders.

The Company paid an annual cash dividend of $0.06 per share in fiscal 2024 and has initiated a quarterly cash dividend of $0.03 per share for fiscal 2025. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, future prospects, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders will continue to be subject to, and limited by, certain legal restrictions. Further, any lenders making loans to us may impose financial covenants that may be more restrictive with respect to dividend payments than our legal requirements.

On July 6, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program (the “Program”), pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, purchase shares of its common stock for an aggregate repurchase amount not to exceed 1,000,000 shares, which was approximately 6.0% of its outstanding common stock as of the date of the announcement. The Program does not obligate the Company to purchase any number of shares, and there is no guarantee as to the exact number of shares to be repurchased by the Company.

The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

ITEM 6.      Reserved

ITEM 7.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of Energy Services in conjunction with the historical financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere herein. Among other things, those historical consolidated financial statements include more detailed information regarding the basis of presentation for the following information.

Understanding Gross Margins

Our gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of revenues. Cost of revenues consists primarily of salaries, wages and some benefits to employees, depreciation, fuel and other equipment costs, equipment rentals, subcontracted services, portions of insurance, facilities expense, materials and parts and supplies. Factors affecting gross margin include:

Seasonal. As discussed above, seasonal patterns can have a significant impact on gross margins. Usually, business is slower in the winter months versus the warmer months.

Weather. Adverse or favorable weather conditions can impact gross margin in each period. Periods of wet weather, snow or rainfall, as well as severe temperature extremes can severely impact production and therefore negatively impact revenues and margins. Conversely, periods of dry weather with moderate temperatures can positively impact revenues and margins due to the opportunity for increased production and efficiency.

Revenue Mix. The mix of revenues between customer types and types of work for various customers will impact gross margins. Some projects will have greater margins while others that are extremely competitive in bidding may have narrower margins.

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Service and Maintenance versus Installation. In general, installation work has a higher gross margin than maintenance work. This is because installation work usually is of a fixed price nature and therefore has higher risks involved. Accordingly, a higher portion of the revenue mix from installation work typically will result in higher margins.

Subcontract Work. Work that is subcontracted to other service providers generally has lower gross margins. Increases in subcontract work as a percentage of total revenues in each period may contribute to a decrease in gross margin.

Materials versus Labor. Typically, materials supplied on projects have lower margins than labor. Accordingly, projects with a higher material cost in relation to the entire job will have a lower overall margin.

Depreciation. Depreciation is included in our cost of revenue. This is a common practice in our industry but can make comparability to other companies difficult.

Margin Risk. Failure to properly execute a job including failure to properly manage and supervise a job could decrease the profit margin.

Selling and Administrative Expenses

Selling and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and related benefits to management, administrative salaries and benefits, marketing, communications, office and utility costs, professional fees, bad debt expense, letter of credit fees, general liability insurance and miscellaneous other expenses.

Results of Operations for the Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2024, Compared to the Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2023.

Revenue. A table comparing the components of the Company’s revenues for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, and 2023 is below:

	Twelve Months Ended
	September 30, 2024		% of total		September 30, 2023	% of total		Change		% Change
Gas & Water Distribution	$	82,426,199	23.3	%	63,527,457	20.9	%	$	18,898,742	29.7	%
Gas & Petroleum Transmission		81,055,176	23.5	%	92,132,049	30.3	%		(11,076,873)	(12.0)	%
Electrical, Mechanical, & General		188,395,486	53.2	%	148,444,986	48.8	%		39,950,500	26.9	%
Total	$	351,876,861	100.0	%	304,104,492	100.0	%	$	47,772,369	15.7	%

Revenue increased by $47.8 million, or 15.7%, to $351.9 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, from $304.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The increase was the result of increased work in the Electrical, Mechanical, and General and Gas & Water Distribution business lines, partially offset by a decrease in Gas & Petroleum Transmission work.

Gas & Water Distribution revenues totaled $82.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, an $18.9 million increase from $63.5 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The revenue increase was primarily related to the Company’s continued focus on increasing water project opportunities.

Gas & Petroleum Transmission revenues totaled $81.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, an $11.0 million decrease from $92.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The revenue decrease was primarily related to a significant natural gas project that was substantially completed during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 that was not fully replaced in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

Electrical, Mechanical, & General services and construction revenues totaled $188.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, a $40.0 million increase from $148.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The revenue increase was primarily related to increased mechanical and electrical maintenance services performed and an increase in new construction opportunities during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the prior fiscal year.

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Cost of Revenues. A table comparing the components of the Company’s costs of revenues for fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, is below:

	Twelve Months Ended
	September 30, 2024		% of total		September 30, 2023		% of total		Change		% Change
Gas & Water Distribution	$	63,255,027	21.0	%	$	48,891,624	18.3	%	$	14,363,403	29.4	%
Gas & Petroleum Transmission		69,451,038	23.0	%		79,481,106	29.7	%		(10,030,068)	(12.6)	%
Electrical, Mechanical, & General		167,617,676	55.5	%		137,763,517	51.5	%		29,854,159	21.7	%
Unallocated Shop Expense		1,598,804	0.5	%		1,154,910	0.4	%		443,894	38.4	%
Total	$	301,922,545	100.0	%	$	267,291,157	100.0	%	$	34,631,388	13.0	%

Total cost of revenues increased by $34.6 million, or 13.0%, to $301.9 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, from $267.3 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The increase was the result of increased work in the Electrical, Mechanical, and General and Gas & Water Distribution business lines, partially offset by a decrease in Gas & Petroleum Transmission work.

Gas & Water Distribution cost of revenues totaled $63.3 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, a $14.4 million increase from $48.9 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The cost of revenues increase was primarily related to the Company’s continued focus on increasing water project opportunities.

Gas & Petroleum Transmission cost of revenues totaled $69.5 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, a $10.0 million decrease from $79.5 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The cost of revenues decrease was primarily related to a significant natural gas project that was substantially completed during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 that was not fully replaced in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

Electrical, Mechanical, & General services and construction cost of revenues totaled $167.6 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, a $29.8 million increase from $137.8 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The cost of revenues increase was primarily related to increased mechanical and electrical maintenance services performed and an increase in new construction opportunities during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the prior fiscal year.

Unallocated shop expenses totaled $1.6 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, a $444,000 increase from $1.2 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The increase in unallocated shop expenses was primarily due to decreased internal equipment charges to projects for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the prior fiscal year.

Gross Profit. A table comparing the components of the Company’s gross profit for fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, is below:

	Twelve Months Ended
		September 30, 2024	% of revenue			September 30, 2023	% of revenue			Change	% Change
Gas & Water Distribution	$	19,171,172	23.26	%	$	14,635,833	23.04	%	$	4,535,339	31.0	%
Gas & Petroleum Transmission		11,604,138	14.32	%		12,650,943	13.73	%		(1,046,805)	(8.3)	%
Electrical, Mechanical, & General		20,777,810	11.03	%		10,681,469	7.20	%		10,096,341	94.5	%
Unallocated Shop Expense		(1,598,804)	—			(1,154,910)	—			(443,894)	38.4	%
Total	$	49,954,316	14.2	%	$	36,813,335	12.1	%	$	13,140,981	35.7	%

Total gross profit increased by $13.1 million or 35.7% to $50.0 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, from $36.8 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

Gas & Water Distribution gross profit totaled $19.2 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, a $4.5 million increase from $14.6 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The gross profit increase was primarily related to the Company’s continued focus on increasing water project opportunities.

Gas & Petroleum Transmission gross profit totaled $11.6 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, a $1.1 million decrease from $12.7 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The gross profit decrease was primarily related to less transmission work performed in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the prior fiscal year.

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Electrical, Mechanical, & General services and construction gross profit totaled $20.8 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, a $10.1 million increase from $10.7 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The gross profit increase was primarily related to a large new construction electrical project that resulted in higher than expected profits and increased profits in general contractor opportunities during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the prior fiscal year.

Gross loss attributed to unallocated shop operations totaled $1.6 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, a $444,000 increase from $1.2 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The gross loss increase was primarily due to decreased internal equipment charges to projects for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the prior fiscal year.

Selling and administrative expenses. Total selling and administrative expenses increased by $6.3 million to $30.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, from $23.8 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily related to increased business opportunities and management hirings needed to secure and manage projects.

Income from operations. Income from operations was $19.8 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, a $6.8 million increase from $13.0 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to the items described above.

Other nonoperating expense. Other nonoperating expense decreased by $266,000 or (92.5%) to $22,000 for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, from $288,000 for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to the receipt of a settlement from a former third-party administrator of the Company’s 401(k) retirement plan.

Income from lawsuit judgement. The Company received $15.6 million from a lawsuit judgement against a former customer for work performed in a prior period. Please see Legal Proceedings on page 15 for more information.

Gain on sale of equipment. The net gain on the sale of equipment increased by $227,000 or 657.3% to $261,000 for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, from $34,000 for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily due to the Company sending more obsolete and underused equipment to auction during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

Interest Expense. Interest expense decreased by $218,000 or (9.1%) to $2.2 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, from $2.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to lower line of credit borrowings during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

Net Income. Income before income taxes was $33.5 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, compared to $10.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to the items mentioned above.

The income tax expense for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 was $8.4 million as compared to $3.0 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to an increase in taxable income in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the prior fiscal year.

The effective income tax rate for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 was 25.1%, as compared to 28.7% for the prior fiscal year. Effective income tax rates are estimates and may vary from period to period due to changes in the amount of taxable income or loss, non-taxable and non-deductible expenses.

Net income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 was $25.1 million compared to $7.4 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to the items mentioned above.

Comparison of Financial Condition at September 30, 2024 Compared to September 30, 2023.

The Company had total assets of $158.2 million at September 30, 2024, an increase of $15.7 million from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $142.5 million.

The aggregate balance of accounts receivable, retainages receivable, allowance for doubtful accounts and other receivables totaled $68.8 million at September 30, 2024, an increase of $9.5 million from the combined prior fiscal year-end balance of $59.3 million. The increase was primarily due to the timing of receivables, retainages, and receipts at the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the prior fiscal year end.

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Cash and cash equivalents totaled $12.9 million at September 30, 2024, a decrease of $3.5 million from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $16.4 million. The decrease was primarily related to a net $7.9 million investment in property and equipment and a net $14.2 million used in financing activities, partially offset by a net $18.6 million provided by operating activities.

Net property, plant and equipment totaled $38.1 million at September 30, 2024, an increase of $1.6 million from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $36.5 million. Property, plant and equipment acquisitions totaled $10.9 million for the fiscal year 2024 while depreciation expense was $8.5 million, and the net impact of disposals was $797,000.

Right-of-use assets acquired from operating leases totaled $2.5 million net of amortization expense at September 30, 2024, a decrease of $795,000 from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $3.3 million. The decrease was primarily related to $1.3 million in right-of-use asset payments and, partially offset by $510,000 in right-of-use asset additions during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

Goodwill and acquired intangible assets totaled $7.2 million at September 30, 2024, a $318,000 decrease from the prior fiscal year end balance of $7.5 million and was the result of intangible asset amortization expense of $438,000 for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, partially offset by $121,000 related to the acquisition of Heritage Painting.

Prepaid expenses and other totaled $4.1 million at September 30, 2024, an increase of $568,000 from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $3.5 million. The increase was primarily due to the increase of various prepaid insurance accounts at the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the prior fiscal year end.

Contract assets totaled $24.6 million at September 30, 2024, an increase of $8.6 million from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $16.0 million. This increase was primarily due to the timing of project billings and related costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings at September 30, 2024, as compared to at September 30, 2023.

Liabilities totaled $99.6 million at September 30, 2024, decrease of $8.3 million from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $107.9 million.

Contract liabilities totaled $17.0 million at September 30, 2024, a decrease of $792,000 from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $17.7 million. This decrease was due to increased billings in excess of costs and earnings when computing earned revenue on construction projects at September 30, 2024, as compared to at September 30, 2023.

The aggregate balance of current maturities of long-term debt and long-term debt totaled $23.6 million at September 30, 2024, a decrease of $1.4 million from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $25.0 million. The decrease was primarily due to $8.0 million in long-term debt repayments, partially offset by $2.0 million in long-term debt additions and $4.5 million in line of credit borrowings due by June 28, 2026.

Net deferred income tax payable totaled $6.5 million at September 30, 2024, a decrease of $380,000 from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $6.9 million. The decrease was primarily related to the addition of $533,000 in state net operating loss valuation allowances at the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

Accounts payable totaled $23.7 million as of September 30, 2024, an increase of $1.7 million from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $22.0 million. The increase was due to more work in progress at the end of the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the prior fiscal year-end.

Current and long-term operating lease liabilities totaled $2.5 million at September 30, 2024, a decrease of $818,000 from the prior fiscal year end balance of $3.4 million. The decrease was primarily related to $1.3 million in operating lease payments, partially offset by $510,000 in additions during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities totaled $13.9 million at September 30, 2024, an increase of $752,000 from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $13.1 million. The increase was primarily due to increased labor and burden expenses incurred towards the end of the fiscal year 2024, as compared to fiscal 2023.

Current maturities of lines of credit and short-term borrowings totaled $10.3 million at September 30, 2024, a decrease of $9.6 million from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $19.8 million. This decrease was primarily due to $4.2 million in line of credit

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repayments, the reclass of $4.5 million in line of credit borrowings to long-term debt, and the payment of $950,000 in short-term insurance premium financing, partially offset by $100,000 in accrued interest on PPP loan debt.

Income taxes payable totaled $2.2 million at September 30, 2024, as compared to a prior fiscal year-end balance of $0 due to having net operating loss carry forwards at September 30, 2023.

Shareholders’ equity totaled $58.7 million at September 30, 2024, an increase of $24.1 million from the prior fiscal year-end balance of $34.6 million. This increase was primarily due to $25.1 million in net income, partially offset by $994,000 in special cash dividend payments.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Operating Line of Credit

On August 8, 2024, the Company renewed its $30.0 million line of credit with a maturity date of June 28, 2026. The interest rate on the line of credit is the “Wall Street Journal” Prime Rate (the index) with a floor of 4.99%.

The line of credit is limited to a borrowing base calculation as summarized below:

	September 30, 2024			September 30, 2023
Eligible borrowing base	$	25,089,446		$	23,942,868
Borrowed on line of credit		4,500,000			8,712,915
Line of credit balance available	$	20,589,446		$	15,229,953
Interest rate		8.0	%		8.5	%

The Company’s $4.5 million line of credit borrowing is recorded as a long-term debt as of September 30, 2024, as compared to an $8.7 million short-term borrowing at September 30, 2023.

The modified financial covenants for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, and all subsequent quarters, are below:

● Minimum tangible net worth of $28.0 million,

● Minimum traditional debt service coverage of 1.50x on a rolling twelve- month basis,

● Minimum current ratio of 1.20x,

● Maximum debt to tangible net worth ratio (“TNW”) of 2.75x,

● Each ratio and covenant shall be determined, tested, and measured as of each calendar quarter beginning June 30, 2023,

● The Company shall maintain a ratio of Maximum Senior Funded Debt (“SFD”) to Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBDITA”) equal to or less than 3.5:1. SFD shall mean any funded debt or lease of the Company, other than subordinated debt. The covenant shall be tested quarterly, at the end of each fiscal quarter, with EBITDA based on the preceding four quarters.

The Company’s lender has agreed to omit the effect of the PPP loan restatement from the Company’s covenant compliance calculations while a final decision on PPP loan forgiveness remains in question. Thus, the Company was in compliance with all covenants at September 30, 2024.

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Insurance Premiums Financed

The Company had previously financed insurance policy premiums on a short-term basis through a financing company prior to beginning to make quarterly installment payments for calendar year 2024. These insurance policies include workers’ compensation, general liability, automobile, umbrella, and equipment policies. At September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the remaining balance of the insurance premiums was $0 and $950,000, respectively.

Paycheck Protection Program Loans

Due to the economic uncertainties created by COVID-19 and limited operating funds available, the Company applied for loans under the PPP. On April 15, 2020, the Company and its subsidiaries, C.J. Hughes, Contractors Rental and Nitro, entered into separate PPP notes effective April 7, 2020, with its Lender in an aggregate principal amount of $13.1 million pursuant to the PPP Loans. In a special meeting held on April 27, 2020, the Board of Directors of the Company unanimously voted to return $3.3 million of the PPP Loans after discussing the financing needs of the Company and subsidiaries. That left the Company and subsidiaries with $9.8 million in PPP Loans to fund operations. During fiscal year 2021, the Company received notice that the SBA had granted forgiveness of the $9.8 million of PPP Loans and the SBA repaid the Lender in full. The forgiveness was recorded as other income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021.

During April 2023, management received notification from the SBA that one of the Company’s forgiveness applications related to the PPP Loans was under review. As part of the review, the SBA requested additional payroll information. Additionally, the SBA requested information regarding the ability of the Company’s affiliates to meet SBA size standards and/or PPP corporate maximum limits. The requested information was subsequently provided to the SBA through the Lender. The Company recognizes that there is a possibility that the SBA could reverse its previous determination on the forgiveness of the PPP Loans. As a result of this uncertainty, the Company restated the previously issued audited financial statements of the Company for fiscal 2022 and 2021. The Company has recorded a short-term borrowing due to the SBA inquiry for the full $9.8 million, plus accrued interest.

During July 2023, management received notification from the SBA that two additional forgiveness applications related to the PPP Loans were under review. As part of the review, the SBA requested information regarding the ability of the Company’s affiliates to meet SBA size standards and/or PPP corporate maximum limits. The requested information was subsequently provided to the SBA through the Lender.

Borrowers must retain PPP documentation for at least six years after the date the loan is forgiven or paid in full, and the SBA and SBA Inspector General must be granted these files upon request. The SBA could revisit its forgiveness decision and determine that the Company does not qualify in whole or in part for loan forgiveness and demand repayment of the loans. In addition, it is unknown what type of penalties could be assessed against the Company if the SBA disagrees with the Company’s certification. Any penalties in addition to the potential repayment of the PPP Loans could negatively impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.

Long-Term Debt

On December 16, 2014, the Company’s Nitro subsidiary entered into a 20-year $1.2 million loan agreement with a bank to purchase the office building and property it had previously been leasing. The interest rate on this loan agreement is 4.82% with monthly payments of $7,800. The interest rate on this note is subject to change from time to time based on changes in the U.S. Treasury yield, adjusted to a constant maturity of three years as published by the Federal Reserve weekly. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had made principal payments of $437,000. The loan is collateralized by the building purchased under this agreement. The note is currently held by Peoples Bank, Inc.

On November 13, 2015, the Company entered into a 10-year $1.1 million loan agreement with United Bank to purchase the fabrication shop and property Nitro had previously been leasing. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had repaid this loan in full.

On December 31, 2020, West Virginia Pipeline Acquisition Company, later renamed West Virginia Pipeline, Inc., entered into a $3.0 million sellers’ note agreement with David and Daniel Bolton for the remaining purchase price of West Virginia Pipeline, Inc. For the purchase price allocation, the $3.0 million note had a fair value of $2.85 million. As part of the $6.35 million acquisition price, the Company paid $3.5 million in cash in addition to the note. The unsecured five-year term note requires annual payments of at least

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$500,000 with a fixed interest rate of 3.25% on the $3.0 million sellers’ note, which equates to 5.35% on the carrying value of the note. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had made annual installment payments of $2,000,000.

On January 4, 2021, the Company entered into a $3.0 million Non-Revolving Note agreement with United Bank. This five-year agreement gave the Company access to a $3.0 million line of credit for the purchase of equipment. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had repaid this loan in full.

On April 2, 2021, the Company entered into a $3.5 million Non-Revolving Note agreement with United Bank. This five-year agreement repaid the outstanding $3.5 million line of credit that was used for the down payment on the West Virginia Pipeline acquisition. This loan has monthly installment payments of $64,853 and has a fixed interest rate of 4.25%. The loan is collateralized by the Company’s equipment and receivables. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had made principal payments of $2.4 million.

On April 29, 2022, the Company entered into a $7.5 million Non-Revolving Note agreement with United Bank. This five-year agreement was used to finance the purchase of Tri-State Paving and has monthly payments of $129,910 with a fixed interest rate of 4.25%. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had made principal payments of $3.1 million.

On April 29, 2022, the Company entered into a $1.0 million promissory note agreement with Corns Enterprises, a related party, as partial consideration for the purchase of Tri-State Paving. David E. Corns continued his role as President of the Company’s Tri-State Paving Subsidiary. This four-year agreement requires $250,000 principal installment payments on or before the end of each twelve (12) full calendar month period beginning April 29, 2022. Interest payments due shall be calculated on the principal balance remaining and shall be at the stated rate of 3.5% per year. The Company has made $750,000 in principal payments on this note as of September 30, 2024.

On October 10, 2022, the Company entered into a $3.1 million promissory note agreement with United Bank. This five-year agreement financed the previous cash value of equipment purchased in the Ryan Construction acquisition. This loan has monthly installment payments of $60,000 and has a fixed interest rate of 6.0%. The loan is collateralized by the Company’s equipment and receivables. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had made principal payments of $1.1 million.

On June 1, 2023, the Company entered into a $9.3 million Non-Revolving Note agreement with United Bank. This five-year agreement gave the Company access to a $9.3 million line of credit (“Equipment Line of Credit 2023”), specifically for the purchase of equipment, for a period of six months with a fixed interest rate of 7.25%. After six months, all borrowings against the Equipment Line of Credit 2023 converted to a fifty-four-month term note agreement with a fixed interest rate of 7.25%. The loan is collateralized by the equipment purchased under this agreement. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had borrowed $9.3 million against this line of credit and made $1.5 million in principal payments.

On August 8, 2024, the Company renewed its $30.0 million line of credit with a maturity date of June 28, 2026. The interest rate on the line of credit is the “Wall Street Journal” Prime Rate (the index) with a floor of 4.99%. The outstanding balance on the operating line of credit at September 30, 2024 was $4.5 million with an interest rate of 8.0%.

On August 8, 2024, the Company entered into a $5.0 million Non-Revolving Note agreement with United Bank. This five-year agreement gave the Company access to a $5.0 million equipment line of credit, specifically for the purchase of equipment, for a period of twelve months with a variable interest rate based on the “Wall Street Journal” Prime Rate (the index) and initially at 8.5%. After twelve months, all borrowings against the equipment line of credit will be converted to a forty-eight month term note agreement with a

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fixed interest rate equal to the “U.S. Treasury Rate” plus 2.75% per annum. The loan is collateralized by the equipment purchased under this agreement. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had not borrowed against this line of credit.

At September 30, 2024, future expected payments due on short-term and long-term debt are as follows:

2025	$	16,665,591
2026		10,238,734
2027		4,591,906
2028		1,775,120
2029		62,726
Thereafter		519,506
	$	33,853,583

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $12.9 million in cash and $36.2 million in working capital (defined as current assets less current liabilities).

Leases

The Company leases office space for SQP for $1,500 per month. The lease, which was originally signed on March 25, 2021, is for a period of two years with five one-year renewals available immediately following the end of the base term. The Company has only committed to one-year renewals and is evaluating whether to renew for additional periods.

The Company had two lease agreements for construction equipment with a combined amount of $160,000 that were paid in full as of September 30, 2024. The leases had a term of twenty-two months with a stated interest rate of 0%, combined monthly installment payments of $6,645 and were cancellable at any time without penalty. The Company exercised the right to purchase the equipment at the expiration of the leases by applying the two-month deposit paid. The related assets and finance lease obligations associated with these lease agreements had been included in the consolidated balance sheets within property, plant and equipment and long-term debt.

The Company has two right-of-use operating leases acquired on April 29, 2022, as part of the Tri-State Paving, LLC transaction. The first operating lease, for the Hurricane, West Virginia facility, had a net present value of $236,000 at inception, and a carrying value of $46,000 at September 30, 2024. The 4.5% interest rate on the operating leases is based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at inception.

The second operating lease, for the Chattanooga, Tennessee facility, had a net present value of $144,000 at inception, and expired on August 31, 2024. The lease was renewed for a two-year period with a net present value of $140,000 and had a carrying value of $123,000 at September 30, 2024. The 8.5% interest rate on the operating leases is based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at inception.

The Company has a right-of-use operating lease with Enterprise acquired on August 11, 2022, as part of the Ryan Environmental acquisition. This lease agreement was initially for thirty-one vehicles with a net present value of $1.2 million. The Company subsequently netted forty-three additional leased vehicles. The right-of-use operating lease had a carrying value of $2.2 million at September 30, 2024. Each vehicle leased under the master lease program has its own implicit rate.

The Company had a right-of-use operating lease with RICA Developers, LLC acquired on August 12, 2022, as part of the Ryan Environmental acquisition. This lease, for the Bridgeport, West Virginia facility, had a net present value of $140,000 at inception and no carrying value at September 30, 2023. The 4.5% interest rate on the operating lease was based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at inception. The Company has signed a one-year renewal agreement effective October 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024. The lease had a net present value of $125,000 at inception and no carrying value at September 30, 2024. The 8.5% interest rate on the operating lease was based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at inception. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has only committed to a one-year renewal and is evaluating whether to renew for additional periods.

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The Company has a right-of-use operating lease acquired on March 28, 2023. This lease, for the Winchester, Kentucky facility, had a net present value of $290,000 at inception and a carrying value of $161,000 at September 30, 2024. The 7.5% interest rate on the operating lease is based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at inception.

The maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities are as follows:

2025	$	1,110,028
2026		1,004,022
2027		804,467
2028		129,749
		3,048,266
Less amounts representing interest		(515,339)
Present value of operating lease liabilities	$	2,532,927

Off-Balance Sheet Transactions

Due to the nature of our industry, we often enter into certain off-balance sheet arrangements in the ordinary course of business that result in risks not directly reflected on our balance sheets. Though for the most part not material in nature, some of these are:

Rental Agreements

The Company rents equipment for use on construction projects with rental agreements being week to week or month to month. Rental expense can vary by the fiscal year due to equipment requirements on construction projects and the availability of Company owned equipment. Rental expense, which is included in cost of goods sold on the consolidated statements of income, was $16.3 million and $12.1 million for the twelve months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Letters of Credit

Certain of our customers or vendors may require letters of credit to secure payments that the vendors are making on our behalf or to secure payments to subcontractors, vendors, etc. on various customer projects. At September 30, 2024, the Company did not have any outstanding letters of credit.

Performance Bonds

Some customers, particularly new ones or governmental agencies require the Company to post bid bonds, performance bonds and payment bonds (collectively, performance bonds). These performance bonds are obtained through insurance carriers and guarantee to the customer that we will perform under the terms of a contract and that we will pay subcontractors and vendors. If the Company fails to perform under a contract or to pay subcontractors and vendors, the customer may demand that the insurer make payments or provide services under the bond. The Company must reimburse the insurer for any expenses or outlays it is required to make.

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Currently, the Company has an agreement with a surety company to provide bonding which will suit the Company’s immediate needs. The ability to obtain bonding for future contracts is an important factor in the contracting industry with respect to the type and value of contracts that can be bid on. Depending upon the size and conditions of a particular contract, the Company may be required to post letters of credit or other collateral in favor of the insurer. Posting these letters or other collateral will reduce our borrowing capabilities. The Company does not anticipate any claims in the foreseeable future. At September 30, 2024, the Company had $117.6 million in performance bonds outstanding.

Concentration of Credit Risk

In the ordinary course of business, the Company grants credit under normal payment terms, generally without collateral, to our customers, which include natural gas and oil companies, general contractors, and various commercial and industrial customers located within the United States. Consequently, the Company is subject to potential credit risk related to business and economic factors that would affect these companies. However, the Company generally has certain statutory lien rights with respect to services provided. Under certain circumstances such as foreclosure, the Company may take title to the underlying assets in lieu of cash in settlement of receivables.

Please see the tables below for customers that represent 10.0% or more of the Company’s revenue or accounts receivable, net of retention as of or for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, and 2023:

	Twelve Months Ended		Twelve Months Ended
Revenue	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
TransCanada Corporation	10.4	%	13.9	%
NiSource and subsidiaries	*		17.5	%
All other	89.6	%	68.6	%
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%

* Less than 10.0% and included in “All other” if applicable

Accounts receivable, net of retention	at September 30, 2024		at September 30, 2023
NiSource and subsidiaries	*		11.8	%
All other	100.0	%	88.2	%
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%

* Less than 10.0% and included in “All other” if applicable

Virtually all work performed for major customers was awarded under competitive bid fixed price or unit price arrangements. The loss of a major customer could have a severe impact on the profitability of the Company. However, due to the nature of the Company’s operations, the major customers and sources of revenues may change from year to year.

Litigation

As previously disclosed, in February 2018, the Company filed a lawsuit against a customer in the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (the “District Court”). The lawsuit was related to a dispute over work performed on a pipeline construction project. On November 21, 2022, the District Court issued a judgment in favor of the Company. On April 17, 2024, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (the “Appeals Court”) affirmed the decision of the District Court. In May 2024, the Appeals Court denied petitions for a rehearing. This upheld the award granted by the District Court in November 2022. The Company received approximately $15.6 million payment related to the lawsuit. The Company recognized the payment in its consolidated financial statements for the third fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2024.

On November 12, 2021, the Company received a withdrawal liability claim from a pension plan to which the Company made pension contributions for union construction employees performing covered work in a particular jurisdiction. The Company has not performed covered work in their jurisdiction since 2011; however, the Company disagrees with the withdrawal claim and believes it is covered by an exemption under federal law. The demand called for thirty-four quarterly installment payments of $41,000 starting December 15, 2021. The Company complied with the demand according to federal pension law; however, the Company firmly believes no withdrawal liability exists. The Company is in negotiations with the pension fund to resolve the matter and all future payments have been suspended as part of the negotiation. The Company has expensed all $164,000 in payments made through September 30, 2022 and

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does not expect any future liabilities related to this claim. The Company did not make any payments during the twelve months ended September 30, 2023 or 2024.

Other than described above, at September 30, 2024, the Company was not involved in any legal proceedings other than in the ordinary course of business. The Company is a party from time to time to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. These actions typically seek, among other things, compensation for alleged personal injury, breach of contract and/or property damages, punitive damages, civil penalties, or other losses, or injunctive or declaratory relief. With respect to all such lawsuits, claims, and proceedings, we record reserves when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. At September 30, 2024, the Company does not believe that any of these proceedings, separately or in aggregate, would be expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Related Party Transactions

We intend that all transactions between us and our executive officers, directors, holders of 10% or more of the shares of any class of our common stock and affiliates thereof, will be on terms no less favorable than those terms given to unaffiliated third parties and will be approved by a majority of our independent outside directors not having any interest in the transaction.

On April 29, 2022, the Company entered into a $1.0 million promissory note agreement with Corns Enterprises as partial consideration for the purchase of Tri-State Paving. This four-year agreement requires $250,000 principal installment payments on or before the end of each twelve (12) full calendar month period beginning April 29, 2022. Interest payments due shall be calculated on the principal balance remaining and shall be at the stated rate of 3.5% per year. The Company has made $750,000 in principal payments on this note as of September 30, 2024.

Subsequent to the April 29, 2022 acquisition of Tri-State Paving, the Company entered into an operating lease for facilities in Hurricane, West Virginia with Corns Enterprises. This thirty-six-month lease is treated as a right to use asset and has payments of $7,000 per month. The total net present value at inception was $236,000 with a carrying value of $46,000 at September 30, 2024.

SQP made an equity investment of $156,000 in 1030 Quarrier Development, LLC (“Development”) in August 2022. Development is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) that is 75% owned by 1030 Quarrier Ventures, LLC (“Ventures”) and 25% owned by SQP. SQP is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE and therefore will not consolidate Development into its consolidated financial statements. Instead, SQP will apply the equity method of accounting for its investment in Development. Development, a 1% owner, and United Bank, a 99% owner, formed 1030 Quarrier Landlord, LLC (“Landlord”). Landlord decided to pursue the following development project (the “Project”): a historical building at 1030 Quarrier Street, Charleston, West Virginia as well as associated land (the “Property”) was purchased to be developed/rehabilitated into a commercial project including apartments and commercial space. Upon the completion of development, the Property will be used to generate rental income. SQP has been awarded the construction contract for the Project. United Bank provided $5.0 million in loans to fund the Project. SQP and Ventures have jointly provided an unconditional guarantee for the $5.0 million of obligations associated with the Project.

CJ Hughes entered into an agreement, cancelable at any time, with Construction Specialty Services (“CSS”), which is owned by Chuck Austin, the President of CJ Hughes. CSS rents equipment, periodically, to and as requested by CJ Hughes. The equipment rental rates are below the rates that the equipment can be rented from any unaffiliated rental company. CJ Hughes is not obliged to rent any equipment and does so only when CJ Hughes does not have equipment available of its own and would otherwise need to rent such equipment as the demand increases throughout the construction season. In the fiscal years 2023 and 2024, the rental amounts for these specific years were $387,000, and $318,000, respectively.

Other than mentioned above, there were no new material related party transactions entered into during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

Certain Energy Services subsidiaries routinely engage in transactions in the normal course of business with each other, including sharing employee benefit plan coverage, payment for insurance and other expenses on behalf of other affiliates, and other services incidental to business of each of the affiliates. All revenue and related expense transactions, as well as the related accounts payable and accounts receivable have been eliminated in consolidation.

29

Inflation

Most significant project materials, such as pipe or electrical wire, are provided by the Company’s customers. When possible, the Company attempts to lock in pricing with vendors and include qualifications regarding material cost increases in bids. Where allowed by contract, the Company will address fuel cost increases with customers. Significant inflation or supply chain issues could cause customers to delay or cancel planned projects; however, inflation did not have a significant effect on our results for the twelve months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities known to exist at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis, based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. There can be no assurance that actual results will not differ from those estimates. Management believes the following accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Revenues

The Company recognizes revenue as performance obligations are satisfied and control of the promised good and service is transferred to the customer. For Lump Sum and Unit Price contracts, revenue is ordinarily recognized over time as control is transferred to the customers by measuring the progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation(s) using an input (i.e., “cost to cost”) method. For Cost Plus and Time and Material (“T&M”) contracts, revenue is ordinarily recognized over time as control is transferred to the customers by measuring the progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation(s) using an output method. The Company also does certain T&M service work that is generally completed in a short duration and is recognized at a point in time.

The accuracy of our revenue and profit recognition in a given period depends on the accuracy of our estimates of the cost to complete each project. We believe our experience allows us to create materially reliable estimates. There are a number of factors that can contribute to changes in estimates of contract cost and profitability. The most significant of these include:

● the completeness and accuracy of the original bid;

● costs associated with scope changes;

● changes in costs of labor and/or materials;

● extended overhead and other costs due to owner, weather and other delays;

● subcontractor performance issues;

● changes in productivity expectations;

● site conditions that differ from those assumed in the original bid;

● changes from original design on design-build projects;

● the availability and skill level of workers in the geographic location of the project;

● a change in the availability and proximity of equipment and materials;

● our ability to fully and promptly recover on affirmative claims and back charges for additional contract costs; and

● the customer’s ability to properly administer the contract.

The foregoing factors, as well as the stage of completion of contracts in process and the mix of contracts at different margins may cause fluctuations in gross profit from period to period. Significant changes in cost estimates, particularly in our larger, more complex projects could have a significant effect on our profitability.

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Our contract assets include cost and estimated earnings in excess of billings that represent amounts earned and reimbursable under contracts, including claim recovery estimates, but have a conditional right for billing and payment such as achievement of milestones or completion of the project. With the exception of customer affirmative claims, generally, such unbilled amounts will become billable according to the contract terms and generally will be billed and collected over the next three months. Settlement with the customer of outstanding affirmative claims is dependent on the claims resolution process and could extend beyond one year. Based on our historical experience, we generally consider the collection risk related to billable amounts to be low. When events or conditions indicate that it is probable that the amounts outstanding become unbillable, the transaction price and associated contract asset is reduced.

Our contract liabilities consist of provisions for losses and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings. Provisions for losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of income at the uncompleted performance obligation level for the amount of total estimated losses in the period that evidence indicates that the estimated total cost of a performance obligation exceeds its estimated total revenue. Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings are billings to customers on contracts in advance of work performed, including advance payments negotiated as a contract condition. Generally, unearned project-related costs will be earned over the next twelve months.

The following table presents our costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings at September 30, 2024 and 2023:

	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
Costs incurred on contracts in progress	$	347,180,901	$	287,347,650
Estimated earnings, net of estimated losses		59,349,378		38,976,895
		406,530,279		326,324,545
Less billings to date		398,885,475		328,112,326
	$	7,644,804	$	(1,787,781)
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billed on
uncompleted contracts	$	24,595,792	$	15,955,220
Less billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on
uncompleted contracts		16,950,988		17,743,001
	$	7,644,804	$	(1,787,781)

Allowance for doubtful accounts

The Company provides an allowance for doubtful accounts when collection of an account is considered doubtful. Inherent in the assessment of the allowance for doubtful accounts are certain judgments and estimates relating to, among others, our customers’ access to capital, our customers’ willingness or ability to pay, general economic conditions and the ongoing relationship with the customers. While most of our customers are large well capitalized companies, should they experience material changes in their revenues and cash flows or incur other difficulties and not be able to pay the amounts owed, this could cause reduced cash flows and losses in excess of our current reserves.

Materially incorrect estimates of bad debt reserves could result in an unexpected loss in profitability for the Company. Additionally, frequently changing reserves could be an indication of risky or unreliable customers. At September 30, 2024, management review deemed that the allowance for doubtful accounts was adequate.

Please see the allowance for doubtful accounts table below:

	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	51,063	$	70,310
Charged to expense		687,463		—
Deductions for uncollectible receivables written off, net of recoveries		—		(19,247)
Balance at end of period	$	738,526	$	51,063

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Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets

The Company follows the guidance of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350-20-35-3 “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350)” which requires a company to record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount of goodwill over its fair value. Under the current guidance, companies can first choose to assess any impairment based on qualitative factors (Step 0). If a company fails this test or decides to bypass this step, it must proceed with a quantitative assessment of goodwill impairment. The Company did not have a goodwill impairment at September 30, 2024.

Materially incorrect estimates could cause an impairment of goodwill or intangible assets and result in a loss in profitability for the Company.

A table of the Company’s intangible assets subject to amortization is below:

				Accumulated		Accumulated		Amortization and		Amortization and
	Remaining Life			Amortization and		Amortization and		Impairment		Impairment		Net Book		Net Book
	(in months) at			Impairment at		Impairment at		Twelve Months Ended		Twelve Months Ended		Value at		Value at
	September 30,	Original		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,
Intangible assets:	2024	Cost		2024		2023		2024		2023		2024		2023
West Virginia Pipeline:
Customer relationships	75	$	2,209,724		828,630	$	607,661		220,969		220,968	$	1,381,094	$	1,602,063
Tradename	75		263,584		98,863		72,500		26,363		26,364		164,721		191,084
Non-competes	—		83,203		83,203		83,203		—		10,397		—		—
Revolt Energy:
Employment agreement/non-compete	—		100,000		100,000		100,000		—		22,221		—		—
Heritage Painting
Customer relationships	57		121,100		6,054		—		6,054		—		115,046		—
Tri-State Paving:
Customer relationships	91		1,649,159		398,547		233,631		164,916		166,850		1,250,612		1,415,528
Tradename	91		203,213		49,110		28,789		20,321		20,421		154,103		174,424
Non-competes	—		39,960		39,960		39,960		—		23,370		—		—
Total intangible assets		$	4,669,943	$	1,604,367	$	1,165,744	$	438,623	$	490,591	$	3,065,576	$	3,383,099

Depreciation and Amortization

The purpose of depreciation and amortization is to represent an accurate value of assets on the books. Every year, as assets are used, their values are reduced on the balance sheet and expensed on the income statement. As depreciation and amortization are a noncash expense, the amount must be estimated. Each year a certain amount of depreciation and amortization is written off and the book value of the asset is reduced.

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Costs which extend the useful lives or increase the productivity of the assets are capitalized, while normal repairs and maintenance that do not extend the useful life or increase productivity of the asset are expensed as incurred. Property and equipment are depreciated principally on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets: buildings 39 years; operating equipment and vehicles 5-7 years; and office equipment, furniture and fixtures 5-7 years.

Acquired intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefit of the respective intangible assets is realized, over their respective estimated useful lives. The definite-lived identifiable intangible assets recognized as part of the Company’s business combinations are initially recorded at their estimated fair value.

The Company’s depreciation expense for the twelve months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $8.5 million and $7.3 million, respectively. In general, depreciation is included in “cost of revenues” on the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

The Company’s amortization expense for the twelve months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 were $438,623 and $490,591, respectively. In general, amortization is included in “cost of revenues” on the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

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Materially incorrect estimates of depreciation and amortization and/or the useful lives of assets could significantly impact the value of long-lived assets on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. A material overvaluation could result in impairment charges and reduced profitability for the Company.

Income Taxes

The Company’s income tax expense and deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect management’s best estimate of current and future taxes to be paid. Significant judgments and estimates are required in the determination of the consolidated income tax expense. The Company’s provision for income taxes is computed by applying a federal rate of 21.0% and a blended state rate of approximately 5% to 6.0% to taxable income or loss after consideration of non-taxable and non-deductible items.

The income tax expense for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 was $8.4 million as compared to $3.0 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to an increase in taxable income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

The effective income tax rate for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 was 25.1%, as compared to an effective income tax rate of 28.7% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. Effective income tax rates are estimates and may vary from period to period due to changes in the amount of taxable income or loss, non-taxable and non-deductible expenses.

Accounting for PPP Loans

The Company’s accounting for PPP loans reflects management’s best estimate of current and future amounts to be paid. The Company applies significant judgment regarding the determination of PPP loan forgiveness based on the rules established, and subsequently clarified by the SBA, including rules related to the Company’s affiliations and meeting SBA size standards.

Refer to Note 3 “Accounting for PPP Loans” in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional details.

New Accounting Pronouncements

On October 28, 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) released Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The amendments of this ASU require entities to apply Topic 606 to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination. The amendments improve comparability after the business combination by providing consistent recognition and measurement guidance for revenue contracts with customers acquired in a business combination and revenue contracts with customers not acquired in a business combination. The amendments are effective for public business entities for the fiscal years, including interim periods within those the fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. For all other entities they are effective for the fiscal years, including interim periods within those the fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023. Entities should apply the amendments prospectively to business combinations that occur after the effective date. Early adoption is permitted, including in any interim period, for public business entities for periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued, and for all other entities for periods for which financial statements have not yet been made available for issuance. The Company is currently assessing the effect that ASU 2021-08 will have on its results of operations, financial position and cash flows; however, the Company does not expect a significant impact.

Subsequent Events

On October 31, 2024, the Company announced it had entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with Tribute Contracting & Consultants, LLC (“Tribute”), an underground utility contractor that primarily specializes in water and wastewater system installations in Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia. On December 2, 2024, the Company closed on the acquisition. Under the terms of the agreement, Energy Services’ new subsidiary, Tribute Acquisition Company, purchased substantially all of the assets of Tribute for $22.0 million in cash, less any assumed debt and working capital adjustments, and $2.0 million of Energy Services’ common stock. The $22.0 million in cash was funded through a $16.0 million loan with United Bank, West Virginia, with the remainder paid in cash by the Company.

On November 20, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.03 per common share. The dividend will be paid on January 2, 2025 to holders of record as of December 13, 2024. While this is expected to be a quarterly cash dividend, factors such as income from operations, cash flows, and overall financial outlook may affect future dividend payments.

33

Management has evaluated all subsequent events for accounting and disclosure. There have been no other material events during the period, other than noted above, that would either impact the results reflected in the report or the Company’s results going forward.

ITEM 7A.     Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not required for smaller reporting companies.

ITEM 8.     Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Financial Statements are included at page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 9.     Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

ITEM 9A.     Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Company evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that Energy Services files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company. Internal control over financial reporting refers to the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:

(1)Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

(2)Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

(3)Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements.

34

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management has used the framework set forth in the report entitled “Internal Control–Integrated Framework 2013” published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission to evaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Management has not identified any material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of September 30, 2024.

Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the Company’s fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Attestation Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm

Urish Popeck & Co., LLC, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting. Such report is included in Item 8 of this Annual Report and incorporated by reference herein.

ITEM 9B.     Other Information

During the fourth fiscal quarter of 2024, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as that term is used in SEC regulations.

ITEM 9C.     Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not Applicable.

35

PART III

ITEM 10.     Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions. The Code of Ethics was previously filed as an exhibit to our Registration Statement on Form S-1. A copy of the Code will be furnished without charge upon written request to the Corporate Secretary, Energy Services of America Corporation, 75 West 3^rd Ave., Huntington, West Virginia 25701.

The information contained under the sections captioned “Proposal I – Election of Directors” in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of September 30, 2024 (the “Proxy Statement”) is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 11.     Executive Compensation

The information contained under the section captioned “Proposal I – Election of Directors – Executive and Director Compensation” in the definitive Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12.     Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

(a)Securities Authorized for issuance under Stock-Based Compensation Plans

The following table presents certain information regarding our Equity Compensation Plan in effect as of September 30, 2024:

	Number of securities to be		Number of securities
	issued upon exercise of	Weighted average	remaining available for
Plan	outstanding options and rights	exercise price	issuance under plan
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders	—	—	1,435,439
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders	—	—	—
Total	—	—	1,435,439

(b)Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” in the Proxy Statement.

(c)Security Ownership of Management

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Proposal I – Election of Directors” in the Proxy Statement.

(d)Changes in Control

The management of the Company knows of no arrangements, including any pledge by any person of securities of the Company, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the registrant.

ITEM 13.     Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Proposal I – Election of Directors – Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “– Board Independence” of the Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14.     Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Proposal II – Ratification of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” of the Proxy Statement.

36

PART IV

ITEM 15.     Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

The exhibits and financial statement schedules filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are as follows:

(a)(1)	Consolidated Financial Statements
	Energy Services of America Corporation
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 1013)	F-1
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 23)	F-4
	Consolidated Balance Sheets, September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023.	F-5
	Consolidated Statements of Income, Years Ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023.	F-6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Years Ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023.	F-7
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, Years Ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023.	F-8
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.	F-9
(a)(2)	Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules
	No financial statement schedules are filed because the required information is not applicable or is included in the consolidated financial statements or related notes.
(a)(3)	Exhibits

37

Exhibit No.	Description
2.1	Asset Purchase Agreement dated October 30, 2024 (9)
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (1)
3.2	Bylaws (1)
3.3	Certificate of Amendment to the Registrant’s Certificate of Incorporation (1)
3.4	Certificate of Designations Series A Preferred Stock (4)
4.1	Form of Certificate of Common Stock (1)
4.2	Description of Common Stock (5)
10.1	Form of Investment Management Trust Agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and the Registrant (1)
10.2	Form of Stock Escrow Agreement between the Registrant, Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and the Initial Stockholders (1)
10.3	Form of Letter Agreement between Chapman Printing Co. and the Registrant regarding administrative support (1)
10.4	Form of Amended Registration Rights Agreement among the Registrant and the Initial Stockholders (1)
10.5	Energy Services of America Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2)
10.6	Energy Services of America Corporation 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (7)
14	Code of Ethics (1)
16.1	Letter disclosing combination dated November 1, 2021, from Baker Tilly US, LLP (6)
16.2	Letter of Agreement dated November 1, 2021, from Baker Tilly US, LLP (6)
16.3	Letter of Baker Tilly US, LLP dated February 20, 2024 (8)
19	Insider Trading Policy
21	List of subsidiaries
23.1	Consent of Urish Popeck & Co., LLC
23.2	Consent of Baker Tilly US, LLP
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
97	Policy Related to Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

(1) Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Energy Services of America Corp. (file no. 333-133111), originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 7, 2006, as amended.

(2)Filed as Appendix A to the Schedule 14-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 16, 2008.

(3) Filed as Appendix A to the Schedule 14-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 2, 2010.

(4) Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 8, 2013.

(5) Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 20, 2019.

(6) Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 5, 2021.

(7) Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 18, 2022.

(8) Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 20, 2024.

(9) Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 4, 2024.

(b) The exhibits listed under (a)(3) above are filed herewith.

(c) Not applicable.

ITEM 16.     Form 10-K Summary

None.

38

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		ENERGY SERVICES OF AMERICA CORPORATION
Date: December 19, 2024	By:	/s/ Douglas V. Reynolds
		Douglas V. Reynolds
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Duly Authorized Representative)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

	Name	Position	Date
By	/s/ Marshall T. Reynolds	Chairman of the Board	December 19, 2024
	Marshall T. Reynolds
By	/s/ Jack Reynolds	Director	December 19, 2024
	Jack R. Reynolds
By	/s/ Charles P. Crimmel	Chief Financial Officer	December 19, 2024
	Charles P. Crimmel	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
By	/s/ Amy E. Abraham	Director
	Amy E. Abraham		December 19, 2024
By	/s/ Joseph L. Williams	Director	December 19, 2024
	Joseph L. Williams
By	/s/ Mark S. Prince	Director	December 19, 2024
	Mark S. Prince
By	/s/ Frank S. Lucente	Director	December 19, 2024
	Frank S. Lucente
By	/s/ Patrick J. Farrell	Director	December 19, 2024
	Patrick J. Farrell
By	/s/ Douglas V. Reynolds	President and Chief	December 19, 2024
	Douglas V. Reynolds	Executive Officer, and Director
		(Principal Executive Officer)

39

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

Energy Services of America Corporation

Huntington, West Virginia

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Energy Services of America Corporation (the “Company”) as of September 30, 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at September 30, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and our report dated December 19, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Revenue Recognition

Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of promised services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those services.

Significant judgment is exercised by the Company in determining revenue recognition for customer agreements, and include the pattern of delivery (i.e., timing of when revenue is recognized) for each distinct performance obligation.

F-1

The related audit effort in evaluating management’s judgments in determining revenue recognition for customer agreements required a high degree of auditor judgment.

How the Critical Audit Matter was Addressed in the Audit

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

● Evaluated the Company’s estimated revenue and costs to complete by obtaining and analyzing supporting documentation of management’s estimates of variable consideration and contract costs.

● Compared contract profitability estimates in the current year to historical estimates and actual performance.

● Tested samples of completed and in-process contracts and contract transactions by inspecting the underlying customer contracts, contract billing data, and contract cost source documentation, and evaluated the Company’s recognition of contract assets, liabilities, revenue, and costs of revenue in accordance with the Company’s revenue recognition policy.

/s/ Urish Popeck & Co., LLC

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2024.

Pittsburgh, PA

December 19, 2024

F-2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

Energy Services of America Corporation

Huntington, West Virginia

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Energy Services of America Corporation’s (the “Company’s”) internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of September 30, 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes and our report dated December 19, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Controls and Procedures. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Urish Popeck & Co., LLC

Pittsburgh, PA

December 19, 2024

F-3

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Energy Services of America Corporation

Huntington, West Virginia

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Energy Services of America Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of September 30, 2023, and the related consolidated statements of income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows, for the year ended September 30, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2023, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year ended September 30, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of their internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Baker Tilly US, LLP

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2008 to 2024.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

January 16, 2024

F-4

ENERGY SERVICES OF AMERICA CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

As of September 30, 2024 and 2023

	2024		2023
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	12,926,036	$	16,431,572
Accounts receivable-trade		56,802,844		51,219,958
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(738,526)		(51,063)
Retainages receivable		11,704,281		7,589,749
Other receivables		1,047,952		516,968
Contract assets		24,595,792		15,955,220
Prepaid expenses and other		4,088,550		3,520,178
Total current assets		110,426,929		95,182,582
Property, plant and equipment, at cost		91,885,621		84,329,349
less accumulated depreciation		(53,749,907)		(47,799,840)
Total fixed assets		38,135,714		36,529,509
Right-of-use assets-operating leases		2,531,227		3,326,405
Intangible assets, net		3,065,576		3,383,099
Goodwill		4,087,554		4,087,554
Total assets	$	158,247,000	$	142,509,149
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	6,372,915	$	6,107,277
Current maturities of lines of credit and short-term borrowings		10,292,676		19,847,470
Current maturities of operating lease liabilities		907,503		1,075,815
Accounts payable		23,673,659		22,026,639
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		13,855,533		13,103,944
Contract liabilities		16,950,988		17,743,001
Income tax payable		2,195,278		—
Total current liabilities		74,248,552		79,904,146
Long-term debt, less current maturities		17,187,992		18,870,529
Long-term operating lease liabilities, less current maturities		1,625,424		2,274,975
Deferred tax liability		6,490,888		6,870,510
Total liabilities		99,552,856		107,920,160
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock, $.0001 par value Authorized 50,000,000 shares, 17,860,413 issued and 16,570,685 outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 17,850,012 issued and 16,567,185 outstanding at September 30, 2023		1,790		1,789
Treasury stock, 1,289,728 shares at September 30, 2024 and 1,318,430 at 2023		(133)		(132)
Additional paid in capital		60,282,921		60,288,745
Retained deficit		(1,590,434)		(25,701,413)
Total shareholders’ equity		58,694,144		34,588,989
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	158,247,000	$	142,509,149

The Accompanying Notes are an Integral Part of These Consolidated Financial Statements

F-5

ENERGY SERVICES OF AMERICA CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

For the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

	2024		2023
Revenue	$	351,876,861	$	304,104,492
Cost of revenue		301,922,545		267,291,157
Gross profit		49,954,316		36,813,335
Selling and administrative expenses		30,119,070		23,776,898
Income from operations		19,835,246		13,036,437
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		196
Proceeds from lawsuit judgement		15,634,499		—
Other nonoperating expense		(21,561)		(287,602)
Interest expense		(2,188,609)		(2,406,839)
Gain on sale of equipment		261,102		34,478
		13,685,431		(2,659,767)
Income before income taxes		33,520,677		10,376,670
Income tax expense		8,415,667		2,975,250
Net income		25,105,010		7,401,420
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic		16,570,289		16,646,086
Weighted average shares-diluted		16,608,038		16,670,963
Earnings per share
available to common shareholders	$	1.52	$	0.44
Earnings per share-diluted
available to common shareholders	$	1.51	$	0.44

The Accompanying Notes are an Integral Part of These Consolidated Financial Statements

F-6

ENERGY SERVICES OF AMERICA CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	25,105,010	$	7,401,420
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation expense		8,539,400		7,316,594
Accreted interest on PPP loans		108,356		99,789
Gain on sale of equipment		(261,102)		(34,478)
Provision for deferred taxes		(379,622)		2,415,431
Provision for bad debts		687,463		—
Vested restricted stock award compensation		35,556		—
Amortization of intangible assets		438,623		490,591
Accreted interest on note payable		61,477		54,687
Increase in accounts receivable-trade		(5,582,886)		(12,713,982)
Increase in retainage receivable		(4,114,532)		(3,146,070)
Increase in other receivables		(530,984)		(506,102)
(Increase) decrease in contract assets		(8,640,572)		154,373
(Increase) decrease in prepaid expenses and other		(568,372)		4,237,434
Increase in accounts payable		1,647,020		1,712,231
Increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities		2,924,182		1,870,432
(Decrease) increase in contract liabilities		(792,013)		11,715,423
Net cash provided by operating activities		18,677,004		21,067,773
Cash flows from investing activities:
Investment in property and equipment		(8,755,349)		(10,822,373)
Acquisition of Heritage Painting		(300,000)		—
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment		1,058,343		647,111
Net cash used in investing activities		(7,997,006)		(10,175,262)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from long-term debt		—		3,100,000
Borrowings on lines of credit and short term debt, net of (repayments)		(9,663,150)		1,258,271
Treasury stock purchased		(41,380)		(219,615)
Cash dividend on common stock		(994,031)		(833,360)
Principal payments on long-term debt		(3,486,973)		(5,193,709)
Net cash used in financing activities		(14,185,534)		(1,888,413)
(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		(3,505,536)		9,004,098
Cash and cash equivalents beginning of period		16,431,572		7,427,474
Cash and cash equivalents end of period	$	12,926,036	$	16,431,572
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities:
Purchases of property & equipment under financing agreements	$	1,195,682	$	975,643
Prepaid insurance premiums financed	$	—	$	3,811,644
Line of credit moved to long-term note for equipment purchases	$	812,915	$	8,487,085
Additions to operating lease right-of-use assets obtained from operating leases	$	265,941	$	2,590,566
Supplemental disclosures of cash flows information:
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest	$	2,074,246	$	2,302,976
Income taxes	$	7,008,491	$	28,589

The Accompanying Notes are an Integral Part of These Consolidated Financial Statements

F-7

ENERGY SERVICES OF AMERICA CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023

										Total
	Common Stock			Additional Paid		Retained		Treasury		Shareholders’
	Shares	Amount		in Capital		Deficit		Stock		Equity
Balance at September 30, 2023	16,567,185	$	1,789	$	60,288,745	$	(25,701,413)	$	(132)	$	34,588,989
Net income	—		—		—		2,042,195		—		2,042,195
Dividends on common stock ($0.06 per share on 16,567,185 shares)	—		—		—		(994,031)		—		(994,031)
Balance at December 31, 2023	16,567,185	$	1,789	$	60,288,745	$	(24,653,249)	$	(132)	$	35,637,153
Net loss	—		—		—		(1,108,828)		—		(1,108,828)
Vested restricted stock award	10,401		1		35,555		—		—		35,556
Balance at March 31, 2024	16,577,586		1,790		60,324,300		(25,762,077)		(132)		34,563,881
Net income	—		—		—		17,513,627		—		17,513,627
Treasury stock purchased by company	(6,901)		—		(41,379)		—		(1)		(41,380)
Balance at June 30, 2024	16,570,685	$	1,790	$	60,282,921	$	(8,248,450)	$	(133)	$	52,036,128
Net income	—		—		—		6,658,016		—		6,658,016
Balance at September 30, 2024	16,570,685	$	1,790	$	60,282,921	$	(1,590,434)	$	(133)	$	58,694,144

										Total
	Common Stock			Additional Paid		Retained		Treasury		Shareholders’
	Shares	Amount		in Capital		Deficit		Stock		Equity
Balance at September 30, 2022	16,667,185	$	1,789	$	60,508,350	$	(32,269,473)	$	(122)	$	28,240,544
Net income	—		—		—		138,374		—		138,374
Balance at December 31, 2022	16,667,185	$	1,789	$	60,508,350	$	(32,131,099)	$	(122)	$	28,378,918
Net loss	—		—		—		(1,873,600)		—		(1,873,600)
Dividends on common stock ($0.05 per share on 16,667,185 shares)	—		—		—		(833,360)		—		(833,360)
Treasury stock purchased by company	(32,181)		—		(71,652)		—		(3)		(71,655)
Balance at March 31, 2023	16,635,004	$	1,789	$	60,436,698	$	(34,838,059)	$	(125)	$	25,600,303
Net income	—		—		—		3,415,546		—		3,415,546
Treasury stock purchased by company	(67,819)		—		(147,953)		—		(7)		(147,960)
Balance at June 30, 2023	16,567,185	$	1,789	$	60,288,745	$	(31,422,513)	$	(132)	$	28,867,889
Net income	—		—		—		5,721,100		—		5,721,100
Balance at September 30, 2023	16,567,185	$	1,789	$	60,288,745	$	(25,701,413)	$	(132)	$	34,588,989

The Accompanying Notes are an Integral Part of These Consolidated Financial Statements

F-8

ENERGY SERVICES OF AMERICA CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATION:

Energy Services of America Corporation (“Energy Services” or the “Company”), formed in 2006, is a contractor and service company that operates primarily in the mid-Atlantic and central regions of the United States and provides services to customers in the natural gas, petroleum, water distribution, automotive, chemical, and power industries. For the gas industry, the Company is primarily engaged in the construction, replacement and repair of natural gas pipelines and storage facilities for utility companies and private natural gas companies. Energy Services is involved in the construction of both interstate and intrastate pipelines, with an emphasis on the latter. For the oil industry, the Company provides a variety of services relating to pipeline, storage facilities and plant work. For the power, chemical, and automotive industries, the Company provides a full range of electrical and mechanical installations and repairs including substation and switchyard services, site preparation, equipment setting, pipe fabrication and installation, packaged buildings, transformers, and other ancillary work with regards thereto. Energy Services’ other pipeline services include corrosion protection services, horizontal drilling services, liquid pipeline construction, pump station construction, production facility construction, water and sewer pipeline installations, various maintenance and repair services and other services related to pipeline construction. The Company has also added the ability to install broadband and solar electric systems and perform civil and general contracting services.

The Company had consolidated operating revenues of $351.9 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, of which 53.2% was attributable to electrical, mechanical, and general contract services, 23.5% to gas and petroleum transmission projects, and 23.3% to gas & water distributions services. The Company had consolidated operating revenues of $304.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, of which 48.8% was attributable to electrical, mechanical, and general contract services, 30.3% to gas and petroleum transmission projects, and 20.9% to gas & water distributions services.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue as performance obligations are satisfied and control of the promised goods and service is transferred to the customer. For Lump Sum and Unit Price contracts, revenue is ordinarily recognized over time as control is transferred to the customers by measuring the progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation(s) using an input (i.e., “cost to cost”) method. For Cost Plus and Time and Material (“T&M”) contracts, revenue is ordinarily recognized over time as control is transferred to the customers by measuring the progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation(s) using an output method.

The Company does have certain service and maintenance contracts in which each customer purchase order is considered its own performance obligation recognized over time and would be recognized depending on the type of contract mentioned above. The Company also does certain T&M service work that is generally completed in a short duration and is recognized at a point in time.

All contract costs, including those associated with affirmative claims, change orders and back charges, are recorded as incurred and revisions to estimated total costs are reflected as soon as the obligation to perform is determined. Contract costs consist of direct costs on contracts, including labor and materials, amounts payable to subcontractors and outside equipment providers, direct overhead costs and internal equipment expense (primarily depreciation, fuel, maintenance, and repairs).

The Company recognizes revenue, but not profit, on certain uninstalled materials. Revenue on these uninstalled materials is recognized when the cost is incurred (when control is transferred), but the associated profit is not recognized until the materials are installed. The costs of uninstalled materials are tracked separately within the Company’s accounting software.

Pre-contract and bond costs, if required, and mobilization costs on projects are generally immaterial to the total value of the Company’s contracts and are expensed when incurred. As a practical expedient, the Company recognizes these incremental costs as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that the entity otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. For projects expected to last greater than one year, mobilization costs are capitalized as incurred and amortized over the expected duration of the project. For these projects, mobilization costs will be tracked separately in the Company’s accounting software. This includes costs associated with setting up a project lot or lay-down yard, equipment, tool and supply transportation, temporary facilities and utilities and worker qualification and safety training.

F-9

Contracts may require the Company to warranty that work is performed in accordance with the contract; however, the warranty is not priced separately, and the Company does not offer customers an option to purchase a warranty.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of Energy Services include the accounts of Energy Services, its wholly owned subsidiaries West Virginia Pipeline, SQP, Ryan Construction, Tri-State Paving and C.J. Hughes and its subsidiaries, Contractors Rental, Nitro, and Pinnacle. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation. Unless the context requires otherwise, references to Energy Services include Energy Services, West Virginia Pipeline, SQP, Ryan Construction, Tri-State Paving and C.J. Hughes and its subsidiaries.

Use of Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S.GAAP”), requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and loss during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Energy Services considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Fair Value Measurements

The “Fair Value Measurement” Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with U.S. GAAP and specifies disclosures about fair value measurements.

Under the FASB’s authoritative guidance on fair value measurements, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The “Fair Value Measurement” Topic establishes a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date.

The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:

Level 1 — Quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities traded in active exchange markets.

Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in less active markets, or other observable inputs that can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 2 also includes derivative contracts whose value is determined using a pricing model with observable market inputs or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity for financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation; also includes observable inputs for nonbinding single dealer quotes not corroborated by observable market data.

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The carrying amount for borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility approximates fair value because of the variable market interest rate charged to the Company for these borrowings. The fair value of the Company’s long term fixed-rate debt was estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis and a yield rate that was estimated based on the borrowing rates currently available

F-10

to the Company for bank loans with similar terms and maturities. The fair value of the aggregate principal amount of the Company’s fixed-rate debt of $25.6 million at September 30, 2024 was $24.7 million. The fair value of the aggregate principal amount of the Company’s fixed-rate debt of $33.8 million at September 30, 2023 was $32.1 million.

All other current assets and liabilities are carried at a net realizable value which approximates fair value because of their short duration to maturity.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company’s accounts receivable consists of amounts that have been billed to customers. Collateral is generally not required. A majority of the Company’s contracts have monthly billing terms and payment terms within 30 to 45 days after invoices have been issued. The Company attempts to negotiate two-week billing terms and 15-day payment terms on larger projects. The timing of billings to customers may generate contract assets or contract liabilities. Certain construction contracts include retention provisions to provide assurance to our customers that we will perform in accordance with the contract terms and are therefore not considered a financing benefit. The balances billed but not paid by customers pursuant to these provisions generally become due upon completion and acceptance of the project work or products by the customer. We have determined there are no significant financing components in our contracts as of and for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Retainage billed but not paid pursuant to contract provisions will be due upon completion of the contracts. Based on the Company’s experience, management considers all amounts classified as retainage receivable to be collectible. A majority of retainage receivable amounts are expected to be collected within the next fiscal year.

The Company provides an allowance for doubtful accounts when collection of an account or note receivable is considered doubtful, and receivables are written off against the allowance when deemed uncollectible. Inherent in the assessment of the allowance for doubtful accounts are certain judgments and estimates including, among others, the customer’s access to capital, the customer’s willingness or ability to pay, general economic conditions and the ongoing relationship with the customer.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Costs which extend the useful lives or increase the productivity of the assets are capitalized, while normal repairs and maintenance that do not extend the useful life or increase productivity of the asset are expensed as incurred. Property and equipment are depreciated principally on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets: buildings 39 years; operating equipment and vehicles 5-7 years; and office equipment, furniture and fixtures 5-7 years.

Intangible Assets

Acquired intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefit of the respective intangible assets is realized, over their respective estimated useful lives. The definite-lived identifiable intangible assets recognized as part of the Company’s business combinations were initially recorded at their estimated fair value.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

A long-lived asset shall be tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. If an evaluation is required, the estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset would be compared to the asset’s carrying amount to determine if a write-down to market value is required.

Claims

Claims are amounts in excess of the agreed contract price that a contractor seeks to collect from customers or others for customer-caused delays, errors in specifications and designs, contract terminations, change orders in dispute or unapproved as to both scope and price, or other causes of unanticipated additional costs. The Company records revenue on claims that management believes are probable. Revenue from a claim is recorded only to the extent that contract costs relating to the claim have been incurred.

F-11

Self -Insurance

The Company has its workers compensation, general liability and auto insurance through a captive insurance company. While the Company believes that this arrangement has been very beneficial in reducing and stabilizing insurance costs, the Company has to maintain a surety deposit to guarantee payment of premiums. The surety deposit had a balance of $2.0 million and $1.9 million as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which is in “Prepaid expenses and other” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Should the captive experience severe losses over an extended period, it could increase the Company’s insurance expense or surety deposit required.

Advertising

All advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Total advertising expenses were $279,000 and $138,000 for the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Stock Compensation Plans

The Company accounts for its equity-based compensation as prescribed by U.S. GAAP for share-based payments. The Company has adopted a fair value-based method of accounting for employee equity-based plans, whereby compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized over the service period, which is usually the vesting period. As a result, compensation expense relating to stock compensation plans will be reflected in net income as part of “Selling and administrative expenses” on the consolidated statements of income.

Income Taxes

The Company and all subsidiaries file a consolidated federal and various state income tax returns on a fiscal year basis. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, or local income tax examinations for years ending prior to September 30, 2021. The Company follows the liability method of accounting for income taxes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for future tax consequences of temporary differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the underlying assets or liabilities are recovered or settled. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

U.S. GAAP also prescribes a comprehensive model for how companies should recognize, measure, present and disclose in their financial statements uncertain tax positions taken or to be taken on a tax return. This evaluation is a two-step process. First, the recognition process determines if it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained based on the merits of the tax position upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority. Second, a measurement process is calculated to determine the amount of benefit/expense to recognize in the financial statements if a tax position meets the more likely than not recognition threshold. The tax position is measured at the greatest amount of benefit/expense that is more likely than not of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Any interest and penalty related to the unrecognized tax benefits, as the result of recognition of tax obligations resulting from uncertain tax positions, are included in general and administrative expenses. The Company had not recognized any uncertain tax positions at September 30, 2024 or 2023.

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year, and diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year adjusted for all potentially dilutive common stock equivalents, except in cases where the effect of the common stock equivalent would be anti-dilutive.

Collective Bargaining Agreements

Certain Energy Services subsidiaries are party to collective bargaining agreements with unions representing members that are employed by the Company. The agreements require such subsidiaries to pay specified wages and provide certain benefits to the union employees. These agreements expire at various times and have typically been renegotiated and renewed on terms that are similar to the ones contained in the expiring agreements.

F-12

Under certain collective bargaining agreements, the applicable Energy Services subsidiary is required to make contributions to multi-employer pension plans. If the subsidiary were to cease participation in one or more of these plans, a liability could potentially be assessed related to any underfunding of these plans. The amount of such an assessment, were one to be made, cannot be reasonably estimated.

Litigation Costs

The Company recognizes reserves when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Litigation costs are expensed as incurred.

Treasury Stock

When the Company’s stock is retired or repurchased for constructive retirement (with or without an intention to retire the stock formally in accordance with applicable laws), an excess of par or stated value over the cost of treasury shares is credited to additional paid-in capital.

New Accounting Pronouncements

On October 28, 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) released Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The amendments of this ASU require entities to apply Topic 606 to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination. The amendments improve comparability after the business combination by providing consistent recognition and measurement guidance for revenue contracts with customers acquired in a business combination and revenue contracts with customers not acquired in a business combination. The amendments are effective for public business entities for the fiscal years, including interim periods within those the fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. For all other entities they are effective for the fiscal years, including interim periods within those the fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023. Entities should apply the amendments prospectively to business combinations that occur after the effective date. Early adoption is permitted, including in any interim period, for public business entities for periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued, and for all other entities for periods for which financial statements have not yet been made available for issuance. The Company is currently assessing the effect that ASU 2021-08 will have on its results of operations, financial position and cash flows; however, the Company does not expect a significant impact.

3. ACCOUNTING FOR PPP LOANS

Due to the economic uncertainties created by COVID-19 and limited operating funds available, the Company applied for loans under the PPP. On April 15, 2020, the Company and its subsidiaries, C.J. Hughes, Contractors Rental and Nitro, entered into separate PPP notes effective April 7, 2020, with its Lender in an aggregate principal amount of $13.1 million pursuant to the PPP Loans. In a special meeting held on April 27, 2020, the Board of Directors of the Company unanimously voted to return $3.3 million of the PPP Loans after discussing the financing needs of the Company and subsidiaries. That left the Company and subsidiaries with $9.8 million in PPP Loans to fund operations. During fiscal year 2021, the Company received notice that the SBA had granted forgiveness of the $9.8 million of PPP Loans and the SBA repaid the Lender in full. The forgiveness was recorded as other income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021.

During April 2023, management received notification from the SBA that one of the Company’s forgiveness applications related to the PPP Loans was under review. As part of the review, the SBA requested additional payroll information. Additionally, the SBA requested information regarding the ability of the Company’s affiliates to meet SBA size standards and/or PPP corporate maximum limits.  The requested information was subsequently provided to the SBA through the Lender. The Company recognizes that there is a possibility that the SBA could reverse its previous determination on the forgiveness of the PPP Loans. As a result of this uncertainty, the Company restated the previously issued financial statements of the Company that were included in the Reports. The Company has recorded a short-term borrowing due to the SBA inquiry for the full $9.8 million, plus accrued interest for all periods presented.

During July 2023, management received notification from the SBA that two additional forgiveness applications related to the PPP Loans were under review. As part of the review, the SBA requested information regarding the ability of the Company’s affiliates to meet SBA size standards and/or PPP corporate maximum limits. The requested information was subsequently provided to the SBA through the Lender.

F-13

Borrowers must retain PPP documentation for at least six years after the date the loan is forgiven or paid in full, and the SBA and SBA Inspector General must be granted these files upon request. The SBA could revisit its forgiveness decision and determine that the Company does not qualify in whole or in part for loan forgiveness and demand repayment of the loans. In addition, it is unknown what type of penalties could be assessed against the Company if the SBA disagrees with the Company’s certification. Any penalties in addition to the potential repayment of the PPP Loans could negatively impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.

4. REVENUE RECOGNITION

Our revenue is primarily derived from construction contracts that can span several quarters. We recognize revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606” or “Topic 606”) which provides for a five-step model for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers as follows:

1. Identify the contract

2. Identify performance obligations

3. Determine the transaction price

4. Allocate the transaction price

5. Recognize revenue

The accuracy of our revenue and profit recognition in a given period depends on the accuracy of our estimates of the cost to complete each project. We believe our experience allows us to create materially reliable estimates. There are a number of factors that can contribute to changes in estimates of contract cost and profitability. The most significant of these include:

● the completeness and accuracy of the original bid;

● costs associated with scope changes;

● changes in costs of labor and/or materials;

● extended overhead and other costs due to owner, weather and other delays;

● subcontractor performance issues;

● changes in productivity expectations;

● site conditions that differ from those assumed in the original bid;

● changes from original design on design-build projects;

● the availability and skill level of workers in the geographic location of the project;

● a change in the availability and proximity of equipment and materials;

● our ability to fully and promptly recover on affirmative claims and back charges for additional contract costs; and

● the customer’s ability to properly administer the contract.

The foregoing factors, as well as the stage of completion of contracts in process and the mix of contracts at different margins may cause fluctuations in gross profit from period to period. Significant changes in cost estimates, particularly in our larger, more complex projects, could have a significant effect on our profitability.

Our contract assets include cost and estimated earnings in excess of billings that represent amounts earned and reimbursable under contracts, including claim recovery estimates, but have a conditional right for billing and payment such as achievement of milestones or completion of the project. Except for customer affirmative claims, generally, such unbilled amounts will become billable according to the contract terms and generally will be billed and collected over the next three months. Settlement with the customer of outstanding affirmative claims is dependent on the claims resolution process and could extend beyond one year. Based on our historical experience, we generally consider the collection risk related to billable amounts to be low. When events or conditions indicate that it is probable that the amounts outstanding become unbillable, the transaction price and associated contract asset is reduced.

Our contract liabilities consist of provisions for losses and billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings. Provisions for losses, if incurred, are recognized in the consolidated statements of income at the uncompleted performance obligation level for total estimated losses in the period that evidence indicates that the estimated total cost of a performance obligation exceeds its estimated total revenue. Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings are billings to customers on contracts in advance of work performed, including advance payments negotiated as a contract condition. Generally, unearned project-related costs will be earned over the next twelve months.

F-14

5. DISAGGREGATION OF REVENUE

The Company disaggregates revenue based on the following lines of service: (1) Gas & Water Distribution, (2) Gas & Petroleum Transmission, and (3) Electrical, Mechanical, & General services and construction. Certain reclassifications have been made to the year ended September 30, 2023, to reflect the current presentation. Our contract types are: Lump Sum, Unit Price, Cost Plus and T&M. The following tables present our disaggregated revenue for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

	Twelve Months Ended September 30, 2024
					Electrical,
	Gas & Water		Gas & Petroleum		Mechanical,		Total revenue
	Distribution		Transmission		& General		from contracts
Lump sum contracts	$	—	$	—	$	121,997,872	$	121,997,872
Unit price contracts		82,426,199		71,265,020		4,141,938		157,833,157
Cost plus and T&M contracts		—		9,790,155		62,255,677		72,045,832
Total revenue from contracts	$	82,426,199	$	81,055,175	$	188,395,487	$	351,876,861
Earned over time	$	9,541,650	$	71,265,020	$	133,898,665	$	214,705,335
Earned at point in time		72,884,549		9,790,155		54,496,822		137,171,526
Total revenue from contracts	$	82,426,199	$	81,055,175	$	188,395,487	$	351,876,861

	Twelve Months Ended September 30, 2023
					Electrical,
	Gas & Water		Gas & Petroleum		Mechanical,		Total revenue
	Distribution		Transmission		& General		from contracts
Lump sum contracts	$	—	$	—	$	101,700,805	$	101,700,805
Unit price contracts		68,066,230		86,738,111		6,110,395		160,914,736
Cost plus and T&M contracts		—		609,184		40,879,767		41,488,951
Total revenue from contracts	$	68,066,230	$	87,347,295	$	148,690,967	$	304,104,492
Earned over time	$	25,184,336	$	86,738,111	$	107,674,083	$	219,596,530
Earned at point in time		42,881,894		609,184		41,016,884		84,507,962
Total revenue from contracts	$	68,066,230	$	87,347,295	$	148,690,967	$	304,104,492

6. CONTRACT BALANCES

The Company’s accounts receivable consists of amounts that have been billed to customers and collateral is generally not required. Most of the Company’s contracts have monthly billing terms; however, billing terms for some are based on project completion. Payment terms are generally within 30 to 45 days after invoices have been issued. The Company attempts to negotiate two-week billing terms and 15-day payment terms on larger projects. The timing of billings to customers may generate contract assets or contract liabilities.

During the twelve months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized revenue of $16.5 million that was included in the contract liability balance at September 30, 2023.

F-15

Accounts receivable-trade, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, contract assets and contract liabilities consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023		Change
Accounts receivable-trade, net of allowance for doubtful accounts	$	56,064,318	$	51,168,895	$	4,895,423
Contract assets
Cost and estimated earnings in excess of billings	$	24,595,792	$	15,955,220	$	8,640,572
Contract liabilities
Billings in excess of cost and estimated earnings	$	16,950,988	$	17,743,001	$	(792,013)

7. PERFORMANCE OBLIGATIONS

The changes in contract transaction price can occur from items such as executed or estimated change orders, and unresolved contract modifications and claims.

For the year ended September 30, 2024, there was no significant amount of revenue recognized as a result of changes in contract transaction price related to performance obligations that were satisfied prior to September 30, 2023.

For the year ended September 30, 2023, there was no significant amount of revenue recognized as a result of changes in contract transaction price related to performance obligations that were satisfied prior to September 30, 2022.

At September 30, 2024, the Company had $158.6 million in remaining unsatisfied performance obligations, in which revenue is expected to be recognized in less than twelve months.

8. ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS

Activity in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts consists of the following:

	September 30,		September 30,
	2024		2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	51,063	$	70,310
Charged to expense		687,463		—
Deductions for uncollectible receivables written off, net of recoveries		—		(19,247)
Balance at end of period	$	738,526	$	51,063

F-16

9. UNCOMPLETED CONTRACTS

Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts are included in contract assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts are included in contract liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Costs, estimated earnings, and billings on uncompleted contracts are summarized as follows:

	September 30,		September 30,
	2024		2023
Costs incurred on contracts in progress	$	347,180,901	$	287,347,650
Estimated earnings, net of estimated losses		59,349,378		38,976,895
		406,530,279		326,324,545
Less billings to date		398,885,475		328,112,326
	$	7,644,804	$	(1,787,781)
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billed on uncompleted contracts	$	24,595,792	$	15,955,220
Less billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts		16,950,988		17,743,001
	$	7,644,804	$	(1,787,781)

The Company’s unaudited backlog at September 30, 2024, and September 30, 2023, was $243.2 million and $229.8 million, respectively.

10. CLAIMS

The Company does not have any claims receivable as of September 30, 2024 and 2023. Claims receivable is a component of contract assets.

11. PROVISION FOR LOSS

The Company did not have a provision for loss at the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

12. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following:

	September 30,		September 30,
	2024		2023
Land	$	3,258,838	$	2,974,354
Buildings and leasehold improvements		11,534,943		10,000,570
Operating equipment and vehicles		75,768,103		70,126,093
Office equipment, furniture and fixtures		1,235,965		1,225,570
Assets not yet in service		87,772		2,762
		91,885,621		84,329,349
Less accumulated depreciation		53,749,907		47,799,840
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	38,135,714	$	36,529,509

F-17

13. SHORT-TERM DEBT

Operating Line of Credit

On August 8, 2024, the Company renewed its $30.0 million line of credit with a maturity date of June 28, 2026. The interest rate on the line of credit is the “Wall Street Journal” Prime Rate (the index) with a floor of 4.99%.

The line of credit is limited to a borrowing base calculation as summarized below:

	September 30, 2024			September 30, 2023
Eligible borrowing base	$	25,089,446		$	23,942,868
Borrowed on line of credit		4,500,000			8,712,915
Line of credit balance available	$	20,589,446		$	15,229,953
Interest rate		8.0	%		8.5	%

The Company’s $4.5 million line of credit borrowing is recorded as a long-term debt as of September 30, 2024, as compared an $8.7 million short-term borrowing at September 30, 2023.

The modified financial covenants for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, and all subsequent quarters, are below:

● Minimum tangible net worth of $28.0 million,

● Minimum traditional debt service coverage of 1.50x on a rolling twelve- month basis,

● Minimum current ratio of 1.20x,

● Maximum debt to tangible net worth ratio (“TNW”) of 2.75x,

● Each ratio and covenant shall be determined, tested, and measured as of each calendar quarter beginning June 30, 2023,

● The Company shall maintain a ratio of Maximum Senior Funded Debt (“SFD”) to Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBDITA”) equal to or less than 3.5:1. SFD shall mean any funded debt or lease of the Company, other than subordinated debt. The covenant shall be tested quarterly, at the end of each fiscal quarter, with EBITDA based on the preceding four quarters.

The Company’s lender has agreed to omit the effect of the PPP loan restatement from the Company’s covenant compliance calculations while a final decision on PPP loan forgiveness remains in question. Thus, the Company was in compliance with all covenants at September 30, 2024.

Insurance Premiums Financed

The Company had previously financed insurance policy premiums on a short-term basis through a financing company prior to beginning to make quarterly installment payments for calendar year 2024. These insurance policies include workers’ compensation, general liability, automobile, umbrella, and equipment policies. At September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the remaining balance of the insurance premiums was $0 and $950,000, respectively.

Paycheck Protection Program Loans

Due to the economic uncertainties created by COVID-19 and limited operating funds available, the Company applied for loans under the PPP. On April 15, 2020, the Company and its subsidiaries, C.J. Hughes, Contractors Rental and Nitro, entered into separate PPP notes effective April 7, 2020, with its Lender in an aggregate principal amount of $13.1 million pursuant to the PPP Loans. In a special meeting held on April 27, 2020, the Board of Directors of the Company unanimously voted to return $3.3 million of the PPP Loans after discussing the financing needs of the Company and subsidiaries. That left the Company and subsidiaries with $9.8 million in PPP Loans to fund operations. During fiscal year 2021, the Company received notice that the SBA had granted forgiveness of the $9.8 million of PPP Loans and the SBA repaid the Lender in full. The forgiveness was recorded as other income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021.

During April 2023, management received notification from the SBA that one of the Company’s forgiveness applications related to the PPP Loans was under review. As part of the review, the SBA requested additional payroll information. Additionally, the SBA

F-18

requested information regarding the ability of the Company’s affiliates to meet SBA size standards and/or PPP corporate maximum limits.  The requested information was subsequently provided to the SBA through the Lender. The Company recognizes that there is a possibility that the SBA could reverse its previous determination on the forgiveness of the PPP Loans. As a result of this uncertainty, the Company restated the previously issued audited financial statements of the Company for fiscal 2022 and 2021. The Company has recorded a short-term borrowing due to the SBA inquiry for the full $9.8 million, plus accrued interest.

During July 2023, management received notification from the SBA that two additional forgiveness applications related to the PPP Loans were under review. As part of the review, the SBA requested information regarding the ability of the Company’s affiliates to meet SBA size standards and/or PPP corporate maximum limits. The requested information was subsequently provided to the SBA through the Lender.

Borrowers must retain PPP documentation for at least six years after the date the loan is forgiven or paid in full, and the SBA and SBA Inspector General must be granted these files upon request. The SBA could revisit its forgiveness decision and determine that the Company does not qualify in whole or in part for loan forgiveness and demand repayment of the loans. In addition, it is unknown what type of penalties could be assessed against the Company if the SBA disagrees with the Company’s certification. Any penalties in addition to the potential repayment of the PPP Loans could negatively impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.

F-19

14. SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM DEBT

A summary of short-term and long-term debt as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

	September 30,		September 30,
	2024		2023
Line of credit payable to bank, monthly interest at 8.0%, final payment due by June 28, 2025, guaranteed by certain directors of the Company.	$	4,500,000	$	8,712,915
Equipment line of credit with a total of $9.3 million and $8.5 million of $9.3 million available borrowed at June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively, fixed interest at 7.25% of outstanding balance due in monthly installments between June 1, 2023 and December 1, 2023. Payments of $202,809 due in monthly installments, including fixed interest at 7.25%, beginning January 2024 with final  payment due February 2028, secured by  equipment, guaranteed by certain directors of the Company.		7,802,313		8,487,085
Paycheck Protection Program loans from Small Business Administration, 1.0% simple interest, initially forgiven in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021.  Final forgiveness decision has not been determined.		10,292,676		10,184,320
Term note payable to United Bank, WV Pipeline acquisition, due in monthly installments of $64,853 interest at 4.25%, final payment due by March 25, 2026, secured by receivables and equipment, guaranteed by certain directors of the Company.		1,134,185		1,790,051
Notes payable to finance companies, due in monthly installments  totaling $76,000 at September 30, 2024 and $50,000 at September 30, 2023, including interest ranging from 0.00% to 6.0%, final payments due October 2024 through August 2026, secured by equipment.		1,787,009		1,290,148
Note payable to finance company for insurance premiums financed, due in monthly installments  totaling $327,000 in calendar year 2023 and $282,000 in calendar year 2022, including interest rate at 6.70%, final payment due December 2023.		—		950,235
Notes payable to bank, due in monthly installments totaling $7,848, including interest at 4.82%, final payment due November 2034 secured by building and property.		762,670		813,242
Notes payable to bank, due in monthly installments totaling  $12,580, including interest at 9.5%, final  payment due November 2025 secured by  building and property, guaranteed by certain directors of the Company.		—		294,761
Notes payable to bank, due in monthly installments totaling  $59,932, including fixed interest at 6.0%, final  payment due October 2027 secured by receivables and equipment, guaranteed by certain directors of the Company.		2,024,847		2,601,404
Notes payable to David Bolton and Daniel Bolton, due in annual installments totaling $500,000, including interest at 3.25%, final payment due December 31, 2026, unsecured.		940,000		1,660,000
Notes payable to bank, interest at 4.25% of outstanding balance due in monthly installments between January 2021 and January 2022 with note payments beginning February 2022. Payments due in monthly installments totaling $68,150, including interest at 9.5%, final  payment due January 2026, secured by  equipment, guaranteed by certain directors of the Company.		—		1,873,831
Term note payable to United Bank, Tri-State Paving acquisition, due in monthly installments of $129,910, including interest at 4.50%, final payment due by June 1, 2027, secured by receivables and equipment, guaranteed by certain directors of the Company.		4,359,883		5,698,761
Notes payable to Corns Enterprises, $1,000,000 with fair value of $936,000, due in annual installments totaling $250,000, including interest at 3.50%, final payment due April 29, 2026, unsecured.		250,000		468,523
Total debt	$	33,853,583	$	44,825,276
Less current maturities		16,665,591		25,954,747
Total long-term debt	$	17,187,992	$	18,870,529

At September 30, 2024, future expected payments due on short-term and long-term debt are as follows:

2025	$	16,665,591
2026		10,238,734
2027		4,591,906
2028		1,775,120
2029		62,726
Thereafter		519,506
	$	33,853,583

F-20

15. INCOME TAXES

The components of income taxes are as follows:

	Year Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
Federal
Current	$	7,218,772	$	432,251
Deferred		(364,036)		1,865,019
Total		6,854,736		2,297,270
State
Current		1,576,518		127,568
Deferred		(15,587)		550,412
Total		1,560,931		677,980
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	8,415,667	$	2,975,250

The Company’s income tax expense and deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect management’s best estimate of current and future taxes to be paid. Significant judgments and estimates are required in the determination of the consolidated income tax expense. The Company’s provision for income taxes is computed by applying a federal rate of 21.0% and a blended state rate of approximately 5.0% to 6.0% to taxable income or loss after consideration of non-taxable and non-deductible items.

The income tax expense for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 was $8.4 million as compared to $3.0 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to an increase in taxable income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

The effective income tax rate for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 was 25.1%, as compared to an effective income tax rate of 28.7% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. Effective income tax rates are estimates and may vary from period to period due to changes in the amount of taxable income or loss, non-taxable and non-deductible expenses.

	Twelve Months Ended
	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
Statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%
State income taxes	4.7	%	6.0	%
Meals and other	(0.6)	%	1.7	%
Effective tax rate	25.1	%	28.7	%

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

The Company had $0 and $3.0 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company had $20.5 million and $23.3 million of state net operating loss carryforwards at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The state net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in 2025.

F-21

The income tax effects of temporary differences giving rise to the deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

	September 30,		September 30,
	2024		2023
Deferred tax liabilities
Property and equipment	$	7,437,645	$	8,141,025
Other		1,509,487		588,632
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	8,947,132	$	8,729,657
Deferred income tax assets
Accruals & Other	$	2,325,671	$	948,704
Net operating loss carryforward-States		663,548		910,443
Net operating loss valuation allowance-States		(532,975)		—
Total deferred tax assets	$	2,456,244	$	1,859,147
Total net deferred tax liabilities	$	6,490,888	$	6,870,510

The Company does not believe that it has any unrecognized tax benefits included in its consolidated financial statements that require recognition. The Company has not had any settlements in the current period with taxing authorities, nor has it recognized tax benefits as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations. The Company recognizes interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits, if applicable, in general and administrative expenses.

16. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Earnings per share for the years ended September 30, 2024, and 2023 are as follow:

	Twelve Months Ended		Twelve Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	2024		2023
Net income	$	25,105,010	$	7,401,420
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic		16,570,289		16,646,086
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted		16,608,038		16,670,963
Earnings per share available to common shareholders	$	1.52	$	0.44
Earnings per share available to common shareholders-diluted	$	1.51	$	0.44

The diluted weighted average shares outstanding calculation included a 37,749 dilutive effect for 51,227 unvested restricted stock awards.

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17. STOCK REPURCHASE PLAN

On July 6, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program (the “Program”), pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, purchase shares of its common stock for an aggregate repurchase not to exceed 1,000,000 shares, which is approximately 6.0% of its outstanding common stock. The Program, which started on August 16, 2022 and has no expiration date, does not obligate the Company to purchase any number of shares, and there is no guarantee as to the exact number of shares to be repurchased by the Company.

The repurchases of Energy Services of America Corporation’s shares of its common stock during the twelve months ended September 30, 2024 was as follows:

	Total					Maximum Number of
	Number of	Average		Value of Shares Purchased		Shares That May Yet Be
	Shares	Price Paid		as Part of Publicly Announced		Purchased Under
Period	Purchased	Per Share		Plans or Programs		the Plans or Programs
May 2024	6,901	$	6.00	$	41,379	893,099
Total	6,901	$	6.00	$	41,379

18. LONG TERM INCENTIVE PLAN

On February 16, 2022, the stockholders of Energy Services approved the Company’s 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”), which provides for the grant of stock-based awards to officers and employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. The maximum number of shares of stock, in the aggregate, that may be granted under the Equity Incentive Plan as stock options, restricted stock or restricted stock units is 1,500,000 shares. A description of the material terms of the Equity Incentive Plan is contained in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 11, 2022. The amount recognized for compensation expense for the twelve months ended September 30, 2024 was approximately $50,000.

A table of restricted stock grants awarded during the twelve months ended September 30, 2024 are below:

		Exercised or
Outstanding at the	Granted during the	converted during the	Forfeited during the	Expired during the		Exercisable or
fiscal year ended	Twelve Months Ended	Twelve Months Ended	Twelve Months Ended	Twelve Months Ended	Outstanding at	convertible at
September 30,	September 30,	September 30,	September 30,	September 30,	September 30,	September 30,
2023	2024	2024	2024	2024	2024	2024
1,460,000	24,561	—	—	—	1,435,439	—

	restricted stock award vesting
FY 2025	21,520
FY 2026	21,520
FY 2027	8,187
	51,227

19. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

We intend that all transactions between us and our executive officers, directors, holders of 10% or more of the shares of any class of our common stock and affiliates thereof, will be on terms no less favorable than those terms given to unaffiliated third parties and will be approved by a majority of our independent outside directors not having any interest in the transaction.

On April 29, 2022, the Company entered into a $1.0 million promissory note agreement with Corns Enterprises as partial consideration for the purchase of Tri-State Paving. This four-year agreement requires $250,000 principal installment payments on or before the end of each twelve (12) full calendar month period beginning April 29, 2022. Interest payments due shall be calculated on

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the principal balance remaining and shall be at the stated rate of 3.5% per year. The Company has made $750,000 in principal payments on this note as of September 30, 2024.

Subsequent to the April 29, 2022 acquisition of Tri-State Paving, the Company entered into an operating lease for facilities in Hurricane, West Virginia with Corns Enterprises. This thirty-six-month lease is treated as a right-of-use asset and has payments of $7,000 per month. The total net present value at inception was $236,000 with a carrying value of $46,000 at September 30, 2024.

SQP made an equity investment of $156,000 in 1030 Quarrier Development, LLC (“Development”) in August 2022. Development is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) that is 75% owned by 1030 Quarrier Ventures, LLC (“Ventures”) and 25% owned by SQP. SQP is not the primary beneficiary of the VIE and therefore will not consolidate Development into its consolidated financial statements. Instead, SQP will apply the equity method of accounting for its investment in Development. Development, a 1% owner, and United Bank, a 99% owner, formed 1030 Quarrier Landlord, LLC (“Landlord”). Landlord decided to pursue the following development project (the “Project”): a historical building at 1030 Quarrier Street, Charleston, West Virginia as well as associated land (the “Property”) was purchased to be developed/rehabilitated into a commercial project including apartments and commercial space. Upon the completion of development, the Property will be used to generate rental income. SQP has been awarded the construction contract for the Project. United Bank provided $5.0 million in loans to fund the Project. SQP and Ventures have jointly provided an unconditional guarantee for the $5.0 million of obligations associated with the Project.

CJ Hughes entered into an agreement, cancelable at any time, with Construction Specialty Services (“CSS”), which is owned by Chuck Austin, the President of CJ Hughes. CSS rents equipment, periodically, to and as requested by CJ Hughes. The equipment rental rates are below the rates that the equipment can be rented from any unaffiliated rental company. CJ Hughes is not obliged to rent any equipment and does so only when CJ Hughes does not have equipment available of its own and would otherwise need to rent such equipment as the demand increases throughout the construction season. In the fiscal years 2023 and 2024, the rental amounts for these specific years were $387,000, and $318,000, respectively.

Other than mentioned above, there were no new material related party transactions entered into during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

Certain Energy Services subsidiaries routinely engage in transactions in the normal course of business with each other, including sharing employee benefit plan coverage, payment for insurance and other expenses on behalf of other affiliates, and other services incidental to business of each of the affiliates. All revenue and related expense transactions, as well as the related accounts payable and accounts receivable have been eliminated in consolidation.

20. LEASE OBLIGATIONS

The Company leases office space for SQP for $1,500 per month. The lease, which was originally signed on March 25, 2021, is for a period of two years with five one-year renewals available immediately following the end of the base term. The Company has only committed to a one-year renewal and is evaluating whether to renew for additional periods.

The Company had two lease agreements for construction equipment with a combined amount of $160,000 that were paid in full as of September 30, 2024. The leases had a term of twenty-two months with a stated interest rate of 0%, combined monthly installment payments of $6,645 and were cancellable at any time without penalty. The Company exercised the right to purchase the equipment at the expiration of the leases by applying the two-month deposit paid. The related assets and finance lease obligations associated with these lease agreements had been included in the consolidated balance sheets within property, plant and equipment and long-term debt.

The Company has two right-of-use operating leases acquired on April 29, 2022, as part of the Tri-State Paving, LLC transaction. The first operating lease, for the Hurricane, West Virginia facility, had a net present value of $236,000 at inception, and a carrying value of $46,000 at September 30, 2024. The 4.5% interest rate on the operating leases is based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at inception.

The second operating lease, for the Chattanooga, Tennessee facility, had a net present value of $144,000 at inception, and expired on August 31, 2024. The lease was renewed for a two-year period with a net present value of $140,000 and had a carrying value of $123,000 at September 30, 2024. The 8.5% interest rate on the operating leases is based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at inception.

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The Company has a right-of-use operating lease with Enterprise acquired on August 11, 2022, as part of the Ryan Environmental acquisition. This lease agreement was initially for thirty-one vehicles with a net present value of $1.2 million. The Company subsequently netted forty-three additional leased vehicles with a net present value of $2.0 million. The right-of-use operating lease has a carrying value of $2.2 million at September 30, 2024. Each vehicle leased under the master lease program has its own implicit rate.

The Company had a right-of-use operating lease with RICA Developers, LLC acquired on August 12, 2022, as part of the Ryan Environmental acquisition. This lease, for the Bridgeport, West Virginia facility, had a net present value of $140,000 at inception and no carrying value at September 30, 2023. The 4.5% interest rate on the operating lease was based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at inception. The Company has signed a one-year renewal agreement effective October 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024. The lease had a net present value of $125,000 at inception and no carrying value at September 30, 2024. The 8.5% interest rate on the operating lease was based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at inception. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has only committed to a one-year renewal and is evaluating whether to renew for additional periods.

The Company has a right-of-use operating lease acquired on March 28, 2023. This lease, for the Winchester, Kentucky facility, had a net present value of $290,000 at inception and a carrying value of $161,000 at September 30, 2024. The 7.5% interest rate on the operating lease is based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at inception.

Schedules related to the Company’s operating leases at fiscal year ended September 30, 2024 can be found below:

Operating Lease-Weighted Average Remaining Term
	Years left	Remaining liability			Lease end	Fiscal year end
Operating lease 1	0.5	$	45,833		3/31/2025	2025
Operating lease 2	1.9		122,701		8/31/2026	2026
Operating lease 3	4.0		2,203,465		9/30/2028	2028
Operating lease 4	0.0		—		9/30/2024	2024
Operating lease 5	1.5		160,928		3/31/2026	2026
		$	2,532,927
Weighted average remaining term			3.7	years

Operating Lease Maturity Schedule
2025	$	1,110,028
2026		1,004,022
2027		804,467
2028		129,749
		3,048,266
Less amounts representing interest		(515,339)
Present value of operating lease liabilities	$	2,532,927

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	Twelve Months Ended		Twelve Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
Operating Lease Expense	2024		2023
Amortization
Operating lease 1	$	87,167	$	72,267
Operating lease 2		74,042		62,001
Operating lease 3		688,869		568,114
Operating lease 4		124,701		113,480
Operating lease 5		101,243		28,191
Total amortization		1,076,022		844,053
Interest
Operating lease 1	$	3,833	$	7,355
Operating lease 2		1,892		3,825
Operating lease 3		219,414		87,416
Operating lease 4		4,899		2,802
Operating lease 5		14,250		11,391
Total interest		244,288		112,789
Total amortization and interest	$	1,320,310	$	956,842

	Twelve Months Ended		Twelve Months Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
Cash Paid for Operating Leases	2024		2023
Operating lease 1	$	91,000	$	79,622
Operating lease 2		75,934		65,826
Operating lease 3		908,283		655,530
Operating lease 4		129,600		116,282
Operating lease 5		115,493		39,582
	$	1,320,310	$	956,842

The Company rents equipment for use on construction projects with rental agreements being week to week or month to month. Rental expense can vary by fiscal year due to equipment requirements on construction projects and the availability of Company owned equipment. Rental expense, which is included in cost of goods sold on the consolidated statements of income, was $16.3 million and $12.1 million for the years ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

21. MAJOR CUSTOMERS

The tables below present customers that represent 10.0% or more of the Company’s revenue or accounts receivable, net of retention as of or for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, and 2023:

	Twelve Months Ended		Twelve Months Ended
Revenue	September 30, 2024		September 30, 2023
TransCanada Corporation	10.4	%	13.9	%
NiSource and subsidiaries	*		17.5	%
All other	89.6	%	68.6	%
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%

* Less than 10.0% and included in “All other” if applicable

Accounts receivable, net of retention	at September 30, 2024		at September 30, 2023
NiSource and subsidiaries	*		11.8	%
All other	100.0	%	88.2	%
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%

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* Less than 10.0% and included in “All other” if applicable

Virtually all work performed for major customers was awarded under competitive bid fixed price or unit price arrangements. The loss of a major customer could have a severe impact on the profitability of the operations of the Company. However, due to the nature of the Company’s operations, the major customers and sources of revenues may change from year to year.

22. RETIREMENT AND EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

In 2024 and 2023, C. J. Hughes maintained a tax-qualified 401(k) retirement plan for union employees. Employees can contribute up to 15% of eligible wages, provided the compensation deferred for a plan year does not exceed the indexed dollar amount set by the Internal Revenue Service which was $23,000 for 2024 and $22,500 for 2023. C. J. Hughes matches $0.25 on each dollar contributed up to 6% of eligible wages.

C. J. Hughes contributed $37,000 and $17,000 to the union plan for the fiscal years September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Additionally, each plan year, C. J. Hughes may make a discretionary profit-sharing contribution for participants who are actively employed on the last day of the plan year. No discretionary profit-sharing contribution was made for the 2024 or 2023 plan year.

Effective January 1, 2010, Energy Services became the successor plan sponsor of the C. J. Hughes Construction Company, Inc. 401(k) Plan for non-union employees (the “Plan”). The Plan was renamed the Energy Services of America Staff 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan. Employees are eligible to participate in the Plan upon completion of six months of service but must wait until a quarterly entry to join the Plan. In addition, participants who are age 50 or older by the end of the Plan year may elect to defer up to an additional $7,500 into the Plan for 2024.

Energy Services may make annual discretionary matching contributions and/or profit-sharing contributions to the Plan. The matching contribution formula for the Plan was 100% of each dollar contributed for the first 3% of eligible wages and 50% of each dollar contributed for the next 3% of eligible wages. The Company’s matching contribution is used by the Plan’s third-party administrator to purchase Energy Services of America common stock from the open market. No restrictions on the match exist after it has been contributed. No profit-sharing contribution was made for the 2024 or 2023 plan year.

Energy Services and its wholly owned subsidiaries contributed $864,000 and $599,000, respectively, for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, and 2023 to the Plan.

The Company contributes to a number of multi-employers defined benefit pension plans under the terms of collective-bargaining agreements that cover its union-represented employees. The risks of participating in these multi-employer plans are different from single-employer plans in the following aspects:

● Assets contributed to the multi-employer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers. If participating employers stop contributing to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers.

● If the Company chooses to stop participating in some of its multi-employer plans, the Company may be required to pay those plans an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan, referred to as a withdrawal liability.

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The following table presents our participation in these plans:

							Contibutions of
		Pension Protection Act (“PPA”)					Energy Services of America
		Certified Zone Status (1)		FIP/RP Status			Companies			Expiration Date of
	EIN/Pension			Pending/					Surcharge	Collective Bargaining
Pension Fund	Plan Number	2023	2022	Implemented (2)		2024	2023		Imposed	Agreement
Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas Pension Fund	36-6044243/001	Green	Red	Implemented	$	197,890	$	160,566	no	Various
Laborers National Pension Fund	75-1280827/001	Red	Red	Implemented		220,354		46,167	no	Various
Laborers' District Council of Western Pennsylvania Pension Plan	25-6135576/001	Yellow	Yellow	Implemented		4,026		—	no	Various
Operating Engineers Local 324 Pension Fund	38-1900637/001	Red	Red	Implemented		50,666		837	no	Various
National Automatic Sprinkler Industry Pension Fund	52-6054620/001	Green	Red	Implemented		570,197		214,590	no	Various
Carpenters Pension Fund of WV	55-6027998/001	Red	Red	Implemented		871,079		907,515	no	Various
Plumbers & Pipefitters National Pension Fund	52-6152779/001	Green	Yellow	Implemented		1,964,549		817,059	no	Various
Sheet Metal Workers' National Pension Fund	52-6112463/001	Green	Yellow	Implemented		370,727		188,749	no	Various
Plumbers and Steamfitters Local 577 Pension Fund	31-6134953/001	Red	Red	Implemented		—		5,623	no	Various
Sheet Metal Workers Local Pension Fund	34-6666753/001	Red	Red	Implemented		4,716		—	no	Various
All Other		Green	Green			5,729,480		9,258,051	no	Various
					$	9,983,684	$	11,599,157

(1) The most recent PPA zone status available in 2024 and 2023 is the plan’s year-end during 2023 and 2022, respectively. The zone status is based on information that we received from the plan and is certified by the plan’s actuary. Among other factors, plans in the red zone are generally less than 65 percent funded, plans in the orange zone are less than 80 percent funded and have an Accumulated Funding Deficiency in the current year or projected into the next six years, plans in the yellow zone are less than 80 percent funded, and plans in the green zone are at least 80 percent funded.

(2) Indicates whether the plan has a financial improvement plan (“FIP”) or a rehabilitation plan (“RP”) which is either pending or has been implemented.

The Company currently does not have any intention of withdrawing from any of the multi-employer pension plans in which it participates.

On November 12, 2021, the Company received a withdrawal liability claim from a pension plan to which the Company made pension contributions for union construction employees performing covered work in a particular jurisdiction. The Company has not performed covered work in their jurisdiction since 2011; however, the Company disagrees with the withdrawal claim and believes it is covered by an exemption under federal law. The demand called for thirty-four quarterly installment payments of $41,000 starting December 15, 2021. The Company must comply with the demand under federal pension law; however, the Company firmly believes no withdrawal liability exists. The Company is in negotiations with the pension fund to resolve the matter and all future payments have been suspended as part of the negotiation. The Company has expensed all $164,000 in payments made through September 30, 2023, and does not expect any future liabilities related to this claim. The Company made no payments during the twelve months ended September 30, 2024.

23. CREDIT RISK

Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and contract receivables. The Company places its cash with high quality financial institutions. At times, the balances in such institutions may exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, for each account ownership category. FDIC insurance covers all deposit accounts, including checking accounts, savings accounts, money market deposit accounts, and certificates of deposit. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $13.2 million of uninsured deposits.

The Company performs periodic credit evaluations of its customer’s financial condition and generally does not require collateral. Consequently, the Company is subject to potential credit risk related to business and economic factors that would affect these

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companies. However, the Company generally has certain statutory lien rights with respect to services provided. Credit losses consistently have been within management’s expectations.

24. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

During the normal course of operations, the Company is subject to certain subcontractor claims, mechanic’s liens, and other litigation. Management is of the opinion that no material obligations will arise from any pending legal proceedings. Accordingly, no provision has been made in the financial statements for such litigation.

Some customers, particularly new ones or governmental agencies require the Company to post bid bonds, performance bonds and payment bonds (collectively, performance bonds). These performance bonds are obtained through insurance carriers and guarantee to the customer that we will perform under the terms of a contract and that we will pay subcontractors and vendors. If the Company fails to perform under a contract or to pay subcontractors and vendors, the customer may demand that the insurer make payments or provide services under the bond. The Company must reimburse the insurer for any expenses or outlays it is required to make.

In February 2014, the Company entered into an agreement with a surety company to provide bonding which will suit the Company’s immediate needs. The ability to obtain bonding for future contracts is an important factor in the contracting industry with respect to the type and value of contracts that can be bid on.

Depending upon the size and conditions of a particular contract, the Company may be required to post letters of credit or other collateral in favor of the insurer. Posting these letters or other collateral will reduce our borrowing capabilities. The Company does not anticipate any claims in the foreseeable future. At September 30, 2024, the Company had $117.6 million in performance bonds outstanding.

In the fiscal year 2020, the Company received $9.8 million in PPP Loans. The Company believes it meets the SBA’s certification requirement based on its limited access to capital, weakened business operations during the pandemic and small market value. The Company’s shares of common stock did not trade on a national exchange at that time. However, no assurance can be given as to the outcome if the SBA re-evaluates the Company’s loan certification. The SBA could determine that the Company does not qualify in whole or in part for loan forgiveness. In addition, it is unknown what type of penalties could be assessed against the Company if the SBA disagrees with the Company’s certification. The Company could be required to repay its PPP Loans. Any penalties in addition to the potential repayment of the PPP Loans could negatively impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.

25.ACQUISITIONS

Energy Services accounts for business combinations under the acquisition method in accordance with ASC Topic 805 “Business Combinations”. Accordingly, for the transaction, the purchase price is allocated to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of the acquisition. In conjunction with ASC 805, upon receipt of final fair value estimates during the measurement period, which must be within one year of the acquisition date, Energy Services records any adjustments to the preliminary fair value estimates in the reporting period in which the adjustments are determined.

On July 11, 2024, the Company’s Nitro subsidiary completed the acquisition of substantially all the physical assets of Heritage Painting, LLC (“Heritage Painting”), a West Virginia corporation located in Poca, West Virginia for $300,000 cash. The operations of Heritage has been absorbed into Nitro’s operations and is insignificant to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Heritage Painting acquisition purchase price is allocated in the table below:

Property and equipment	$	178,900
Customer relationships		121,100
Total	$	300,000

ASC 805-10-50-2 requires public companies that present comparative financial statements to present pro forma financial statements as though the business combination that occurred during the current fiscal year had occurred as of the beginning of the comparable prior annual reporting period. As allowed under ASC 805-10-50-2, the Company finds this information impracticable to

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provide for the periods presented due to the lack of availability of meaningful financial statements of the acquired companies that comply with U.S. GAAP.

26.GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The Company follows the guidance of ASC 350-20-35-3 “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350)” which requires a company to record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount of goodwill over its fair value. Under the current guidance, companies can first choose to assess any impairment based on qualitative factors (Step 0). If a company fails this test or decides to bypass this step, it must proceed with a quantitative assessment of goodwill impairment. The Company did not have a goodwill impairment at September 30, 2024 or 2023.

A table of the Company’s goodwill is below:

	September 30,		September 30,
	2024		2023
Beginning balance	$	4,087,554	$	4,087,554
Acquired		—		—
Ending balance	$	4,087,554	$	4,087,554

A table of the Company’s intangible assets subject to amortization at September 30, 2024, is below:

				Accumulated		Accumulated		Amortization and		Amortization and
	Remaining Life			Amortization and		Amortization and		Impairment		Impairment		Net Book		Net Book
	(in months) at			Impairment at		Impairment at		Twelve Months Ended		Twelve Months Ended		Value at		Value at
	September 30,	Original		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,		September 30,
Intangible assets:	2024	Cost		2024		2023		2024		2023		2024		2023
West Virginia Pipeline:
Customer relationships	75	$	2,209,724		828,630	$	607,661		220,969		220,968	$	1,381,094	$	1,602,063
Tradename	75		263,584		98,863		72,500		26,363		26,364		164,721		191,084
Non-competes	—		83,203		83,203		83,203		—		10,397		—		—
Revolt Energy:
Employment agreement/non-compete	—		100,000		100,000		100,000		—		22,221		—		—
Heritage Painting Customer relationships	57		121,100		6,054		—		6,054		—		115,046		—
Tri-State Paving:
Customer relationships	91		1,649,159		398,547		233,631		164,916		166,850		1,250,612		1,415,528
Tradename	91		203,213		49,110		28,789		20,321		20,421		154,103		174,424
Non-competes	—		39,960		39,960		39,960		—		23,370		—		—
Total intangible assets		$	4,669,943	$	1,604,367	$	1,165,744	$	438,623	$	490,591	$	3,065,576	$	3,383,099

Amortization expense associated with the identifiable intangible assets is expected to be as follows:

	Amortization Expense
October 2024 to September 2025	$	456,780
October 2025 to September 2026		456,780
October 2026 to September 2027		456,780
October 2027 to September 2028		456,780
October 2028 to September 2029		450,746
After		787,710
Total	$	3,065,576

F-30

27.SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On October 31, 2024, the Company announced it had entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with Tribute Contracting & Consultants, LLC (“Tribute”), an underground utility contractor that primarily specializes in water and wastewater system installations in Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia. On December 2, 2024, the Company closed on the acquisition. Under the terms of the agreement, Energy Services’ new subsidiary, Tribute Acquisition Company, purchased substantially all of the assets of Tribute for $22.0 million in cash, less any assumed debt and working capital adjustments, and $2.0 million of Energy Services’ common stock.

On November 20, 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.03 per common share. The dividend will be paid on January 2, 2025 to holders of record as of December 13, 2024. While this is expected to be a quarterly cash dividend, factors such as income from operations, cash flows, and overall financial outlook may affect future dividend payments.

Management has evaluated all subsequent events for accounting and disclosure. There have been no other material events during the period, other than noted above, that would either impact the results reflected in the report or the Company’s results going forward.

F-31