AmTrust Financial Services (AFSIP) 10-K 2015 FY Annual report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2015

OR

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from  to .

Commission File Number: 001-33143

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware	04-3106389
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)

59 Maiden Lane, 43rd Floor New York, New York	10038
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

(212) 220-7120

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Shares, $0.01 par value per share	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
Series A Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
Depositary Shares, each representing 1/40th of a share of 7.25% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
Depositary Shares, each representing 1/40th of a share of 7.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
Depositary Shares, each representing 1/40th of a share of 7.50% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
7.25% Subordinated Notes due 2055	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
7.50% Subordinated Notes due 2055	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large Accelerated Filer x Accelerated Filer o Non-Accelerated Filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller Reporting Company o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).Yes o No x

As of June 30, 2015, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter, the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates was $2,622,599,316.

As of February 11, 2016, the number of common shares of the registrant outstanding was 175,750,143.

Documents incorporated by reference: Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of the registrant to be filed subsequently with the SEC are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	35
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	48
Item 2.	Properties	48
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	48
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	49
PART II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	50
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	52
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	55
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	89
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	92
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	92
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	92
Item 9B.	Other Information	95
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	95
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	95
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	95
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	95
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	96
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	96

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PART I

Note on Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements that are intended to be covered by the safe harbors created by The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. When we use words such as “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” or similar expressions, we do so to identify forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include the plans and objectives of management for future operations, including those relating to future growth of our business activities and availability of funds, and are based on current expectations that involve assumptions that are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond our control. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in these statements as a result of significant risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, non-receipt of expected payments from insureds or reinsurers, changes in interest rates, a downgrade in the financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries, the effect of the performance of financial markets on our investment portfolio, the amounts, timing and prices of any share repurchases made by us under our share repurchase program, development of claims and the effect on loss reserves, accuracy in projecting loss reserves, the cost and availability of reinsurance coverage, the effects of emerging claim and coverage issues, changes in the demand for our products, our degree of success in integrating acquired businesses, the effect of general economic conditions, state and federal legislation, regulations and regulatory investigations into industry practices, risks associated with conducting business outside the United States, developments relating to existing agreements, disruptions to our business relationships with Maiden Holdings, Ltd., National General Holdings Corp., ACP Re, Ltd., breaches in data security or other disruptions with our technology, heightened competition, changes in pricing environments, and changes in asset valuations. Additional information about these risks and uncertainties, as well as others that may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected, is contained in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The projections and statements in this report speak only as of the date of this report and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.

Item 1. Business

Legal Organization

AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. is a Delaware corporation that was acquired by its principal stockholders in 1998 and began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on November 13, 2006. References to “AmTrust,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other statements and information publicly disseminated by AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., refer to the consolidated operations of the holding company.

Business Overview

AmTrust underwrites and provides property and casualty insurance products, including workers' compensation, commercial automobile, general liability and extended service and warranty coverage, in the United States and internationally to niche customer groups that we believe are generally under served within the broader insurance market.

Our business model focuses on achieving superior returns and profit growth with the careful management of risk. We pursue these goals through geographic and product diversification, as well as an in-depth understanding of our insured exposures. Our product mix includes, primarily, workers’ compensation, extended warranty and other commercial property/casualty insurance products. Our workers’ compensation and property/casualty insurance policyholders in the United States are generally small and middle market businesses. Our extended warranty customers are manufacturers, distributors and retailers of commercial and consumer products. We have also built a strong and growing distribution of extended warranty and specialty risk products, including liability and other property/casualty products, in Europe. The majority of our products are sold through independent third-party brokers, agents, retailers or administrators. Our strategy is to target small to middle size customer markets throughout the U.S. and Europe where our proprietary technology platform enables us to efficiently manage the high volume of policies and claims that result from serving large numbers of small policyholders and warranty contract holders. The technology we have developed offers a level of service that is a competitive advantage in these high volume, lower risk markets by enhancing our ability to service, underwrite and adjudicate claims. Additionally, our ability to maintain and analyze high volumes of loss data over a long historical period allows us to better manage and forecast the underlying risk inherent in the portfolio. Since our inception in 1998, we have grown both organically and through an opportunistic acquisition strategy. We believe we approach acquisitions conservatively, and our strategy is to take relatively modest integration and balance sheet risk. Our acquisition activity has involved the purchase of companies, renewal rights to established books of insurance portfolios, access to distribution networks and the hiring of established teams of underwriters with expertise in our specialty lines.

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We are committed to driving long-term stockholder value and industry-leading returns on equity by continuing to execute on our lower risk, lower volatility business model and leveraging technology to help maintain a more efficient cost structure, consistently generate solid underwriting profits and ensure strong customer service and retention rates. Additionally, we are focused on further enhancing our economies of scale by opportunistically expanding our geographic reach and product set, growing our network of agents and other distributors, developing new client relationships and executing our acquisition strategy. We are also focused on maintaining our disciplined approach to capital management while maximizing an appropriate risk-adjusted return on our growing investment portfolio. We continue to carefully monitor and maintain appropriate levels of reserves and seek to minimize our reinsurance recoverable exposure in order to maintain a strong balance sheet. We intend to expand our business and capital base to take advantage of profitable growth opportunities while maintaining or improving our A.M. Best ratings. Our principal insurance subsidiaries are rated “A” (Excellent) by A.M. Best Company (“A.M. Best”), which is the third highest of 16 rating levels.

Competition

The insurance industry, in general, is highly competitive and there is significant competition in the commercial business insurance sector. Competition in the insurance business is based on many factors, including coverage availability, claims management, safety services, payment terms, premium rates, policy terms, types of insurance offered, overall financial strength, financial ratings assigned by independent rating organizations, such as A.M. Best, and reputation. Some of the insurers with which we compete have greater financial, marketing and management resources than we do. In the future, we may also compete with new market entrants. Our competitors include other insurance companies, state insurance pools and self-insurance funds. We generally target niche sectors and clients where the market is not as competitive as the broader market and where we have particular expertise and provide differentiated offerings compared to our competitors.

More than one hundred insurance companies participate in the workers’ compensation market. The insurance companies with which we compete vary by state and by the industries we target. We believe our competitive advantages include our efficient underwriting and claims management practices and systems and our A.M. Best rating of “A” (Excellent). In addition, we believe our lower processing costs allow us to competitively price our insurance products.

We believe the niche markets in the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty sector in which we do business are less competitive than most other insurance sectors (including workers’ compensation insurance). We believe our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty teams are recognized for their knowledge and expertise in the targeted markets. Nonetheless, we face significant competition, including several internationally well-known insurers that have greater financial, marketing and management resources and experience than we have. We believe that our competitive advantages include our ownership of both a U.S. warranty provider and a U.K. warranty provider, which enables us to directly administer the business, the ability to provide technical assistance to non-affiliate warranty providers, experienced underwriting, resourceful claims management practices and good relations with warranty administrators in the European Union, Asia and the United States.

Our Specialty Program segment employs a niche strategy of targeting smaller businesses, which helps to differentiate our offerings from those of our competitors. Most of our competing carriers pursue larger risks. We do not compete for high exposure business and underwrite lower hazard classes of business where service and execution are the basis for attracting and retaining business as opposed to providing the lowest price. Our competitive A.M. Best rating and financial size allow us to compete favorably for target business.

Underwriting and Claims Management Philosophy

We believe that proactive and prompt claims management is essential to reducing losses and lowering loss adjustment expenses and enables us to more effectively and accurately measure reserves. To this end, we utilize our proprietary technology and extensive database of loss history in order to appropriately price and structure policies, maintain lower levels of loss, enhance our ability to accurately predict losses, and maintain lower claims costs than the industry as a whole. We believe a strong underwriting foundation is best accomplished through careful risk selection and continuous evaluation of underwriting guidelines relative to loss experience. We are committed to a consistent and thorough review of each new underwriting opportunity and our portfolio as a whole, and, where permissible and appropriate, we customize the terms, conditions and exclusions of our coverage in order to manage risk and enhance profitability.

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Business Segments

We manage our business through three segments, Small Commercial Business, Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty, and Specialty Program, which are based on the products we provide and the markets we serve.

The following table provides our gross written premium by segment for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015		2014		2013
Small Commercial Business	$	3,320,650	$	2,999,714	$	1,659,980
Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty	2,158,921		1,983,052		1,511,649
Specialty Program	1,319,966		1,105,199		879,455
Corporate and other (1)	—		—		65,827
Total	$	6,799,537	$	6,087,965	$	4,116,911

⁽¹⁾Corporate and other includes a former segment related to the Personal Lines Quota Share with National General Holdings Corp.'s personal lines insurance companies. On August 1, 2013, we received notice, effective August 1, 2013, that our participation in the Personal Lines Quota Share was terminated on a run-off basis.

Additional financial information regarding our segments is presented in Note 25. “Segments” to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Small Commercial Business

This segment provides workers’ compensation insurance to small businesses that operate in low and medium hazard classes and commercial package and other property and casualty insurance products to small businesses, with average annual premiums of approximately $8,500. We are authorized to write our Small Commercial Business products in all 50 states. We distribute our policies through a network of over 8,000 select retail and wholesale agents who are paid commissions based on the annual policy premiums written. Workers’ compensation insurance pricing and coverage options are generally mandated and regulated on a state by state basis and provide coverage for the statutory obligations of employers to pay medical care expenses and lost wages for employees who are injured in the course of their employment. Commercial package products provide a broad array of insurance to small businesses, including commercial property, general liability, inland marine, automobile, workers’ compensation and umbrella coverage.

We believe the small business component of the workers’ compensation market is generally less competitive than the broader insurance market because the smaller policy size and low average premiums needed by these types of policyholders generally does not fit the underwriting and profitability criteria of many of our competitors. Our highly customized and proprietary technology platform enables us to individually underwrite, manage and control losses in a cost-effective manner for a large number of small policies while still providing quality customer service and responsive claims management to our clients and the agents that distribute our products. We believe these factors have been key to our ability to achieve high retention and renewal rates. Our policy renewal rate on voluntary business (excluding assigned risk plans), which represented approximately 96% of the segment’s gross written premiums in 2015, was 84%, 85%, and 87% in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Some of our commonly written small business risks include:

• restaurants;

• retail;

• office and professional;

• service industries;

• schools;

• hospitality;

• light manufacturing;

• wholesale operations;

• auto service;

• surety;

• lumber;

• community banks;

• artisan contractors; and

• not-for-profits.

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We are focused on continuing to broaden our market share by enhancing our current agent relationships as well as developing new agent relationships. Our on-line rating and submission system permits agents and brokers to easily determine in real-time if the risk and pricing parameters for a prospective workers’ compensation client meet our underwriting criteria and deliver an application for underwriting approval to us in a paperless environment. Our underwriting system will not allow business to be placed if it does not fit within our guidelines. These same types of efficiencies also exist for our commercial package product business. Our system handles most clerical duties, so that our underwriters can focus on making decisions on risk submissions.

We administer all Small Commercial Business claims in house. Our claims management process is structured to provide prompt service and personal attention with a designated adjuster assigned to each case. Our system guides the insured and other involved parties through the claims adjudication process in an effort to allow them to return to normal business operations as soon as possible. We seek to limit the number of claim disputes with all parties through early intervention in the claims process. We use a proprietary system of internet-based tools and applications that enable our claims staff to concentrate on investigating submitted claims, to seek subrogation opportunities and to determine the actual amount of damages involved in each claim. This system allows the claims process to begin as soon as a claim is submitted.

Our workers’ compensation claims adjusters have an average of 14 years of experience and have teams located in nine different states. Each adjuster handles an average monthly pending caseload of approximately 143 cases. Supervision of the adjusters is performed by internal supervisors and a claims manager in each region.

In 2015, approximately 75% of our Small Commercial Business workers’ compensation claims were for medical expenses only, while 25% of claims were for medical expenses and lost wages, compared with 77% and 23%, respectively, in 2014.

As of December 31, 2015, approximately 1.3% of the 20,243 Small Commercial Business workers’ compensation claims reported for accident year 2010 were open, 2.1% of the 24,433 claims reported for accident year 2011 were open, 3.2% of the 35,490 claims reported for accident year 2012 were open, 5.6% of the 50,413 claims reported for accident year 2013 were open, 9.9% of the 75,913 claims reported for accident year 2014 were open and 31.3% of the 86,613 claims reported for accident year 2015 were open.

We maintain Small Commercial Business property and casualty claims operations in several of our domestic offices. As of December 31, 2015, we employed 240 property and casualty claim adjusters. Overall, our property and casualty claims adjusters handle an average monthly pending caseload of approximately 114 claims.

As of December 31, 2015, our Small Commercial Business property and casualty claims were approximately 63% automobile and 11% property and inland marine, with the remaining 26% involving general liability and umbrella losses, compared to 60%, 9% and 31%, respectively, in 2014. At the end of 2015, 34% of the 24,652 claims reported in accident year 2015 remained open, while 19% and 14% of the 24,867 claims and 26,478 claims from 2014 and 2013, respectively, remained open (2014 and 2013 number of claims adjusted for the impact of acquisitions).

Our Small Commercial Business property and casualty claims adjusters have an average of 18 years of experience. Supervision of the adjusters is performed by our internal claims management, comprised of a staff that has an average of over 29 years of experience. Increases in reserves over the authority of the claims adjuster must be approved by supervisors up to such supervisor's authority. Above the supervisor limit, the reserve must be approved by the claims manager. If over the claims manager's authority limit, it must be approved by the regional vice president. If above the regional vice president's authority limit, it will be sent to the senior vice president for workers' compensation or commercial package products and/or the Chief Claims Officer.

In addition to growing organically, we have further enhanced our marketing and customer liaison capabilities for small-business workers’ compensation and property and casualty insurance by acquiring companies or distribution networks and renewal rights from companies that have long-standing, established agent relationships, underwriting and claims management expertise, and/or infrastructure to provide additional support to our platform. These transactions have also enabled us to further expand our geographic reach and offer additional products.

Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty

In our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment we provide custom designed coverages, such as accidental damage plans and payment protection plans offered in connection with the sale of consumer and commercial goods in the United States and Europe, and certain niche property, casualty and specialty liability risks in the United States and Europe, including general liability, employers’ liability and professional and medical liability. Our model is focused on developing coverage plans by evaluating and analyzing historical product and industry data to establish appropriate pricing and contract terms and enhancing

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the profitability of the plans by limiting the frequency and severity of losses while delivering superior customer service. We own Lloyd's property and casualty insurance syndicates that focus on general insurance and provides access to Lloyd's underwriting platform for small brokers. We believe that our proprietary technology platform and strong industry expertise provide us a competitive advantage. We carefully select administrators with extensive industry knowledge and target industries and coverage plans that have demonstrated consistently favorable loss experience. Additionally, we utilize extensive historical claims data and detailed actuarial analysis to ensure our ability to more accurately forecast the frequency and severity of losses and draft restrictive, risk-specific coverage terms with clearly identified coverage restrictions to further reduce the level of losses. Our efficient and proactive claims management process enables us to ensure superior customer service, and if necessary, proactively adjust our premiums based on changes in actual loss experience. Our specialty risk business primarily covers the following risks:

• legal expenses in the event of unsuccessful litigation;

• property damage for residential properties;

• home emergency repairs caused by incidents affecting systems, such as plumbing, wiring or central heating;

• latent defects that materialize on real property after building or completion;

• payment protection to insureds if they become unable to meet financial obligations under finance contracts;

• guaranteed asset protection (“GAP”) to cover the difference between an insurer’s settlement and the asset value in the event of a total loss; and

• general liability, employers’ liability, public liability, negligence of advisers and liability of health care providers and medical facilities.

Our extended warranty business covers selected consumer and commercial goods and other risks, including:

• automotive;

• consumer electronics and appliances;

• commercial equipment; and

• recreational vehicle and power sports.

We also serve as a third party administrator to provide claims handling and call center services to the consumer products and automotive industries in the U.S., Canada, Europe and Asia.

In our extended warranty business, we issue policies to our clients that provide for payment or replacement of goods to meet our clients’ contractual liabilities to the end purchasers of the warranty under contracts that have coverage terms with durations ranging from one month to 120 months depending on the type of product. Our U.S. warranty policies currently have an average term of 57 months, while our European warranty polices have an average term of 43 months and our European casualty policies have a term of 12 months. In the event that the frequency or the severity of loss on the claims of a program exceeds original projections, we generally have the right to increase premium rates for the balance of the term of the contract and, in Europe, the right to cancel prior to the end of the term. We believe that the profitability of each coverage plan we underwrite is largely dependent upon our ability to accurately forecast the frequency and severity of claims and manage the claims process efficiently. We continuously collect and analyze claims data in order to forecast future claims trends. We also provide warranty administration services in the United States and internationally.

We underwrite our specialty risk coverage on a coverage plan-level basis, which involves substantial data collection and actuarial analysis as well as analysis of applicable laws governing policy coverage language and exclusions. We prefer to apply a historical rating approach in which we analyze historical loss experience of the covered product or similar products rather than an approach that attempts to estimate our total exposure without such historical data. In addition, we believe that the quality of the marketing and claims administration service provided by the warranty administrator is a significant driver of the profitability of the product. Accordingly, a critical evaluation of the prospective warranty administrator is an important component of underwriting a plan. The results of our underwriting analysis are used to determine the premium we charge and drive the description of the plan coverage and exclusions. The underwriting process generally takes three months or more to complete.

We market our extended warranty and GAP products in the United States and internationally primarily through brokers and third party warranty administrators, through a direct marketing group and our own warranty administrators AMT Warranty, Car Care and AmTrust International Limited. Third party administrators generally handle claims on our policies and provide monthly loss reports. We review the monthly reports and if the losses are unexpectedly high, we generally have the right under our policies to adjust our pricing or cease underwriting new business under the coverage plan. We routinely audit the claims paid by the administrators. We hire third party experts to validate certain types of claims. For example, we engage engineering consultants to validate claims made on coverage we provide on heavy machinery. We generally settle our extended warranty claims in-kind — by repair or replacement — rather than in cash. When possible, we negotiate volume fixed-fee repair or replacement agreements with third parties to reduce our loss exposure.

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In 2015, approximately 59% of gross written premium for this segment originated internationally, while 41% originated in the United States. During 2015, we did not have a broker derive over ten percent of our gross written premium. In 2014 and 2013, we derived over ten percent of our gross written premium in this segment from one broker.

Specialty Program

Our Specialty Program segment provides workers’ compensation, general liability, commercial auto liability, property coverage, excess and surplus lines programs and other specialty commercial property and casualty insurance to narrowly defined, homogeneous groups of small and middle market companies whose business model and risk profile generally requires in-depth knowledge of a specific industry or sector focus in order to appropriately evaluate, price and manage the coverage risk. The type of risk covered by this segment is similar to the type of risk in our Small Commercial Business segment but also covers, to a small extent, certain higher risk businesses. We partner with managing general agents and other wholesale agents and claims administrators who have a strong track record and history underwriting certain types of risk and who, subject to our underwriting standards, originate and assist in managing a book of business and generally share in the portfolio risk. Our products and underwriting criteria often entail customized coverage, loss control and claims services as well as risk sharing mechanisms. The coverage is offered through accounts with various agents to multiple insureds.

Policyholders in this segment primarily include the following types of industries:

• public entities;

• retail;

• wholesale;

• service operations;

• artisan contracting;

• trucking;

• light and medium manufacturing;

• habitational; and

• professional employer organizations.

We establish the underwriting standards used with our agency partners by conducting detailed actuarial analysis using historical and industry data. Prior to entering into a relationship with an agency, we perform extensive due diligence on the agent including a review of underwriting, claims and financial control areas that generally takes three to nine months to complete. Additionally, once we have entered into a relationship with an agency, we carefully monitor the loss experience of the portfolio associated with each agent and conduct quarterly underwriting audits.

As of December 31, 2015, we underwrote 122 programs through 41 independent wholesale and managing general agents. Workers’ compensation insurance comprised approximately 41%, 37% and 32% of this business in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Other liability insurance comprised approximately 40%, 29% and 36% of this business in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Commercial auto liability and physical damage insurance combined comprised approximately 12%, 12% and 15% of this business in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Excess workers' compensation insurance comprised approximately 5%, 13% and 8% of this business in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. During 2015, 2014 and 2013, we derived over ten percent of our gross written premium in this segment from one program.

Distribution

We market our Small Commercial Business products through unaffiliated third parties that typically charge us a commission. We market our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty products through unaffiliated third parties that, in lieu of a commission, charge an administrative fee, based on the policy amount, to the manufacturer or retailer that offers the extended warranty or accidental damage coverage plan. Accordingly, the success of our business is dependent upon our ability to motivate these third parties to sell our products and support them in their sales efforts. The Specialty Program business is distributed through a limited number of qualified general and wholesale agents who charge us a commission. We restrict our agent network to experienced, professional agents that have the requisite licensing to conduct business with us. We incentivize the sales organizations through profit sharing arrangements to assure the profitability of the business written.

Geographic Diversity

Our insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the United States are collectively licensed to provide workers’ compensation insurance and commercial property and casualty insurance, including service contract reimbursement coverages related to our Specialty Risk

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and Extended Warranty segment, in 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, and in the year ended December 31, 2015, we wrote commercial property and casualty in 50 states and the District of Columbia.

The table below identifies, for the year ended December 31, 2015, the top ten producing states by percentage of direct gross written premium for our Small Commercial Business segment and the equivalent percentage for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

Percentage of Aggregate Small Commercial Business Direct Gross Written Premium by State⁽¹⁾ 

	Year Ended December 31,
State	2015		2014		2013
California	24.2	%	25.7	%	23.8	%
New York	18.7		15.8		14.3
Florida	11.7		9.8		8.6
New Jersey	7.2		6.1		5.8
Illinois	4.6		5.5		6.5
Georgia	4.0		4.1		4.2
Texas	2.9		2.6		2.9
Pennsylvania	2.5		3.0		4.5
Connecticut	1.5		1.6		1.9
Minnesota	1.5		1.6		1.9
All Other States and the District of Columbia	21.2		24.2		25.6
	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

⁽¹⁾  Direct premiums consist of gross premiums written other than premiums assumed.

Through our insurance subsidiaries, we are licensed to provide specialty risk and extended warranty coverage in 50 states and the District of Columbia, and in Ireland and the United Kingdom, and pursuant to European Union law, certain other European Union member states. Through our subsidiary, AmTrust at Lloyd's, we are licensed to underwrite business internationally in locations where Lloyd's is licensed.

Based on coverage plans written or renewed in 2015, 2014 and 2013, the European Union accounted for approximately 54%, 57% and 72%, respectively, of our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty business and in 2015, the United Kingdom, Italy and France accounted for approximately 44%, 24% and 6%, respectively, of our European Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty business. For a discussion of the various risks we face related to our foreign operations, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors."

The table below shows the geographic distribution of our annualized gross premiums written in our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment with respect to coverage plans in effect at December 31, 2015.

Percentage of Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty Direct Gross Written Premiums by Country⁽²⁾ 

	Year Ended December 31,
Country	2015		2014		2013
United States	39	%	35	%	27	%
United Kingdom	27		28		32
Italy	15		14		20
France	4		4		5
Sweden	3		2		3
Other	12		17		13
Total	100	%	100	%	100	%

⁽²⁾  Direct premiums consist of gross premiums written other than premiums assumed.

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The table below shows the distribution by state of our direct written premiums in our Specialty Program segment.

Percentage of Specialty Program Direct Gross Written Premiums by State⁽³⁾ 

	Year Ended December 31,
State	2015		2014		2013
California	38	%	38	%	39	%
New York	20		21		22
New Jersey	6		6		7
Florida	5		5		4
Texas	4		4		3
Illinois	2		2		2
Georgia	2		2		2
Pennsylvania	2		2		2
Arizona	2		1		1
North Carolina	1		1		1
All other States and the District of Columbia	18		18		17
Total	100	%	100	%	100	%

⁽³⁾  Direct premiums consist of gross premiums written other than premiums assumed.

Acquisitions and Strategic Investments

We have grown at an above-industry average rate through a combination of organic growth and strategic acquisitions of other companies or selected books of businesses. We have balanced our opportunistic acquisition strategy with a conservative approach to risk. We will continue to evaluate the acquisition of companies, distribution networks and renewal rights, and other alternative types of transactions as they present themselves. We seek transactions that we believe can be accretive to earnings and return on equity. The following is a summary of our major acquisition and strategic investment activity during 2015 and 2014. For details of the impact of these acquisitions and strategic investments on our results of operations, see Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Acquisitions" and "– Strategic Investments."

Springfield

On October 7, 2015, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of Springfield Insurance Company and its affiliates, Springfield Insurance Company Ltd. and Unified Grocers Insurance Services (collectively "Springfield") for approximately $31.6 million. Springfield, domiciled in California, is an insurance carrier providing workers' compensation and commercial package insurance to Unified Grocers Inc., an association of independently owned grocery stores, its members and its customers.

Warranty Solutions

On September 25, 2015, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of Warranty Solutions, a Wells Fargo business ("Warranty Solutions") for approximately $156.2 million in cash. Warranty Solutions designs, markets, administers and underwrites vehicle service contracts for new and used automobiles through a national network of more than 70 active agencies and 1,500 franchised and independent dealers.

CorePointe Insurance Company

On March 2, 2015, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of CorePointe Insurance Company ("CorePointe") for approximately $68.8 million. CorePointe, a Michigan-based specialty property and casualty insurance company, markets commercial package insurance products primarily to automobile and motorcycle dealerships and auto repair shops. The majority of CorePointe's insurance products and services are distributed through managing general agents ("MGAs") with whom it has long-standing relationships.

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TMI Solutions, LLC

On January 6, 2015, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of TMI Solutions, LLC ("TMIS") for approximately $61.5 million. TMIS offers monthly billed warranty solutions for a variety of consumer electronics as well as consumer protection services. TMIS warranties are primarily distributed in conjunction with large telecommunication monthly customer billing services and their customers include various Fortune 500 companies.

Oryx Insurance Brokerage, Inc.

On January 6, 2015, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of Oryx Insurance Brokerage, Inc. ("Oryx") for approximately $37.6 million. Oryx is an MGA and wholesaler providing insurance products to the construction industry in upstate New York.

Comp Options Insurance Company, Inc.

On October 1, 2014, we acquired Comp Options Insurance Company, Inc. ("Comp Options"), a Florida-based workers' compensation insurer, from an affiliate of Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Florida, for approximately $34.3 million in cash. Comp Options offers workers' compensation insurance to small businesses with low-hazard risk profiles in the state of Florida.

Tower Renewal Rights Agreement

In January 2014, we entered into a cut through quota share reinsurance agreement (the "Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement") with Tower Group International, Ltd. ("Tower") to provide a 100% quota share for a majority of Tower's in force commercial lines policies and most new and renewal commercial lines business. At the inception of the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement, we initially assumed $174 million of unearned premium. During 2014, we assumed approximately $475 million of premium through the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement. In conjunction with ACP Re, Ltd.'s (“ACP Re”) merger with Tower, on September 15, 2014, we entered into various agreements with Tower including, primarily, a renewal rights agreement and a quota share reinsurance agreement. Based on the terms of the renewal rights agreement, we are required to pay a maximum amount of $30 million over a three year period based on 3% of gross written premium of the Tower commercial lines business. The quota share reinsurance agreement allows us to reinsure 100% of all losses for Tower’s new and renewal commercial lines business written after September 15, 2015. The quota share agreement replaced the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement. Additionally, we loaned ACP Re $125 million to finance its purchase of Tower.

The Insco Dico Group

On January 3, 2014, we completed the acquisition of Insco Insurance Services, Inc. ("Insco Dico") and its subsidiaries for a purchase price of approximately $88.7 million. Insco Dico's subsidiaries include Developers Surety and Indemnity Company and Indemnity Company of California, which offer surety insurance to developers and contractors in all 50 states with California as the largest state. In addition, Insco Dico's subsidiary, Builders Insurance Services, markets general liability insurance policies to contractors in several states in the western region of the U.S.

Investment in National General Holdings Corp.

We have an approximate 12% ownership interest in National General Holdings Corp. ("NGHC"). NGHC is publicly-held specialty personal lines insurance holding company (Nasdaq: NGHC) that operates fifteen insurance companies in the United States and provides a variety of insurance products, including personal and commercial automobile, homeowners and umbrella, supplemental health, lender-place and other niche insurance products. NGHC's two largest stockholders are The Michael Karfunkel 2005 Family Trust (the “Trust”) and Michael Karfunkel individually. Michael Karfunkel is the Chairman of our Board of Directors and the father-in-law of Barry D. Zyskind, our President and Chief Executive Officer. The ultimate beneficiaries of the Trust include Michael Karfunkel’s children, one of whom is married to Mr. Zyskind. Michael Karfunkel is also the Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of NGHC.

In addition to our equity investment in NGHC, we provide NGHC and its affiliates information technology development services in connection with the development and licensing of a policy management system, and printing and mailing services for policy and policy related materials, such as invoices, quotes, notices and endorsements, associated with the policies we process for NGHC and its affiliates on the policy management system. We also manage the assets of certain of NGHC's subsidiaries, including the assets of reciprocal insurers managed by subsidiaries of NGHC, for an annual fee. For a more detailed description of our equity investment in NGHC and the services we provide to NGHC, see Note 14. “Related Party Transactions.”

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Life Settlement Contracts

We currently have a 50% ownership interest in each of four entities (collectively, the “LSC Entities”) formed for the purpose of acquiring life settlement contracts, with a subsidiary of NGHC owning the other 50%. The LSC Entities are: Tiger Capital LLC (“Tiger”); AMT Capital Alpha, LLC (“AMT Alpha”); AMT Capital Holdings, S.A. (“AMTCH”); and AMT Capital Holdings II, S.A. (“AMTCH II”).

A life settlement contract is a contract between the owner of a life insurance policy and a third-party who obtains the ownership and beneficiary rights of the underlying life insurance policy. The LSC Entities may also acquire premium finance loans made in connection with the borrowers’ purchase of life insurance policies that are secured by the policies. The LSC Entities acquire the underlying policies securing the loan through the borrowers’ voluntary surrender of the policy in satisfaction of the loan or foreclosure. A third party serves as the administrator of the Tiger and AMTCH II life settlement contract portfolios, for which it receives an administrative fee. The third party administrator is eligible to receive a percentage of profits after certain time and performance thresholds have been met. We provide certain actuarial and finance functions related to the LSC Entities. For a description of how we account for our investment in life settlement contracts, see Note 3. “Fair Value of Financial Instruments” and Note 6. “Investment in Life Settlements.”

Reinsurance

Reinsurance is a transaction between insurance companies in which the original insurer, or ceding company, remits a portion of its policy premiums to a reinsurer, or assuming company, as payment for the reinsurer assuming a portion of the insured policies’ risk. Reinsurance agreements may be proportional in nature, under which the assuming company participates in the premiums and losses of the ceding company via a pro rata share. Under these “quota share reinsurance” arrangements, the ceding company transfers, or cedes, a percentage of the risk under each policy within the covered class or classes of business to the reinsurer and recovers the same percentage of the ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses. The ceding company pays the reinsurer that same percentage of the insurance premium on the ceded policies, less a ceding commission. Reinsurance agreements may also be structured so that the assuming company indemnifies the ceding company against all or a specified portion of losses on underlying insurance policies in excess of a specified amount, which is called an “attachment level” or “retention.” The assuming company provides this indemnification for a premium, usually determined as a percentage of the ceding company’s insurance premiums for the covered class or classes of business. This arrangement is known as “excess of loss reinsurance.” Excess of loss reinsurance may be written in layers, in which a reinsurer or group of reinsurers accepts a band of coverage up to a specified amount. Any liability exceeding the coverage limits of the reinsurance program is retained by the ceding company.

We believe reinsurance is a valuable tool to appropriately manage the risk inherent in our insurance portfolio as well as to enable us to reduce earnings volatility and generate stronger returns. We also utilize reinsurance agreements to increase our capacity to write a greater amount of profitable business. Our insurance subsidiaries utilize reinsurance agreements to transfer portions of the underlying risk of the business we write to various affiliated and third-party reinsurance companies. Reinsurance does not discharge or diminish our obligation to pay claims covered by the insurance policies we issue; however, it does permit us to recover certain incurred losses from our reinsurers and our reinsurance recoveries reduce the total aggregate of losses that we may incur as a result of a covered loss event.

The total amount, cost and limits relating to the reinsurance coverage we purchase may vary from year to year based upon a variety of factors, including the availability of quality reinsurance at an acceptable price and the level of risk that we choose to retain for our own account. For a more detailed description of our reinsurance arrangements, including our quota share reinsurance agreement with Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (“Maiden Reinsurance”), formerly known as Maiden Insurance Company Ltd., (the “Maiden Quota Share”), see “Reinsurance” in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Loss Reserves

Workers’ Compensation Business

We record reserves for estimated losses under insurance policies that we write and for loss adjustment expenses related to the investigation and settlement of policy claims. Our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses represent the estimated cost of all reported and unreported loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred and unpaid at a given point in time. In establishing our reserves, we do not use loss discounting, which involves recognizing the time value of money and offsetting estimates of future payments by future expected investment income. Our process and methodology for estimating reserves applies to both our voluntary and assigned risk business and does not include our reserves for mandatory pooling arrangements that we participate in as a condition of doing business in a state that funds workers’ compensation assigned risk plans in that state. As is common practice,

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we record reserves for mandatory pooling arrangements as those reserves are reported to us by the pool administrators. We use a combination of internal actuarial resources as well as external consulting actuaries to assist in the evaluation of the adequacy of our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses.

When a claim is reported, we establish an initial case reserve for the estimated amount of our loss based on our estimate of the most likely outcome of the claim at that time. Generally, a case reserve is established within 30 days after the claim is reported and consists of anticipated medical costs, indemnity costs and specific adjustment expenses, which we refer to as defense and cost containment expenses (“DCC”). At any point in time, the amount paid on a claim, plus the reserve for future amounts to be paid, represents the estimated total cost of the claim, or the case incurred amount. The estimated amount of loss for a reported claim is based upon various factors, including:

• type of loss;

• severity of the injury or damage;

• age and occupation of the injured employee;

• estimated length of temporary disability;

• anticipated permanent disability;

• expected medical procedures, costs and duration;

• our knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the claim;

• insurance policy provisions, including coverage, related to the claim;

• jurisdiction of the occurrence; and

• other benefits defined by applicable statute.

The case incurred amount can vary due to uncertainties with respect to medical treatment and outcome, length and degree of disability, employment availability and wage levels and judicial determinations. As changes occur, the case incurred amount is adjusted. The initial estimate of the case incurred amount can vary significantly from the amount ultimately paid, especially in circumstances involving severe injuries with comprehensive medical treatment. Changes in case incurred amounts, or case development, are an important component of our historical claim data, which our actuaries use to estimate the ultimate value of our claims.

In addition to case reserves, we establish reserves on an aggregate basis for loss and DCC expenses that have been incurred but not reported, or IBNR. Our IBNR reserves are also intended to provide for aggregate changes in case incurred amounts as well as the unpaid cost of recently reported claims for which an initial case reserve has not yet been established.

The third component of our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses is our adjusting and other reserve, or AO reserve. Our AO reserve is established for the costs of future unallocated loss adjustment expenses for all known and unknown claims. Our AO reserve covers primarily the estimated cost of administering claims. The final component of our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses is the reserve for mandatory pooling arrangements.

We began writing workers’ compensation in 2001. In order to establish IBNR reserves, we project ultimate losses by accident year both through use of our historical experience, and the use of industry experience by state. Our internal and external consulting actuaries project ultimate losses in multiple ways before selecting a result based on an evaluation of the method inputs. These methods include, but are not limited to:

• Loss Development Factor Approaches. Loss development factors are the ratio of losses at successive evaluations for a defined group of claims (e.g., accident year, accident quarter, etc.). Our actuarial resources, both internal and external, will evaluate loss development factors for both the industry as a whole and AmTrust specific experience.

▪ Quarterly Development Methods (Use of AmTrust Factors).  Quarterly incurred and paid loss development factors are derived from our historical, cumulative incurred and paid losses by accident quarter. These factors are then applied to the latest actual incurred and paid losses and DCC, respectively, by quarter to estimate ultimate losses and DCC, based on the assumption that each accident quarter will develop to an estimated ultimate cost in a similar manner to prior years.

▪ Annual Development Methods (Use of AmTrust Factors). Yearly incurred and paid loss development factors are derived from our historical, cumulative incurred and paid losses by accident year. These factors are then applied to the latest actual incurred and paid losses and DCC, respectively, by year to estimate ultimate losses and DCC.

Our actuaries will generally evaluate and/or incorporate industry loss development factors and compare indications based on those factors with the indications based on AmTrust specific factors. Of the three methods above, the use of industry loss development factors has generally produced higher estimates of workers’ compensation losses and DCC expenses.

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• Expected Loss Ratio Approach. The Expected Loss Ratio (ELR) approach is generally relied upon for only the most recent accident periods while claims experience may be too immature or volatile to rely upon development methods projections of ultimate loss and DCC. The ELR is generally based on the business plan, trended historical results, or recent industry results, all supplemented by discussions with various stakeholders including Underwriting and Claims. The ELR, when applied to earned premium for an accident period, will provide an indication for estimated ultimate loss and DCC for the period.

• Bornhuetter-Ferguson (BF) Approaches. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method is a weighted blend of the Loss Development Factor and Expected Loss Ratio approaches. The BF method splits the ultimate claims into two components: actual reported (or paid) claims to date and expected unreported (or unpaid) claims. As experience matures, more weight is given to the actual claims experience while the expected claims component becomes gradually less important. The key assumption to the BF methods is that unreported (or unpaid) claims will emerge (paid) at the selected expected loss ratio.

Each method produces estimated ultimate loss and DCC expenses net of amounts that will be ultimately paid by our excess of loss reinsurers. Our actuaries estimate a range of ultimate losses, along with a selection that gives more weight to the results from our AmTrust specific loss development factors and less weight to the results from industry development factors.

We establish IBNR reserves for our workers’ compensation segment by determining an “ultimate loss pick,” which is our estimate of our net loss ratio for a specific period, based on actual incurred losses and application of loss development factors. We estimate our ultimate incurred loss and DCC for a period by multiplying the ultimate loss pick for the period by the earned premium for the period. From that total, we subtract actual paid loss and DCC and actual case reserves for reported losses. The remainder constitutes our IBNR reserves. Our internal actuarial team reviews the ultimate loss picks on a quarterly basis, and our external actuaries provide an additional independent assessment on, at minimum, an annual basis.

Management establishes our loss and DCC reserves by assessing the results of the aforementioned actuarial techniques as prepared by both the internal and external actuarial resources, followed by a review of specific underwriting, claims handling and other operational considerations. In utilizing its judgment, management makes certain assumptions regarding our business, including, among other things, frequency of claims, severity of claims and claim closure rates.

In order to establish our AO reserves, we review our past adjustment expenses in relation to past claims and estimate our future costs based on expected claims activity and duration.

As of December 31, 2015, our best estimate of our ultimate liability for workers’ compensation loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of amounts recoverable from reinsurers, was $2,054.3 billion, of which $80 million was reserves resulting from our participation in mandatory pooling arrangements, as reported by the pool administrators. This estimate was derived from the procedures and methods described above, which rely, substantially, on judgment.

The table below shows the carried reserves for workers’ compensation losses and DCC expenses on both a gross and net basis, as well as the actuarially determined range of reasonable estimates as of December 31, 2015:

(Amounts in Millions)	Loss & DCC Expense Reserves		Mandatory Pooling Arrangements		Total
Gross Workers’ Compensation Reserves:
Lower estimate	$	2,795.1	$	80.0	$	2,875.1
Gross reserve	3,116.5		80.0		3,196.5
Higher estimate	3,352.0		80.0		3,432.0
Net Workers’ Compensation Reserves:
Lower estimate	$	1,771.0	$	80.0	$	1,851.0
Net reserve	1,974.3		80.0		2,054.3
Higher estimate	2,123.4		80.0		2,203.4

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The higher estimate would increase net reserves by $149.1 million and reduce net income and stockholders’ equity by $96.9 million. The lower net estimate would decrease net reserves by $203.3 million and increase net income and stockholders equity by $132.1 million. A change in our net loss and DCC expense reserve would not have an immediate impact on our liquidity, but would affect cash flows in future years as claim and expense payments are made.

We do not anticipate that we will make any material reserve adjustments but will continue to monitor the accuracy of our loss development factors and adequacy of our reserves. For a more detailed description of our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) on a consolidated basis and by segment, see "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty

Our actual net reserves, including IBNR, on Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $1,006 million and $1,089 million, respectively. An upward movement of 5% on overall reserves would result in a reduction of income in 2015 of $50.3 million before tax and $32.7 million after tax. A downward movement of 5% on overall reserves would result in an increase of income of $50.3 million before tax and $32.7 million after tax.

Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty claims are usually paid quickly, development on known claims is negligible, and generally, case reserves are not established. IBNR reserves for warranty claims are generally “pure” IBNR, which refers to amounts for claims that occurred prior to an accounting date but are reported after that date. The reporting lag for warranty IBNR claims is generally small, usually in the range of one to three months. Management determines warranty IBNR by examining the experience of individual coverage plans. Our consulting actuary, at the end of each calendar year, reviews our IBNR by looking at our overall coverage plan experience, with assumptions of claim reporting lag and average monthly claim payouts. Our net IBNR as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 for our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment was $476 million and $375 million, respectively. The increase in the net IBNR resulted primarily from an increase of earned premium. Though we believe this is a reasonable best estimate of future claims development, this amount is subject to a substantial degree of uncertainty.

There is generally more uncertainty in the unearned premium reserve than in the IBNR reserve in our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment because our warranty claims are short-tailed. Claims are generally reported immediately after they occur and are closed within months of reporting. In the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment, the reserve for unearned premium is an estimate of our liability for projected future losses emanating from the unearned portion of written policies and is inherently more uncertain. Approximately 52.6% of polices written have policy terms exceeding one year. A portion of these policies are not earned evenly over the contract period but over the period of risk in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. As of December 31, 2015, we had unearned premium of approximately of $682 million on these policies. An upward/downward movement of 5% on the entire pool of the earn out pattern for these policies would result in an increase/decrease in unearned premium of approximately $34.1 million. In 2015, we had no material changes to prior period estimates of these claim patterns. Our liability for return of unearned premium is not significant.

The reserve for Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty unearned premium is calculated by analyzing each coverage plan separately, subdivided by contract year, type of product and length of contract. These individual reserve calculations may differ in actuarial methodologies depending on:

• the type of risk;

• the length of the exposure period;

• the availability of past loss experience; and

• the extent of current claim experience and potential experience of similar classes of risk underwritten by the program administrators.

The primary actuarial methodology used to project future losses for the unexpired terms of contracts is to project the future number of claims, then multiply them by an average claim cost. The future number of claims is derived by applying to unexpired months a selected ratio of the number of claims to expired months. The selected ratio is determined from a combination of:

• past experience of the same expired policies;

• current experience of the earned portion of the in-force policies or contracts; and

• past and/or current experience of similar type policies or contracts.

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The average claim cost is also determined by using past and/or current experience of the same or similar contracts. In order to confirm the validity of the projected future losses derived through application of the average claim cost method, we also utilize a loss ratio method. The loss ratio method entails the application of the projected ultimate loss ratio, which is based on historical experience, to the unearned portion of the premium. If the loss ratio method indicates that the average claim cost method has not produced a credible result for a particular coverage plan, we will make a judgment as to the appropriate reserve for that coverage plan. We generally will choose a point in the range between results generated by the average claim cost method and loss ratio method. In making our judgment, we consider, among other things, the historical performance of the subject coverage plan or similar plans, our analysis of the performance of the administrator and coverage terms.

Different Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty products have different patterns of incidence during the period of risk. Some products tend to show increasing incidence of claims during the risk period; others may show relatively uniform incidence of claims, while still others tend to show decreasing claim incidence. Incorrect earnings of warranty policy premiums, inadequate pricing of warranty products, changes in conditions during long contract durations or incorrect estimates of future warranty losses on unexpired contracts may produce a deficiency or a redundancy in the unearned premium reserve. Our unearned premium reserve as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 for our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment was $1,296.1 million and $1,086.3 million, respectively. Although we believe this is a reasonable best estimate of our unearned premium reserve, this amount is subject to a substantial degree of uncertainty.

Property and Casualty Insurance

Our actual net reserves, including IBNR, for property and casualty insurance as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $1,480 million and $357 million, respectively. An upward movement of 5% on overall reserves would result in a reduction of income in 2015 of $74.0 million before tax and $48.1 million after tax. A downward movement of 5% on overall reserves would result in an increase of income of $74.0 million before tax and $48.1 million after tax.

We record reserves for estimated losses under insurance policies that we write and for loss adjustment expenses related to the investigation and settlement of policy related claims. Our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses represent the estimated costs of all reported and unreported loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred and unpaid at a given point in time. In establishing our reserves we do not use loss discounting, which involves recognizing the time value of money and offsetting estimates of future payments by future expected investment income. We utilize a combination of internal actuarial resources as well as external consulting actuaries to assist in the evaluation of the adequacy of our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses.

When a claim is reported, we establish an initial case reserve for the estimated amount of our loss based on our estimate of the most likely outcome of the claim at that time. Generally, we establish a case reserve within 30 days after the claim is reported and consists of anticipated costs and specific adjustment expenses, which we refer to as DCC expenses. At any point in time, the amount paid on a claim, plus the reserve for future amounts to be paid, represents the estimated total cost of the claim, or the case incurred amount. The estimated amount of loss for a reported claim is based upon various factors, such as:

• line of business — general liability, auto liability, or auto physical damage;

• severity of injury or property damage;

• number of claimants;

• statute of limitation and repose;

• insurance policy provisions, especially applicable policy limits and coverage limitations;

• expected medical procedures, costs, and duration treatment;

• our knowledge of circumstances surrounding the claim; and

• potential salvage and subrogation.

Case incurred amounts can vary greatly because of the uncertainties inherent in the estimates of severity of loss, costs of medical treatments, judicial rulings, litigation expenses, and other factors. As changes occur, the case reserves are adjusted. The initial estimate of a claim’s incurred amount can vary significantly from the amount ultimately paid when the claim is closed, especially in the circumstances involving litigation and severe personal injuries. Changes in case incurred amounts, or case development, are an important component of our historical claim data that is used by our actuaries to estimate the ultimate value of our claims.

In addition to case reserves, we establish reserves on an aggregate basis for loss and DCC expenses that have been incurred but not yet reported, or IBNR. Our IBNR reserves are also intended to include aggregate development on known claims, provision for claims that re-open after they have been closed, and provision for claims that have been reported but have not yet been recorded.

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The final component of the reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses is the estimate of the AO reserve. This reserve is established for the costs of future unallocated loss adjustment expenses for all known and unknown claims. Our AO reserve covers primarily the estimated cost of administering claims by our claim staff.

We began writing additional lines of business beyond workers' compensation in 2006. These include, but are not limited to, general liability, commercial auto and commercial property (jointly known as CPP). Our internal and external consulting actuaries project ultimate losses in multiple ways before selecting a result based on an evaluation of the method outputs. These methods include, but are not limited to:

•Loss Development Factor Approaches. Loss development factors are the ratio of losses at successive evaluations for a defined group of claims (e.g., accident year, accident quarter, etc.). Our actuarial resources, both internal and external, will generally evaluate loss development factors for both the industry as a whole and AmTrust specific experience.

Given the limited loss experience to date, industry loss development factors are weighted with AmTrust specific loss development factors. The industry factors relied upon include Insurance Services Office (ISO) published factors for business with similar risk characteristics as that which AmTrust writes.

In 2008, we acquired retail commercial package business in connection with our acquisition of a subsidiary of Unitrin, Inc. (“UBI”). We were able to access UBI’s historical loss data for analysis of that business. Additionally, the claims adjusting has remained stable. As the volume of AmTrust specific experience grows, we will give additional weight to loss development factors implied from our own actual experience.

•Expected Loss Ratio Approach. The Expected Loss Ratio (ELR) approach is generally relied upon for only the most recent accident periods while claims experience may be too immature or volatile to rely upon for a projection of ultimate loss and DCC. The ELR is generally based on the business plan, trended historical results, or recent industry results, all supplemented by discussions with various stakeholders including Underwriting and Claims. The ELR, when applied to earned premium for an accident period, will provide an indication for estimated ultimate loss and DCC for the period.

•Bornhuetter-Ferguson (BF) Approaches. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method is a weighted blend of the Loss Development Factor and Expected Loss Ratio approaches. The BF method splits the ultimate claims into two components: actual reported (or paid) claims to date and expected unreported (or unpaid) claims. As experience matures, more weight is given to the actual claims experience while the expected claims component becomes gradually less important. The key assumption to the BF methods is that unreported (or unpaid) claims will emerge (paid) off at the selected expected loss ratio.

Each method produces estimated ultimate loss and DCC expenses net of amounts that will be ultimately paid by our excess of loss reinsurers.

For CPP lines of business, ultimate loss and IBNR selections are based on one of the above methods depending on the accident year and line of business. Our actuaries estimates a range of ultimate losses, along with the recommended IBNR and reserve amounts.

Because we determine our reserves based on assumptions that may give significant weight to industry incurred development patterns, our ultimate losses may differ substantially from our estimates produced by the above methods.

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Reconciliation of Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

The table below shows the reconciliation of loss reserves on a gross and net basis for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, reflecting changes in losses incurred and paid losses:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015			2014			2013
Unpaid losses and LAE, gross of related reinsurance recoverables at beginning of year	$	5,664,205		$	4,368,234		$	2,426,400
Less: Reinsurance recoverables at beginning of year	2,149,444			1,739,689			1,180,212
Net balance, beginning of year	3,514,761			2,628,545			1,246,188
Incurred related to:
Current year	2,648,277			2,324,062			1,486,418
Prior year	33,931			18,557			30,943
Total incurred losses during the year	2,682,208			2,342,619			1,517,361
Paid losses and LAE related to:
Current year	(841,447		)	(886,724		)	(617,539		)
Prior year	(1,018,931		)	(554,495		)	(335,621		)
Total payments for losses and LAE	(1,860,378		)	(1,441,219		)	(953,160		)
Commuted loss reserves	129,377			—			—
Acquired outstanding loss and loss adjustment reserve	116,044			71,755			807,592
Effect of foreign exchange rates	(38,832		)	(86,939		)	10,564
Net balance, December 31	4,543,180			3,514,761			2,628,545
Plus reinsurance recoverables at end of year	2,665,187			2,149,444			1,739,689
Unpaid losses and LAE, gross of related reinsurance recoverables at end of year	$	7,208,367		$	5,664,205		$	4,368,234
Gross loss reserves by segment:
Small Commercial Business	$	3,934,696		$	2,854,380		$	1,982,977
Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty	1,674,006			1,669,293			1,537,887
Specialty Program	1,597,259			1,126,435			817,272
Other	2,406			14,097			30,098
	$	7,208,367		$	5,664,205		$	4,368,234

For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, our gross reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses were $7,208 million, $5,664.2 million, and $4,368.2 million, of which our IBNR reserves constituted 53.3%, 49.6% and 42.4%, respectively.

Loss Development

The table below shows the net loss development for business written each year from 2005 through 2015. The table reflects the changes in our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves in subsequent years from the prior loss estimates based on experience as of the end of each succeeding year on a general accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) basis.

The next section of the table sets forth the re-estimates in later years of incurred losses, including payments, for the years indicated. The next section of the table shows, by year, the cumulative amounts of loss and loss adjustment expense payments, net of amounts recoverable from reinsurers, as of the end of each succeeding year. For example, with respect to the net loss reserves of $150.3 million as of December 31, 2005, by December 31, 2007 (two years later), $35.9 million had actually been paid in settlement of the claims that relate to liabilities as of December 31, 2005.

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The “cumulative redundancy (deficiency)” represents the aggregate change in the estimates over all prior years. Therefore, each amount in the table includes the effects of changes in reserves for all prior years. For example, assume a claim that occurred in 2005 is reserved for $4.0 million as of December 31, 2005. Assuming this claim estimate was changed in 2014 to $4.4 million, and was settled for $4.4 million in 2014, the $0.4 million deficiency would appear as a deficiency in each year from 2005 through 2013. A redundancy means that the original estimate was higher than the current estimate. A deficiency means that the current estimate is higher than the original estimate.

Analysis of Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserve Development

	As of and for the Year Ended December 31,
(Amounts in Thousands)	2005		2006		2007			2008		2009			2010			2011			2012			2013			2014			2015
Reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance recoverables	$	150,340	$	251,678	$	517,365		$	509,656	$	530,070		$	592,660		$	906,783		$	1,246,188		$	2,628,545		$	3,514,761		$	4,543,180
Net reserve estimated as of
One year later	150,854		253,767		516,821			504,829		538,016			604,302			919,640			1,277,132			2,647,102			3,548,692
Two years later	150,516		215,465		519,346			490,379		540,723			641,557			961,013			1,345,776			2,831,495
Three years later	122,601		221,362		518,877			491,613		559,251			669,883			1,003,525			1,460,295
Four years later	120,975		220,505		515,427			497,276		565,322			675,608			1,081,519
Five years later	121,716		216,830		517,866			493,967		557,913			723,991
Six years later	120,618		216,922		519,462			485,820		591,089
Seven years later	120,582		215,805		514,978			496,932
Eight years later	119,915		213,571		517,644
Nine years later	118,333		212,048
Ten years later	117,613
Net cumulative redundancy (deficiency)	32,727		39,630		(279		)	12,724		(61,019		)	(131,331		)	(174,736		)	(214,107		)	(202,949		)	(33,931		)

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	Year Ended December 31,
(Amounts in Thousands)	2005		2006		2007			2008		2009			2010			2011			2012			2013			2014			2015
Cumulative amount of reserve paid, net of reinsurance recoverable through
One year later	$	24,050	$	38,010	$	141,992		$	102,644	$	158,737		$	253,309		$	354,768		$	335,621		$	554,495		$	1,018,931
Two years later	35,894		83,671		184,875			182,260		291,824			426,656			536,346			596,343			1,096,248
Three years later	49,625		98,495		229,227			261,397		388,821			516,315			686,421			883,739
Four years later	53,853		109,422		270,522			311,112		434,906			600,057			851,192
Five years later	55,885		116,282		295,135			331,733		476,843			678,810
Six years later	57,094		122,185		303,689			352,925		518,095
Seven years later	59,280		125,518		315,072			371,261
Eight years later	60,424		127,588		318,525
Nine years later	61,372		128,002
Ten years later	61,371
Net reserve – December 31,	150,340		251,678		517,365			509,656		530,070			592,660			906,783			1,246,188			2,628,545			3,514,761			4,543,180
Reinsurance Recoverable	17,667		44,127		258,027			504,404		561,874			670,877			972,392			1,180,212			1,739,689			2,149,444			2,665,187
Gross reserves –  December 31,	168,007		295,805		775,392			1,014,060		1,091,944			1,263,537			1,879,175			2,426,400			4,368,234			5,664,205			7,208,367
Net re-estimated reserve	117,613		212,048		517,644			496,932		591,089			723,991			1,081,519			1,460,295			2,831,495			3,548,692
Re-estimated reinsurance recoverable	13,821		37,179		258,166			491,811		626,554			819,540			1,159,770			1,382,984			1,874,010			2,170,195
Gross re-estimated reserve	131,434		249,227		775,810			988,743		1,217,643			1,543,531			2,241,289			2,843,279			4,705,505			5,718,887
Gross cumulative redundancy (deficiency)	36,573		46,578		(418		)	25,317		(125,699		)	(279,994		)	(362,114		)	(416,879		)	(337,271		)	(54,682		)

In 2015 and 2014, our liabilities for unpaid loss and LAE attributable to prior years increased by $33.9 million and $18.6 million, respectively, due to higher actuarial estimates based on actual losses.

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Investments

Our investment portfolio, exclusive of life settlement contracts, equity investment in unconsolidated related party subsidiaries, and other investments, is summarized in the table below by type of investment.

	December 31, 2015				December 31, 2014
(Amounts in Thousands)	Carrying Value		Percentage of Portfolio		Carrying Value		Percentage of Portfolio
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	1,312,669	18.9	%	$	1,088,975	19.7	%
Time and short-term deposits	84,266		1.2		63,916		1.2
U.S. treasury securities	70,759		1.0		43,870		0.8
U.S. government agencies	45,558		0.7		13,538		0.2
Municipals	540,426		7.8		482,041		8.7
Foreign government	113,745		1.6		112,731		2.0
Commercial mortgage back securities	151,318		2.2		38,685		0.7
Residential mortgage backed securities:
Agency backed	974,838		14.0		975,782		17.7
Non-agency backed	120,229		1.7		22,503		0.4
Collateralized loan / debt obligations	226,094		3.2		—		—
Asset-backed securities	31,837		0.5		710		—
Corporate bonds	3,158,993		45.3		2,563,414		46.6
Preferred stocks	4,989		0.1		3,506		0.1
Common stocks	126,779		1.8		104,287		1.9
	$	6,962,500	100.0	%	$	5,513,958	100.0	%

Investments in foreign government securities include securities issued by national entities as well as instruments that are unconditionally guaranteed by such entities. As of December 31, 2015, our foreign government securities were issued or guaranteed primarily by governments in Canada and Europe.

The table below summarizes the credit quality of our fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, as rated by Standard and Poor’s.

	2015		2014
U.S. Treasury	1.3	%	1.0	%
AAA	12.2		6.7
AA	29.0		39.0
A	28.8		27.9
BBB, BBB+, BBB-	25.8		23.4
BB, BB+, BB-	1.9		1.6
B, B+, B-,	0.1		0.1
Other	0.9		0.3
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%

Our investments in equity securities, which are either classified as available-for-sale or trading, constitute approximately 1.9% of our total investment portfolio. For the equity securities classified as available-for-sale, we generally split them into two types of investment categories. One category consists mainly of large capitalized companies, for which the individual investments are generally liquid in nature and their market prices are typically reflective of their value. The second category is small capitalized companies with an average market capitalization of approximately $400 million, most without widespread distribution or trading of shares. We have invested in the second category of securities in which we believe true value is not properly reflected in the market price and where a catalyst, or event, will send the market price toward our estimate of true value. We typically have a holding period of 36 months for these equity securities. This catalyst, in many instances, takes up to 24 months to occur. Sometimes, a catalyst that does not occur soon after our initial investment requires the passage of another operating cycle, and the 24 month

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time frame allows for these types of situations. These equity securities tend to be relatively unknown stocks that have less trading volume than well-known or larger capitalized stocks and can, therefore, experience significant price fluctuations without fundamental reasons. These price fluctuations can be large on a percentage basis because many stocks in this category are also low-priced stocks that are often distressed or in a turnaround phase. We believe that in down markets, equity securities with lower turnover are more heavily penalized by the market, even when the underlying fundamentals of the security have held up. Therefore, we believe, and our experience bears out, that, for investments in small cap stocks, an unrealized loss of 35% or less is not necessarily indicative of a fundamental problem with the issuer. Prices of lower turnover stocks can also react significantly to a catalyst or an event that causes market participants to take an interest. When the market participants’ interest increases in an equity security, causing trading volume and market bid to increase, we typically seek to exit these positions. For these reasons, we generally consider certain equity investments in this small capitalization category to be other than temporarily impaired when the investment is in an unrealized loss position in excess of 35% of cost basis for greater than 24 months.

We generally purchase life settlement contracts through secondary market transactions. The policies we purchased are universal life insurance policies issued by rated life insurance companies. Before we purchase a life settlement contract, we conduct a rigorous underwriting review that includes obtaining life expectancy estimates on individual insureds from specialized life expectancy providers. The price we are willing to pay for a policy is primarily a function of: (i) the policy’s face value; (ii) the expected actuarial mortality of the insured; (iii) the premiums expected to be paid over the life of the insured; and (iv) market competition from other purchasers. We seek to earn profits by purchasing policies at discounts to the face value of the insurance benefit. The discounts at which we purchase are expected to exceed the costs necessary to pay premiums and financing and servicing costs through the date of the insured’s mortality.

Additional financial information regarding our investments is presented under the subheading “Investment Portfolio” in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Certain International Tax Considerations

We operate our business in several foreign countries and are subject to taxation in several foreign jurisdictions. A brief description of certain international tax considerations affecting us appears below.

Bermuda

Bermuda currently does not impose any income, corporation or profits tax, withholding tax, capital gains tax or capital transfer tax on any of our Bermuda subsidiaries, or any estate duty or inheritance tax applicable to shares of any of our Bermuda subsidiaries (except in the case of shareholders resident in Bermuda). Except as set out in the following paragraph, our Bermuda subsidiaries may be subject to such Bermuda tax in the future.

Our significant operating Bermuda subsidiary, AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. (“AII”), has received a written assurance from the Bermuda Minister of Finance under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966 of Bermuda, as amended, that, if any legislation is enacted in Bermuda imposing tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, then the imposition of that tax would not be applicable to these Bermuda subsidiaries or to any of their operations, shares, debentures or obligations until March 31, 2035; provided that the assurance is subject to the condition that it will not be construed to prevent the application of such tax to people ordinarily resident in Bermuda, or to prevent the application of any taxes payable by our Bermuda subsidiaries in respect of real property or leasehold interests in Bermuda held by them. Our Bermuda subsidiaries may be subject to any such tax after March 31, 2035.

AII made a Section 953(d) election, which became effective starting January 1, 2012. This means that for U.S. federal income tax purposes, AII is treated as a U.S. corporation that is subject to tax and is included in our consolidated U.S. tax return. The other remaining significant Bermuda operations are not currently subject to taxation in the U.S.  These operations meet certain legislative exceptions in the Internal Revenue Code that allow for deferral of taxation on the earnings generated by these operations until such earnings are repatriated to the U.S.

Ireland

AmTrust International Underwriters Limited (“AIU”), a company incorporated in Ireland, is managed and controlled in Ireland and, therefore, is resident in Ireland for Irish tax purposes and subject to Irish corporation tax on its worldwide profits (including revenue profits and capital gains). Income derived by AIU from an Irish trade (that is, a trade that is not carried on wholly outside of Ireland) is subject to Irish corporation tax at the current rate of 12.5%. Other income (that is, income from passive investments,

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income from non-Irish trades and income from certain dealings in land) is generally subject to Irish corporation tax at the current rate of 25%.

The Irish Revenue Commissioners have published a statement indicating that deposit interest earned by an insurance company on funds held for regulatory purposes is regarded as part of the insurance company’s trading income, and accordingly is part of the profits taxed at 12.5%. This statement also indicates acceptance of case law that states that investment income of an insurance company is likewise considered as trading income where it is derived from assets required to be held for regulatory capital purposes. Other investment income earned by AIU is generally taxed in Ireland at a rate of 25%.

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, AIU is a controlled foreign corporation and its earnings generally are included in our U.S. federal taxable income. A credit against U.S. federal income tax liability is available for any Irish tax paid on such earnings.

As long as our principal class of common stock is listed on a recognized stock exchange in an EU member state or country with which Ireland has a tax treaty (e.g., NASDAQ), and provided that such shares are substantially and regularly traded on that exchange, Irish dividend withholding tax does not apply to dividends and other distributions paid by AIU to its parent, provided that the parent makes an appropriate declaration, in prescribed form, to AIU before the dividend is paid.

AmTrust or any of our subsidiaries, other than AIU, will not be considered resident in Ireland for Irish tax purposes unless the central management and control of such companies is, as a matter of fact, located in Ireland.

Insurance companies are subject to an insurance premium tax in the form of a stamp duty charged at 3% of certain premium income. It applies to general insurance business, other than reinsurance, life insurance, certain maritime, aviation and transit insurance, and health insurance.

This tax applies to a premium in respect of a policy where the risk is located in Ireland. Legislation provides that risk is located in Ireland:

• in the case of insurance of buildings together with their contents, where the building is in Ireland;

• in the case of insurance of vehicles, where the vehicle is registered in Ireland;

• in the case of insurance of four months or less duration of travel or holiday if the policyholder took out the policy in Ireland; and

• in all three cases of insurance where the policyholder is resident in Ireland, or if not an individual, where the head office of the policyholder is in Ireland or its branch to which the insurance relates is in Ireland.

An additional contribution of 2% to the Insurance Compensation Fund applies to premiums received in relation to non-life insurance policies. Similar to the 3% non-life insurance level noted above, the contribution applies where premiums are received in respect of risks located in Ireland.

Luxembourg

We have eleven Luxembourg-based subsidiaries. AmTrust Insurance Luxembourg S.A., our non-life insurance company, is owned by AmTrust Equity Solutions, Ltd. AmTrust Holdings Luxembourg S.A.R.L (“AHL”), a Luxembourg holding company, is owned by AII, our Bermuda insurance company. AHL owns all of the issued and outstanding stock of our five Luxembourg-domiciled reinsurance companies. The reinsurance companies have accumulated equalization reserves, which are catastrophe reserves in excess of required reserves that are determined by a formula based on the volatility of the business reinsured. Because AII is an insurance company with the ability to cede premiums and losses, the reinsurance companies are well-positioned to either maintain or utilize their equalization reserves. Luxembourg does not impose any income, corporation or profits tax on AHL or its subsidiaries provided sufficient premium and/or associated losses cause the equalization reserves to be either maintained or exhausted. However, if the reinsurance companies cease to write business or are unable to utilize their equalization reserves, they will ultimately recognize income that will be taxed by Luxembourg at a rate of approximately 30%. To mitigate any potential tax liability, we restructured our Luxembourg operations by entering a fiscal unity structure for Luxembourg income tax purposes. AHL and certain subsidiaries filed a common request to benefit from the fiscal unity regime present in Luxembourg effective January 1, 2013. The fiscal unity was extended to certain other subsidiaries of AHL effective January 1, 2014. Under the fiscal unity, AHL and the Luxembourg reinsurance companies will benefit as any tax losses accrued by any members of the fiscal unity group will be available to offset any taxable profits to be realized by any other members of the group including, but not limited to, any income as a result of the reduction in the equalization reserves.

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All of the Luxembourg-domiciled entities are subject to a Net Wealth Tax of 0.5% on their net wealth based on prescribed valuation methods.

Dividend payments made by AmTrust Insurance Luxembourg S.A. or AHL to their respective parent companies are subject to withholding taxes of 15%.

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, AmTrust Insurance Luxembourg S.A., AHL and all of its subsidiaries are controlled foreign corporations and their earnings generally are included in our U.S. federal taxable income. A credit against U.S. federal income tax liability is available for any Luxembourg income tax paid on such earnings.

United Kingdom

AmTrust International Limited ("AIL"), a company incorporated in the United Kingdom, is managed and controlled in the U.K. and, therefore, is treated as a resident in the U.K. for U.K. tax purposes and subject to corporation tax on its worldwide profits (including revenue profits and capital gains). AIL is a holding company of 55 subsidiaries, of which 32 are domiciled and managed in the U.K. Earnings derived by AIL and its U.K. domiciled subsidiaries are subject to British corporation tax at the rate of 20% from April 1, 2015.

AIL's subsidiaries domiciled outside of the U.K. are subject to taxation in their respective countries. All of the foreign subsidiaries are treated as separate legal and taxing bodies that are not taxed in the U.K. These subsidiaries are located in Spain, Italy, Brazil, Germany, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Russia, Ireland, Cayman Island, U.S., Turkey, Jersey and China.

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, AIL and all of its subsidiaries are controlled foreign corporations and their earnings are generally deferred from inclusion in our U.S. federal taxable income. If a portion of the earnings is either deemed repatriated or actually repatriated, a credit against U.S. federal income tax liability is available for any local income taxes paid on such earnings.

AIL may pay dividends to its parent free of U.K. withholding tax. Dividends paid to AIL from its subsidiaries could be subject to potential withholding taxes from the countries in which the subsidiaries are domiciled. The withholding rates are subject to provisions within the double tax treaties. In the current structure of AIL, dividends paid by its indirectly owned China entity would be subject to a 5% withholding tax, dividends paid by its indirectly owned Russia entity would be subject to a 5% withholding tax, dividends paid by its indirectly owned Indonesia entity would be subject to a 10% withholding tax and dividends paid by its indirectly owned Turkey entity would be subject to a 15% withholding tax.

We do not expect AmTrust or any of its subsidiaries, other than AIL and its U.K. subsidiaries, to be resident in the U.K. for tax purposes unless the central management and control of such companies is, as a matter of fact, located in the U.K. A company not resident in the U.K. for tax purposes can be subject to corporation tax if it carries on a trade through a branch or agency in the U.K. or disposes of certain specified assets (e.g., land, minerals, or mineral rights, or unquoted shares deriving the greater part of their value from such assets). In such cases, the charge to corporation tax is limited to trading income connected with the branch or agency, capital gains on the disposal of assets used in the branch or agency which are situated in the U.K. at or before the time of disposal, capital gains arising on the disposal of specified assets, with tax imposed at the rates discussed above, plus U.K. income tax (generally by way of withholding) on certain U.K. source income.

Insurance companies are subject to an insurance premium tax at 9.5%, which was increased from 6% on November 1, 2015. The premium tax applies to premiums for most general insurance, such as for buildings and contents and motor insurance, where the insured risk is in the U.K. Life assurance and other long term insurance remain exempt, though there are anti-avoidance rules surrounding long term medical care policies. As an anti-avoidance measure, the rate increases to 20% for insurance sold by suppliers of specified goods or services, e.g. mechanical breakdown insurance, travel insurance (irrespective of supplier), insurance sold with televisions and car hire, and, from April 1, 2004 forward, any “non-financial” GAP insurance sold through suppliers of motor vehicles or persons connected with them.

Ratings

Our principal insurance subsidiaries are rated “A” (Excellent) by A.M. Best. An “A” rating is the third highest of the 16 categories used by A.M. Best, and is assigned to companies that have, in A.M. Best’s opinion, an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders. Many insurance buyers, agents and brokers use the ratings assigned by A.M. Best and other agencies to assist them in assessing the financial strength and overall quality of the companies from which they are considering purchasing insurance.

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These ratings were derived from an in-depth evaluation of these subsidiaries’ balance sheets strengths, operating performances and business profiles. A.M. Best evaluates, among other factors, our capitalization, underwriting leverage, financial leverage, asset leverage, capital structure, quality and appropriateness of reinsurance, adequacy of reserves, quality and diversification of assets, liquidity, profitability, spread of risk, revenue composition, market position, management, market risk and event risk. A.M. Best ratings are intended to provide an independent opinion of an insurer’s ability to meet its obligations to policyholders and are not an evaluation directed at investors.

Regulation

General

The business of insurance and reinsurance is regulated in most countries, although the degree and type of regulation vary significantly from one jurisdiction to another. We are subject to extensive regulation in the United States and in Europe, which for us primarily consists of the United Kingdom, Ireland and Luxembourg, as well as in Bermuda.

United States

As of December 31, 2015, we had seventeen operating insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the United States: AmTrust Insurance Company of Kansas, Inc. (“AICK”), Associated Industries Insurance Company, Inc. ("AIIC"), AmTrust Title Insurance Company ("ATIC"), Comp Options Insurance Company ("COIC"), CorePointe Insurance Company ("CPIC"), Developers Surety and Indemnity Company ("DSIC"), First Nonprofit Insurance Company ("FNIC"), Heritage Indemnity Company ("HIC"), Indemnity Company of California ("ICC"), Milwaukee Casualty Insurance Co. (“MCIC”), Rochdale Insurance Company (“RIC”), Sequoia Insurance Company (“SIC”), Sequoia Indemnity Company (“SID”), Security National Insurance Company (“SNIC”), Springfield Insurance Company ("SPIC"), Technology Insurance Company, Inc., ("TIC"), and Wesco Insurance Company (“WIC”) (collectively, the “U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries”).

Holding Company Regulation

We qualify as a holding company system under laws that regulate insurance holding company systems. Each insurance company in a holding company system is required to register with the insurance supervisory agency of its state of domicile (and in any other state in which the insurance company may be deemed to be commercially domiciled by reason of concentration of its business within such state) and periodically furnish information concerning its ownership, operations and transactions, particularly with other companies within the holding company system that may materially affect its operations, management or financial condition.

The insurance laws in most states provide that all transactions among members of an insurance holding company system must be fair and reasonable. These laws require disclosure of material transactions within the holding company system and, in some cases, prior notice of or approval for certain transactions, including, among other things, (a) the payment of certain dividends, (b) cost sharing agreements, (c) intercompany agency, service or management agreements, (d) acquisition or divestment of control of or merger with domestic insurers, (e) sales, purchases, exchanges, loans or extensions of credit, guarantees or investments if such transactions are equal to or exceed certain thresholds, and (f) reinsurance agreements. All transactions within a holding company system affecting an insurer must have fair and reasonable terms and are subject to other standards and requirements established by law and regulation.

Dividends

Our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries are subject to statutory requirements as to maintenance of policyholders’ surplus and payment of dividends. In general, the maximum amount of dividends that the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries may pay in any 12-month period without prior regulatory approval is the greater of adjusted statutory net income or 10% of statutory policyholders’ surplus as of the preceding calendar year end. Adjusted statutory net income is generally defined for this purpose to be statutory net income, net of realized capital gains, for the calendar year preceding the date of the dividend. Also, most states restrict an insurance company’s ability to pay dividends in excess of its statutory unassigned surplus or earned surplus. Lastly, state insurance regulators may limit or restrict an insurance company’s ability to pay stockholder dividends, if such a dividend has been paid within the previous year, as a condition to issuance of a certificate of authority or as a condition to approval of a change of control, or for other regulatory reasons.

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Change of Control

State insurance holding company laws require advance approval by the respective state insurance departments of any change of control of an insurer. “Control” is generally defined as the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of the company, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise. Control is generally presumed to exist through the direct or indirect ownership of 10% or more of the voting securities of a domestic insurance company or any entity that controls a domestic insurance company. In addition, insurance laws in many states contain provisions that require pre- and post-notification to the insurance departments of a change of control of certain non-domestic insurance companies licensed in those states, as well as post-notification of a change of control of certain agencies and third party administrators.

Any future transactions that would constitute a change of control, including a change of control of AmTrust and/or any of our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries, would generally require the party acquiring or divesting control to obtain the prior approval of the department of insurance in the state in which the insurance company being acquired is domiciled (and in any other state in which the company may be deemed to be commercially domiciled by reason of concentration of its insurance business within such state) and may also require pre-notification in certain other states. Obtaining these approvals may result in the material delay of, or deter, any such transaction.

These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control of AmTrust, including through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of our stockholders might consider to be desirable.

State Insurance Regulation

Insurance companies are subject to regulation and supervision by the department of insurance in the state in which they are domiciled and, to a lesser extent, other states in which they are authorized to conduct business. The primary purpose of such regulatory powers is to protect individual policyholders. State insurance authorities have broad regulatory, supervisory and administrative powers, including, among other things, the power to (a) grant and revoke licenses to transact business, including individual lines of authority, (b) set the standards of solvency to be met and maintained, (c) determine the nature of, and limitations on, investments and dividends, (d) approve policy rules, rates and forms prior to issuance, (e) regulate and conduct specific examinations regarding marketing, unfair trade, claims and fraud prevention and investigation practices, and (f) conduct periodic comprehensive and risk-focused examinations of the financial condition of insurance companies domiciled in their state. In particular, the U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries’ commercial policy rates and forms, including workers’ compensation policies, are closely regulated in all states. Workers’ compensation insurers are also subject to regulation by the specific workers’ compensation regulators in the states in which they provide such insurance.

Our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries are required to file detailed financial statements and other reports with the departments of insurance in all states in which they are licensed to transact business. These reports include details concerning claims reserves held by the insurer, specific investments held by the insurer, and numerous other disclosures about the insurer’s financial condition and operations. These financial statements are subject to periodic examination by the department of insurance in each state in which they are filed.

State insurance laws and insurance departments also regulate investments that insurers are permitted to make. Limitations are placed on the amounts an insurer may invest in a particular issuer, as well as the aggregate amount an insurer may invest in certain types of investments. Certain investments (such as real estate) are prohibited by certain jurisdictions. Each of our domiciliary states has its own regulations and limitations on the amounts an insurer may invest in a particular issuer and the aggregate amount an insurer may invest in certain types of investments. In general, investments may not exceed a certain percentage of surplus, admitted assets or total investments. To ensure compliance in each state, we review our investment portfolio quarterly based on each state’s regulations and limitations.

In addition, many states have laws and regulations that limit an insurer’s ability to withdraw from a particular market. For example, states may limit an insurer’s ability to cancel or not renew policies. Furthermore, certain states prohibit an insurer from withdrawing from one or more lines of business written in the state, except pursuant to a plan that is approved by the state insurance department. The state insurance department may disapprove any proposed plan that may lead to market disruption. Laws and regulations that limit cancellation and non-renewal and that subject program withdrawals to prior approval requirements may restrict the ability of our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries to exit unprofitable markets.

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Insurance agencies, producers, third party administrators, claims adjusters and service contract providers and administrators are subject to licensing requirements and regulation by insurance regulators in various states in which they conduct business. Many of our subsidiaries and certain of our employees are subject to licensing requirements and regulation by insurance regulators in various states.

Federal and State Legislative and Regulatory Changes

From time to time, various regulatory and legislative changes have been proposed in the insurance industry. Among the proposals that have in the past been or are at present being considered are the possible introduction of federal regulation in addition to, or in lieu of, the current system of state regulation of insurers and proposals in various state legislatures (some of which have been enacted) to conform portions of their insurance laws and regulations to various model acts adopted by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”). The NAIC has undertaken a Solvency Modernization Initiative focused on updating the U.S. insurance solvency regulatory framework, including capital requirements, governance and risk management, group supervision, accounting and financial reporting and reinsurance. The NAIC has adopted amendments to the Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act and the Insurance Holding Company System Model Regulation to introduce the concept of “enterprise risk” within an insurance company holding system. The amendments impose more extensive informational requirements on insurers in order to protect the licensed insurance companies from enterprise risk, and have been adopted in all the states in which our U.S. Insurance Companies are domiciled. Additionally, the NAIC has adopted the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (ORSA) Model Act, which requires insurers to perform an ORSA and, upon request of a state, file an ORSA Summary Report with the state. Also, as part of the Solvency Modernization Initiative, the NAIC has adopted the Corporate Governance Annual Filing Model Regulation and Corporate Governance Annual Disclosure Model Act to become effective in 2016 that will require us to file a confidential report prepared by the insurer or insurance group, the purpose of which is to provide the most relevant information necessary to permit state regulators to gain an understanding of the corporate governance structure, policies and practices utilized by the insurer.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), enacted in 2010, established a Federal Insurance Office (the “FIO”) within the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The FIO was initially charged with monitoring certain aspects of the insurance industry, gathering data, and conducting a study on methods to modernize and improve the insurance regulatory system in the United States. In 2013, the FIO issued a report recommending that Congress consider direct federal involvement should the states fail to accomplish necessary modernization reforms in the near term. The FIO continues to support the current state-based regulatory regime, but may consider federal regulation should the states fail to take steps to greater uniformity.

In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act gives the Federal Reserve supervisory authority over a number of financial services companies, including insurance companies, if they are designated by the Financial Stability Oversight Council as “systemically important.” In such a case, the Federal Reserve’s supervisory authority could include the ability to impose heightened financial regulation upon that insurance company and could impact its capital, liquidity and leverage requirements as well as its business and investment conduct. We have not been designed as "systemically important" by the Financial Stability Oversight Council.

The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (“TRIA”), as extended by the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015 (“TRIPRA”), requires that commercial property and casualty insurance companies, like our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries, offer coverage (with certain exceptions, such as with respect to commercial auto liability) for certain acts of terrorism and has established a federal assistance program through the end of 2020 to help such insurers cover claims for terrorism-related losses.

Specific federal regulatory developments include the introduction of legislation in Congress that would repeal the McCarran-Ferguson Act antitrust exemption for the insurance industry. The antitrust exemption allows insurers to compile and share loss data, develop standard policy forms and manuals and predict future loss costs with greater reliability, among other things. The ability of the industry, under the exemption permitted in the McCarran-Ferguson Act, to collect loss cost data and build a credible database as a means of predicting future loss costs is an important part of cost-based pricing. If the ability to collect this data were removed, the predictability of future loss costs and the reliability of pricing could be undermined.

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State Insurance Department Examinations

As part of their regulatory oversight process, state insurance departments conduct periodic detailed and risk-focused financial examinations of insurance companies domiciled in their states, generally once every three to five years. Examinations are generally carried out in cooperation with the insurance departments of other states under guidelines promulgated by the NAIC. The following is a list of our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries that have scheduled or ongoing financial examinations and the periods under examination:

Company	State Insurance Department	Years of Examination
TIC	New Hampshire	2014
RIC	New York	2014
COIC	Florida	2014
ICC	California	2010-2014
HIC	California	2011-2014
WIC	Delaware	2012-2014
SNIC	Delaware & California	2013-2014
FNIC	Delaware	2010-2014
AIIC	Florida	2012-2014
DSIC	Iowa	2010-2014
MCIC	Wisconsin	2011-2014

A second type of regulatory oversight examination of insurance companies involves a review by an insurance department of an authorized company’s market conduct, which entails a review and examination of a company’s compliance with laws governing marketing, underwriting, rating, policy-issuance, claims-handling and other aspects of its insurance business during a specified period of time. The following is a list of our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries that have scheduled or ongoing market conduct reviews and the periods and subjects covered under examination:

Company	State Insurance Department	Period of Examination	Subject
SPIC	California	2014	Claims
ICC	California	2015	Claims
WIC	California	2015	Claims
SNIC	Kentucky	2013-2014	State/Local Taxes
AICK	Washington	2015	Rate Filing Compliance
CPIC	Washington	2015	Rate Filing Compliance
CPIC	California	2014	Claims, Rating and Marketing
WIC	Nevada	2014-2015	Claims
SIC	Nevada	2014-2015	Claims

Guaranty Fund Assessments

Most, if not all, of the states where we are licensed to transact business require that property and casualty insurers doing business within the state participate in a guaranty association, which is organized to pay contractual benefits owed pursuant to insurance policies issued by impaired, insolvent or failed insurers. These associations levy assessments, up to prescribed limits, on all member insurers in a particular state on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by the member insurers in the lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent or failed insurer is engaged. Some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets.

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Property and casualty insurance company insolvencies or failures may result in additional guaranty association assessments to our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries at some future date. At this time, we are unable to determine the impact, if any, such assessments may have on their financial positions or results of their operations. As of December 31, 2015, each of our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries has established accruals for guaranty fund assessments with respect to insurers that are currently subject to insolvency proceedings.

Residual Market Programs

Many of the states in which our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries conduct business or intend to conduct business require that all licensed insurers that provide workers’ compensation and commercial automobile insurance participate in a program to provide workers’ compensation insurance to those employers that have not or cannot procure coverage from an insurer on a voluntary basis. The level of required participation in such residual market programs of insurers is generally determined by calculating the volume of the voluntarily issued business in that state of the particular insurer as a percentage of all voluntarily issued business in that state by all insurers. The resulting factor is the proportion of the premiums the insurer must accept as a percentage of all premiums for policies issued in that state’s residual market program.

Insurance companies generally can fulfill their residual market obligations by either issuing insurance policies to employers assigned to them and being wholly responsible for the results, or participating in state reinsurance pools managed by a Plan Administrator where the results of all policies provided through these administered pools are shared by the participating companies through a 100% quota reinsurance agreement with the servicing carrier. Currently, our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries satisfy their residual market obligations by participating in the administered pools. None of our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries issues policies to employers assigned to them except to the extent that TIC acts as a servicing carrier for workers’ compensation assigned risk plans in multiple states (“Assigned Risk Plans”) administered by National Council on Compensation Insurance ("NCCI"), The Workers Compensation Rating Bureau of Indiana and Aon.

Coverage provided by the Assigned Risk Plans is offered through servicing carriers, which issue policies to employers assigned to them by the Assigned Risk Plan’s administrator. Polices issued pursuant to the Assigned Risk Plans are 100% reinsured by the administered pools, which are funded by premiums charged for the policies and assessments on insurers which write workers’ compensation insurance in the states which participate in the pools.

As noted above, TIC acts as a servicing carrier for the Assigned Risk Plans. Servicing carrier contracts are generally awarded based on a competitive bidding process. As a servicing carrier, we receive fee income for our services but do not retain any underwriting risk, which is fully reinsured by the various NCCI pools.

Second Injury Funds

A number of states operate trust funds that reimburse insurers and employers for claims paid to injured employees for aggravation of prior conditions or injuries. These state-managed trust funds are funded through assessments against insurers and self-insurers providing workers’ compensation coverage in a particular state. We received recoveries of approximately $6.1 million, $5.7 million and $2.8 million from such state-managed trust funds in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The aggregate amount of cash we paid for assessments to state-managed trust funds for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was approximately $23.4 million, $14.6 million and $11.7 million, respectively.

Risk-Based Capital Regulations

Our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries are required to report their risk-based capital based on a formula developed and adopted by the NAIC that attempts to measure statutory capital and surplus needs based on the risks in the insurer’s mix of products and investment portfolio. The formula is designed to allow insurance regulators to identify weakly-capitalized companies. Under the formula, a company determines its “risk-based capital” by taking into account certain risks related to the insurer’s assets (including risks related to its investment portfolio and ceded reinsurance) and the insurer’s liabilities (including underwriting risks related to the nature and experience of its insurance business). The insurance departments in our domiciliary states generally require a minimum total adjusted risk-based capital equal to 150% of an insurance company’s authorized control level risk-based capital. At December 31, 2015, our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries’ risk-based capital levels exceeded the minimum requirements.

Insurance Regulatory Information System Ratios

The NAIC Insurance Regulatory Information System, or IRIS, is part of a collection of analytical tools designed to provide state insurance regulators with an integrated approach to screening and analyzing the financial condition of insurance companies operating in their respective states. IRIS is intended to assist state insurance regulators in targeting resources to those insurers in greatest need of regulatory attention. IRIS consists of two phases: statistical and analytical. In the statistical phase, the NAIC

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database generates key financial ratio results based on financial information obtained from insurers’ annual statutory statements. The analytical phase is a review of the annual statements, financial ratios and other automated solvency tools. The primary goal of the analytical phase is to identify companies that appear to require immediate regulatory attention. Each ratio has an established “usual range” of results. A ratio result falling outside the usual range, however, is not considered a failing result; rather, unusual values are viewed as part of the regulatory early monitoring system. Furthermore, in some years, it may not be unusual for financially sound companies to have several ratios with results outside of the usual ranges. An insurance company may fall out of the usual range for one or more ratios because of specific transactions that are in themselves immaterial or because of certain reinsurance or pooling structures or changes in such structures. Management does not anticipate regulatory action as a result of the 2015 IRIS ratio results for our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries. In all instances in prior years, regulators have been satisfied upon follow-up that no regulatory action was required.

Statutory Accounting Principles

Statutory accounting principles, or SAP, are a basis of accounting developed to assist insurance regulators in monitoring and regulating the solvency of insurance companies. SAP is primarily concerned with measuring an insurer’s solvency. Statutory accounting focuses on valuing assets and liabilities of insurers at financial reporting dates in accordance with appropriate insurance law and regulatory provisions applicable in each insurer’s domiciliary state.

GAAP, like SAP, is concerned with a company’s solvency, but it is also concerned with other financial measurements, principally income and cash flows. Accordingly, GAAP gives more consideration to appropriately matching revenue and expenses and accounting for management’s stewardship of assets than does SAP. As a direct result, different assets and liabilities and different amounts of assets and liabilities will be reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP as compared to SAP.

Credit for Reinsurance

In addition to regulatory requirements imposed by the jurisdictions in which they are licensed, reinsurers’ business operations are affected by regulatory requirements in various states governing “credit for reinsurance” that are imposed on their ceding companies. Under the Non-Admitted and Reinsurance Reform Act, effective July 21, 2011, if the state of domicile of a ceding insurer is an NAIC accredited state, or has financial solvency requirements substantially similar to the requirements necessary for NAIC accreditation, and recognizes credit for reinsurance for the insurer’s ceded risk, then no other state may deny such credit for reinsurance. Because all states are currently accredited by the NAIC, the NRRA prohibits a state in which a U.S. ceding insurer is licensed but not domiciled from denying credit for reinsurance for the insurer’s ceded risk if the cedant’s domestic state regulator recognizes credit for reinsurance. The ceding company in this instance is permitted to reflect in its statutory financial statements a credit in an aggregate amount equal to the ceding company’s liability for unearned premium (which are that portion of premiums written that apply to the unexpired portion of the policy period), loss reserves and loss expense reserves to the extent ceded to the reinsurer. AII, which reinsures risks of our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries, is not licensed, accredited or approved in any state in the United States. The great majority of states, however, permit a credit to statutory surplus resulting from reinsurance obtained from a non-licensed or non-accredited reinsurer to be recognized to the extent that the reinsurer provides a letter of credit, trust fund or other acceptable security arrangement. AII posts security to permit our U.S. Insurance Subsidiaries to receive credit for reinsurance on business ceded to AII pursuant to our intercompany reinsurance agreements.

Privacy Regulations

In 1999, Congress enacted the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which, among other things, protects consumers from the unauthorized dissemination of certain personal information. Subsequently, states have implemented additional regulations to address privacy issues. Certain aspects of these laws and regulations apply to all financial institutions, including insurance and finance companies, and require us to maintain appropriate policies and procedures for managing and protecting certain personal information of our policyholders. We may also be subject to future privacy laws and regulations, which could impose additional costs and impact our results of operations or financial condition. In 2000, the NAIC adopted the Privacy of Consumer Financial and Health Information Model Regulation, which assisted states in promulgating regulations to comply with the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. In 2002, to further facilitate the implementation of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the NAIC adopted the Standards for Safeguarding Customer Information Model Regulation. Several states have now adopted similar provisions regarding the safeguarding of policyholder information. To the best of our knowledge, we are in compliance with all applicable privacy laws and regulations.

Telephone and Email Sales Regulations

The U.S. Congress, the Federal Communications Commission, the Federal Trade Commission and various states have promulgated and enacted rules and laws that govern telephone and email solicitations. There are numerous state statutes and regulations governing telephone sales activities and email solicitations that do or may apply to our operations, including the

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operations of our call centers. For example, some states place restrictions on the methods and timing of calls and require that certain mandatory disclosures be made during the course of a telephone sales call. Federal and state “Do Not Call” regulations must be followed for us to engage in telephone sales activities. In addition, both the federal and state statutes have rules governing commercial email messages restricting the content of the messages, as well as the method and manner of distribution, including requiring certain opt-out mechanisms.

Regulatory Coordination

State regulators in the United States and regulatory agencies outside the United States are increasingly coordinating the regulation of internationally active insurance groups through participation in supervisory colleges. A supervisory college, as defined by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, is a forum for cooperation and communication between the involved supervisors established for the fundamental purpose of facilitating the effectiveness of supervision of entities that belong to an insurance group; facilitating both the supervision of the group as a whole on a group-wide basis; and improving the legal entity supervision of the entities within the insurance group. Our regulators conducted a supervisory college for our insurance group in 2015.

Ireland

AIU is a non-life insurance company organized under the laws of Ireland. AIU is subject to the regulation and supervision of the Central Bank of Ireland (the “Irish Central Bank”) pursuant to the Insurance Acts 1909 to 2000, as amended (the “Insurance Acts”), and the European Communities (Non Life Framework) Regulations 1994 (as amended) (the “Regulations”). AIU has been authorized to underwrite various classes of non-life insurance business. AIU, as an Irish authorized insurance company, is permitted to carry on insurance business in any other member state of the European Economic Area by way of freedom to provide services, on the basis that it has notified the Irish Central Bank of its intention to do so, or by way of freedom of establishment, subject to the approval of the Irish Central Bank, and subject to complying with such conditions as may be laid down by the regulator of the jurisdiction in which the insurance activities are carried out for reasons of the “general good.”

Qualifying Shareholders

The Insurance Acts and Regulations require that anyone acquiring or disposing of a “qualifying holding” in an insurance company (such as AIU), or anyone who proposes to decrease or increase that holding to “specified levels,” must first notify the Irish Central Bank of their intention to do so. It also requires any insurance company that becomes aware of any acquisitions or disposals of its capital, such that such holdings amount to a qualifying holding exceeding or falling below the “specified levels,” to notify the Irish Central Bank. If the Irish Central Bank is not satisfied as to the suitability of the acquirer in view of the necessity to “ensure the sound and prudent management of the insurance undertaking,” it may oppose the proposed transaction. Under the European Communities (Assessment of Acquisitions in the Financial Sector) Regulations 2009, there is a strict time-frame for the assessment of a proposed transaction, which may take up to 80 working days. A “qualifying holding” means a direct or indirect holding in an insurance company that represents 10% or more of the capital or of the voting rights of such company or that makes it possible to exercise a significant influence over the management of such company. The “specified levels” are 20%, 33% and 50%, or such other level of ownership that results in the insurance company becoming the acquirer’s subsidiary.

Any person having a shareholding of 10% or more of the issued share capital in AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. or AmTrust Equity Solutions, Ltd. (the direct parent of AIU) or a 20% or more holding in the intermediate companies between AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. and AmTrust Equity Solutions, Ltd. would be considered to have an indirect holding in AIU at or over the 20% limit. Any change that resulted in the indirect acquisition or disposal of a shareholding of greater than or equal to 10% in the share capital of AIU, or a change that resulted in an increase to or decrease below one of the specified levels, would need to be approved with the Irish Central Bank prior to the transaction. The Irish Central Bank’s approval would be required if any person were to acquire a shareholding equal to or in excess of 10% of AIU’s outstanding common stock or in excess of one of the specified levels.

AIU is required, at such times as may be specified by the Irish Central Bank, and at least once a year, to notify the Irish Central Bank of the names of shareholders possessing qualifying holdings and the size of such holdings.

Financial Requirements and Regulatory Guidelines

AIU is required to establish and maintain an adequate solvency margin and a minimum guarantee fund, both of which must be free from all foreseeable liabilities. Currently, the solvency margin is calculated as the higher amount of a percentage of the annual amount of premiums (premiums basis) or the average burden of claims for the last three years (claims basis).

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The amount of the minimum guarantee fund that AIU is required to maintain is equal to the minimum solvency margin, which at December 31, 2015 was approximately €35.9 million (or $39.0 million). The amount of the minimum guarantee fund may never be less than €3.7 million (or $4.0 million as of December 31, 2015). In addition to the Insurance Acts and Regulations, AIU is expected to comply with various guidelines and codes issued by the Irish Central Bank.

Restrictions on Dividends

As a matter of Irish company law, AIU is restricted to declaring dividends only out of “profits available for distribution.” Profits available for distribution are a company’s accumulated realized profits less its accumulated realized losses. Such profits may not include profits previously distributed or capitalized and such losses do not include amounts previously written off in a reduction or reorganization of capital. In addition, one of the conditions imposed on AIU when it was first authorized as an Irish insurance company was a restriction on making dividend payments without the Irish Central Bank’s prior approval.

Bermuda

Classification

AII is registered as an insurer under the Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda, as amended (the “Insurance Act - Bermuda”). Until December 31, 2015, AII was registered as a Class 3 insurer. Beginning January 1, 2016, AII has been registered as a Class 3B insurer. Accordingly, AII can carry on general business, broadly including all types of insurance business other than long-term business. Any descriptions of requirements applicable to Class 3B insurers will apply to AII in 2016. AII is also licensed as a Class C insurer to carry on long-term business, which broadly includes life insurance and disability insurance with terms in excess of five years. The Insurance Act - Bermuda provides that no person shall carry on any insurance business in, from or within Bermuda unless that person has first been registered under the Insurance Act - Bermuda by the Bermuda Monetary Authority ("BMA"). The BMA is responsible for the day-to-day supervision of insurers and monitors compliance with the solvency and liquidity standards imposed by the Insurance Act - Bermuda.

Annual Financial Statements, Annual Statutory Financial Return and Annual Capital and Solvency Return

AII is required to file with the BMA financial statements, a statutory financial return and a capital and solvency return no later than four months after its financial year end (unless specifically extended). The statutory financial return for an insurer includes, among other matters, a report of the approved auditor on the statutory financial statements of such insurer, the solvency certificates, the declaration of statutory ratios, a schedule of reinsurance ceded, a declaration of compliance confirming compliance with the minimum criteria, minimum margin of solvency, applicable enhanced capital requirements and adherence to the license conditions, the statutory financial statements themselves, the opinion of the loss reserve specialist and the approved actuary’s certificate. The solvency certificates must be signed by the principal representative and at least two directors of the insurer who are required to certify, among other matters, whether the minimum solvency margin has been met and whether the insurer complied with the conditions attached to its certificate of registration. The approved auditor is required to state whether, in his opinion, it was reasonable for the directors to so certify. Where an insurer’s accounts have been audited for any purpose other than compliance with the Insurance Act - Bermuda, an express statement to that effect must be filed with the statutory financial return. The capital and solvency return includes AII's Bermuda Solvency Capital Return model for a Class 3B insurer, a commercial insurer's solvency self-assessment, a catastrophe risk return and a schedule of loss triangles or reconciliation of net loss reserves and a schedule of eligible capital. The capital and solvency return also includes a capital and solvency declaration that the return fairly represents the financial condition of AII in all material respects. AII is also required to file audited U.S. GAAP annual financial statements, which are published by the BMA.

Quarterly Financial Statements

AII is required to prepare and file quarterly financial returns with the BMA on or before the last day of the months of May, August and November of each year.

Insurance Code of Conduct

The Insurance Code of Conduct prescribes the duties and standards with which registered insurers must adhere and comply, to ensure that the registered insurer implements sound corporate governance, risk management and internal controls. Failure to comply with these requirements will be a factor considered by the BMA in determining whether an insurer is conducting its business in a sound and prudent manner as prescribed by the Insurance Act - Bermuda. Any failure to comply with the requirements of the Insurance Code of Conduct could result in the BMA exercising its statutory powers of intervention.

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Minimum Solvency Margin, Enhanced Capital Requirement and Restrictions on Dividends and Distributions

Under the Insurance Act - Bermuda, the value of the general business assets of a registered Class 3B insurer, such as AII, must exceed the amount of its general business liabilities by an amount greater than the prescribed minimum solvency margin. AII is required, with respect to its general business, to maintain a minimum solvency margin equal to the greatest of: 25% of the enhanced capital requirement ("ECR"); $1.0 million; 20% of net premiums written up to $6.0 million plus 15% of net premiums written over $6.0 million; and 15% of loss and other insurance reserves. AII is also required to maintain available statutory capital and surplus at least equal to its ECR. While not specifically referenced in the Insurance Act - Bermuda, the BMA has also established a target capital level ("TCL") for each insurer subject to an enhanced capital requirement equal to 120% of its ECR. While AII is not currently required to maintain its statutory capital and surplus at this level, the TCL serves as an early warning tool for the BMA and failure to maintain statutory capital at least equal to the TCL would likely result in increased regulatory oversight.

AII would be prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends during any financial year if it is in breach of its minimum solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause it to fail to meet such margin or ratio. In addition, if it has failed to meet its minimum solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio on the last day of any financial year, AII is prohibited, without the approval of the BMA, from declaring or paying any dividends during the next financial year.

As a registered Class 3B insurer, AII is prohibited from declaring or paying dividends of more than 25% of its total statutory capital and surplus, as shown in the previous year's statutory balance sheet, unless at least seven days prior to payment of any such dividend, it files with the BMA an affidavit that it will continue to meet its minimum capital requirements. In addition, AII is prohibited, without the approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital as set out in its previous year’s financial statements.

As a registered Class C long-term insurer, AII is required to establish and maintain a long-term business fund and no payment may be made directly or indirectly from AII’s long-term business fund for any purpose other than a purpose related to AII’s long-term business, unless such payment can be made out of any surplus certified by AII’s approved actuary to be available for distribution otherwise than to policyholders. AII is required, with respect to its long-term business, to maintain a minimum solvency margin of the greater of $0.5 million or 1.5% of assets. AII is required to obtain a certification from its approved actuary prior to declaring or paying any dividends. Such certificate will not be given unless the value of its long-term business assets exceeds its long-term business liabilities (as certified by the approved actuary) by the amount of the dividend and the greater of $0.5 million or 1.5% of assets. The amount of any such dividend shall not exceed the aggregate of the excess referenced in the preceding sentence and other funds properly available for the payment of dividends, being funds arising out of its business, other than its long-term business.

Minimum Liquidity Ratio

The Insurance Act - Bermuda provides a minimum liquidity ratio for general business insurers. An insurer engaged in general business, such as AII, is required to maintain the value of its relevant assets at not less than 75% of the amount of its relevant liabilities. Relevant assets include cash and time deposits, quoted investments, unquoted bonds and debentures, first liens on real estate, investment income due and accrued, accounts and premiums receivable and reinsurance balances receivable. There are certain categories of assets which, unless specifically permitted by the BMA, do not automatically qualify as relevant assets, such as unquoted equity securities, investments in and advances to affiliates and real estate and collateral loans. The relevant liabilities are total general business insurance reserves and total other liabilities less deferred income tax and sundry liabilities (by interpretation, those not specifically defined) and letters of credit and guarantees.

Notification of New or Increased Shareholder Control

Pursuant to Section 30E of the Insurance Act - Bermuda, any person who becomes a holder of at least 10%, 20%, 33% or 50% of our shares or AII’s shares (a “shareholder controller”) must notify the BMA in writing within 45 days of becoming such a holder. Pursuant to Section 30J of the Insurance Act - Bermuda, AII must notify the BMA in writing of the fact that any person has become or ceased to be a shareholder controller of AII within 45 days of becoming aware of the relevant facts. The BMA may, by written notice, object to such a person if it appears to the BMA that the person is not fit and proper to be such a holder. Any person who does not comply with such a notice from the BMA will be guilty of an offense. AII must also list every person who has become or ceased to be a shareholder controller during the financial year at the time of filing its annual financial statements for that year, specifying the dates when such person either became or ceased to be a shareholder controller.

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Objection to Existing Shareholder Controller

For so long as we have a subsidiary that is an insurer registered under the Insurance Act - Bermuda, the BMA may at any time, by written notice, object to a person holding 10% or more of our shares if it appears to the BMA that the person is not or is no longer fit and proper to be such a holder. In such a case, the BMA may require the shareholder to reduce its holding of our shares and direct, among other things, that such shareholder’s voting rights shall not be exercisable. A person who does not comply with such a notice or direction from the BMA will be guilty of an offense.

Luxembourg

AmTrust Insurance Luxembourg S.A. is a non-life insurance company, having its registered office in Luxembourg-city, organized under the laws of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg and governed by the law dated August 10, 1915 on commercial companies, as amended (the “Companies Act”) and the law dated December 6, 1991 on the insurance sector as amended (the “Insurance Act - Luxembourg”). The Insurance Act - Luxembourg was replaced by the Luxembourg law dated December 7, 2015 on the insurance sector, which became effective as of January 1, 2016.

On January 19, 2012, AmTrust Insurance Luxembourg S.A. received its authorization from the Ministry of Treasury and Budget to carry out non-life insurance business in or from Luxembourg in compliance with Article 27 of the Insurance Act - Luxembourg. AmTrust Insurance Luxembourg S.A. is supervised by the Commissariat aux Assurances (the “CAA”).

AmTrust Holdings Luxembourg S.A.R.L. sold two reinsurance companies on December 23, 2015 for a nominal amount. The sale did not have any impact on our results of operations, cash flows or financial positions. We now own five reinsurance companies (the “ReinsuranceCompanies”). The Reinsurance Companies also have their registered offices in Luxembourg-city, are organized under the laws of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg and governed by the Companies Act and the Insurance Act - Luxembourg. In the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, a reinsurance company is a company created or owned by an industrial, commercial or financial group, which aims at reinsuring exclusively all or part of the risks of the group to which it belongs and is subject to the same rules applicable to reinsurance undertakings. The Reinsurance Companies are also supervised by theCAA.

Qualifying Shareholders

Under the Insurance Act - Luxembourg, in order to obtain a license to do insurance and reinsurance business in the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, the reinsurance and insurance companies must provide the CAA with the identity of the shareholders or members, direct or indirect, private individuals or legal bodies, that hold in the undertaking a “qualified participation,” as well as the amount of these participations. A qualified participation is the direct or indirect holding of at least 10% of the share capital or the voting rights in the company or the right to exert a significant influence on the management of the company in which the participation is held.

Change of Control

The Insurance Act - Luxembourg provides that any natural person or legal person that intends to directly or indirectly acquire a "qualified participation" in a Luxembourg insurer or reinsurer must inform the CAAthereof in advance and indicate the amount of his/its holding. Any natural or legal person must also inform the CAAif it is contemplated to directly or indirectly increase his/its "qualified participation" in such a way that the proportion of voting rights or shares held by him/it would reach or exceed the thresholds of 20%, 33 1/3% or 50%, or if the Luxembourg insurance or reinsurance undertaking would become a subsidiary.

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Financial Requirements and Regulatory Guidelines

• Solvency margin: The Grand-Ducal regulation dated December 14, 1994, as amended as of November 14, 2012 (“Regulation 1”), provides that insurance companies must at all times have a solvency margin that is adequate for their entire business. Regulation 1 requires the solvency margin correspond to the business assets of the insurance company, free of any financial commitments after deduction of the intangible assets. The Grand-Ducal regulation dated December 5, 2007, as amended as of July 4, 2014 (applicable as of January 1, 2015) ("Regulation 2"), provides that reinsurance companies must at all times have a solvency margin that is adequate for their entire business. Regulation 2 requires the solvency margin to correspond to the business assets of the reinsurance company, free of any financial commitments after deduction of the intangible assets.

• Guarantee fund: Insurance companies and reinsurance companies must establish minimum guarantee funds that constitute one-third of their respective solvency margin.According to the Grand-Ducal regulation dated July 4, 2014 (applicable January 1, 2015), the size of the guarantee fund cannot be less than €3.6 million for professional reinsurance companies and €1.225 million for captive reinsurance companies.

• Equalization Reserves: The Insurance Act - Luxembourg provides that reinsurance undertakings must establish a compulsory volatility or catastrophe reserve in excess of required reserves determined by a formula based on the volatility of the business ceded to the reinsurance company.

As of December 31, 2015, our Luxembourg insurance and reinsurance companies were in compliance with these financial requirements and regulatory guidelines.

Restrictions on Dividends

A Luxembourg insurance company’s articles of association and the Companies Act govern annual dividend distributions. The Companies Act also provides specific conditions for the payment of interim dividends. Except for cases of reductions of subscribed capital, a Luxembourg insurance company cannot make a distribution to shareholders when, on the closing date of the financial year, the net assets as set out in the annual accounts are, or following such a distribution would become, lower than the amount of the subscribed capital plus the reserves which may not be distributed under law or by virtue of the articles of association. In addition, the amount of a distribution to shareholders may not exceed the amount of the profits at the end of the last financial year plus any profits carried forward and any amounts drawn from reserves that are available for that purpose, less any losses carried forward and sums to be placed to reserve in accordance with the law or the articles of association.

United Kingdom

AmTrust Europe Ltd. ("AEL") and Motors Insurance Company Limited ("MICL") are non-life insurance companies organized under the laws of the United Kingdom (including the Companies Act 2006 and the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA)). As insurance companies, AEL and MICL are “dual regulated” by both the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA), a subsidiary of the Bank of England, and the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). The stated objective of the United Kingdom government for this dual regulation is to foster a regulatory culture of judgment, expertise and proactive supervision. The FCA takes a more proactive, interventionist approach and has been given a product intervention power that enables it to act quickly to ban or impose restrictions on financial products. The FCA can also make public (through a warning notice), at a much earlier stage in enforcement proceedings, a statement that enables consumers, firms and market users to understand the nature of its concerns that will usually name the company under investigation and, in certain circumstances, name an individual.

AEL and MICL are both authorized to underwrite various classes of non-life insurance business within the United Kingdom and, for certain of these classes, they are authorized to underwrite risks within some member states of the European Economic Area under the European Council Non-Life Insurance Directives. This is either on a “freedom of services” or on a “freedom of establishment” basis and is subject to complying with such “general good” conditions as may be laid down by the local regulatory authorities.

Change in Control

The FSMA requires controllers of insurers to be approved by the PRA and the FCA. This includes individuals or corporate bodies who wish to take, or increase, control in an authorized insurer. A change in control also occurs when an existing controller decreases control.

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A controller is a person or entity who (i) owns or controls 10% or more of the issued share capital or voting power of the authorized insurer, (ii) owns or controls 10% or more of the issued share capital or voting power of a controller of the authorized insurer, or (iii) who otherwise can exercise significant management control of the authorized insurer or one of its controllers. In the case of AEL, this includes AmTrust Financial Services, Inc., AII, AII Insurance Management Limited, AII Reinsurance Broker Ltd., AmTrust Equity Solutions, Ltd., AIL, AmTrust North America, Inc. and Barry Zyskind, Michael Karfunkel, Leah Karfunkel and George Karfunkel. In the case of MICL, it includes the aforementioned and Car Care Plan (Holdings) Limited.

Financial Requirements and Regulatory Guidelines

AEL and MICL are required to maintain regulatory capital resources equal to or in excess of the individual capital guidance (“ICG” or “Required Minimum Capital”) that the PRA issues in respect of each company. The ICG is the amount of capital resources that the PRA considers a company should maintain, taking into account the company’s business profile, structure and risk management systems. As of December 31, 2015, AEL and MICL each maintained capital resources in excess of their respective required ICG.

Restrictions on Dividends

AEL and MICL may only make distributions out of profits available for distribution. Profits available for distribution are the accumulated, realized profits of an insurer so far as not previously distributed or capitalized, less the insurer's accumulated, realized losses so far as not previously written off in a reduction or reorganization of capital. The test of whether the distribution is legal is applied by reference to relevant accounts complying with specified requirements.

Lloyd's

We participate in the Lloyd’s market through our ownership of AmTrust at Lloyd’s Limited ("ATL"), a managing agent for syndicates 1206 and 44, both of which are “fully aligned” AmTrust syndicates (i.e., AmTrust provides 100% of the syndicate capital). On April 1, 2015, ATL also became the managing agent for syndicate 2526, for which AmTrust provides 99.5% of the syndicate capital. ATL is dual-regulated by the FCA and PRA. The Society of Lloyd’s, the FCA and the PRA have statutory responsibilities, including under the Lloyd’s Acts 1871 - 1982 and FSMA, in relation to the supervision of insurance business underwritten in the Lloyd’s markets and the supervision of managing agents operating in the market at Lloyd’s.

The FCA, the PRA and Lloyd's have complementary objectives in ensuring that the Lloyd's market is appropriately regulated. To minimize duplication, there are arrangements between them for co-operation on supervision and enforcement.

Our Lloyd’s operations are also governed by The Council of Lloyd’s, which, through the Lloyd’s Franchise Board, is responsible for regulating and directing the business of insurance at Lloyd’s in line with its statutory powers, subject to its bylaws and in furtherance of the objects of Lloyd’s. Lloyd’s prescribes, in respect of its managing agents and corporate members, certain minimum standards relating to their management and control, solvency and various other requirements. By entering into a membership agreement with Lloyd’s, ATL undertook to comply with Lloyd’s bylaws and regulations as well as the provisions of the Lloyd’s Acts and the Financial Services and Markets Act that are applicable to them. The operation of syndicates 1206, 44 and 2526, as well as the managing agent and its directors, is subject to the Lloyd’s supervisory regime.

Members of Lloyd’s must support their underwriting capacity by providing a deposit (referred to as “Funds at Lloyd’s” or “FAL”) in the form of cash, securities or letters of credit in an amount determined by Lloyd’s equal to a specified percentage of the member’s underwriting capacity. Each member calculates the amount of such deposit through the completion of an annual capital adequacy exercise and submits the results of this exercise to Lloyd’s for approval. Lloyd’s then advises the member of the amount of deposit that is required. When a managing agent of a syndicate proposes to increase underwriting capacity for the following underwriting year, the consent of the Council of Lloyd’s may be required.

The Council of Lloyd’s has wide discretionary powers to regulate members’ underwriting at Lloyd’s. It may, for instance, change the basis on which syndicate expenses are allocated or vary the FAL ratio or the investment criteria applicable to the provision of FAL. Exercising any of these powers might affect the return on an investment of the corporate member in a given underwriting year. Further, the annual business plans of a syndicate are subject to the review and approval of the Lloyd’s Franchise Board, which is responsible for setting risk management and profitability targets for the Lloyd’s market and operates a business planning and monitoring process for all syndicates.

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If a member of Lloyd’s is unable to pay its debts to policyholders, such debts may be payable by the Lloyd’s Central Fund, which acts similarly to state guaranty funds in the United States. If Lloyd’s determines that the Central Fund needs to be increased, it has the power to assess premium levies on current Lloyd’s members. The Council of Lloyd’s has discretion to call or assess up to 3% of a member’s underwriting capacity in any one year as a Central Fund contribution.

Solvency II

The European Union’s executive body, the European Commission, implemented a new capital adequacy and risk management regulation called “Solvency II” that applies to our businesses across the European Union (including the United Kingdom) and impacts AEL, MICL, our Lloyd's syndicates, AIU and our Luxembourg entities. Solvency II became effective on January 1, 2016 and imposes new requirements with respect to capital structure, technical provisions, solvency calculations, governance, disclosure and risk management, and we have undertaken considerable preparatory work to ensure that the impacted businesses were compliant upon implementation. In addition, under Solvency II, it is possible that the U.S. parent of a European Union subsidiary could be subject to certain Solvency II requirements if the regulator determines that the subsidiary’s capital position is dependent on the parent company and the U.S. parent is not already subject to regulations deemed “equivalent” to Solvency II. Such regulation could apply to us as the U.S. parent of a European Union subsidiary and could result in a need for additional capital, increased costs of compliance, increased disclosure and less flexibility in our capital management.

Offices

Our principal executive offices are located at 59 Maiden Lane, 43rd Floor, New York, New York 10038, and our telephone number at that location is (212) 220-7120. Our website is www.amtrustgroup.com. Our internet website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Employees

As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately 6,200 employees worldwide.

None of our U.S. employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We do have non-U.S. employees covered by labor agreements. Certain members of our management team have employment agreements. The remainder of our employees are at-will employees.

Available Information

We file our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements on Schedule 14A and all amendments to those reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). You may read or obtain copies of these documents by visiting the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 or by accessing the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Our internet website address is www.amtrustgroup.com. You can also obtain on our website’s Investor Relations page, free of charge, a copy of our annual report on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports or amendments with, or furnish them to, the SEC.

Also available at the “Corporate Governance” section of the Investor Relations page of our website, free of charge, are copies of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, and the charters for our Audit, Compensation, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees. Copies of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, and Charters are also available in print free of charge, upon request by any stockholder. You can obtain such copies in print by contacting Investor Relations by mail at our corporate office. We intend to disclose on our website any amendment to, or waiver of, any provision of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to our directors and executive officers that would otherwise be required to be disclosed under the rules of the SEC or NASDAQ.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the following risks and all of the other information set forth in this report, including our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. Included below are the primary risks and uncertainties that, if realized, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, or our access to liquidity. The following discussion of risk factors includes forward-looking statements and our actual results may differ substantially from those discussed in such forward-looking statements. See “Note on Forward-Looking Statements.”

Risks Related to Our Business

Our business is sensitive to general economic, business, and industry conditions.

We are exposed to general economic, business and industry conditions, both in the United States and internationally. Adverse global economic and financial conditions are difficult to predict and mitigate against, and therefore the potential impact is difficult to estimate. Adverse general economic conditions may cause, among other things, significant reductions in available capital and liquidity from banks and other credit providers, substantial volatility in equity and currency values worldwide, and/or a prolonged recessionary or slow growth period. Several of the risks we face, including those related to our investment portfolio, reinsurance arrangements, our estimates of loss reserves, emerging claim and coverage issues, the competitive environment and regulatory developments result from, or are made worse by, an economic slowdown or financial disruption.

Our loss reserves are based on estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual losses.

The principal cost associated with our property and casualty insurance business is claims. In writing property and casualty insurance policies, we receive premiums today and promise to pay covered losses in the future. However, significant time may pass before all claims that have occurred as of any given balance sheet date will be reported and concluded. We will not know whether reserves established or the premiums charged for the coverages provided were sufficient until well after the balance sheet date. Our loss reserves are based on estimates of the ultimate cost of individual claims and on actuarial estimation techniques. These estimates are based on historical information and on estimates of future trends that may affect the frequency of claims and changes in the average cost of claims that may arise in the future. They are inherently uncertain and do not represent an exact measure of actual liability. Judgment is required to determine the relevance of historical payment and claim settlement patterns under current facts and circumstances. The interpretation of this historical data can be impacted by external forces, principally legislative changes, economic fluctuations and legal trends.

Our estimated unpaid losses are material ($7.2 billion at December 31, 2015), so even small percentage increases to the aggregate liability estimate can result in materially lower future periodic reported earnings. An increase in reserves could result in a reduction in our surplus, which could result in a downgrade in our A.M. Best rating. Such a downgrade could, in turn, adversely affect our ability to sell insurance policies.

In particular, workers’ compensation claims are often paid over a long period of time and there are no policy limits on our liability for workers’ compensation claims as there are for other forms of insurance. Therefore, estimating reserves for workers’ compensation claims may be more uncertain than estimating reserves for other types of insurance claims with shorter or more definite periods between occurrence of the claim and final determination of the loss and with policy limits on liability for claim amounts.

Catastrophic losses, including those that may result from the possible negative effects of climate change, or the frequency of smaller insured losses may exceed our expectations as well as the limits of our reinsurance, which could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

Property and casualty insurers are subject to claims arising from catastrophes. Catastrophes can cause losses in multiple property and casualty lines, including property and workers’ compensation. Workers’ compensation constitutes approximately 41% of our business and we write commercial property insurance in our Specialty Program segment and our Small Commercial Business segment. In addition, we issue policies that cover crop-related revenue shortfalls or production losses due to natural causes and other perils such as drought, excessive moisture, hail, wind, frost, insects, and disease. The incidence and severity of catastrophes, such as those due to natural disasters and also large-scale terrorist attacks, are inherently unpredictable, and our losses from catastrophes could be substantial.

Longer-term weather trends are changing and new types of catastrophic losses may be developing due to climate change, a phenomenon that is expected to result in an increased incidence of extreme weather events linked to rising temperatures, including

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effects on global weather patterns, sea, land and air temperature, sea levels, rain and snow. Climate change could increase the frequency and severity of catastrophic losses we experience in both coastal and non-coastal areas.

In addition, it is possible that we may experience an unusual frequency of smaller losses in a particular period, which could cause substantial volatility in our financial condition or results of operations for any fiscal quarter or year, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations and our ability to write new business. Although we attempt to manage our exposure to these types of catastrophic and cumulative losses, including through the use of reinsurance, the severity or frequency of these types of losses may exceed our expectations as well as the limits of our reinsurance coverage.

If we do not accurately price our policies, our results of operations will be adversely affected.

In general, the premiums for our insurance policies are established at the time the policy is issued and, therefore, before all of our underlying costs are known. Like other insurance companies, we rely on estimates and assumptions in setting our premium rates. Establishing adequate premiums is necessary, together with investment income, to generate sufficient revenue to offset losses, loss adjustment expenses and other underwriting expenses and to earn a profit. If we do not accurately assess the risks that we assume, we may not charge adequate premiums to cover our losses and expenses, which could reduce our net income and cause us to become unprofitable. In order to accurately price our policies, we must collect and properly analyze a substantial volume of data from our insureds; develop, test and apply appropriate rating formulas; closely monitor and timely recognize changes in trends; and project both frequency and severity of our insureds’ losses with reasonable accuracy.

Our ability to undertake these efforts successfully and, as a result, accurately price our policies, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which are outside our control, including:

• availability of sufficient reliable data and our ability to properly analyze available data;

• uncertainties generally inherent in estimates and assumptions;

• our failure to implement appropriate rating formulas or other pricing methodologies;

• regulatory constraints on rate increases;

• increases or changes in taxes;

• unexpected escalation in the costs of ongoing medical treatment;

• our failure to accurately estimate investment yields and the duration of our liability for loss and loss adjustment expenses; and

• unanticipated court decisions, legislation or regulatory action.

Our premium rates, generally, are established for the term of the policy. Consequently, we could set our premiums too low, which would negatively affect our results of operations and our profitability, or we could set our premiums too high, which could reduce our competitiveness and lead to lower revenues.

A downgrade in the A.M. Best rating of our principal insurance subsidiaries would likely reduce the amount of business we are able to write and could adversely impact the competitive positions of our insurance subsidiaries.

A.M. Best evaluates insurance companies based on their ability to pay claims. Our principal insurance subsidiaries are rated “A” (Excellent) by A.M. Best. The ratings of A.M. Best are subject to periodic review using, among other things, proprietary capital adequacy models, and are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time. Our competitive position relative to other companies is determined in part by our A.M. Best rating. If our A.M. Best rating is reduced, our competitive position in the insurance industry could suffer and it would be more difficult for us to market our products. A significant downgrade could result in a substantial loss of business as policyholders move to other companies with higher ratings.

If market conditions cause our reinsurance to be more costly or unavailable, we may be required to bear increased risks or reduce the level of our underwriting commitments.

As part of our overall risk and capacity management strategy, we purchase quota share reinsurance and excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance. The Maiden Quota Share and our reinsurance agreement with Maiden Reinsurance for our European medical liability business reinsure approximately 40% of our net retained premiums. In addition, we purchase reinsurance on an excess of loss and catastrophe basis for protection against catastrophic events and other large losses. Market conditions beyond our control, in terms of price and available capacity, may affect the level of our business and profitability. The Maiden Quota Share

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was renewed through June 30, 2019 and our excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance facilities are generally subject to annual renewal.

We may be unable to maintain our current reinsurance facilities, including the Maiden Quota Share and our reinsurance agreement with Maiden Reinsurance for our European medical liability business, or to obtain other reinsurance in adequate amounts and at favorable rates. Increases in the cost of reinsurance would adversely affect our profitability. In addition, if we are unable to renew our expiring facilities or to obtain new reinsurance on favorable terms, either our net exposure to risk would increase, which would increase our costs, or, if we are unwilling to bear an increase in net risk exposures, we would have to reduce the amount of risk we underwrite, which would reduce our revenues.

Retentions in various lines of business expose us to potential losses.

We retain risk for our own account on business underwritten by our insurance subsidiaries. The determination to reduce the amount of reinsurance we purchase or not to purchase reinsurance for a particular risk or line of business is based on a variety of factors, including market conditions, pricing, availability of reinsurance, the level of our capital and our loss history. Such determinations have the effect of increasing our financial exposure to losses associated with such risks or in such lines of business and, in the event of significant losses associated with such risks or lines of business, could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We may not be able to recover amounts due from our third-party reinsurers, which would adversely affect our financial condition.

Reinsurance does not discharge our obligations under the insurance policies we write; it merely provides us with a contractual right to seek reimbursement on certain claims. We remain liable to our policyholders even if we are unable to make recoveries that we are entitled to receive under our reinsurance contracts. As a result, we are subject to credit risk with respect to our reinsurers. Losses are recovered from our reinsurers after underlying policy claims are paid. The creditworthiness of our reinsurers may change before we recover amounts to which we are entitled. Therefore, if a reinsurer were unable to meet its obligations to us, we would be responsible for claims and claim settlement expenses for which we would have otherwise received payment from the reinsurer. If we were unable to collect these amounts from our reinsurers, our costs would increase and our financial condition would be adversely affected. As of December 31, 2015, we had an aggregate amount of approximately $3.0 billion of recoverables from third-party reinsurers on paid and unpaid losses.

Our relationships with Maiden Holdings, Ltd., NGHC and ACP Re, Ltd. and their subsidiaries may present, and make us vulnerable to, difficult conflicts of interest, business opportunity issues and legal challenges.

Conflicts of interest could arise with respect to business opportunities that could be advantageous to Maiden, NGHC, ACP Re or their subsidiaries, on the one hand, and us or our subsidiaries, on the other hand. In addition, potential conflicts of interest may arise should our interests and those of Maiden, NGHC or ACP Re diverge. For a complete description of our relationships with Maiden, NGHC and ACP Re, see the discussion found in Note 14. “Related Party Transactions.”

In addition, three members of our Board of Directors, Donald T. DeCarlo, who is an independent member of our Board of Directors, and Mr. Zyskind and Mr. Michael Karfunkel, are also members of NGHC’s board of directors. Mr. Zyskind’s service as our President and Chief Executive Officer, as non-executive chairman of the board of Maiden, and as a member of NGHC’s board, and Mr. DeCarlo’s and Mr. Michael Karfunkel's services as a member of our Board and NGHC’s board could raise a potential challenge under anti-trust laws. Section 8 of the Clayton Antitrust Act prohibits a person from serving as a director or officer in any two competing corporations under certain circumstances. If we and Maiden or NGHC were in the future deemed to be competitors within the meaning of the Clayton Antitrust Act and certain thresholds relating to direct competition between us and Maiden or NGHC are met, the Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission could challenge the arrangement.

We receive significant ceding commission from Maiden.

We receive significant ceding commission from Maiden through the Maiden Quota Share and our reinsurance agreement with Maiden Reinsurance for our European medical liability business. A detailed description of these reinsurance arrangements is found in “Reinsurance” in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

We may be unable to maintain these reinsurance arrangements beyond their current terms, and we may not be able to readily replace these arrangements if they terminate. If we were unable to continue or replace these arrangements on equally favorable terms, our underwriting capacity and commission and fee income could decline, we could experience a downgrade in our A.M. Best rating, and our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

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We receive significant service and fee income from NGHC, Maiden and ACP Re.

We receive significant service and fee income from NGHC, Maiden and ACP Re through a series of agreements described in Note 14. "Related Party Transactions." We may be unable to maintain these arrangements. If we no longer provide these services to Maiden, NGHC and ACP Re and do not replace them with services provided to other parties on equally favorable terms and at similar levels, our service and fee income could decline, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to successfully acquire or integrate additional business or manage the growth of our operations, which could make it difficult for us to compete and could negatively affect our profitability.

From time to time we may pursue acquisition opportunities if we believe that such opportunities are consistent with our long-term objectives. The process of integrating an acquired business or company can be complex and costly, may create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures and will require substantial management attention. We may not be able to successfully identify and acquire additional existing business on acceptable terms or integrate any business that we acquire.

In addition, our growth strategy of expanding in our existing markets, opportunistically acquiring books of business, other insurance companies or producers, entering new geographic markets and further developing our relationships with independent agencies and extended warranty/service contract administrators subjects us to various risks, including risks associated with our ability to identify profitable new geographic markets for entry, attract and retain qualified personnel for expanded operations, identify, recruit and integrate new independent agencies and extended warranty/service contract administrators, integrate information technology systems, manage risks associated with the acquisition of entities in foreign markets with which we are less familiar, expand existing agency relationships and augment our internal monitoring and control systems as we expand our business.

We may not be able to effectively manage our growth and any new business may not be profitable. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We rely on our information technology and telecommunications systems to conduct our business, and our success and profitability rely, in part, on our ability to continue to develop and implement technology improvements.

We depend in large part on our technology systems for conducting business and processing claims, and thus our business success is dependent on maintaining the effectiveness of existing technology systems and on continuing to develop and enhance technology systems that support our business processes and strategic initiatives in a cost and resource efficient manner. Some system development projects are long-term in nature, may negatively impact our expense ratios as we invest in the projects and may cost more than we expect to complete. In addition, system development projects may not deliver the benefits we expect once they are complete, or may be replaced or become obsolete more quickly than expected, which could result in accelerated recognition of expenses. If we do not effectively and efficiently manage and upgrade our technology platform, or if the costs of doing so are higher than we expect, our ability to provide competitive services to new and existing customers in a cost effective manner and our ability to implement our strategic initiatives could be adversely impacted.

If we experience security breaches or other disruptions involving our technology, our ability to conduct our business could be adversely affected, we could be liable to third parties and our reputation could suffer.

Our business is highly dependent on our ability to access our information technology and telecommunication systems. We rely upon our systems, as well as the systems of our vendors, to perform business functions, such as underwriting and administering policies, processing claim payments, providing customer support, and complying with insurance regulatory requirements. Our operations are dependent upon our ability to process our business timely and efficiently and protect our information systems from physical loss or unauthorized access. In the event one or more of our facilities cannot be accessed due to a natural catastrophe, terrorist attack or power outage, or systems and telecommunications failures or outages, external attacks such as computer viruses, malware or cyber-attacks, or other disruptions occur, our ability to perform business operations on a timely basis could be significantly impaired and may cause our systems to be inaccessible for an extended period of time. A sustained business interruption or system failure could adversely impact our ability to perform necessary business operations in a timely manner, hurt our relationships with our business partners and customers and affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations depend on the reliable and secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. Like other global companies, we have, from time to time, experienced threats to our data and systems, including malware and computer virus attacks, unauthorized access, systems failures and disruptions. While we have

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experienced, and expect to continue to experience, these types of threats to our information technology and systems, to date none of these threats has had a material impact on our business or operations. Computer viruses, hackers, employee misconduct and other external hazards could expose our data systems to security breaches, cyber-attacks or other disruptions. In addition, we routinely transmit and receive personal, confidential and proprietary information by electronic means. Our systems and networks may be subject to breaches or interference. Any such event may result in operational disruptions as well as unauthorized access to or the disclosure or loss of our proprietary information or our customers' information, which in turn may result in legal claims, regulatory scrutiny and liability, damage to our reputation, the incurrence of costs to eliminate or mitigate further exposure, the loss of customers or affiliated advisers or other damage to our business. In addition, the trend toward broad consumer and general public notification of such incidents and negative media attention could exacerbate the harm to our business, financial condition or results of operations. Even if we successfully protect our technology infrastructure and the confidentiality of sensitive data, we could suffer harm to our business and reputation if attempted security breaches are publicized. Advances in criminal capabilities, discovery of new vulnerabilities, attempts to exploit vulnerabilities in our systems, data thefts, physical system or network break-ins or inappropriate access, or other developments could compromise or breach the technology or other security measures protecting the networks and systems used in connection with our business.

Operational risks, including the risk of fraud, are inherent in our business, and we may not be successful in preventing internal control failures or detecting all errors or fraud.

As a result of limitations inherent in all control systems, we may not be able to adequately prevent fraud or errors from occurring. Our controls and procedures for prevention and detection of fraud may not prevent errors or instances of human fraud. Judgments in decision making can be faulty and breakdowns may occur through simple human error. In addition, controls can be circumvented by individuals or multiple persons acting in collusion. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and any design may not succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Because of the inherent limitations in maintaining a cost-effective control system, operational errors or fraud may occur and may not be detected. Any ineffectiveness in our internal controls resulting from fraud or error could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If our businesses do not perform well, we may be required to recognize an impairment of our goodwill or intangible assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We review our finite-lived intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable from estimated future cash flows. We test goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment at least annually. If we determined that such goodwill or intangible assets has or have been impaired, we would be required to write down the goodwill or the intangible asset by the amount of the impairment, with a corresponding charge to net income. Such write downs could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.

Our significant level of indebtedness could limit cash flow available for our operations and expose us to risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and impair our ability to satisfy our indebtedness obligations.

We have a significant amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2015, our total consolidated indebtedness was approximately $1.0 billion, which does not include approximately $168.0 million aggregate principal amount of a loan made by Maiden Reinsurance to us in connection with a reinsurance agreement between AII and Maiden Reinsurance that requires Maiden Reinsurance to provide sufficient collateral to secure its proportionate share of AII’s obligations.This amount is accounted for as a note payable on our balance sheet. We may incur additional indebtedness to meet future financing needs. Our indebtedness could have significant negative consequences for our business, results of operations and financial condition, including increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions, limiting our ability to obtain additional financing, requiring the dedication of portions of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness, thereby reducing the amount of our cash flow available for other purposes, limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business, restricting our operational flexibility due to restrictive covenants that will limit our ability to explore certain business opportunities, dispose of assets and take other actions and placing us at a possible competitive disadvantage with less leveraged competitors and competitors that may have better access to capital resources.

As of December 31, 2015, our annual debt service obligation on our outstanding indebtedness was approximately $54 million. We may be unable to maintain sufficient cash reserves, our business may not generate cash flow from operations at levels sufficient to permit us to pay principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, or our cash needs may increase. If we were unable to generate sufficient cash flow or otherwise obtain funds necessary to make required payments, or if we failed to comply with the various requirements of any indebtedness that we have incurred or may incur in the future, we would be in default, which would permit the holders of the affected indebtedness to accelerate the maturity of such indebtedness and could cause us to default

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under our other indebtedness. Any default under any indebtedness that we have incurred or may incur in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Additional capital that we may require in the future may not be available to us, or only available to us on unfavorable terms.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including regulatory requirements, the financial stability of our reinsurers, future acquisitions and our ability to write new business and establish premium rates sufficient to cover our estimated claims. We may need to raise additional capital or curtail our growth to support future operating requirements or cover claims. If we have to raise additional capital, equity or debt financing may not be available to us or may be available only on terms that are not favorable, such as terms resulting in dilution to our stockholders, or the securities sold may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to our currently issued and outstanding common stock. In addition, under certain circumstances, we may sell our common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into shares of our common stock, at a price per share less than the market value of our common stock. If we cannot obtain adequate additional capital on favorable terms or at all, we may be unable to support future growth or operating requirements and, as a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The covenants in our credit facilities and indentures governing our convertible senior notes due 2021 and 2044 and 6.125% notes due 2023 limit our financial and operational flexibility, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

Our credit facilities and indentures governing our convertible senior notes and 6.125% notes due 2023 contain covenants that limit our ability, among other things, to borrow money, make particular types of investments or other restricted payments, sell assets, merge or consolidate. These covenants could restrict our ability to achieve our business objectives, and therefore, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition. In addition, our credit facilities and the indenture governing our 6.125% notes due 2023 also require us to maintain specific financial ratios. If we fail to comply with these covenants or meet these financial ratios, the lenders under our credit facilities could cancel their commitments to lend and/or issue letters of credit and the lenders under our credit facilities and our noteholders could declare a default and demand immediate repayment of all amounts owed to them.

If we were unable to realize our investment objectives, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Investment income is an important component of our net income. Our investments are subject to a variety of risks, including risks related to general economic conditions, interest rate fluctuations, market volatility, various regulatory issues, credit risk, potential litigation, tax audits, tax law changes and disputes, failure to monetize in an effective and/or cost-efficient manner and poor operating results. General economic conditions may be adversely affected by U.S. involvement in hostilities with other countries and large-scale acts of terrorism, or the threat of hostilities or terrorist acts.

We may be forced to liquidate investments at times and prices that are not optimal, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations. Investment losses could decrease our asset base and adversely affect our ability to conduct business and pay claims. Any significant decline in our investment income would adversely affect our revenues and net income and, as a result, decrease our surplus and stockholders’ equity.

A significant amount of our assets is invested in fixed income securities and is subject to market fluctuations.

Our investment portfolio consists substantially of fixed income securities. As of December 31, 2015, our investment in fixed income securities was approximately $5.43 billion, or 78% of our total investment portfolio.

The fair market value of these assets and the investment income from these assets fluctuate depending on general economic and market conditions. The fair market value of fixed income securities generally decreases as interest rates rise. Conversely, if interest rates decline, the fair market value of fixed income securities generally increases. However, investment income earned from future investments in fixed income securities will decrease due to being reinvested at lower interest rates. In addition, some fixed income securities, such as mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, carry prepayment risk as a result of interest rate fluctuations. Based upon the composition and duration of our investment portfolio at December 31, 2015, a 100 basis point increase in interest rates would result in a decrease in the fair value of our investments of approximately $281.3 million.

The value of investments in fixed income securities, and particularly our investments in high-yield securities, is subject to impairment as a result of deterioration in the credit worthiness of the issuer or increases in market interest rates. Our investments are subject to losses as a result of a general decrease in commercial and economic activity for an industry sector in which we

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invest, as well as risks inherent in particular securities. These conditions could result in lower than expected yields on our fixed securities and short term investment portfolio. In addition, our investment in less liquid investments, such as our investment in NGHC, life settlement contracts and real estate, is subject to increased valuation uncertainty because the valuation is more subjective, thereby increasing the risk that the estimated fair value (i.e., the carrying cost) does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur.

As a result of the risks set forth above, the value of our investment portfolio could decrease, our net investment income could decrease, or we could experience realized and/or unrealized investment losses, all of which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and liquidity.

Our international operations expose us to investment, political, legal and economic risks, including foreign currency and credit risk.

Our expanding international operations expose us to increased investment, political, legal and economic risks, including foreign currency and credit risk. Changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Investments outside the United States also subject us to additional laws and regulations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and similar laws in other countries that prohibit the making of improper payments to foreign officials. If our controls are ineffective and an employee or intermediary fails to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could suffer civil and criminal penalties and our business and our reputation could be adversely affected.

Our investments in non-U.S. dollar denominated securities are subject to fluctuations in the currency markets, and those markets can be volatile. We may, from time to time, experience losses resulting from fluctuations in the values of these non-U.S. dollar denominated currencies or be unable to repatriate cash to the United States, or otherwise make available cash in the United States, and to do so at a favorable foreign exchange rate and with favorable tax ramifications, all of which could adversely affect our operating results.

We may be subject to taxes on our Luxembourg affiliates’ equalization reserves.

We have made several acquisitions of Luxembourg-domiciled reinsurance companies. In connection with these transactions, we acquire cash and the associated equalization reserves of the reinsurance companies. An “equalization reserve” is a catastrophe reserve in excess of required reserves determined by a formula based on the volatility of the business ceded to the reinsurance company and is established pursuant to Luxembourg law. Luxembourg reinsurance companies are required to establish equalization reserves for Luxembourg statutory and tax purposes, but the equalization reserves are not recognized under U.S. GAAP.

Provided that we are able to cede business that generates a net loss to the reinsurance companies through intercompany reinsurance arrangements sufficient to offset the reinsurers’ required reductions of the equalization reserves, Luxembourg would not, under laws currently in effect, impose any income, corporation or profits tax on the reinsurance companies. However, if the reinsurance companies were to cease reinsuring business without exhausting the equalization reserves, they would be taxed by Luxembourg at a rate of approximately 30%. As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately $37 million of unutilized equalization reserves and an associated deferred tax liability of approximately $11 million. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we were able to reduce our overall income tax expense by a net amount of approximately $2 million to reflect the net reduction of the deferred tax liability related to the utilization of the equalization reserves.

Resolution of uncertain tax matters and changes in tax laws or taxing authority interpretations of tax laws could result in actual tax benefits or deductions that are different than we have estimated, both with regard to amounts recognized and the timing of recognition. Such differences could affect our results of operations or cash flows.

Our provision for income taxes, our recorded tax liabilities and net deferred tax assets, including any valuation allowances, are recorded based on estimates. These estimates require us to make significant judgments regarding a number of factors, including, among others, the applicability of various federal and state laws, our interpretation of tax laws and the interpretations given to those tax laws by taxing authorities and courts, the timing of future income and deductions, and our expected levels and sources of future taxable income. Additionally, from time to time there are changes to tax laws and interpretations of tax laws that could change our estimates of the amount of tax benefits or deductions expected to be available to us in future periods. In either case, changes to our prior estimates would be reflected in the period changed and could have a material effect on our effective tax rate, financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, the U.S. Congress, government agencies in non-U.S. jurisdictions where we do business, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, as part of its “base erosion and profit shifting” initiative, have focused on perceived tax avoidance by multinational corporations. As a result, the tax laws

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in the U.S., United Kingdom, Bermuda, Ireland, Italy, and Luxembourg and other countries in which we do business could change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could adversely affect our financial results.

We are subject to U.S. federal and various state and foreign jurisdiction taxes. We are periodically under routine examination by various federal, state, local and foreign authorities regarding tax matters and our tax positions could be successfully challenged and the costs of defending our tax positions could be considerable, both of which could negatively affect our results of operations.

Our business is dependent on the efforts of our principal executive officers.

Our success is dependent on the efforts of our principal executive officers, Barry D. Zyskind, Ronald E. Pipoly, Jr., Michael Saxon, Christopher Longo and Max Caviet, because of their industry expertise, knowledge of our markets and relationships with our independent agencies and warranty administrators. Although we have entered into employment agreements with all of our principal executive officers, should any of these executive officers cease working for us, we may be unable to find acceptable replacements with comparable skills and experience in the workers’ compensation insurance industry and/or the specialty risk sectors that we target, and our business may be adversely affected. We do not currently maintain life insurance policies with respect to our executive officers or other employees.

We are an insurance holding company and do not have any direct operations.

Our operations are substantially conducted through direct and indirect subsidiaries As a holding company, we do not own any significant assets other than equity in our subsidiaries. Payments from our insurance subsidiaries pursuant to management agreements and tax sharing agreements, as well as fee income we generate from providing services discussed throughout this report, are our primary source of funds to pay our direct expenses. The ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends or make distributions or other payments to us depends on the availability of cash flow from operations and proceeds from the sale of assets and other capital-raising activities. Dividends or other distributions from our subsidiaries to us may be subject to contractual and other restrictions and are subject to other business considerations.

Payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries is restricted by insurance laws of various states, and the laws of certain foreign countries in which we do business (primarily Ireland, United Kingdom and Bermuda), including laws establishing minimum solvency and liquidity thresholds. As a result, at times, we may not be able to receive dividends from our insurance subsidiaries, which would affect our ability to pay dividends on our common stock and preferred stock, as discussed below, and to pay principal and interest on our outstanding indebtedness. As of December 31, 2015, our insurance subsidiaries collectively could pay dividends to us of $621.6 million without prior regulatory approval. Any dividends paid by our subsidiaries would reduce their surplus. The inability of our operating subsidiaries to pay dividends and other permitted payments in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our cash requirements at the holding company level would have a material adverse effect on our operations.

Risks Related to Our Industry

The property and casualty insurance industry is cyclical in nature, which may affect our overall financial performance.

Historically, the financial performance of the property and casualty insurance industry has tended to fluctuate in cyclical periods of price competition and excess capacity (known as a soft market) followed by periods of high premium rates and shortages of underwriting capacity (known as a hard market). Although an individual insurance company’s financial performance is also dependent on its own specific business characteristics, the profitability of most property and casualty insurance companies tends to follow this cyclical market pattern. We cannot predict with certainty the timing or duration of changes in the market cycle because the cyclicality is due in large part to the actions of our competitors and general economic factors beyond our control. We have experienced increased price competition in certain of our target markets, and these cyclical patterns, the actions of our competitors, and general economic factors could cause our revenues and net income to fluctuate, which may cause the price of our common stock to be volatile.

Negative developments in the workers’ compensation insurance industry would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Although we engage in other businesses, approximately 41% of our gross written premium currently is attributable to workers’ compensation insurance. As a result, negative developments in the economic, competitive or regulatory conditions affecting the workers’ compensation insurance industry could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. For example, in certain states in which we do business, insurance regulators set the premium rates we may charge. In addition, if legislators in one of our larger markets were to enact legislation to increase the scope or amount of benefits for employees under workers’ compensation insurance policies without related premium increases or loss control measures, this could negatively affect

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the workers’ compensation insurance industry. Negative developments in the workers’ compensation insurance industry could have a greater effect on us than on more diversified insurance companies that also sell many other types of insurance.

We operate in a highly competitive industry and may lack the financial resources to compete effectively.

We compete with other insurance companies, both domestic and foreign, and many of our existing and potential competitors are larger, have longer operating histories, and possess greater financial, marketing and management resources than we do. In our Small Commercial Business segment, we also compete with individual self-insured companies, state insurance pools and self-insurance funds. We compete on the basis of many factors, including coverage availability, responsiveness to the needs of our independent producers, claims management, payment/settlement terms, premium rates, policy terms, types of insurance offered, overall financial strength, financial ratings and reputation. If any of our competitors offer premium rates, policy terms or types of insurance that are more competitive than ours, we could lose market share. We may be unable to maintain our current competitive position in the markets in which we currently operate or establish a competitive position in new markets into which we may expand.

The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain.

As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until after we have issued insurance policies that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of our liability under an insurance policy may not be known until many years after the policy is issued. In addition, the potential passage of new legislation designed to expand the right to sue, to remove limitations on recovery, to deem by statute the existence of a covered occurrence, to extend the statutes of limitations or otherwise repeal or weaken tort reforms could have an adverse impact on our business. The effects of these and other unforeseen emerging claim and coverage issues are extremely hard to predict and could be harmful to our business and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are heavily regulated, and changes in regulation may reduce our profitability, limit our growth or restrict our ability to transact business.

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to extensive regulation in the jurisdictions in which they operate. Such regulations may relate to among other things, the types of business we can write, the rates we can charge for coverage, the level of capital we must maintain, and restrictions on the types and size of investments we can make. Regulations may also restrict the timing and amount of dividend payments. Accordingly, changes in regulations related to these or other matters or regulatory actions imposing restrictions on our insurance subsidiaries, may adversely impact our results of operations and restrict our ability to allocate capital.. For a discussion of the various types of regulation we face, see “Item 1. Business – Regulation.”

We may have exposure to losses from terrorism for which we are required by law to provide coverage regarding such losses.

U.S. insurers are required by state and federal law to offer coverage for terrorism in certain commercial lines, including workers’ compensation. As discussed under “Item 1. Business – Regulation – United States – Federal and State Legislative and Regulatory Changes,” the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act, or TRIA, as extended by the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015, or TRIPRA, requires commercial property and casualty insurance companies to offer coverage for acts of terrorism, whether foreign or domestic, and established a federal assistance program through the end of 2020 to help cover claims related to future terrorism-related losses. The impact of any terrorist act is unpredictable, and the ultimate impact on us would depend upon the nature, extent, location and timing of such an act. Although we reinsure a portion of the terrorism risk we retain under the program, our terrorism reinsurance does not provide full coverage for an act stemming from nuclear, biological or chemical terrorism.

The effects of litigation on our business are uncertain.

Although we are not currently involved in any material litigation with our customers, other members of the insurance industry are the target of class action lawsuits and other types of litigation, some of which involve claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts, and the outcomes of which are unpredictable. This litigation is based on a variety of issues, including insurance and claim settlement practices. If we become subject to such litigation, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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Risks Related to our Common Stock, Preferred Stock and Outstanding Indebtedness

Our revenues and results of operations may fluctuate as a result of developments beyond our control, which may cause volatility in the price of our shares of common stock and the market price of our Series A, B, C and D Preferred Stock.

Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “AFSI.” Our Series A, B, C and D Preferred Stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols “AFSI-A,” “AFSI-B”, "AFSI-C" and “AFSI-D.” Our performance, as well as the risks discussed herein, government or regulatory action, tax laws, interest rates and general market conditions could have a significant impact on the future market price of our common stock and the market price of our Preferred Stock. Developments that could negatively affect our share price or result in fluctuations in the price of our common stock or Preferred Stock include:

• actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly results of operations;

• changes to our earnings estimates or publications of research reports about us or the industry;

• rising levels of claims costs, changes in the frequency or severity of claims or new types of claims and new or changing judicial interpretations relating to the scope of insurance company liability;

• the financial stability of our third-party reinsurers, changes in the level of reinsurance capacity, termination of reinsurance arrangements and changes in our capital capacity;

• increases in market interest rates that may lead purchasers of common or preferred stock to demand a higher yield;

• changes in market valuations of other insurance companies;

• adverse market reaction to any increased indebtedness we incur in the future;

• fluctuations in interest rates or inflationary pressures and other changes in the investment environment that affect returns on invested assets;

• changes to our credit worthiness;

• the market for similar securities;

• additions or departures of key personnel;

• reaction to the sale or purchase of company stock by our principal stockholders or our executive officers;

• changes in the economic environment in the markets in which we operate, including reduction in the business activities of our policyholders;

• changes in tax law;

• speculation in the press or investment community; and

• general market, economic and political conditions.

If securities or industry analysts fail to continue publishing research about our business, if they change their recommendations adversely or if our results of operations do not meet their expectations, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. In addition, it is possible that in some future period our operating results will be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock, or if our results of operations do not meet their expectations, our stock price could decline.

Our share repurchase program could affect the price of our common stock and increase volatility.

Repurchases of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program could affect our stock price and increase its volatility. The existence of a stock repurchase program could also cause our stock price to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our stock. Stock repurchases may not enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchased shares of common

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stock. Although our stock repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term stockholder value, short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness.

Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 could have a material adverse effect on our common stock price and the market price of our Series A, B, C and D Preferred Stock.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires an annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to achieve and maintain the adequacy of our internal controls , we may be unable to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports. If we cannot produce reliable financial reports or otherwise maintain appropriate internal controls, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and the market price for our common and preferred stock could decline.

Our principal stockholders have the ability to control our business, which may be disadvantageous to other stockholders.

Based on the number of shares outstanding as of December 31, 2015, Barry D. Zyskind, Michael Karfunkel, Leah Karfunkel (wife of Michael Karfunkel and sole trustee of the Trust) and George Karfunkel, directly or indirectly, collectively own or control approximately 48% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, these stockholders, acting together, have the ability to control all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election and removal of directors, amendments to our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, any proposed merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets and other corporate transactions. These stockholders may have interests that are different from other stockholders.

On November 10, 2015, we ceased being a "controlled company" as defined in NASDAQ Listing Rule 5615(e), meaning we are no longer exempt from the board and board committee independence requirements of the NASDAQ Global Select Market. As a result, we have one year from the date we ceased being a "controlled company" to have an entirely independent compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee. If we are unable to achieve compliance with these requirements, our common stock could be de-listed from the NASDAQ Global Select Market.

In addition, Michael Karfunkel and George Karfunkel, through entities that each of them controls, have entered into transactions with us and may from time to time in the future enter into other transactions with us. As a result, these individuals may have interests that are different from, or in addition to, their interest as our stockholders. Such transactions may adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

Our principal stockholders could delay or prevent an acquisition or merger of our company even if the transaction could benefit other stockholders. Moreover, this concentration of share ownership makes it difficult for other stockholders to replace directors and management without the consent of the controlling stockholders. In addition, this significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the price prospective buyers are willing to pay for our common stock because investors often perceive disadvantages in owning stock in companies with controlling stockholders, which could, in turn, materially and adversely affect the trading price of our convertible senior notes.

We may be unable to pay dividends on our common stock or Series A, B, C and D Preferred Stock.

As discussed above, the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends is regulated and under certain circumstances, restricted, pursuant to applicable law. If our insurance subsidiaries could not pay dividends, we may not, in turn, be able to pay dividends to stockholders. In addition, the terms of our junior subordinated debentures and our credit facilities limit, in some circumstances, our ability to pay dividends on our common stock and Series A, B, C and D Preferred Stock, and future financing arrangements may include prohibitions on dividends or other restrictions. For these reasons, we may be unable to pay dividends on our common stock or Series A, B, C and D Preferred Stock.

We have a history of paying dividends to our stockholders. However, future cash dividends will depend upon our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements and other factors including the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions to us, which ability is restricted in the manner discussed above. Also, we may be unable to continue to pay dividends even if the necessary financial conditions are met and if sufficient cash is available for distribution.

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Our shares of Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B, C and D Preferred Stock represented by depositary shares are equity interests and are subordinate to our existing and future indebtedness.

Our shares of Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B, C and D Preferred Stock represented by depositary shares are equity interests and do not constitute indebtedness. As such, the Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B, C and D Preferred Stock represented by depositary shares rank junior to all of our indebtedness and other non-equity claims of our creditors with respect to assets available to satisfy our claims, including our liquidation, dissolution and winding up. As of December 31, 2015, our total consolidated debt was $1,010 million and our total consolidated liabilities were approximately $14.0 billion. We may incur additional debt and liabilities in the future. Our existing and future indebtedness may restrict payments of dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B, C and D Preferred Stock represented by depositary shares. Additionally, unlike indebtedness, where principal and interest would customarily be payable on specified due dates, in the case of the Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B, C and D Preferred Stock represented by depositary shares, dividends are payable only if declared by our Board of Directors (or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors). Our ability to pay dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B, C and D Preferred Stock represented by depositary shares may be limited by the terms of our agreements governing our existing and future indebtedness and by the provisions of other existing and future agreements.

Dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B, C and D Preferred Stock represented by depositary shares are non-cumulative.

Dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B, C and D Preferred Stock represented by depositary shares are non-cumulative and payable only out of our legally available funds. Consequently, if our Board of Directors (or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors) does not authorize and declare a dividend for any dividend period with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B, C and D Preferred Stock represented by depositary shares, holders of the Series A, B, C and D Preferred Stock and, in turn, the depositary shares, will not be entitled to receive any such dividend, and such unpaid dividend will not accumulate and will never be payable. We have no obligation to pay dividends for a dividend period on or after the dividend payment date for such period if our Board of Directors (or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors) has not declared such dividend before the related dividend payment date. If dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock and the Series B, C and D Preferred Stock represented by depositary shares are authorized and declared with respect to any subsequent dividend period, we will be free to pay dividends on any other series of preferred stock and/or our common shares.

We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to finance any required purchases of our convertible senior notes due 2044 upon the occurrence of a “fundamental change,” which would constitute an event of default under the indentures.

If a fundamental change (as such term is defined in the indenture governing our convertible senior notes due 2044) occurs, holders of these convertible senior notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to purchase for cash any or all of the notes, or any portion of the principal amount thereof such that the principal amount that remains outstanding of each note purchased in part equals $1,000 or an integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof. The fundamental change purchase price will equal 100% of the principal amount of the convertible senior notes to be purchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change purchase date. However, we may not have sufficient funds at the time we are required to purchase the convertible senior notes surrendered therefor and we may not be able to arrange necessary financing on acceptable terms, if at all.

We have not established a sinking fund for payment of the convertible senior notes due 2044, nor do we anticipate doing so. In addition, our ability to purchase these convertible senior notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or we may in the future enter into credit agreements or other agreements that may contain provisions prohibiting redemption or repurchase of the notes under certain circumstances, or may provide that a designated event constitutes an event of default under that agreement. If a fundamental change occurs at a time when we are prohibited from purchasing these convertible senior notes, we could seek a waiver from the holders of these notes or attempt to refinance these notes. If we were not able to obtain consent, we would not be permitted to purchase the convertible senior notes. Our failure to purchase tendered convertible senior notes would constitute an event of default under the indenture governing the notes, which might constitute a default under the terms of our other indebtedness.

The conditional conversion features of the convertible senior notes due 2044, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition.

If one of the conversion contingencies in our convertible senior notes due 2044 is triggered, holders of these convertible senior notes will be entitled to convert the notes at any time during specified periods. If one or more holders elect to convert their convertible senior notes, we may be required to settle all or a portion of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity and various aspects of our business.

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Certain provisions in our convertible senior notes due 2021 and 2044 could delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover or takeover attempt of us.

Certain provisions in our convertible senior notes could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us. For example, if an acquisition event constitutes a fundamental change within the meaning of our outstanding convertible senior notes, holders of our convertible senior notes will have the right to require us to purchase their notes in cash. In addition, if an acquisition event constitutes a make-whole fundamental change within the meaning of our outstanding convertible senior notes, we may be required to increase the conversion rate for holders who convert their notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change. In any of these cases, and in other cases, our obligations under the convertible senior notes as well as provisions of our organizational documents and other agreements could increase the cost of acquiring us or otherwise discourage a third party from acquiring us or removing incumbent management.

Our subordinated notes are subordinated in right of payment to our senior indebtedness and holders of these subordinated notes may recover ratably less than unsubordinated creditors in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization. In addition, our subordinated notes are structurally subordinate to the debt of our subsidiaries.

Our subordinated notes rank junior in right of payment to the claims of holders of our senior indebtedness. Therefore, in the event of a bankruptcy, reorganization, insolvency, receivership or similar proceeding relating to us or our property, our creditors, other than those in respect of debt ranking equal with or junior to the subordinated notes, will be entitled to receive payment in full of all obligations due to them before the holders of the subordinated notes will be entitled to receive any payment. As a result, in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization, holders of the subordinated notes may recover ratably less than unsubordinated creditors. In addition, the indentures governing the subordinated notes prevent us from making payments in respect of the subordinated notes if any principal, premium or interest in respect of our senior indebtedness is not paid within any applicable grace period (including at maturity) or any other default on our senior indebtedness occurs and the maturity of such senior indebtedness is accelerated in accordance with its terms.

In addition, because we are a holding company, our rights and the rights of our creditors, including the holders of our subordinated notes, to participate in the distribution or allocation of the assets of any subsidiary during its liquidation or reorganization, will be subject to the prior claims of such subsidiary’s creditors, unless we are ourselves a creditor with recognized claims against the subsidiary. Claims from creditors (other than us) against the subsidiaries may include long-term and medium-term debt and substantial obligations related to federal funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements, and other short-term borrowings. Our subordinated notes are not obligations of, or guaranteed by, our subsidiaries, and our subsidiaries have no obligation to pay any amounts due on the subordinated notes.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

All of our properties are owned or leased by us or our subsidiaries and are used for office functions (corporate, claims, underwriting, business units) or as call centers.  We own 16 properties worldwide, the majority of which consist of commercial office space. Our properties are not segregated by segment. We own significant properties in the United States in the states of California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Ohio and Texas and internationally in the United Kingdom.

We lease approximately 876,300 square feet throughout the United States and internationally. These leases are generally short-term to medium-term leases for commercial office space.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Shareholder Litigation

We and certain of our officers were defendants in related putative securities class action lawsuits filed in February 2014 in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Plaintiffs in the lawsuits purported to represent a class of our stockholders who purchased shares between February 15, 2011 and December 11, 2013. On April 24, 2014, the court issued an order consolidating the related actions, appointing lead plaintiff and approving the selection of co-lead counsel. On September 4, 2014, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint. The consolidated amended complaint asserted claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and sought damages in an unspecified amount, attorney’s fees and other relief. The lead plaintiffs asserted the Section 11 claim on behalf of persons or entities who purchased our Series A preferred stock in or traceable to our public offering on June 5, 2013 and did not sell those shares of Series A preferred stock prior to December 12, 2013. On October 24, 2014, we filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint, which the lead plaintiffs opposed. The Court granted our motion to dismiss with prejudice on September 29, 2015. The plaintiffs are appealing the Court's decision, and the appeal is pending.

In addition, we have received three stockholder demands for production, pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, of our books and records. On April 7, 2015, one of those stockholders, Cambridge Retirement System, filed a derivative action in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the Company, as nominal defendant, and against our board of directors, Leah Karfunkel, and ACP Re, as defendants. The stockholder has since amended its complaint to add NGHC as a defendant. The stockholder purports to bring the derivative action on our behalf, alleging breaches of the duties of loyalty and care on the part of our directors and controlling stockholders, and claims for unjust enrichment against ACP Re and NGHC related to our transactions involving Tower. The complaint seeks damages, disgorgement and reform of our governance practices. We believe the allegations in this action to be unfounded and will vigorously pursue our defenses; however, we cannot reasonably estimate the potential range of loss, if any.

Trust Risk Group dispute

In October 2014, a dispute arose between our subsidiary, AEL, and its Italian medical liability broker, Trust Risk Group SpA ("TRG"), and agent, Trust Risk Italia SRL ("TRI," a subsidiary of TRG, collectively, “TRG”). TRG asserted that it was entitled to advanced commissions of approximately €95.8 million (or $104.1 million as of December 31, 2015) related to our Italian medical liability business produced by TRG. TRG deducted approximately €42.2 million (or $45.8 million as of December 31, 2015) from premium payable to us with the intention of deducting approximately €48.7 million (or $52.9 million as of December 31, 2015) from future premium payable to us. We dispute that TRG is entitled to advanced commission. We terminated our brokerage and agency relationship with TRG and TRI, respectively, and notified our insureds and retail brokers to pay premiums directly to us.

TRG has initiated arbitration proceedings against us in Milan, Italy seeking monetary damages based upon its allegations that we improperly terminated the producer agreements and an entitlement to advanced commissions on the business produced for us. We believe the allegations to be unfounded and will vigorously pursue our defenses; however, we cannot reasonably estimate the potential range of loss, if any.

Other than as discussed above, we are not involved presently in any material litigation nor, to our knowledge, is any material litigation threatened against us or our properties.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Stockholders

Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “AFSI”. We have one class of authorized common stock for 500,000,000 shares at a par value of $0.01 per share. As of February 11, 2016, there were 156 registered record holders of our common stock. This figure does not include beneficial owners who hold shares in nominee names.

On December 15, 2015, our Board of Directors declared a two-for-one stock split of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, in the form of a 100% stock dividend. All stockholders of record at the close of business on January 19, 2016 received one additional share of our common stock for each share held on that date. The additional share of common stock was distributed to stockholders of record on February 2, 2016. As a result, we retrospectively adjusted all share and per share amounts to reflect the stock split.

Price Range of Common Stock

The following table shows the high and low sales prices per share for our common stock and the cash dividends declared with respect to such shares ⁽¹⁾:

2015	High		Low		Dividends Declared
First quarter	$	29.50	$	24.43	$	0.125
Second quarter	$	32.99	$	28.18	$	0.125
Third quarter	$	35.94	$	26.03	$	0.15
Fourth quarter	$	35.63	$	28.68	$	0.15

2014	High		Low		Dividends Declared
First quarter	$	19.82	$	15.15	$	0.10
Second quarter	$	23.55	$	17.78	$	0.10
Third quarter	$	23.01	$	19.13	$	0.10
Fourth quarter	$	29.66	$	19.90	$	0.125

⁽¹⁾ The prices and cash dividends declared have been adjusted for the two-for-one stock split effective February 2, 2016.

On February 11, 2016, the closing price per share for our common stock was $24.41.

Dividend Policy

Our Board of Directors has historically declared the payment of quarterly cash dividends. Any determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our results of operations and cash flows, our financial position and capital requirements.

We are a holding company that transacts business through our operating subsidiaries. Our primary assets are the capital stock of these operating subsidiaries. Payments from our insurance subsidiaries pursuant to management agreements and tax sharing agreements, as well as fee income we generate from providing services discussed throughout this report, are our primary source of funds to pay our direct expenses. We anticipate that such payments, together with dividends paid to us by our subsidiaries, will continue to be the primary source of funds. The ability to pay dividends to our stockholders largely depends upon the surplus and earnings of our subsidiaries and their ability to pay dividends to us. Payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries is regulated by insurance laws of various states, and the laws of certain foreign countries in which we do business, including laws establishing minimum solvency and liquidity thresholds. In addition, the terms of our junior subordinated debentures, revolving credit facility and convertible senior notes limit, in the event of certain circumstances, our ability to pay dividends on our common stock, and future borrowings may include prohibitions and restrictions on dividends. As a result, at times, we may not be able to receive dividends from our insurance subsidiaries and may not receive dividends in amounts necessary to pay dividends on our capital

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stock. As of December 31, 2015, our insurance subsidiaries could pay dividends to us of $621.6 million without prior regulatory approval. Any dividends paid by our subsidiaries would reduce their surplus. During 2015, our insurance subsidiaries paid dividends of $63.6 million, which were subsequently contributed to certain of our other insurance subsidiaries.

Share Repurchase Plan

In December 2013, our Board of Directors approved a $150 million share repurchase program. The Board of Directors may suspend, modify or terminate the repurchase program at any time without prior notice. Under this repurchase program, we are not obligated to repurchase any particular number of shares. Unless terminated earlier by resolution of our Board of Directors, the program will expire when we have repurchased the full value of the shares authorized. During the three months ended December 31, 2015, no shares were repurchased pursuant to the authorized plan.

During the three months ended December 31, 2015, we repurchased 184,898 split-adjusted shares of our common stock from one employee in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to this employee under our 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended ("the Plan"). The shares were withheld at the direction of the employee as permitted under the Plan in order to pay the minimum amount of tax liability owned by the employee from the vesting of restricted stock.

The following table summarizes our stock repurchases for the three-month period ended December 31, 2015:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program	Maximum Number (or approximate dollar value) of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under Plan or Program
October 1 - 31, 2015	—	$	—	—	$	90,298,041
November 1 - 30, 2015	—	—		—	90,298,041
December 1 - 31, 2015	184,898	30.79		—	90,298,041
Total	184,898			—	$	90,298,041

⁽¹⁾ Includes 184,898 split-adjusted shares that were withheld to satisfy tax withholding amounts due from the employee upon the vesting of previously issued restricted shares.

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Common Stock Performance Graph

Set forth below is a line graph comparing the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock for the period beginning December 31, 2010 and ending on December 31, 2015 with the cumulative total return on the NASDAQ Global Market Index and a peer group comprised of the NASDAQ Insurance Index. The graph shows the change in value of an initial $100 investment on December 31, 2010.

Comparative Cumulative Total Returns Since 12/31/10 for AmTrust Financial

Services, Inc.: NASDAQ Composite and NASDAQ Insurance

This information is not deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following tables set forth our selected historical consolidated financial and operating information for the periods ended and as of the dates indicated. The selected consolidated income statement data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 are derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this report, which have been audited by BDO USA, LLP, our independent auditors. These historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected from any future period. You should read the following selected consolidated financial information together with the other information contained in this report, including “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in Part IV of this report.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015			2014			2013			2012			2011
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Selected Income Statement Data (1)
Gross written premium	$	6,799,537		$	6,087,965		$	4,116,911		$	2,749,326		$	2,150,472
Ceded gross written premium	(2,539,479		)	(2,131,347		)	(1,551,238		)	(1,101,289		)	(873,875		)
Net written premium	$	4,260,058		$	3,956,618		$	2,565,673		$	1,648,037		$	1,276,597
Change in unearned premium	(238,331		)	(430,054		)	(299,683		)	(229,185		)	(239,736		)
Net earned premium	$	4,021,727		$	3,526,564		$	2,265,990		$	1,418,852		$	1,036,861
Service and fee income	478,206			409,743			331,559			172,174			108,660
Net investment income	156,290			131,601			84,819			68,167			55,515
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investments	8,117			16,423			15,527			8,981			2,768
Total revenues	$	4,664,340		$	4,084,331		$	2,697,895		$	1,668,174		$	1,203,804
Loss and loss adjustment expense	2,682,208			2,342,619			1,517,361			922,675			678,333
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses (2)	979,502			856,923			533,162			356,005			271,367
Other expenses(3)	466,759			436,350			291,617			177,709			117,090
Total expenses	$	4,128,469		$	3,635,892		$	2,342,140		$	1,456,389		$	1,066,790
Income before other income (expense), provision for income taxes, equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries and non-controlling interest	$	535,871		$	448,439		$	355,755		$	211,785		$	137,014
Other income (expense):
Interest expense	(48,052		)	(45,857		)	(34,691		)	(28,508		)	(16,079		)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(5,271		)	(9,831		)	—			—			—
Gain on life settlement contracts net of profit commission	19,844			12,306			3,800			13,822			46,892
Foreign currency gain (loss)	43,260			60,245			(6,533		)	(242		)	(2,418		)
Gain on acquisition	5,826			—			48,715			—			5,850
Gain on sale of subsidiary	—			6,631			—			—			—
Total other income (expense)	$	15,607		$	23,494		$	11,291		$	(14,928	)	$	34,245
Income before income taxes, equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries and non-controlling interest	$	551,478		$	471,933		$	367,046		$	196,857		$	171,259
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	66,341			53,686			98,019			21,292			(15,023		)
Income before equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries and non-controlling interest	485,137			418,247			269,027			175,565			186,282
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries (related parties)	25,385			28,351			11,566			9,295			4,882
Net income	510,522			446,598			280,593			184,860			191,164
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling and redeemable non-controlling interest of subsidiaries	(6,928		)	416			1,633			(6,873		)	(20,730		)
Net income attributable to AmTrust stockholders	$	503,594		$	447,014		$	282,226		$	177,987		$	170,434
Dividends on preferred stock	(31,590		)	(12,738		)	(3,989		)	—			—
Net income attributable to AmTrust common stockholders	$	472,004		$	434,276		$	278,237		$	177,987		$	170,434

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	Year Ended December 31,
	2015			2014			2013			2012			2011
	(Amounts in Thousands, Except Percentages and per Share Data)
Per Share Data (4)
Net income allocated to AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. common stockholders – basic	$	2.86		$	2.89		$	1.87		$	1.21		$	1.17
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding	165,042			149,866			148,326			146,538			145,370
Diluted Income Per Share:
Net income allocated to AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. common stockholders – diluted	$	2.80		$	2.72		$	1.78		$	1.17		$	1.15
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding	168,360			159,034			155,968			151,240			148,862
Dividend declared per common share	$0.55			$0.425			$	0.28		$	0.20		$	0.17
Selected Insurance Ratios and Operating Information
Net loss ratio (5)	66.7		%	66.4		%	67.0		%	65.0		%	65.4		%
Net expense ratio (6)	24.3		%	24.3		%	23.5		%	25.1		%	26.2		%
Net combined ratio (7)	91.0		%	90.7		%	90.5		%	90.1		%	91.6		%
Return on equity (8)	22.7		%	28.4		%	22.5		%	17.5		%	21.2		%

	As of December 31,
	2015			2014		2013		2012		2011
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Selected Balance Sheet Data (1)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	1,312,669		$	1,088,975	$	930,461	$	493,132	$	429,951
Investments	5,886,866			4,575,881		3,657,309		2,203,270		1,656,687
Reinsurance recoverable	3,008,670			2,440,627		1,929,848		1,318,395		1,098,569
Premiums receivable, net	2,115,653			1,851,682		1,593,975		1,251,262		932,992
Goodwill and intangibles assets	800,045			667,681		665,393		532,839		392,455
Total assets	17,111,632			13,847,368		11,279,126		7,436,511		5,762,419
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expense	7,208,367			5,664,205		4,368,234		2,426,400		1,879,175
Unearned premiums	4,014,728			3,447,203		2,680,982		1,773,593		1,366,170
Deferred income tax (asset) liability	(37,167		)	106,363		274,519		264,032		148,297
Revolving credit facility	130,000			120,000		—		—		—
Notes payable	250,000			250,000		250,000		—		—
2.75% Convertible senior notes due 2044	163,082			157,679		—		—		—
5.5% Convertible senior notes due 2021	5,190			56,745		164,218		161,218		138,506
Junior subordinated debentures	123,714			123,714		123,714		123,714		123,714
7.25% Subordinated notes due 2055	150,000			—		—		—		—
7.50% Subordinated notes due 2055	135,000			—		—		—		—
Common stock, preferred stock and additional paid in capital less treasury stock	1,705,089			1,026,163		864,173		468,226		282,805
Total AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. equity	2,909,060			2,037,020		1,441,005		1,144,121		890,563

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(1) Results for a number of periods were affected by our various acquisitions from 2011 to 2015.

(2) Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses include policy acquisition expenses, commissions paid directly to producers, premium taxes and assessments, salary and benefits and other insurance general and administrative expenses which represent other costs that are directly attributable to insurance activities. These costs and expenses are reduced by ceding commission earned through external reinsurance agreements.

(3) Other operating expenses include non-cash amortization of tangible and intangible assets, goodwill impairment and non-insurance revenue generating activities in which we engage.

(4) Share and per share data for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, 2012, and 2011 were adjusted as a result of the two-for-one stock split effective February 2, 2016.

(5) Net loss ratio is calculated by dividing the loss and loss adjustment expense by net premiums earned.

(6) Net expense ratio is calculated by dividing the total of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses by net premiums earned.

(7) Net combined ratio is calculated by adding net loss ratio and net expense ratio together.

(8) Return on equity is calculated by dividing net income by the average stockholders’ equity for the period.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements that are intended to be covered by the safe harbors created by The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See “Note on Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We are a multinational specialty property and casualty insurer focused on generating consistent underwriting profits. We provide insurance coverage for small businesses and products with high volumes of insureds and loss profiles that we believe are predictable. We target lines of insurance that we believe generally are under served by the market. We have grown by hiring teams of underwriters with expertise in our specialty lines, through acquisitions of companies and assets that, in each case, provide access to distribution networks and renewal rights to established books of specialty insurance business. We have operations in three business segments:

• Small Commercial Business. We provide workers’ compensation, commercial package and other commercial insurance lines produced by wholesale agents, retail agents and brokers in the United States.

• Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty. We provide coverage for consumer and commercial goods and custom designed coverages, such as accidental damage plans and payment protection plans offered in connection with the sale of consumer and commercial goods, in the United States and Europe, and certain niche property, casualty and specialty liability risks in the United States and Europe, including general liability, employers’ liability and professional and medical liability.

• Specialty Program. We write commercial insurance for narrowly defined classes of insureds, requiring an in-depth knowledge of the insured’s industry segment, through general and other wholesale agents.

We transact business primarily through our seventeen insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the United States and five insurance subsidiaries domiciled internationally, primarily in Europe. We are authorized to write business in all 50 states in the United States and in the European Union. Through our subsidiary, AmTrust at Lloyd's, we are licensed to underwrite business internationally in locations where Lloyd's is licensed. Our principal operating subsidiaries are rated "A" (Excellent) by A.M. Best Company ("A.M. Best").

Insurance, particularly workers’ compensation, is, generally affected by seasonality. The first quarter generally produces greater premiums than subsequent quarters. Nevertheless, the impact of seasonality on our Small Commercial Business and Specialty Program segments has not been significant. We believe that this is because we serve many small businesses in different geographic locations. We believe seasonality may be muted by our acquisition activity. Additionally, our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment may be impacted by seasonality of the automotive and consumer electronic markets.

We evaluate our operations by monitoring key measures of growth and profitability, including return on equity and net combined ratio. Our return on equity was 22.7%, 28.4% and 22.5% for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Our overall financial objective is to produce a return on equity of 15.0% or more over the long term. In addition, we target a net combined ratio of 95.0% or lower over the long term, while seeking to maintain optimal operating leverage in our insurance subsidiaries commensurate with our A.M. Best rating objectives. Our net combined ratio was 91.0%, 90.7% and 90.5% for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. A key factor in achieving our targeted net combined ratio

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is a continuous focus on our net expense ratio. Our strategy across our segments is to maintain premium rates, deploy capital judiciously, manage our expenses and focus on the businesses in which we have expertise, which we believe should provide opportunities for greater returns.

Investment income is also an important part of our business. Because the period of time between our receipt of premiums and the ultimate settlement of claims is often several years or longer, we are able to invest cash from premiums for significant periods of time. Our net investment income was $156.3 million, $131.6 million and $84.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We held 18.9% and 19.7% of total invested assets in cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Our most significant balance sheet liability is our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expense. We record reserves for estimated losses under insurance policies that we write and for loss adjustment expenses related to the investigation and settlement of policy claims. Our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses represent the estimated cost of all reported and unreported loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred and unpaid at any given point in time based on known facts and circumstances. Our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred and unpaid are not discounted using present value factors. Our loss reserves are reviewed at least annually by our external actuaries. Reserves are based on estimates of the most likely ultimate cost of individual claims. These estimates are inherently uncertain. Judgment is required to determine the relevance of our historical experience and industry information under current facts and circumstances. The interpretation of this historical and industry data can be impacted by external forces, principally frequency and severity of future claims, length of time to achieve ultimate settlement of claims, inflation of medical costs and wages, insurance policy coverage interpretations, jury determinations and legislative changes. Accordingly, our reserves may prove to be inadequate to cover our actual losses. If we change our estimates, these changes would be reflected in our results of operations during the period in which they are made, with increases in our reserves resulting in decreases in our earnings.

Acquisitions

During 2015 and 2014, we have made the following significant acquisitions:

Springfield

On October 7, 2015, we acquired Springfield Insurance Company and its affiliates, Springfield Insurance Company Ltd. and Unified Grocers Insurance Services (collectively, "Springfield") for approximately $26.6 million in cash and a contingent earn-out valued at $5.0 million as of the acquisition date. Springfield, domiciled in California, is an insurance carrier providing workers' compensation and commercial package insurance to Unified Grocers Inc., an association of independently owned grocery stores, its members and its customers. We are in the process of completing our acquisition accounting and expect to have it completed in 2016. The goodwill and intangible assets, as well as Springfield's results of operations, will be included as a component of the Small Commercial Business segment. As a result of this acquisition, we recorded approximately $3.2 million of gross written premium and $0.6 million of service and fee income during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Warranty Solutions

On September 25, 2015, we acquired Warranty Solutions, a Wells Fargo business ("Warranty Solutions") for approximately $156.2 million in cash. Warranty Solutions designs, markets, administers and underwrites vehicle service contracts for new and used automobiles through a national network of more than 70 active agencies and 1,500 franchised and independent dealers. The goodwill and intangible assets associated with the acquisition was initially measured at $84.2 million. The goodwill and intangible assets, as well as Warranty Solutions' results of operations, are included as a component of the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment. We are in the process of completing our acquisition accounting and expect to have it completed in 2016. As a result of this acquisition, we recorded approximately $22.8 million of written premium and $24.3 million of service and fee income for the year ended December 31, 2015.

CorePointe Insurance Company

On March 2, 2015, we acquired CorePointe Insurance Company ("CorePointe") for approximately $68.8 million. CorePointe, a Michigan-based specialty property and casualty insurance company, markets commercial package insurance products primarily to automobile and motorcycle dealerships and auto repair shops. The majority of CorePointe's insurance products and services are distributed through managing general agents ("MGAs") with whom it has long-standing relationships. As a result of the acquisition, we recorded intangible assets in the amount of approximately $2.7 million, which consisted of approximately $1.2 million related to the valuation of the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserve and approximately $1.5 million for state licenses. Additionally, we recognized a gain of approximately $5.8 million related to the acquisition. CorePointe's results of

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operations are included in our Specialty Program segment. We recorded approximately $39.4 million of written premium related to CorePointe during the year ended December 31, 2015.

TMI Solutions, LLC

On January 6, 2015, we acquired TMI Solutions, LLC ("TMIS") for approximately $29.5 million in cash and a contingent earn-out provision valued at $32.0 million. TMIS offers monthly billed warranty solutions for a variety of consumer electronics as well as consumer protection services. TMIS's warranties are primarily distributed in conjunction with large telecommunication monthly customer billing services and their customers include various Fortune 500 companies. As a result of the acquisition, we obtained certain identifiable intangible assets of approximately $32.5 million and recorded goodwill of approximately $38.3 million. The goodwill and intangible assets, as well as TMIS's results of operations, are included as a component of the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment. As a result of this acquisition, we recorded approximately $13.7 million of service and fee income related to TMIS during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Oryx Insurance Brokerage, Inc.

On January 6, 2015, we acquired Oryx Insurance Brokerage, Inc. ("Oryx") for approximately $30.6 million in cash and a contingent earn-out provision valued at $7.0 million. Oryx, established in 1996, is a managing general agent and wholesaler providing insurance products to the construction industry in upstate New York. For 2014, Oryx placed $80.0 million in premiums through over 135 agencies with the majority of business underwritten by us. As a result of the acquisition, we obtained certain identifiable intangible assets of approximately $18.5 million and recorded goodwill of approximately $24.4 million. The goodwill and intangible assets, as well as Oryx's results of operations, are included as a component of the Specialty Program segment. As a result of our underwriting relationship with Oryx, we had approximately $93.3 million and $72.2 million of gross written premium during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In addition, we recorded approximately $0.4 million of service and fee income related to Oryx during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Comp Options Insurance Company, Inc.

On October 1, 2014, we acquired Comp Options Insurance Company, Inc. (“Comp Options”), a Florida-based workers' compensation insurer, from an affiliate of Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Florida, for approximately $34.3 million in cash. Comp Options offers workers' compensation insurance to small businesses with low-hazard risk profiles in the state of Florida. The goodwill and intangible assets, as well as Comp Options' results of operations, are included as a component of the Small Commercial Business segment. As a result of this acquisition, we recorded approximately $65.1 million and $18.7 million of written premium during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In addition, we recorded approximately $3.2 million and $1.0 million of service and fee income for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Tower Renewal Rights Agreement

In January 2014, we entered into a cut through quota share reinsurance agreement (the “Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement”) with Tower Group International, Ltd. (“Tower”) to provide a 100% quota share for a majority of Tower's in force commercial lines policies and most new and renewal commercial lines business. At the inception of the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement, we initially assumed $174 million of unearned premium. During 2014, we assumed approximately $475 million of premium, earned approximately $387 million of premium, and incurred approximately $225 million of loss and loss adjustment expense, respectively, related to the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we also incurred approximately $92 million of commission expense and approximately $16 million of unallocated claims expense as part of the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement. Additionally, we recorded approximately $34 million of prepaid claim expense as of December 31, 2014, which is reported as a component of other assets.

In conjunction with ACP Re, Ltd.'s (“ACP Re”) merger with Tower, on September 15, 2014, we entered into various agreements with Tower including, primarily, a renewal rights agreement and a quota share reinsurance agreement. Based on the terms of the renewal rights agreement, we are required to pay a maximum amount of $30 million over a three year period based on 3% of gross written premium of the Tower commercial lines business. The quota share reinsurance agreement allows us to reinsure 100% of all losses for Tower’s new and renewal commercial lines business written after September 15, 2015. The quota share agreement replaced the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement. As a result of the renewal rights transaction, we generated approximately $370 and $133 million of gross written premium for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Additionally, we loaned ACP Re $125 million to finance its purchase of Tower.

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The Insco Dico Group

On January 3, 2014, we completed the acquisition of Insco Insurance Services, Inc. (“Insco Dico”) and its subsidiaries for a acquisition price of approximately $88.7 million. Insco Dico's subsidiaries include Developers Surety and Indemnity Company and Indemnity Company of California, which offer surety insurance to developers and contractors in all 50 states with California as the largest state. In addition, Insco Dico's subsidiary, Builders Insurance Services, markets general liability insurance policies to contractors in several states in the western region of the U.S. The goodwill and intangible assets, as well as Insco Dico's results of operations, are included as a component of the Small Commercial Business segment. The identifiable intangible assets consist of agency relationships, which have a 20 year life, and licenses that have an indefinite life. As a result of this transaction, we recorded approximately $71.3 million and $55.5 million of written premium for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In addition, we recorded approximately $1.0 million and $3.7 million of service and fee income for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

In addition to these acquisitions, our results of operations for 2014 compared to 2013 include references to the following entities acquired prior to 2014: AmTrust at Lloyd’s Limited (“AmTrust at Lloyds”), AMTCS Holdings, Inc. (“AMTCS”), Sequoia Insurance Company (“Sequoia”) and Car Care Plan (Holdings) Limited (“CCPH”).

Strategic Investments

Investment in National General Holdings Corp.

We have an approximate 12% ownership interest in National General Holding Corp. (“NGHC”). NGHC is a publicly-held specialty personal lines insurance holding company (Nasdaq: NGHC) that operates fifteen insurance companies in the United States and provides a variety of insurance products, including personal and commercial automobile, homeowners and umbrella, supplemental health, lender-placed and other niche insurance products. As of December 31, 2015, NGHC's two largest stockholders are The Michael Karfunkel 2005 Family Trust (the “Trust”) and Michael Karfunkel individually. Michael Karfunkel is the Chairman of our Board of Directors and the father-in-law of Barry D. Zyskind, our President and Chief Executive Officer. The ultimate beneficiaries of the Trust include Michael Karfunkel’s children, one of whom is married to Mr. Zyskind. In addition, Michael Karfunkel is the chairman, president and chief executive officer of NGHC. In accordance with ASC 323-10-15, Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures, we account for our investment in NGHC under the equity method as we have the ability to exert significant influence on NGHC's operations. We recorded $25.4 million, $28.4 million and $11.6 million of income during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to our equity investment in NGHC.

Master Services Agreement

We provide NGHC and its affiliates information technology development services in connection with the development and licensing of a policy management system at a cost which is currently 1.25% of gross written premium of NGHC and its affiliates plus our costs for development and support services. We provide development services at a price of cost plus 20%. In addition, we provide NGHC and its affiliates printing and mailing services at a per piece cost for policy and policy related materials, such as invoices, quotes, notices and endorsements, associated with the policies we process for NGHC and its affiliates on the policy management system. We recorded recorded approximately $35.9 million, $25.6 million and $24.2 million of fee income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to this agreement.

Asset Management Agreement

We manage the assets of certain of NGHC's subsidiaries, including the assets of reciprocal insurers managed by subsidiaries of NGHC, for an annual fee equal to 0.20% of the average aggregate value of the assets under management for the preceding quarter if the average aggregate value for the preceding quarter is $1 billion or less and 0.15% of the average aggregate value of the assets under management for the preceding quarter if the average aggregate value for that quarter is more than $1 billion. We managed approximately $2.4 billion of assets as of December 31, 2015 related to this agreement. As a result of this agreement, we earned approximately $2.7 million, $2.0 million and $1.7 million of asset management fees for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Life Settlement Contracts

We currently have a 50% ownership interest in each of four entities (collectively, the “LSC Entities”) formed for the purpose of acquiring life settlement contracts, with a subsidiary of NGHC owning the remaining 50% interest. The LSC Entities are: Tiger Capital LLC (“Tiger”); AMT Capital Alpha, LLC (“AMT Alpha”); AMT Capital Holdings, S.A. (“AMTCH”); and AMT Capital Holdings II, S.A. (“AMTCH II”).

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A life settlement contract is a contract between the owner of a life insurance policy and a third-party who obtains the ownership and beneficiary rights of the underlying life insurance policy. The LSC Entities may also acquire premium finance loans made in connection with the borrowers’ purchase of life insurance policies that are secured by the policies. The LSC Entities acquire the underlying policies securing the loan through the borrowers’ voluntary surrender of the policy in satisfaction of the loan or foreclosure. A third party serves as the administrator of the Tiger and AMTCH II life settlement contract portfolios, for which it receives an administrative fee. The third party administrator is eligible to receive a percentage of profits after certain time and performance thresholds have been met. We provide certain actuarial and finance functions related to the LSC Entities. In conjunction with our 12.0% ownership percentage of NGHC, we ultimately receive 56.0% of the profits and losses of the LSC Entities. As such, in accordance with ASC 810-10, Consolidation, we have been deemed the primary beneficiary and, therefore, consolidate the LSC Entities.

We account for investments in life settlements in accordance with ASC 325-30, Investments in Insurance Contracts, which states that an investor shall elect to account for its investments in life settlement contracts by using either the investment method or the fair value method. The election is made on an instrument-by-instrument basis and is irrevocable. We have elected to account for these policies using the fair value method. Refer to Note 4. "Fair Value of Financial Instruments" for a discussion of the determination of the fair value of our investment in life settlement contracts.

Total capital contributions of $1.1 million and $36.1 million were committed to the LSC Entities during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, of which our proportionate share was $0.6 million and $17.9 million in those same periods. The LSC Entities used the contributed capital to pay premiums and purchase policies. Our investments in life settlements and premium finance loans were approximately $264.0 million and $264.5 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and are included in Prepaid expenses and other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. We recorded a gain on investment in life settlement contracts, net of profit commission, of approximately $19.8 million, $12.3 million and $13.8 million, for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Principal Revenue and Expense Items

Gross Written Premium.  Gross written premium represents estimated premiums from each insurance policy that we write, including as a servicing carrier for assigned risk plans, during a reporting period based on the effective date of the individual policy. Certain policies that we underwrite are subject to premium audit at that policy’s cancellation or expiration. The final actual gross premiums written may vary from the original estimate based on changes to the final rating parameters or classifications of the policy.

Net Written Premium.  Net written premium is gross written premium less that portion of premium that we cede to third party reinsurers under reinsurance agreements. The amount ceded under these reinsurance agreements is based on a contractual formula contained in the individual reinsurance agreement.

Net Earned Premium. ��Net earned premium is the earned portion of our net written premiums. We earn insurance premiums on a pro rata basis over the term of the policy. At the end of each reporting period, premiums written that are not earned are classified as unearned premiums, which are earned in subsequent periods over the remaining term of the policy. Our workers’ compensation insurance and commercial package policies typically have a term of one year. Thus, for a one-year policy written on July 1, 2015 for an employer with a constant payroll during the term of the policy, we would earn half of the premiums in 2015 and the other half in 2016. We earn our specialty risk and extended warranty coverages over the estimated exposure time period. The terms vary depending on the risk.The coverages range in duration from one month to 120 months. Our U.S. warranty business has an average duration of 57 months, while our European warranty business has an average duration of 43 months and our European casualty business has average duration of 12 months.

Service and Fee Income.  We currently generate service and fee income from the following sources:

• Product warranty registration and service — Our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty business generates fee revenue for product warranty registration and claims handling services provided to unaffiliated third party retailers, manufacturers and dealerships. Additionally, we provide credit monitoring services for a fee.

• Servicing carrier — We act as a servicing carrier for workers’ compensation assigned risk plans in multiple states. In addition, we also offer claims adjusting and loss control services for fees to unaffiliated third parties.

• Management services — We provide services to insurance consumers, traditional insurers and insurance producers by offering flexible and cost effective alternatives to traditional insurance tools in the form of various risk retention groups and captive management companies, as well as management of workers’ compensation and commercial property

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programs. We also offer programs and alternative funding options for non-profit and public sector organizations for the management of their state unemployment insurance obligations.

• Insurance fees — We recognize fee income associated with the issuance of workers’ compensation policies for installment fees, in jurisdictions where it is permitted and approved, and reinstatement fees, which are fees charged to reinstate a policy after it has been canceled for non-payment, in jurisdictions where it is permitted and approved. Additionally, we recognize broker commissions and policy management fees associated with general liability policies placed by one of our managing general agencies.

• Broker services — We provide brokerage services to Maiden in connection with our reinsurance agreement for which we receive a fee.

• Asset management services — We currently manage the investment portfolios of certain subsidiaries of Maiden, NGHC, and ACP Re, Ltd. for which we receive a management fee.

• Information technology services — We provide information technology and printing and mailing services to NGHC and its affiliates for a fee.

Net Investment Income and Realized Gains and (Losses). We invest our statutory surplus funds and the funds supporting our insurance liabilities primarily in cash and cash equivalents, fixed maturity and equity securities. Our net investment income includes interest and dividends earned on our invested assets. We report net realized gains and losses on our investments separately from our net investment income. Net realized gains occur when we sell our investment securities for more than their costs or amortized costs, as applicable. Net realized losses occur when we sell our investment securities for less than their costs or amortized costs, as applicable, or we write down the investment securities as a result of other-than-temporary impairment. We classify equity securities and our fixed maturity securities primarily as available-for-sale. We report net unrealized gains (losses) on those securities classified as available-for-sale separately within accumulated other comprehensive income on our balance sheet. Additionally, we have a small portfolio of equity securities classified as trading securities. We report unrealized gains (losses) on those securities classified as trading securities within net realized gains (losses) on investment on the consolidated statement of income.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Incurred. Loss and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) incurred represent our largest expense item and, for any given reporting period, include estimates of future claim payments, changes in those estimates from prior reporting periods and costs associated with investigating, defending and servicing claims. These expenses fluctuate based on the amount and types of risks we insure. We record loss and loss adjustment expenses related to estimates of future claim payments based on case-by-case valuations and statistical analysis. We seek to establish all reserves at the most likely ultimate exposure based on our historical claims experience. It is typical for our more serious bodily injury claims to take several years to settle, and we revise our estimates as we receive additional information about the condition of injured employees and claimants and the costs of their medical treatment. Our ability to estimate loss and loss adjustment expenses accurately at the time of pricing our insurance policies is a critical factor in our profitability.

Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses.  Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses consist of policy acquisition expenses, salaries and benefits and general and administrative expenses, net of ceding commissions. These items are described below:

• Policy acquisition expenses comprise commissions directly attributable to those agents, wholesalers or brokers that produce premiums written on our behalf. In most instances, we pay commissions based on collected premium, which reduces our credit risk exposure associated with producers in case a policyholder does not pay a premium. We pay state and local taxes, licenses and fees, assessments and contributions to various state guaranty funds based on our premiums or losses in each state. Surcharges that we may be required to charge and collect from insureds in certain jurisdictions are recorded as accrued liabilities, rather than expense. These expenses are offset by ceding commissions received.

• Salaries and benefits expenses are those salaries and benefits expenses for employees that are directly involved in the origination, issuance and maintenance of policies, claims adjustment and accounting for insurance transactions. We classify salaries and benefits associated with employees that are involved in fee generating activities as other expenses.

• General and administrative expenses are comprised of other costs associated with our insurance activities, such as federal excise tax, postage, telephones and internet access charges, as well as legal and auditing fees and board and bureau charges.

• Ceding commission on reinsurance transactions is a commission we receive from ceding gross written premium to third party reinsurers, and is netted against acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses. In connection with the Maiden Quota Share, which is our primary source of ceding commissions, the amount we receive is a blended rate based on a contractual formula contained in the individual reinsurance agreements, and the rate may not correlate specifically to the cost structure of the individual segments. The ceding commissions we receive cover a portion of our capitalized direct

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acquisition costs and a portion of other underwriting expenses. Ceding commissions received from reinsurance transactions that represent recovery of capitalized direct acquisition costs are recorded as a reduction of capitalized unamortized deferred acquisition costs and the net amount is charged to expense in proportion to net premium revenue recognized. Ceding commissions received from reinsurance transactions that represent the recovery of other underwriting expenses are recognized in the income statement over the insurance contract period in proportion to the insurance protection provided and classified as a reduction of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses. Ceding commissions received, but not yet earned, that represent the recovery of other underwriting expenses are classified as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities. We allocate earned ceding commissions to its segments based on each segment’s proportionate share of total acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses recognized during the period.

Gain (loss) on Investment in Life Settlement Contracts. The gain (loss) on investment in life settlement contracts includes the gain (loss) on acquisition of life settlement contracts, the gain (loss) realized upon a mortality event and the change in fair value of the investments in life settlements as evaluated at the end of each reporting period. We determine fair value based upon our estimate of the discounted cash flow related to policies (net of the reserves for improvements in mortality, the possibility that the high net worth individuals represented in our portfolio may have access to better health care, the volatility inherent in determining the life expectancy of insureds with significant reported health impairments, the possibility that the issuer of the policy or a third party will contest the payment of the death benefit payable to us and the future expenses related to the administration of the portfolio), which incorporates current life expectancy assumptions, premium payments, the credit exposure to the insurance company that issued the life settlement contracts and the rate of return that a buyer would require on the policies as no comparable market pricing is available. The gain (loss) realized upon a mortality event is the difference between the death benefit received and the recorded fair value of that particular policy. We allocate gain (loss) on investment in life settlement contracts to our segments based on gross written premium by segment.

Other Expense. Other expense includes those charges that are related to the amortization of tangible and intangible assets and non-insurance fee generating activities in which we engage, including salaries and benefits expenses and other charges directly attributable to non-insurance fee generating activities, such as those generated by Builders & Tradesman's Insurance Services, Inc. ("BTIS"), CNH Industrial Canada Insurance and CNH Industrial Insurance Agency Inc. (collectively, "CNH"), First Nonprofit Insurance Company ("FNIC"), Oryx Insurance Brokerage, Inc., RS Acquisition Holdco, LLC and it subsidiaries (collectively, "Risk Services"), TMI Solutions, LLC, Warrantech Corporation and its subsidiaries (collectively, "Warrantech") and Warranty Solutions.

Interest Expense. Interest expense represents amounts we incur on our outstanding indebtedness at the then-applicable interest rates.

Income Tax Expense. We incur federal income tax expense as well as income tax expense in certain foreign jurisdictions in which we operate.

Net Loss Ratio. The net loss ratio is a measure of the underwriting profitability of an insurance company’s business. Expressed as a percentage, this is the ratio of net losses and LAE incurred to net premiums earned.

Net Expense Ratio. The net expense ratio is a measure of an insurance company’s operational efficiency in administering its business. Expressed as a percentage, this is the ratio of the sum of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to net premiums earned. As we allocate certain acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses based on premium volume to our segments, net loss ratio on a segment basis may be impacted period over period by a shift in the mix of net written premium.

Net Combined Ratio. The net combined ratio is a measure of an insurance company’s overall underwriting profit. This is the sum of the net loss and net expense ratios. If the net combined ratio is at or above 100 percent, an insurance company cannot be profitable without investment income, and may not be profitable if investment income is insufficient.

Net Premiums Earned less Expenses Included in Combined Ratio (Underwriting Income). Underwriting income is a measure of an insurance company’s overall operating profitability before items such as investment income, interest expense and income taxes.

Return on Equity. We calculate return on equity by dividing net income by the average of stockholders’ equity.

Critical Accounting Policies

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It is important to understand our accounting policies in order to understand our financial statements. These policies require us to make estimates and assumptions. Our management has discussed the development, selection and disclosure of the estimates and assumptions we use with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of our assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the related disclosures. Some of the estimates result from judgments that can be subjective and complex, and, consequently, actual results in future periods might differ significantly from these estimates.

Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2. "Significant Accounting Policies" in the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. We believe that our most critical accounting policies relate to the reporting of earned premium, reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, including losses that have occurred but have not been reported prior to the reporting date, amounts recoverable from third party reinsurers, deferred policy acquisition costs, valuation of investments, valuation of life settlement contracts and related profit commission, business combinations, goodwill and intangible assets, and income taxes and valuation allowance, each of which is discussed below.

The following is a description of our critical accounting policies.

Premiums.  We recognize insurance premiums, other than in our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment, as earned on the straight-line basis over the contract period. Insurance premiums on Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty business are earned based on estimated program coverage periods. We base these estimates on the expected distribution of coverage periods by contract at inception, and because a single contract may contain multiple coverage period options, we revise these estimates based on the actual coverage periods selected by the insured. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written that is applicable to the unexpired term of the contract or policy in force. We base premium adjustments on contracts and audit premiums on estimates made over the contract period. Earned but unbilled premium (“EBUB”) estimates the amount of audit premium for those policies that have yet to be audited as of the date of the quarter or year end. Workers’ compensation policies are subject to audit and the final premium may increase or decrease materially from the original premium due to revisions to actual payroll and/or employee classification. Based on guidance in FASB ASC 944 as well as Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles 53, we determine EBUB using statistically supported aggregate calculations based on our historical premium audit results. We have not had a material adjustment as a result of actual premium audits materially differing from the estimates used in calculating EBUB. We also estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts based on a percentage of premium.

Reserves for Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses and Unearned Premium Reserves.  We record reserves for estimated losses under insurance policies that we write and for loss adjustment expenses related to the investigation and settlement of policy claims. Our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses represent the estimated cost of all reported and unreported loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred and unpaid at any given point in time based on known facts and circumstances. In establishing our reserves, we do not use loss discounting, which would involve recognizing the time value of money and offsetting estimates of future payments by future expected investment income. Our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses are estimated using case-by-case valuations and actuarial analysis.

We utilize a combination of generally accepted and standard actuarial methods to estimate our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses. Embedded within these actuarial methods are loss development assumptions selected by either a review of our specific loss development history, industry loss development characteristics, or a combination of both depending on the line of business and the maturity of the loss experience to date. Our actuaries generate a range within which it is reasonably likely that our ultimate loss and loss adjustment expenses for claims incurred in a particular time period will fall. Although not an exhaustive list, the range is affected by factors such as line of business, volatility of losses, duration of liabilities and other macroecomic factors that create uncertainty around the estimate. The results of multiple actuarial methods may also influence the range selection.

Loss development factors are a key assumption underlying many of the actuarial methods utilized. Loss development factors are the ratio of losses at successive evaluations for a defined group of claims (e.g., accident year, accident quarter, etc.). Loss development factors may be dependent on a number of elements, including frequency and severity of claims, length of time to achieve ultimate settlement of claims, case reserving practices, projected inflation of medical costs and wages (for workers’ compensation), insurance policy coverage interpretations, judicial determinations and existing laws and regulations. The predictive ability of loss development factors is dependent on consistent underwriting, claims handling, and inflation, among other factors, and predictable legislatively and judicially imposed legal requirements. If all things remain equal, losses incurred in 2015 should develop similarly to losses incurred in 2014 and prior years over comparable time periods. However, due to the inherent uncertainty in the loss development factors, future development may differ significantly from past development.

Notwithstanding the inherent uncertainty, we have not observed material variability in our loss development factors for our largest books of business. We believe that it is reasonably likely that we could experience a 5% deviation in our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves due to changes in the elements that underlie loss development, such as claims frequency or severity.

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For example, as of December 31, 2015, the average cost per workers’ compensation claim was $12,481, which was a 3.0% increase over the claims severity from 2001 – 2014 of $12,121. In 2015, claims frequency (number of claims per $1.0 million of payroll) increased to .986 from .982, an increase of .39%, for the period between 2001 and 2015.

In the event of a 5% increase in claims frequency (all other things remaining equal) as measured by our workers' compensation insureds’ payroll, which we believe is the most important assumption regarding our business, our loss reserves as of December 31, 2015 would be understated by $52 million and would result in an after tax reduction in stockholders’ equity of $34 million. In the event of a 5% increase in claim severity (all other things remaining equal), which is the average incurred loss per claim, our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves would be understated by $35.3 million and would result in an after tax reduction in stockholders’ equity of $22.9 million.

On a quarterly basis, we review our reserves to determine whether the expected loss emergence based on our actuarial assumptions is consistent with the actual loss emergence to date. We also perform monthly diagnostic reviews in the form of reported and paid loss ratios to date and compare to comparable historical points to detect any possible anomalous results. In the event of a result that looks materially different from our previous loss history, we would seek to determine the causes (e.g., underwriting, claims, inflation, and/or regulatory) and may adjust our reserves depending on the identified cause. For example, if the emergence of our total incurred losses were 5% greater than what our loss emergence patterns (development factors) would have predicted, we may adjust our reserves for the periods in question. In 2015, 2014 and 2013, our liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE attributable to prior accident years increased by $33.9 million, $18.6 million and $30.9 million, respectively. This was primarily driven by unfavorable loss development in our Small Commercial Business and Specialty Program segments, as well as a portion of our European casualty business in 2015. We will continue to monitor the accuracy of our loss development factors and related actuarial assumptions, as well as the adequacy of our reserves.

There is generally more uncertainty in the unearned premium reserve than in the IBNR reserve in our Specialty Risk and

Extended Warranty segment because our warranty claims are short-tailed . Claims are generally reported immediately after they occur and are closed within months of reporting. In the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment, the reserve for unearned premium is an estimate of our liability for projected future losses emanating from the unearned portion of written policies and is inherently more uncertain than the IBNR reserve. Approximately 52.6% of polices written have policy terms exceeding one year. A portion of these policies are not earned on a straight line over the contract period. Those policies are earned over the period of risk in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. As of December 31, 2015, we had unearned premium of approximately $682 million on these policies. An upward/downward movement of 5% on the entire pool of the earn out pattern for these policies would result in an increase/decrease in unearned premium of approximately $34.1 million. In 2015, we had no material changes to prior period estimates of these claim patterns. Our liability for return of unearned premium is not significant.

Additional information regarding our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses can be found in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Item 1. Business — Loss Reserves.”

Reinsurance.  We account for reinsurance premiums, losses and LAE ceded to other companies on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the reinsurance contracts. We record premiums earned and losses incurred ceded to other companies as reductions of premium revenue and losses and LAE. We account for commissions allowed by reinsurers on business ceded as ceding commission, which is a reduction of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses. Reinsurance recoverables relate to the portion of reserves and paid losses and LAE that are ceded to other companies. We remain contingently liable for all loss payments in the event of failure to collect from the reinsurer.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs.  We defer commission expenses, premium taxes and assessments as well as certain underwriting and safety costs that vary with and are primarily related to the successful acquisition of insurance policies. These acquisition costs are capitalized and charged to expense ratably as premiums are earned. We may realize deferred policy acquisition costs only if the ratio of loss and loss adjustment expense reserves (calculated on a discounted basis) to the premiums to be earned is less than 100%, as it historically has been. If, hypothetically, that ratio were to be above 100%, we could not continue to record deferred policy acquisition costs as an asset and may be required to establish a liability for a premium deficiency reserve.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Our estimates of fair value for financial assets and financial liabilities are based on the framework established in ASC 820 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. The framework is based on the inputs used in valuation and gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and requires that observable inputs be used in the valuations when available. The disclosure of fair value estimates in the ASC 820 hierarchy is based on whether the significant inputs into the valuation are observable. In determining the level of the hierarchy in which the estimate is disclosed, the highest priority is given to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs that reflect our significant market assumptions. Additionally, valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less

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liquid due to lack of market based inputs, which may increase the potential that the estimated fair value of an investment is not reflective of the price at which an actual transaction could occur. Fair values of other financial instruments approximate their carrying values. We report fixed maturity securities and equity securities classified as available-for-sale at their estimated fair values based on quoted market prices or a recognized pricing service, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax effects, reported as a separate component of comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. Equity securities classified as trading securities are stated at estimated fair market value. Gains and losses, both realized and unrealized, are included in the net realized gain or loss on investment on the consolidated statement of income. For both available-for-sale and trading securities, we determine realized gains and losses on the specific identification method.

For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, we use the quoted market prices as fair value and include these prices in the amounts disclosed in the Level 1 hierarchy. We receive the quoted market prices from nationally recognized third party pricing services (“pricing service”). When quoted market prices are unavailable, we utilize a pricing service to determine an estimate of fair value. This pricing method is used, primarily, for fixed maturities. The fair value estimates provided by the pricing service are included in the Level 2 hierarchy. If we determine that the fair value estimate provided by the pricing service does not represent fair value or if quoted market prices and an estimate from pricing services are unavailable, we produce an estimate of fair value based on dealer quotations of the bid price for recent activity in positions with the same or similar characteristics to that being valued or through consensus pricing of a pricing service. Depending on the level of observable inputs, we will then determine if the estimate is Level 2 or Level 3 hierarchy.

Fixed Maturities. We utilize a pricing service to estimate fair value measurements for all of our fixed maturities. The pricing service utilizes market quotations for fixed maturity securities that have quoted market prices in active markets. Since fixed maturities other than U.S. treasury securities generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing service prepares estimates of fair value measurements using relevant market data, benchmark curves, sector groupings and matrix pricing. The pricing service we utilize has indicated it will produce an estimate of fair value only if there is verifiable information to produce a valuation. As the fair value estimates of most fixed maturity investments are based on observable market information rather than market quotes, the estimates of fair value other than U.S. Treasury securities are included in Level 2 of the hierarchy. U.S. Treasury securities are included in the amount disclosed in Level 1 as the estimates are based on unadjusted prices. Our Level 2 investments include obligations of U.S. government agencies, municipal bonds, corporate debt securities and other mortgage backed securities.

Equity Securities. We utilize a pricing service to estimate the fair value of the majority of our available-for-sale and trading equity securities. The pricing service utilizes market quotations for equity securities that have quoted market prices in active markets and their respective quoted prices are provided as fair value. We classify the values of these equity securities as Level 1. The pricing service also provides fair value estimates for certain equity securities whose fair value is based on observable market information rather than market quotes. We classify the value of these equity securities as Level 2. We also hold certain equity securities that are issued by privately-held entities or direct equity investments that do not have an active market. We estimate the fair value of these securities primarily based on inputs such as third party broker quote, issuers' book value, market multiples, and other inputs. These equity securities are classified as Level 3 due to significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation.

Other Investments. Other investments consisted primarily of investments in private limited partnerships, real estate partnerships and annuities. Other investments accounted for approximately 1.4% of our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2015, which we believe is immaterial to our overall financial position or results of operations. We use the equity method of accounting to account for a majority of our other investments, which are typically accounted for on a three month lag basis. For the other investments reported at fair value, we estimate the fair value based on significant unobservable inputs in the valuation process. As a result, we classified the fair value estimates as Level 3 in the financial hierarchy.

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Other-than-temporary-impairment (“OTTI”). Quarterly, our Investment Committee (“Committee”) evaluates each security that has an unrealized loss as of the end of the subject reporting period for “OTTI”. We generally consider an investment to be impaired when it has been in a significant unrealized loss position (in excess of 35% of cost if the issuer has a market capitalization of under $1 billion and in excess of 25% of cost if the issuer has a market capitalization of $1 billion or more) for over 24 months. In addition, the Committee uses a set of quantitative and qualitative criteria to review our investment portfolio to evaluate the necessity of recording impairment losses for other-than-temporary declines in the fair value of our investments. The criteria the Committee primarily considers include:

• the current fair value compared to amortized cost;

• the length of time the security’s fair value has been below its amortized cost;

• specific credit issues related to the issuer such as changes in credit rating, reduction or elimination of dividends or non-payment of scheduled interest payments;

• whether management intends to sell the security and, if not, whether it is not more than likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis;

• the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer of the security, including any specific events that may affect its operations or earnings;

• the occurrence of a discrete credit event resulting in the issuer defaulting on material outstanding obligations or the issuer seeking protection under bankruptcy laws; and

• other items, including company management, media exposure, sponsors, marketing and advertising agreements, debt restructuring, regulatory changes, acquisitions and dispositions, pending litigation, distribution agreements and general industry trends.

Impairment of investment securities results in a charge to operations when a market decline below cost is deemed to be other-than-temporary. We write down investments immediately that we consider to be impaired based on the above criteria collectively.

Based on guidance in FASB ASC 320-10-65, in the event of the decline in fair value of a debt security, a holder of that security that does not intend to sell the debt security and for whom it is not more than likely than not that such holder will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, is required to separate the decline in fair value into (a) the amount representing the credit loss and (b) the amount related to other factors. The amount of total decline in fair value related to the credit loss shall be recognized in earnings as an OTTI with the amount related to other factors recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax. OTTI credit losses result in a permanent reduction of the cost basis of the underlying investment. The determination of OTTI is a subjective process, and different judgments and assumptions could affect the timing of the loss realization. During 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recorded impairment write-downs of approximately $19.2 million, $8.0 million and $2.9 million, respectively, after determining that certain of our investments were OTTI.

Life Settlements. When we become the owner of a life insurance policy, the life insurance premium for such policy is accounted for as an investment in life settlements. Investments in life settlements are accounted for in accordance with ASC 325-30, Investments in Insurance Contracts, which states that an investor shall elect to account for its investments in life settlement contracts using either the investment method or the fair value method. The election is made on an instrument-by-instrument basis and is irrevocable. We have elected to account for these investments using the fair value method.

Life Settlement Profit Commission. We retain a third party service provider to perform certain administration functions to effectively manage the life settlement contracts held by Tiger Capital, LLC and AMT Capital Holdings II S.A. and a portion of their fee is contingent on the overall profitability of the life settlement contracts. We accrue the related profit commission on life settlements at fair value, in relation to life settlements purchased prior to December 31, 2010. This profit commission is calculated based on the discounted anticipated cash flows and the provisions of the underlying contract. In addition, we accrue a best estimate in relation to profit commission due on certain life settlement contracts acquired subsequent to December 31, 2010 as no contractual relationship currently exists.

Business Combinations. We account for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting, which requires us to record assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date in our consolidated financial statements. We account for the insurance and reinsurance contracts under the acquisition method as new contracts, which requires us to record assets and liabilities at fair value. We adjust the fair value of loss and loss adjustment expense reserves by recording the acquired loss reserves based on our existing accounting policies and then discounting them based on expected reserve payout patterns using a current risk-free rate of interest. This risk free interest rate is then adjusted based on different cash flow scenarios that use different payout and ultimate reserve assumptions deemed to be

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reasonably possible based upon the inherent uncertainties present in determining the amount and timing of payment of such reserves. The difference between the acquired loss and LAE reserves and our best estimate of the fair value of such reserves at the acquisition date is recorded either as an intangible asset or an other liability, as applicable, and amortized proportionately to the decrease in the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves over the payout period for the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. We record contingent consideration at fair value based on the terms of the purchase agreement with subsequent changes in fair value recorded through earnings. The determination of fair value may require management to make significant estimates and assumptions. The purchase price is the fair value of the total consideration conveyed to the seller and we record the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the acquired net assets, where applicable, as goodwill. We assign fair values to intangible assets based on valuation techniques including the income and market approaches. We expense costs associated with the acquisition of a business in the period incurred. We include the results of operations of an acquired business in our consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets. We account for goodwill and intangible assets in accordance with ASC 820, Business Combinations and ASC 350, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other. We record an acquisition price paid that is in excess of net assets (“goodwill”) arising from a business combination as an asset, and it is not amortized. We amortize intangible assets with a finite life over the estimated useful life of the asset. We do not amortize intangible assets with an indefinite useful life. We review our finite-lived intangible assets for impairment when events or change in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such intangible assets may not be recoverable from estimated cash flows. We test goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the goodwill or intangible asset is impaired, it is written down to its realizable value with a corresponding expense reflected in the consolidated statement of operations.

Income Taxes. We file a consolidated United States ("US") income tax return for our eligible domestic subsidiaries. Our non-domestic subdivisions file income tax returns in their respective local jurisdictions. As part of the US consolidated income tax return filing, we are party to federal income tax allocation agreements amongst the includible entities. Under the tax allocation agreements, we pay to or receive from our subsidiaries the amount, if any, by which the group’s federal income tax liability was affected by virtue of inclusion of the subsidiary in the consolidated federal return.

Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of “temporary differences” between the amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts as measured by tax laws and regulations. The deferred tax asset primarily consists of book versus tax differences for premiums earned, loss and loss adjustment expense reserve discounting, policy acquisition costs, earned but unbilled premiums, and unrealized holding gains and losses on marketable equity securities. We record changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities that are associated with components of other comprehensive income, primarily unrealized investment gains and losses, directly to other comprehensive income. Otherwise, we include changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities as a component of income tax expense.

In assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that we will generate future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income in making this assessment. If necessary, we establish a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amounts that are more likely than not to be realized.

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Results of Operations

Consolidated Results of Operations

	Year End December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Gross written premium	$	6,799,537		$	6,087,965		$	4,116,911
Net written premium	$	4,260,058		$	3,956,618		$	2,565,673
Change in unearned premium	(238,331		)	(430,054		)	(299,683		)
Net earned premium	4,021,727			3,526,564			2,265,990
Service and fee income (related parties - $76,454, $58,428,and $51,545)	478,206			409,743			331,559
Net investment income	156,290			131,601			84,819
Net realized gain on investments	8,117			16,423			15,527
Total revenues	4,664,340			4,084,331			2,697,895
Loss and loss adjustment expense	2,682,208			2,342,619			1,517,361
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses (net of ceding commission - related party - $510,792; $405,071, and $276,556)	979,502			856,923			533,162
Other	466,759			436,350			291,617
Total expenses	4,128,469			3,635,892			2,342,140
Income before other income (expense), income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries	535,871			448,439			355,755
Other income (expense):
Interest expense (net of interest income - related party - $8,701; $2,601 and $-)	(48,052		)	(45,857		)	(34,691		)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(5,271		)	(9,831		)	—
Net gain on investment in life settlement contracts net of profit commission	19,844			12,306			3,800
Foreign currency gain (loss)	43,260			60,245			(6,533		)
Acquisition gain on purchase	5,826			—			48,715
Gain on sale of subsidiary	—			6,631			—
Total other income (expense)	15,607			23,494			11,291
Income before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries	551,478			471,933			367,046
Provision for income taxes	66,341			53,686			98,019
Income before equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries	485,137			418,247			269,027
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries – related party	25,385			28,351			11,566
Net income	$	510,522		$	446,598		$	280,593
Non-controlling and redeemable non-controlling interest	(6,928		)	416			1,633
Net income attributable to AmTrust Financial Services, Inc.	$	503,594		$	447,014		$	282,226
Dividends on preferred stock	(31,590		)	(12,738		)	(3,989		)
Net income attributable to AmTrust common stockholders	$	472,004		$	434,276		$	278,237
Net realized gain on investments:
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses	$	(19,155	)	$	(8,039	)	$	(2,869	)
Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income	—			—			—
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(19,155		)	(8,039		)	(2,869		)
Net realized gain on available for sale securities	15,578			21,858			18,396
Net realized gain on trading securities	11,694			2,604			—
Net realized investment gain	$	8,117		$	16,423		$	15,527

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Consolidated Results of Operations 2015 Compared to 2014

Gross Written Premium.  Gross written premium increased $711.6 million, or 11.7%, to $6,799.5 million from $6,088.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increase of $711.6 million is attributable to growth in all three of our segments, both organically and from the acquisitions of CorePointe, Springfield and Warranty Solutions. The majority of the increase in the Small Commercial Business segment was attributable to an increase in the number of workers' compensation policies issued, partially offset by the assumption of $199.7 million of non-recurring premium during the first quarter of 2014 as part of the cut through reinsurance agreement with Tower. The largest increases came from the states of California, Florida and New York. The increase in the Specialty Program segment resulted primarily from expansion of our existing programs. The majority of the increase in our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment resulted from growth in our domestic business from expansion of existing programs, which was partially offset by declines in gross written premium in our European business due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Euro and British Pound.

Net Written Premium.  Net written premium increased $303.4 million, or 7.7%, to $4,260.1 million from $3,956.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increase by segment was: Small Commercial Business — $49.7 million; Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty — $117.1 million; and Specialty Program — $136.7 million. Net written premium increased for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 2014 due to an increase in gross written premium, which was partially offset by a decrease in the retention of gross written premium to 62.7% from 65.0% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease in retention resulted primarily from an increase in business written that is covered under the Maiden Quota Share in 2015 and the assumption of non-recurring premium during the first quarter of 2014 that was not subject to the Maiden Quota Share. Additionally, the increase in net written premium was partially offset by $174 million of non-recurring unearned premium we assumed from Tower during the first quarter of 2014. Absent this assumption, net written premium would have increased approximately $477 million, or 13.1%.

Net Earned Premium.  Net earned premium increased $495.2 million, or 14.0%, to $4,021.7 million from $3,526.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increase by segment was: Small Commercial Business — $280.1 million; Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty — $72.8 million; and Specialty Program — $151.2 million. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in Personal Lines Reinsurance — $8.9 million. The increase in net earned premium resulted from the increase in gross written premium in 2015.

Service and Fee Income. Service and fee income increased $68.5 million, or 16.7%, to $478.2 million from $409.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We increased service and fee income by approximately $46.2 million from acquisitions, including Oryx, TMI and Warranty Solutions. Additionally, fees for services provided to Maiden, NGHC and ACP Re increased by approximately $17.8 million in 2015 compared to 2014.

Net Investment Income.  Net investment income increased $24.7 million, or 18.8%, to $156.3 million from $131.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increase resulted primarily from having a higher average portfolio of fixed maturity securities during 2015 compared to 2014, which was achieved by our investment of certain proceeds from stock and debt offerings in 2015 and 2014 and the acquisitions of CorePointe, Comp Options and Warranty Solutions. Additionally, our investment yields were slightly higher period over period.

Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Investments. We had net realized gains on investments of $8.1 million and $16.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease related to higher other than temporary impairment of fixed maturity securities, which were $19.2 million and $8.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses; Loss Ratio. Loss and loss adjustment expenses increased $339.6 million, or 14.5%, to $2,682.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $2,342.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Our loss ratio for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was 66.7% and 66.4%, respectively. The loss ratio remained stable for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014 as current accident year selected ultimate losses remained consistent with selected ultimate losses from prior years. During the second half of 2015, our loss ratio increased in our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment, which resulted from a revision to our ultimate losses on certain casualty lines in our European business due to an increase of our carried incurred but not reported claim reserves. The increase in the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty loss ratio was partially offset by our Small Commercial Business segment's loss ratio, which decreased as a result of improved pricing on policy issuances combined with stable claims frequency and severity. We did not have any material increases or decreases as a result of prior year loss development.

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Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses; Expense Ratio.  Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses increased $122.6 million, or 14.3%, to $979.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $856.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were reduced in each period by ceding commission primarily earned through the Maiden Quota Share, whereby we receive a ceding commission of 31% of premiums ceded for all business except retail commercial package business, for which we receive a ceding commission of 34.375% for premiums ceded. The ceding commission earned during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $526.8 million and $405.1 million, respectively. Ceding commission increased period over period as a result of increased premium writings and was reasonably consistent period over period as a percentage of ceded earned premiums. The expense ratio remained consistent at 24.3% in both 2015 and 2014.

Other. Other expenses increased $30.4 million, or 7.0%, to $466.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $436.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase resulted primarily from the expansion of our product warranty registration and claims handling services for CNH. We also incurred an additional $17.3 million of depreciation and amortization expense in 2015 compared to 2014.

Income Before Other Income (Expense), Income Taxes and Equity in Earnings of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries. Income before other income (expense), income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries increased $87.4 million, or 19.5%, to $535.9 million from $448.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The change in income from 2015 to 2014 resulted primarily from an increase in underwriting income of approximately $33 million, an increase of income from our fee based business of approximately $38 million and an increase in income from our investment portfolio of approximately $16 million.

Interest Expense.  Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $48.1 million and $45.9 million, respectively. The increase was primarily related to the issuance of $285 million of subordinated notes in 2015, partially offset by interest income of approximately $6.1 million related to our $125 million loan to ACP Re, which we entered into during the third quarter of 2014.

Net Gain on Investment in Life Settlement Contracts. We recognized a gain on investment in life settlement contracts of $19.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to a gain of $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase resulted from a higher number of maturities in 2015 than in 2014.

Acquisition Gain on Purchase. We recognized a gain on acquisition of approximately $5.8 million related to the purchase of CorePointe during 2015. We did not recognize any gains on acquisition during 2014.

Foreign Currency Gain (Loss). The foreign currency transaction gain was $43.3 million and $60.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The gains resulted from fluctuations in exchange rates related to internal reinsurance transactions between our European insurance companies and our Bermuda reinsurance company.

Provision for Income Tax. Income tax expense was $66.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, which resulted in an effective rate of 12.0%. Income tax expense was $53.7 million for the year ended 2014, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 11.4% for the year ended December 31, 2014. During 2015, our provision for income tax benefited from a return to provision adjustment during the third quarter of approximately $80 million, or 13.7%. The return to provision was driven primarily by changes in permanent transfer pricing tax adjustments. Our effective tax rate was favorably impacted for 0.4% and 19.6% during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, related to the reduction of our net deferred tax liability associated with the equalization reserves of our Luxembourg reinsurers, which was approximately $2 million and $92 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The deferred tax liabilities attributable to Luxembourg reinsurers included a valuation allowance of approximately $81 million and $0 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The valuation allowance was the result of our current inability to generate sufficient future income in Luxembourg in order to fully utilize the NOLs incurred to date. Absent the impact of the equalization reserves, our effective tax rates would have been 12.4% and 31.0% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Equity in Earnings of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries — Related Party. Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries — related party decreased by $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to $25.4 million compared to $28.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. We had equity income from NGHC of $9.6 million and $14.7 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively, related to decreases in our ownership percentages of NGHC as a result of public offerings by NGHC in 2015 and 2014. This year over year decrease was partially offset by an increase in earnings from our proportionate share of equity income from NGHC's results of operations in 2015 compared to 2014.

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Consolidated Results of Operations 2014 Compared to 2013

Gross Written Premium. Gross written premium increased $1,971.1 million, or 47.9%, to $6,088.0 million from $4,116.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The increase of $1,971.1 million was attributable to growth in all three of our segments and we grew both organically as well as from acquisitions. The increase in Small Commercial Business resulted primarily from the assumption of premium through the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement with Tower, the acquisitions of Comp Options, FNIC, Insco Dico, and Sequoia, and increases in the number of policies issued. The largest increases came from the states of California, Florida, New Jersey and New York. The increase in Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty resulted from the acquisition of AmTrust at Lloyd's in 2013 and expansion of existing programs in the U.S. The increase in Specialty Program resulted primary from growth in existing programs.

Net Written Premium. Net written premium increased $1,390.9 million, or 54.2%, to $3,956.6 million from $2,565.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The increase by segment was: Small Commercial Business — $947.1 million; Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty — $389.7 million; and Specialty Program — $120.0 million. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in Personal Lines Reinsurance — $65.8 million. Net written premium increased for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the same period in 2013 due to the increase in gross written premium in 2014 compared to 2013, and the increase in retention of gross written premium because of growth in lines of business in our Small Commercial Business segment and Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment that are not covered by the Maiden Quota Share. Our overall retention of gross written premium was 65.0% and 62.3% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively.

Net Earned Premium. Net earned premium increased $1,260.6 million, or 55.6%, to $3,526.6 million from $2,266.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The increase by segment was: Small Commercial Business — $773.0 million; Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty — $420.4 million; and Specialty Program — $158.2 million. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in Personal Lines Reinsurance — $91.1 million. The increase in net earned premium resulted from the increase in gross written premium in 2014 and the increase in retention of gross written premium to 65.0% in 2014 compared to 62.3% in 2013.

Service and Fee Income. Service and fee income increased $78.2 million, or 23.6%, to $409.7 million from $331.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment increased fees by approximately $54.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 for the administration of commercial property and casualty insurance, and from product warranty registration and claims handling services. Additionally, we had an increase of $11.0 million in fees related to a small acquisition during the second quarter of 2014. Finally, services provided to ACP Re, Maiden and NGHC also generated higher fees of approximately $6.9 million during 2014 compared to 2013.

Net Investment Income. Net investment income increased $46.8 million , or 55.2%, to $131.6 million from $84.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The increase resulted primarily from having a higher average portfolio of fixed security investment securities during 2014 compared to 2013, as a result of the acquisitions of AmTrust at Lloyd's, Insco Dico and Comp Options, the issuance of preferred stock and cash generated from operations, partially offset by lower overall yields.

Net Realized Gains (Losses) on Investments. We had net realized gains on investments of $16.4 million and $15.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We impaired approximately $8.0 million and $2.9 million of investments in 2014 and 2013, respectively, which reduced our overall gains. The increase in realized gains, excluding impairments, resulted primarily from having a larger portfolio of investments in 2014 compared to 2013.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses; Loss Ratio. Loss and loss adjustment expenses increased $825.3 million, or 54.4%, to $2,342.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $1,517.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Our loss ratio for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 was 66.4% and 67.0%, respectively. The loss ratio remained stable year over year as current accident year selected ultimate losses remained consistent with selected ultimate losses from prior years in our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty and Specialty Program segments. Current accident year selected ultimate losses were lower than selected ultimate losses from prior years in our Small Commercial Business segment. This was partially offset by premium assumed in 2014 through the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement with Tower, which had higher ultimate loss selections than our policies in similar lines of business, and having a higher percentage of earned premium from worker's compensation policies in the state of California in 2014, for which we assign a higher ultimate loss selection than for worker's compensation policies written in other states. We did not have any material increases or decreases as a result of prior year loss development.

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Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses; Expense Ratio. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses increased $323.8 million, or 60.7%, to $856.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $533.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were reduced in each period by ceding commission primarily earned through the Maiden Quota Share, whereby we receive a ceding commission of 31% of premiums ceded for all business except retail commercial package business, for which we receive a ceding commission of 34.375% for premiums ceded. The ceding commission earned during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 was $405.1 million and $276.6 million, respectively. Ceding commission increased period over period as a result of increased premium writings and was reasonably consistent period over period as a percentage of ceded earned premiums. The expense ratio increased to 24.3% in 2014 from 23.5% in 2013 , and was impacted primarily by higher policy acquisition expenses in 2014 in our Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment.

Other. Other expenses increased $144.7 million, or 49.6%, to $436.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $291.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase resulted primarily from the expansion of our business attributable to product warranty registration and claims handling services for CNH and AMTCS. Additionally, 2014 goodwill impairment related to our Luxembourg reinsurance companies increased by approximately $51.3 million compared to 2013.

Income Before Other Income (Expense), Income Taxes and Equity in Earnings of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries. Income before other income (expense), income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries increased $92.7 million, or 26.1%, to $448.4 million from $355.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The change in income from 2014 to 2013 resulted primarily from the increase in underwriting income of approximately $112 million and an increase in income from our investment portfolio of $47 million, partially offset by higher goodwill impairment in 2014.

Interest Expense. Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 was $45.9 million and $34.7 million, respectively. The increase was primarily related to interest expense on the $250 million of 6.125% notes due 2023 issued in August of 2013 and the letter of credits outstanding under our Funds at Lloyd's credit facility.

Net Gain on Investment in Life Settlement Contracts. We recognized a gain on investment in life settlement contracts of $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to a gain of $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase in the gain from the life settlement contracts resulted from a higher number of maturities in 2014 than in 2013.

Acquisition Gain on Purchase. We recognized a gain on acquisition of approximately $48.7 million related to the purchases of CCPH, FNIC and Sequoia during 2013. We did not recognize any gains on acquisition during 2014.

Provision for Income Tax. Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 was $53.7 million, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 11.4%. Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $98.0 million, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 26.7%. The majority of the decrease in the effective tax rate in 2014 related to a tax benefit attributable to the reduction of our deferred tax liability associated with the equalization reserves of our Luxembourg reinsurers, which was $92.4 million and $10.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The effect of this benefit decreased our effective rate by approximately 19.6% and 2.7% in 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Equity in Earnings of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries — Related Party. Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries — related party increased by $16.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 to $28.4 million compared to $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. A majority of the increase resulted from an increase in earnings from our proportionate share of equity income from NGHC's results of operations. Additionally, we had equity income from NGHC of $14.7 million and $8.6 million in 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to decreases in our ownership percentages of NGHC related to their public offerings in 2014 and 2013.

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Small Commercial Business Segment — Results of Operations

	Year End December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Gross written premium	$	3,320,650		$	2,999,714		$	1,659,980
Net written premium	$	1,932,100		$	1,882,383		$	935,313
Change in unearned premium	(45,220		)	(275,578		)	(101,501		)
Net earned premium	1,886,880			1,606,805			833,812
Loss and loss adjustment expense	(1,234,089		)	(1,055,521		)	(548,598		)
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses	(485,909		)	(416,965		)	(212,824		)
	(1,719,998		)	(1,472,486		)	(761,422		)
Underwriting income	$	166,882		$	134,319		$	72,390
Key Measures:
Net loss ratio	65.4		%	65.7		%	65.8		%
Net expense ratio	25.8		%	25.9		%	25.5		%
Net combined ratio	91.2		%	91.6		%	91.3		%

Small Commercial Business Segment Results of Operations 2015 Compared to 2014

Gross Written Premium. Gross written premium increased $320.9 million, or 10.7%, to $3,320.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $2,999.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The majority of the increase was attributable to an increase in the number of workers' compensation policies issued. Approximately 74% of this increase was from the states of California, Florida and New York. Additionally, the acquisition of Comp Options contributed approximately $46 million of incremental gross written premium for the year ended December 31, 2015. Absent the assumption of $199.7 million of non-recurring premium during the first three months of 2014, primarily related to our cut through reinsurance agreement with Tower, gross written premium would have increased by $520.6 million, or 17.4%.

Net Written Premium. Net written premium increased $49.7 million, or 2.6%, to $1,932.1 million from $1,882.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increase in net written premium resulted from an increase in gross written premium for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, partially offset by a decrease of our retention of gross written premium period over period caused by growth in lines of business covered by the Maiden Quota Share. Our retention of gross written premium for the segment was 58.2% and 62.8% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Additionally, the increase in net written premium was partially offset by $174 million of non-recurring unearned premium we assumed from Tower during the first quarter of 2014. Absent this assumption, net written premium would have increased approximately $224 million, or 13.1%.

Net Earned Premium. Net earned premium increased $280.1 million, or 17.4%, to $1,886.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $1,606.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. As premiums written are earned ratably over an annual period, the increase in net earned premium resulted from higher net written premium for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, and premium assumed in 2014 through the cut through reinsurance agreement with Tower, which was not subject to the Maiden Quota Share.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses; Loss Ratio. Loss and loss adjustment expenses increased $178.6 million, or 16.9%, to $1,234.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $1,055.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Our loss ratio for the segment for the year ended December 31, 2015 decreased to 65.4% from 65.7% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease in the loss ratio was the result, primarily, of lower current accident year selected ultimate losses in 2015 as compared to selected ultimate losses in 2014. The decrease in the loss ratio resulted from improved pricing on policy issuances combined with stable claims frequency and severity. We did not have any material increases or decreases as a result of prior year loss development in 2015.

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Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses; Expense Ratio. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses increased $68.9 million, or 16.5%, to $485.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $417.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were reduced by ceding commission earned during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 of $261.2 million and $197.7 million, respectively. The ceding commission increased period over period as a result of an increase in net earned premium, as the segment received a larger allocation of ceding commission for its proportionate share of our overall policy acquisition expense. The expense ratio decreased to 25.8% for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 25.9% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The slight decrease in the expense ratio related to the increase in the percentage of worker's compensation policies, which have lower policy acquisition costs, in relation to the total number of policies issued in the segment during the second half of the 2015.

Net Earned Premium Less Expenses Included in Combined Ratio (Underwriting Income). Net earned premium less expenses included in combined ratio increased to $166.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $134.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase resulted primarily from an increase in the level of earned premium during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 2014, combined with a stable combined ratio during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014.

Small Commercial Business Segment Results of Operations 2014 Compared to 2013

Gross Written Premium. Gross written premium increased $1,339.7 million, or 80.7%, to $2,999.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $1,660.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The majority of the increase, approximately $669 million, resulted from an increase in the number of policies issued as well as average policy size for both workers compensation policies and commercial package policies. Approximately 70% of this increase were from the states of California, Florida, New Jersey and New York. During 2014, we entered into the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement with Tower, which resulted in our assumption of approximately $475 million of premium. Additionally, we wrote approximately $133 million of direct written premium from the renewal of Tower's commercial lines business. We also had incremental growth in gross written premium of approximately $90 million in 2014 related to the acquisitions of Comp Options, FNIC, Insco Dico and Sequoia.

Net Written Premium. Net written premium increased $947.1 million, or 101.3%, to $1,882.4 million from $935.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , respectively. The increase in net premium resulted from an increase in gross written premium for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, as well as an increase in the retention of gross written premium period over period caused by growth in lines of business that are not covered by the Maiden Quota Share. Our retention of gross written premium for the segment was 62.8% and 56.3% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Net Earned Premium. Net earned premium increased $773.0 million, or 92.7%, to $1,606.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $833.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. As premiums written earn ratably over an annual period, the increase in net premium earned resulted from higher net written premium for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, as well as an increase in our retention of gross written premium to 62.8% in 2014 from 56.3% in 2013. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2014, we earned, in full, the $174 million of unearned premium we assumed from Tower during the first quarter of 2014 pursuant to the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement with Tower.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses; Loss Ratio. Loss and loss adjustment expenses increased $506.9 million, or 92.4%, to $1,055.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $548.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Our loss ratio for the segment for the year ended December 31, 2014 decreased to 65.7% from 65.8% for the year ended December 31, 2013. The loss ratio remained stable year over year as current accident year selected ultimate losses were lower than selected ultimate losses from prior years. This was partially offset by premium assumed in 2014 through the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement with Tower, which had higher ultimate loss selections than our policies in similar lines of business. Additionally, we wrote approximately 25.7% of the segment's gross written premium in the state of California in 2014 compared to 23.8% in 2013. We assign a higher ultimate loss selection to policies written in the state of California than for workers' compensation policies written in other states. We did not have any material increases or decreases as a result of prior year loss development.

Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses; Expense Ratio. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses increased $204.1 million, or 95.9%, to $417.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $212.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were reduced by ceding commission earned during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 of $197.7 million and $117.1 million, respectively. The ceding commission increased period over period as a result of an increase in net earned premium, as the segment received a larger allocation of ceding commission for its proportionate share of our overall policy acquisition expense. The expense ratio increased to 25.9% for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to 25.5% for the year ended December 31, 2013. The slight increase in expense ratio period over period was attributable to higher policy acquisition costs in 2014 from changes in business mix, which resulted from the assumption

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of business through the Cut Through Reinsurance Agreement, and an increase in commercial package and excess and surplus lines business, which have higher policy acquisition costs than other business we write.

Net Earned Premium Less Expenses Included in Combined Ratio (Underwriting Income). Net earned premium less expenses included in combined ratio increased to $134.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $72.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase resulted primarily from an increase in the level of earned premium during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to 2013, partially offset by higher loss and loss adjustment expenses during the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2013.

Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty Segment — Results of Operations

	Year End December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Gross written premium	$	2,158,921		$	1,983,052		$	1,511,649
Net written premium	$	1,450,817		$	1,333,747		$	944,081
Change in unearned premium	(145,781		)	(101,509		)	(132,244		)
Net earned premium	1,305,036			1,232,238			811,837
Loss and loss adjustment expense	(882,306		)	(817,780		)	(545,516		)
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses	(265,154		)	(253,794		)	(151,188		)
	(1,147,460		)	(1,071,574		)	(696,704		)
Underwriting income	$	157,576		$	160,664		$	115,133
Key measures:
Net loss ratio	67.6		%	66.4		%	67.2		%
Net expense ratio	20.3		%	20.6		%	18.6		%
Net combined ratio	87.9		%	87.0		%	85.8		%

Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty Segment Results of Operations 2015 Compared to 2014

Gross Written Premium. Gross written premium increased $175.9 million, or 8.9%, to $2,158.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $1,983.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. We experienced growth in our U.S. business from new programs, expansion of existing lines of business and the assumption of unearned premium of approximately $48 million. The segment's European business was negatively impacted by currency fluctuations of approximately $156 million. Absent the impact of currency fluctuations, gross written premium for our European business would have increased by approximately $147 million for 2015 compared to 2014 as a result of an increase in warranty and Italian medical liability business.

Net Written Premium.  Net written premium increased $117.1 million, or 8.8%, to $1,450.8 million from $1,333.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increase in net written premium resulted from an increase of gross written premium for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, as well as a consistent retention of gross written premium period over period. Our overall retention of gross written premium for the segment was 67.2% and 67.3% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Net Earned Premium.  Net earned premium increased $72.8 million, or 5.9%, to $1,305.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $1,232.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. As net written premium is earned ratably over the term of a policy, the increase in net earned premium resulted from the increase in net written premium period over period.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses; Loss Ratio. Loss and loss adjustment expense increased $64.5 million, or 7.9%, to $882.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $817.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Our loss ratio for the segment for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased to 67.6% from 66.4% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in the loss ratio for the year ended December 31, 2015 resulted primarily from increases in selected ultimate losses for our European business for current and prior accident years resulting from the increase in our carried incurred but not reported claim reserves during the second half of 2015, which was offset by declines in our domestic selected ultimate losses compared to

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selected losses in prior accident years. This increase was muted by consistent accident year selected ultimate losses compared to selected ultimate losses in prior accident years for our domestic business. We did not have any material increases or decreases as a result of prior year loss development.

Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses; Expense Ratio. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses increased $11.5 million, or 4.5%, to $265.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $253.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were reduced by ceding commission earned during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 of $142.7 million and $120.3 million, respectively. Although ceding commission increased period over period, the segment received a smaller allocation of ceding commission for its proportionate share of our overall policy acquisition expense as a result of the growth in our Small Commercial Business segment. Our expense ratio was 20.3% for the year ended December 31, 2015, which is consistent compared to 20.6% for the year ended December 31, 2014.

Net Earned Premium Less Expenses Included in Combined Ratio (Underwriting Income). Net earned premium less expenses included in combined ratio decreased to $157.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $160.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. This decrease resulted primarily from an increase in the loss ratio during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 2014, partially offset by an increase in earned premium during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014.

Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty Segment Results of Operations 2014 Compared to 2013

Gross Written Premium. Gross written premium increased $471.4 million, or 31.2%, to $1,983.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $1,511.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The majority of the increase, approximately $323 million, related to the acquisition of AmTrust at Lloyd's in 2013. Additionally, the segment experienced growth in our existing business in both the U.S. and in Europe. We also benefited from an increase in the British Pound Sterling's average exchange rate in 2014 compared to 2013, which represented approximately 7% of the increase in gross written premium.

Net Written Premium. Net written premium increased $389.7 million, or 41.3%, to $1,333.7 million from $944.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The increase in net written premium resulted from an increase of gross written premium for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, as well as a higher retention of business during 2014 compared to 2013. Our overall retention of gross written premium for the segment was 67.3% and 62.5% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, as certain new programs written during the year ended December 31, 2014 are not covered by the Maiden Quota Share.

Net Earned Premium. Net earned premium increased $420.4 million, or 51.8%, to $1,232.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $811.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. As premiums written earn ratably over the term of a policy, the increase in net premium earned resulted from growth in net written premium in 2014 and 2013. The increase related to the assumption of approximately $222 million of unearned premium from the acquisition of AmTrust at Lloyd's in 2013, which consisted primarily of specialty property and casualty business and earned at a faster rate than warranty business in this segment.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses; Loss Ratio. Loss and loss adjustment expense increased $272.3 million, or 49.9%, to $817.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $545.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Our loss ratio for the segment for the year ended December 31, 2014 decreased to 66.4% from 67.2% for the year ended December 31, 2013. The decrease in the loss ratio for the year ended December 31, 2014 resulted primarily from lower ultimate loss selections in our European casualty business and U.S. business in the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to 2013. We did not have any material increases or decreases as a result of prior year loss development.

Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses; Expense Ratio. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses increased $102.7 million, or 67.9%, to $253.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $151.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 . Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were reduced by ceding commission earned during the year ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 of $120.3 million and $83.2 million, respectively. Although ceding commission increased period over period, the segment received a smaller allocation of ceding commission for its proportionate share of our overall policy acquisition expense as a result of the growth in our Small Commercial Business segment. As a result, our expense ratio increased to 20.6% for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to 18.6% for the year ended December 31, 2013. Additionally, the increase in the expense ratio in 2014 related to higher policy acquisition costs incurred by AmTrust at Lloyd's, which was acquired at the end of 2013.

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Net Earned Premium Less Expenses Included in Combined Ratio (Underwriting Income). Net earned premium less expenses included in combined ratio increased to $160.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $115.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. This increase resulted primarily from an increase in the level of earned premium during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to 2013, partially offset by a higher expense ratio during the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2013.

Specialty Program Segment — Results of Operations

	Year End December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Gross written premium	$	1,319,966		$	1,105,199		$	879,455
Net written premium	$	877,141		$	740,488		$	620,452
Change in unearned premium	(47,330		)	(61,876		)	(100,081		)
Net earned premium	829,811			678,612			520,371
Loss and loss adjustment expense	(565,813		)	(456,422		)	(355,067		)
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses	(228,439		)	(183,541		)	(138,650		)
	(794,252		)	(639,963		)	(493,717		)
Underwriting income	$	35,559		$	38,649		$	26,654
Key measures:
Net loss ratio	68.2		%	67.3		%	68.2		%
Net expense ratio	27.5		%	27.0		%	26.6		%
Net combined ratio	95.7		%	94.3		%	94.9		%

Specialty Program Segment Results of Operations 2015 Compared to 2014

Gross Written Premium. Gross written premium increased $214.8 million, or 19.4%, to $1,320.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $1,105.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in gross written premium resulted from expansion of existing programs, including workers' compensation, commercial automobile and general liability programs.

Net Written Premium. Net written premium increased $136.7 million, or 18.5%, to $877.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $740.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in net written premium resulted from an increase of gross written premium for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, partially offset by a lower retention of gross written premium during 2015 compared to 2014. Our overall retention of gross written premium for the segment was 66.5% and 67.0% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease in the retention of gross written premium in 2015 related to an increase in business written that is covered under the Maiden Quota Share.

Net Earned Premium. Net earned premium increased $151.2 million, or 22.3%, to $829.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $678.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. As premiums written are earned ratably over an annual period, the increase in net premium earned resulted from higher net written premium for 2015 compared to 2014.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses; Loss Ratio. Loss and loss adjustment expenses increased $109.4 million, or 24.0%, to $565.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $456.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Our loss ratio for the segment for the year ended December 31, 2015 increased to 68.2% from 67.3% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in the loss ratio resulted primarily from higher current accident year selected ultimate losses as compared to selected ultimate losses in prior accident years in certain general liability programs, and was partially offset by improved pricing. We did not have any material increases or decreases as a result of prior year loss development.

Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses; Expense Ratio. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses increased $44.9 million, or 24.5%, to $228.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $183.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were reduced by ceding commission earned during the

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years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 by $123.0 million and $87.1 million, respectively. The ceding commission increased period over period as a result of an increase in net earned premium, as the segment received a larger allocation of ceding commission for its proportionate share of our overall policy acquisition expense. The expense ratio increased to 27.5% for the year ended December 31, 2015 from 27.0% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in the expense ratio during 2015 related to the increase in the percentage of business in this segment derived from our commercial automobile and general liability businesses, which have higher policy acquisition costs than other types of business in this segment.

Net Earned Premium Less Expenses Included in Combined Ratio (Underwriting Income). Net earned premium less expenses included in combined ratio were $35.6 million and $38.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The decrease of $3.1 million resulted primarily from an increase in the combined ratio in 2015 compared to 2014.

Specialty Program Segment Results of Operations 2014 Compared to 2013

Gross Written Premium. Gross written premium increased $225.7 million, or 25.7%, to $1,105.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $879.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The segment benefited primarily from the growth in existing programs, primarily in general liability and workers' compensation programs. Additionally, the segment had an increase of approximately 10% in gross written premium related to new programs.

Net Written Premium. Net written premium increased $120.0 million , or 19.3% , to $740.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $620.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase in net written premium resulted from an increase of gross written premium for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the year ended December 31, 2013, partially offset by a lower retention of gross written premium during 2014 compared to 2013. Our overall retention of gross written premium for the segment was 67.0% and 70.5% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The decrease in the retention of gross written premium in 2014 related to an increase in business covered under the Maiden Quota Share.

Net Earned Premium. Net earned premium increased $158.2 million , or 30.4% , to $678.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $520.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. As premiums written earn ratably over an annual period, the increase in net premium earned resulted from higher net written premium for 2014 compared to 2013. Additionally, increase in net earned premium was positively impacted in 2014 from the segment having 81% of its total net written premium for the year generated during the first nine months of 2014 compared to 77% in 2013.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses; Loss Ratio. Loss and loss adjustment expenses increased $101.4 million, or 28.6% , to $456.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $355.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Our loss ratio for the segment for the year ended December 31, 2014 decreased to 67.3% from 68.2% for the year ended December 31, 2013. The decrease in the loss ratio for the year ended December 31, 2014 resulted primarily from a change in business mix. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we wrote a higher percentage of workers' compensation policies, which have lower ultimate loss selections than other types of policies issued in this segment. We did not have any material increases or decreases as a result of prior year loss development.

Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses; Expense Ratio. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses increased $44.9 million, or 32.4%, to $183.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $138.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses were reduced by ceding commission earned during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 by $87.1 million and $76.3 million, respectively. Although ceding commission increased period over period, the segment received a smaller allocation of ceding commission for its proportionate share of our overall policy acquisition expense. The expense ratio increased to 27.0% for the year ended December 31, 2014 from 26.6% for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase related primarily to receiving a smaller allocation of ceding commission in 2014 compared to 2013.

Net Earned Premium Less Expenses Included in Combined Ratio (Underwriting Income). Net earned premium less expenses included in combined ratio were $38.6 million and $26.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The increase of $12.0 million resulted primarily from an increase in earned premium and by a reduction in the combined ratio in 2014 compared to 2013.

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Investment Portfolio

The first priority of our investment strategy is preservation of capital, with a secondary focus on maximizing an appropriate risk adjusted return. We expect to maintain sufficient liquidity from funds generated from operations to meet our anticipated insurance obligations and operating and capital expenditure needs, including debt service and additional payments in connection with our past producer network and renewal rights acquisitions. The excess funds will be invested in accordance with both the overall corporate investment guidelines as well as an individual subsidiary’s investment guidelines. Our investment guidelines are designed to maximize investment returns through a prudent distribution of cash and cash equivalents, fixed maturities and equity positions. Cash and cash equivalents include cash on deposit, commercial paper, pooled short-term money market funds and certificates of deposit with an original maturity of 90 days or less. Our fixed maturity securities include obligations of the U.S. Treasury or U.S. government agencies, obligations of local governments, obligations of foreign governments, obligations of U.S. and Canadian corporations, mortgages guaranteed by the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Government National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Federal Farm Credit entities, and asset-backed securities and commercial mortgage obligations. Our equity securities include common stocks of U.S. and Canadian corporations.

Our investment portfolio, which consists of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, fixed maturity securities, equity securities, and short-term investments, but excludes life settlement contracts, other investments, and equity investments, increased $1.4 billion, or 26.3%, to $7.0 billion at December 31, 2015 from $5.5 billion as of December 31, 2014. Our investment portfolio is primarily classified as available-for-sale, as defined by ASC 320, Investments — Debt and Equity Securities. This increase in our investment portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily attributable to the acquisitions of CorePointe, Springfield, and Warranty Solutions, as well as the utilization of excess cash from our debt and equity offerings during 2015. Our fixed maturity securities had a fair value of $5.4 billion and an amortized cost of $5.5 billion as of December 31, 2015. Our equity securities, including both available-for-sale and trading securities, had a fair value of $131.8 million with a cost of $136.3 million as of December 31, 2015. Securities sold but not yet purchased represent our obligations to deliver the specified security at the contracted price and thereby create a liability to purchase the security in the market at prevailing rates. We account for sales of securities under repurchase agreements as collateralized borrowing transactions and we record these sales at their contracted amounts.

Our investment portfolio, exclusive of our life settlement contracts, equity investment in unconsolidated related party subsidiaries, and other investments, is summarized in the table below by type of investment:

	December 31, 2015				December 31, 2014
	Carrying Value		Percentage of Portfolio		Carrying Value		Percentage of Portfolio
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	1,312,669	18.9	%	$	1,088,975	19.7	%
Time and short-term deposits	84,266		1.2		63,916		1.2
U.S. treasury securities	70,759		1.0		43,870		0.8
U.S. government agencies	45,558		0.7		13,538		0.2
Municipals	540,426		7.8		482,041		8.7
Foreign government	113,745		1.6		112,731		2.0
Commercial mortgage back securities	151,318		2.2		38,685		0.7
Residential mortgage back securities:
Agency backed	974,838		14.0		975,782		17.7
Non-agency backed	120,229		1.7		22,503		0.4
Collateralized loan / debt obligations	226,094		3.2		—		—
Asset-backed securities	31,837		0.5		710		—
Corporate bonds	3,158,993		45.3		2,563,414		46.6
Preferred stocks	4,989		0.1		3,506		0.1
Common stocks	126,779		1.8		104,287		1.9
	$	6,962,500	100.0	%	$	5,513,958	100.0	%

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The table below summarizes the credit quality of our fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, as rated by Standard and Poor’s.

	December 31, 2015		December 31, 2014
U.S. Treasury	1.3	%	1.0	%
AAA	12.2		6.7
AA	29.0		39.0
A	28.8		27.9
BBB, BBB+, BBB-	25.8		23.4
BB, BB+, BB-	1.9		1.6
B, B+, B-	0.1		0.1
Other	0.9		0.3
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%

The table below summarizes the average duration by type of fixed maturity as well as detailing the average yield as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:

	December 31, 2015		December 31, 2014
	Average Yield%	Average Duration in Years	Average Yield%	Average Duration in Years
U.S. treasury securities	1.73	3.9	1.95	3.9
U.S. government agencies	2.63	4.2	2.80	4.5
Foreign government	2.27	5.7	2.30	5.8
Corporate bonds	3.33	6.1	3.09	5.3
Municipal bonds	3.33	6.9	3.48	5.3
Collateralized loan / debt obligations	4.22	1.1	—	—
Mortgage and asset backed securities	3.38	4.6	3.24	4.1

As of December 31, 2015, the weighted average duration of our fixed income securities was approximately 5.6 years and had an average yield of 3.3%.

Other investments represented approximately 1.4% and 0.6% of our total investment portfolio as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. At December 31, 2015, other investments consisted primarily of real estate partnerships totaling $64.9 million, private limited partnerships totaling $21.2 million, an interest in a syndicated term loan of $6.3 million, and annuity and other investments totaling $6.7 million. At December 31, 2014, other investments consisted primarily of private limited partnerships totaling $13.3 million, an interest in a syndicated term loan of $13.0 million, and annuity and other investment of $4.9 million.

Quarterly, our Investment Committee (“Committee”) evaluates each security that has an unrealized loss as of the end of the subject reporting period for OTTI. We generally consider an investment to be impaired when it has been in a significant unrealized loss position (in excess of 35% of cost if the issuer has a market capitalization of under $1 billion and in excess of 25% of cost if the issuer has a market capitalization of $1 billion or more) for over 24 months. In addition, the Committee uses a set of quantitative and qualitative criteria to review our investment portfolio to evaluate the necessity of recording impairment losses for other-than-temporary declines in the fair value of our investments. The criteria the Committee primarily considers include:

• the current fair value compared to amortized cost;

• the length of time the security’s fair value has been below its amortized cost;

• specific credit issues related to the issuer such as changes in credit rating, reduction or elimination of dividends or non-payment of scheduled interest payments;

• whether management intends to sell the security and, if not, whether it is not more than likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis;

• the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer of the security, including any specific events that may affect its operations or earnings;

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• the occurrence of a discrete credit event resulting in the issuer defaulting on material outstanding obligations or the issuer seeking protection under bankruptcy laws; and

• other items, including company management, media exposure, sponsors, marketing and advertising agreements, debt restructuring, regulatory changes, acquisitions and dispositions, pending litigation, distribution agreements and general industry trends.

Impairment of investment securities results in a charge to operations when a market decline below cost is deemed to be other-than-temporary. We write down investments immediately that we consider to be impaired based on the above criteria collectively.

The impairment charges of our fixed-maturities and equity securities for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 are presented in the table below:

	2015		2014		2013
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Equity securities	$	1,276	$	2,646	$	2,869
Fixed maturity securities	17,879		5,393		—
	$	19,155	$	8,039	$	2,869

Additionally, we had gross unrealized losses of $143.5 million related to fixed maturity securities and $8.8 million related to marketable equity securities as of December 31, 2015, none of which we deem to be OTTI.

As of December 31, 2015, we own 2,037 purchase lots of corporate bonds in the financial institutions, industrial and other sectors, which account for approximately 25.0%, 30.3% and 2.8%, respectively, and 58.1% in the aggregate of the total fair value of our fixed maturity securities and 24.0%, 55.9% and 6.3%, respectively, and 86.2% in aggregate of the total unrealized losses of our fixed maturity securities. We believe that the unrealized losses in these securities are the result, primarily, of general economic conditions and not the condition of the issuers, which we believe are solvent and have the ability to meet their obligations. Therefore, we expect that the market price for these securities should recover within a reasonable time. Additionally, we do not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis.

Our investment in marketable equity securities classified as available-for-sale consist of investments in preferred and common stock across a wide range of sectors. We evaluated the near-term prospects for recovery of fair value in relation to the severity and duration of the impairment and have determined in each case that the probability of recovery is reasonable and we have the ability and intent to hold these investments until a recovery of fair value. We believe the gross unrealized losses of $8.8 million as of December 31, 2015 are not material to our financial position.

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The table below summarizes the gross unrealized losses of our available-for-sale fixed maturity and available-for-sale equity securities by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2015:

	Less than 12 Months						12 Months or More						Total
	Fair Market Value		Unrealized Losses			No. of Positions Held	Fair Market Value		Unrealized Losses			No. of Positions Held	Fair Market Value		Unrealized Losses
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Common and preferred stock	$	59,302	$	(8,711	)	67	$	402	$	(104	)	2	$	59,704	$	(8,815	)
U.S. treasury securities	31,658		(232		)	77	2,586		(26		)	8	34,244		(258		)
U.S. government securities	22,412		(262		)	20	182		(1		)	2	22,594		(263		)
Municipal bonds	121,550		(867		)	111	17,163		(663		)	30	138,713		(1,530		)
Foreign government	18,598		(688		)	27	5,977		(124		)	1	24,575		(812		)
Corporate bonds:
Finance	604,898		(33,068		)	349	59,020		(1,325		)	22	663,918		(34,393		)
Industrial	858,632		(65,887		)	633	82,495		(14,364		)	55	941,127		(80,251		)
Utilities	79,358		(5,305		)	113	7,712		(3,810		)	5	87,070		(9,115		)
Commercial mortgage backed securities	35,405		(1,079		)	100	2,870		(101		)	6	38,275		(1,180		)
Residential mortgage backed securities:
Agency backed	334,224		(2,788		)	163	35,446		(1,345		)	29	369,670		(4,133		)
Non-agency backed	95,001		(4,077		)	39	4,023		(62		)	4	99,024		(4,139		)
Collateralized loan / debt obligations	201,086		(6,161		)	78	—		—			—	201,086		(6,161		)
Asset-backed securities	30,302		(1,309		)	70	—		—			—	30,302		(1,309		)
	$	2,492,426	$	(130,434	)	1,847	$	217,876	$	(21,925	)	164	$	2,710,302	$	(152,359	)

There are 2,011 securities at December 31, 2015 that account for the gross unrealized loss, none of which we deem to be OTTI. Significant factors influencing our determination that unrealized losses were temporary included the magnitude of the unrealized losses in relation to each security’s cost, the nature of the investment and management’s intent not to sell these securities and it being not more likely than not that we will be required to sell these investments before anticipated recovery of fair value to our cost basis.

For further information on our investments and related performance, see Note 3. “Investments” in the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We are organized as a holding company with seventeen domestic and five international insurance company subsidiaries, as well as various other non-insurance subsidiaries. Our primary liquidity needs include payment of interest on various debt facilities, stockholder dividends and taxes. Our income is generated primarily from our insurance subsidiaries, service and fee income and investment income.

We may generate liquidity through a combination of debt or equity securities issuances, as well as financing through borrowing and sales of securities. During 2015, we issued $487 million of common stock, $182.5 million of preferred stock and $285 million of debt. In 2014, we issued $185 million of preferred stock and completed a convertible debt exchange and issuance, which resulted in cash proceeds of approximately $68 million. Additionally, the borrowing capacity under our existing revolving credit facility is $350 million, and in 2015 we amended our £235 million (or $346 million) funds at Lloyd's credit facility to increase our borrowing capacity to £300 million (or $442 million).

Our principal sources of operating funds are premiums, service and fee income, investment income and proceeds from sales and maturities of investments. Our primary uses of operating funds include payments of claims and operating expenses. Currently, we pay claims using cash flow from operations and invest our excess cash primarily in fixed maturity and equity securities. We expect that projected cash flow from operations will provide us sufficient liquidity to fund our anticipated growth, by providing

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capital to increase the surplus of our insurance subsidiaries, as well as for payment of claims and operating expenses, payment of interest and principal on our debt facilities, payment of any cash in settlement of our convertible senior notes submitted by holders for conversion, and other holding company expenses for at least the next twelve months. We anticipate net income from operations will create sufficient additional surplus at our insurance subsidiaries, which will fund our growth. However, if our growth attributable to potential acquisitions, internally generated growth or a combination of these, exceeds our projections, we may have to raise additional capital sooner to support our growth. If we cannot obtain adequate capital on favorable terms or at all, we may be unable to support future growth or operating requirements and, as a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The laws of the jurisdictions in which our insurance subsidiaries are organized regulate and restrict, under certain circumstances, their ability to pay dividends to us. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, our insurance subsidiaries would have been permitted to pay dividends in the aggregate of approximately $621.6 million and $844.0 million, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries paid dividends to us of $63.6 million, $7.4 million and $6.9 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In addition, the terms of our debt arrangements limit our ability to pay dividends on our common stock, and future borrowings may include prohibitions and restrictions on dividends. Additional information regarding our dividends is presented in “Item 1. Business — Regulation”, in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and in “Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities — Dividend Policy” appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

We forecast claim payments based on our historical trends. We seek to manage the funding of claim payments by actively managing available cash and forecasting cash flows on a short-term and long-term basis. Cash payments for claims were $1,860.4 million, $1,441.2 million, and $953.2 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Historically, we have funded claim payments from cash flow from operations (principally premiums) net of amounts ceded to our third party reinsurers. We presently expect to maintain sufficient cash flow from operations to meet our anticipated claim obligations and operating and capital expenditure needs. Our total investment portfolio has increased from $5.51 billion (excluding $31.2 million of other investments) as of December 31, 2014 to $6.96 billion (excluding $99.0 million of other investments) as of December 31, 2015. We do not anticipate selling securities in our investment portfolio to pay claims or to fund operating expenses. Should circumstances arise that would require us to do so, we may incur losses on such sales, which would adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition and could reduce investment income in future periods.

We also purchase life settlement contracts that require us to make premium payments on individual life insurance policies to maintain the policies. We seek to manage the funding of premium payments required. Historically, we have funded these premium payments from operations. We presently expect to maintain sufficient cash flow from operations to meet future premium payments.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

Net cash provided by operating activities was approximately $990.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to $1,142.5 million for the same period in 2014. The decrease in cash provided from operations from 2014 to 2015 resulted primarily from a reduction in deferred tax liabilities and increase in other assets in 2015 compared to 2014.

Net cash used in investing activities was $1,727.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Net cash used in investing activities was $1,038.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. In 2015, net cash used in investing activities primarily included approximately $1,184 million for the net purchase of fixed maturity and equity securities, approximately $242 million for acquisitions, approximately $168 million for capital expenditures and approximately $195 million for an increase of restricted cash, partially offset by the receipt of approximately $102 million from life settlement contract payouts. In 2014, net cash used in investing activities primarily included approximately $736 million for the net purchase of fixed maturity and equity securities, $125 million for a loan to ACP Re, approximately $81 million for acquisitions, approximately $25 million for the acquisition of life settlement contracts, approximately $77 million for capital expenditures and approximately $85 million for an increase of restricted cash, partially offset by the receipt of approximately $10 million from life settlement contract payouts and $20 million from the sale of a subsidiary.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $781.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to net cash used in financing activities in 2014 of $15.1 million. In 2015, we received proceeds of $487 million and $177 million from the issuance of common stock and preferred stock, respectively, and $285 million from the issuance of subordinated debt, which was partially offset by payments of $117 million for common and preferred stock dividends and $62 million for the settlement of convertible debt. In 2014, we paid approximately $293 million to settle repurchase agreements, approximately $68 million for preferred and common share dividends and approximately $59 million for share repurchases, which was partially offset by proceeds received of approximately $99 million and $179 million from the issuance of notes and preferred shares, respectively, as well as $120 million from borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Additionally, we received approximately $18 million from non-controlling interest capital contributions to our subsidiaries.

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Credit Sources

Credit Facilities

$350 million credit facility

Our five-year, $350 million credit facility is a revolving credit facility with a letter of credit sublimit of $175 million and an expansion feature of not more than an additional $150 million. In September 2014, we replaced our $200 million credit facility with this current facility. As of December 31, 2015, we had outstanding borrowings of $130 million and outstanding letters of credit of $117.8 million, which reduced the availability for letters of credit to $57.2 million, and the total aggregate availability under the facility to $102.2 million.

Borrowings under this facility bear interest at either the Alternate Base Rate or the LIBO rate. Borrowings bearing interest at a rate determined by reference to the Alternate Base Rate bear interest at (x) the greatest of (a) the administrative agent’s prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.5%, or (c) the adjusted LIBO rate for a one-month interest period on such day plus 1.0%, plus (y) a margin ranging from 0.125% to 0.625%, adjusted on the basis of our consolidated leverage ratio. Eurodollar borrowings bear interest at the adjusted LIBO rate for the interest period in effect plus a margin ranging from 1.125% to 1.625%, adjusted on the basis of our consolidated leverage ratio.

Fees payable under this facility include a letter of credit participation fee (equal to the margin applicable to Eurodollar borrowings), a letter of credit fronting fee with respect to each letter of credit (0.125%) and a commitment fee on the available commitments of the lenders (a range based on our consolidated leverage ratio, which was greater than or equal to 25% but less than 30%, resulting in a commitment fee rate of 0.200%).

Interest expense, including amortization of the deferred origination costs and fees associated with letters of credit, was approximately $3.7 million, $1.7 million, and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Funds at Lloyd's facility

We use this £300 million (or $442.1 million) letter of credit facility to support our capacity at Lloyd’s as a member and/or reinsurer of Syndicates 2526, 1206 and 44 for the 2015 underwriting year of account, as well as prior open years of account. The facility is 35% secured by a pledge of a collateral account.

Fees payable under this letter of credit facility include a letter of credit issuance fee payable on the secured portion of the letters of credit at the rate of 0.50% and on the unsecured portion of the letters of credit determined based on AII’s then-current financial strength rating issued by A.M. Best. As of December 31, 2015, the applicable letter of credit fee rate on the unsecured portion was 1.15% based on AII’s A.M. Best financial strength rating of “A”. We also pay a commitment fee of 0.35% per year on the aggregate unutilized and uncanceled amount of the facility, and a facility fee upon closing of 0.15% of the total aggregate commitment.

As of December 31, 2015, we had outstanding letters of credit of £295.4 million (or $435.3 million) in place under this letter of credit facility. The aggregate unutilized amount under the facility was £4.6 million (or $6.8 million) as of December 31, 2015. We recorded total interest expense of $3.4 million and $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Other Letter of Credit Facilities

We, through one of our subsidiaries, have a secured letter of credit facility with Comerica Bank that we utilize to comply with the deposit requirements of the State of California and the U.S. Department of Labor as security for our obligations to workers’ compensation and federal Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act policyholders. The credit limit is for $75 million, of which $48.5 million was utilized as of December 31, 2015. We are required to pay a letter of credit participation fee for each letter of credit in the amount of 0.40%. In addition, we, through certain subsidiaries, have additional existing stand-by letters of credit with various lenders in the amount of $1.8 million as of December 31, 2015.

For further information on these credit facilities, including applicable restrictive covenants and events of default, see Note 12. “Debt” in the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

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Outstanding Notes

Convertible Debt

We have an outstanding principal balance of $213.2 million of Convertible Senior Notes due 2044 (“2044 Notes”), with a carrying value of $163.1 million, that bear interest at a rate equal to 2.75% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 15th and December 15th of each year. Interest expense recognized on the 2044 Notes was $12.2 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Additionally, we have an outstanding principal balance of $6.0 million of Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (“2021 Notes”), with a carrying value of $5.2 million, that bear interest at a rate equal to 5.5% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on June 15th and December 15th of each year. Interest expense recognized on the 2021 Notes was $0.8 million, $13.9 million, and $14.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. For further information on the 2044 Notes and the 2021 Notes, including contingent interest on the 2044 Notes, conversion triggers, redemption and repurchase features and the exchange of 2021 Notes for 2044 Notes, see Note 12. “Debt” in the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

6.125% Notes due 2023

We have outstanding $250 million aggregate principal amount of our 6.125% notes due 2023 that bear interest at a rate equal to 6.125% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on February 15th and August 15th of each year. The interest rate will increase by 0.50% per year if our consolidated leverage ratio exceeds 30% and will increase an additional 1.00% per year (for an aggregate increase of 1.50% per year) if our consolidated leverage ratio exceeds 35%. As of December 31, 2015, the consolidated leverage ratio was less than 30%. Interest expense recognized on these notes was approximately $15.6 million, $15.6 million and $5.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. For further information on these notes, including restrictive covenants and events of default, see Note 12. “Debt” in the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

7.25% Subordinated Notes due 2055

We have outstanding $150 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.25% subordinated notes due 2055 (the "7.25% 2055 Notes") that bear interest at a rate equal to 7.25% per year, payable quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing on September 15, 2015. The 7.25% 2055 Notes mature on June 15, 2055. We have the right to redeem the 7.25% 2055 Notes, in whole or in part, on June 18, 2020, or on any interest payment date thereafter, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of redemption. The 7.25% 2055 Notes are our subordinated unsecured obligations and are structurally subordinated to all our existing and future indebtedness, liabilities and other obligations of our subsidiaries. Interest expense, including amortization of deferred origination costs, recognized on the 7.25% 2055 Notes was $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. For further information on the 7.25% 2055 Notes, see Note 12. "Debt" in the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

7.50% Subordinated Notes due 2055

We have outstanding $135 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.50% subordinated notes due 2055 (the "7.50% 2055 Notes") that bear interest at a rate equal to 7.50% per year, payable quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing December 15, 2015. The 7.50% 2055 Notes mature on September 15, 2055. We have the right to redeem the 7.50% 2055 Notes, in whole or in part, on September 16, 2020, or on any interest payment date thereafter, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 7.50% 2055 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of redemption. The 7.50% 2055 Notes are our subordinated unsecured obligations and are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness, liabilities and other obligations of our subsidiaries. Interest expense, including amortization of deferred origination costs, recognized on the 7.50% 2055 Notes was $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. For further information on the 7.50% 2055 Notes, see Note 12. "Debt" in the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

2035-2037 Notes

We have outstanding $124 million aggregate principal amount of our four junior subordinated debenture notes ("2035-2037 Notes"). These debenture notes, maturing between 2035 and 2037, were issued by us using the proceeds from issuing trust preferred securities in connection with establishing four special purpose trusts. The debentures require interest-only payments to be made on a quarterly basis, with principal due at maturity. The debentures contain covenants that restrict declaration of dividends on our common stock under certain circumstances, including default of payment. We recognized interest expense, including amortization

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of deferred origination costs, of approximately $7 million, $8 million and $8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to these trust preferred securities. For further information on the 2035-2037 Notes, see Note 12. "Debt" in the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Short-term borrowings

During the last three years, we did not engage in short-term borrowings to fund our operations. As discussed above, our insurance subsidiaries create liquidity by collecting and investing insurance premiums in advance of paying claims. Details about our investment portfolio can be found under “— Investment Portfolio” appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Other Material Changes in Financial Position

	December 31,
	2015		2014
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Selected Assets:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	5,433,797	$	4,253,274
Reinsurance recoverable, net	3,008,670		2,440,627
Other assets	1,418,677		1,094,943
Selected Liabilities:
Loss and loss expense reserves	$	7,208,367	$	5,664,205
Unearned premium	4,014,728		3,447,203
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	901,112		795,877
Debt	1,009,969		757,871

In 2015, fixed maturities increased $1,180.5 million and resulted primarily from utilizing cash from common and preferred stock offerings, debt issuances and operations along with acquisitions. The increase in reinsurance recoverable is directly related to the increase in loss and loss expense reserves. Other assets increased $323.7 million and resulted from increases in deferred tax assets and tax receivable along with continued expansion of our fee business.

Loss and loss expense reserves increased $1,544.2 million and unearned premium increased $567.5 million in 2015 due primarily to higher premium writings in 2015 compared to 2014 as well as assumed amounts from acquisitions in 2015. Accrued expenses and other liabilities increased $105.2 million primarily from acquisitions and increases in premium taxes, assessments and surcharges payable related to growth in premiums. Debt increased by $252.1 million in 2015 primarily as a result of the issuance of $285 million of subordinated notes.

Reinsurance

We structure our reinsurance programs by analyzing our tolerance for risk in each line of business and on an overall consolidated basis, based on a number of factors, including market conditions, pricing, competition and the inherent risks associated with each business type. We generally purchase reinsurance to reduce our net liability on individual risks and to protect against catastrophe losses and volatility. We retain underwriting risk in certain lines of business in order to capture a greater proportion of expected underwriting profits. We have chosen not to purchase any reinsurance on businesses where volatility or catastrophe risks are considered remote and policy limits are within our risk tolerance.

We may purchase reinsurance on a proportional basis to cover loss frequency, individual risk severity and catastrophe exposure. We may also purchase reinsurance on an excess of loss basis to cover individual risk severity and catastrophe exposure. Additionally, we may obtain facultative reinsurance protection on a single risk. The type and amount of reinsurance we purchase varies year to year based on our risk assessment, our desired retention levels based on profitability and other considerations, along with the market availability of quality reinsurance at prices we consider acceptable. Our reinsurance programs renew throughout the year, and the price changes in recent years have not been material to our net underwriting results. Our reinsurance generally does not cover war or nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological terrorism risks.

In our proportional reinsurance programs, we generally receive a commission on the premium ceded to reinsurers. This “ceding commission” compensates our insurance companies for the direct costs associated with production of the business, the servicing of the business during the term of the policies ceded, and the costs associated with placement of reinsurance that benefits the

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proportional programs. In addition, certain of our reinsurance treaties allow us to share in any net profits generated under such treaties with the reinsurers. Various reinsurance brokers may arrange for the placement of this reinsurance coverage on our behalf and are compensated, directly or indirectly, by the reinsurers. We also place reinsurance with direct reinsurance markets and enter reinsurance relationships with third-party captives formed by agents and other business partners as a mechanism for sharing risk and profit. In order to reduce our exposure to reinsurance credit risk, we evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and place our reinsurance with a diverse group of companies and syndicates that we believe to be financially sound. We carefully monitor the credit quality of our reinsurers when we place new and renewal reinsurance, as well as on an ongoing, current basis. We use objective criteria to select and retain our reinsurers, including requiring minimum surplus of $500 million and a financial strength rating of “A-” or better from A.M. Best or Standard & Poor's Corporation. We approve exceptions to these criteria when warranted.

We monitor our financial exposure to the reinsurance market and take necessary actions in an attempt to mitigate our exposure to possible loss. We limit our liquidity exposure for uncollected recoverables by holding funds, letters of credit or other security, with the result that net balances due from reinsurers are significantly less than the gross balances shown in our consolidated balance sheets. We monitor the collectability of our reinsurance recoverables and record a reserve for uncollectible reinsurance when we determine an amount is potentially uncollectible. Our evaluation is based on our periodic reviews of our disputed and aged recoverables, as well as our assessment of recoverables due from reinsurers known to be in financial difficulty. In some cases, we make estimates as to what portion of a recoverable may be uncollectible. Our estimates and judgment about the collectability of the recoverables and the financial condition of reinsurers can change, and these changes can affect the level of reserve required.

The following table summarizes the top ten reinsurers that account for approximately 83% of our reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2015:

Reinsurer	A.M. Best Rating	Amount Recoverable as of December 31, 2015
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Maiden Reinsurance Ltd.	A-	$	1,967,105
National Workers’ Compensation Reinsurance Pool (NWCRP)(1)	NR	271,545
Hannover Ruckversicherungs AG	A+	47,170
Twin Bridges Ltd.(2)	NR	46,016
American Home Assurance Company	Au	45,600
Midwest Employers Casualty Company	A+	35,641
Motors Insurance Corporation	B++	25,155
Trinity Universal Insurance Company(3)	A-	24,164
CornerStone Re	NR	19,978
Swiss Reinsurance America Corporation	A+	19,715

(1) As per the NWCRP Articles of Agreement, reinsurance is provided through a 100% quota share reinsurance agreement entered into among the servicing carrier (TIC) and the participating companies (all carriers writing in the state) pursuant to the Articles of Agreement.

(2) At the time of the Majestic loss portfolio transfer, this entity was a reinsurer of Majestic. We currently hold collateral of approximately $29.3 million in a trust account related to cessions for Twin Bridges, as well as approximately $19.3 million of funds held.

(3) Amount recoverable from Trinity Universal is the result of the UBI acquisition. Prior to our acquisition, MCIC, SNIC, AICK and ALIC ceded all of their net retention to Trinity Universal.

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Reinsurance Programs and Retentions

The following tables provide a summary of our primary treaty reinsurance programs as of December 31, 2015 for the United States and internationally:

	2015 Domestic Reinsurance Programs
Type of Reinsurance	Retention		Event Protection		Coverage
Workers’ Compensation, Excess of Loss	$	10,000,000	$	570,000,000	100% of $560,000,000
Property, Quota Share	$	18,000,000	$	20,000,000	10% of $20,000,000
Property, Per Risk Excess of Loss	$	2,000,000	$	30,000,000	97% of $28,000,000
Property, Occurrence Excess of loss	$	20,000,000	$	485,000,000	100% of $465,000,000
Surety, Excess of Loss	$	500,000	$	20,000,000	70% of $19,500,000
Casualty/Professional, Excess of Loss	$	2,500,000	$	40,000,000	92% of $38,500,000
Umbrella, Quota Share	$	1,500,000	$	10,000,000	100% of $8,500,000
Equipment Breakdown, Quota Share	$	—	$	100,000,000	100% of $100,000,000

	2015 International Reinsurance Programs
Type of Reinsurance	Retention		Event Protection		Coverage
Property, Per Risk Excess of Loss (AEL)	$	800,000	$	4,800,000	100% of $4,000,000
Property, Occurrence Excess of Loss	$	7,500,000	$	160,000,000	100% of $152,500,000
Property, Per Risk Excess of Loss (ATL)	$	800,000	$	4,800,000	100% of $4,000,000
Surety, Excess of Loss and Quota Share	$	4,500,000	$	45,000,000	100% of $41,500,000
Casualty, Excess of Loss	$	3,000,000	$	20,000,000	100% of $17,000,000
Latent Defect, Excess of Loss	$	3,200,000	$	40,000,000	100% of $36,800,000
Accident and Health, Excess of Loss	$	800,000	$	32,000,000	100% of $31,200,000
Car Care, Excess of Loss	$	1,000,000	$	105,000,000	97.5% of $104,000,000
Medical Malpractice, Quota Share	$	6,600,000	$	11,000,000	40% of $11,000,000
Personal Accident, Excess of Loss	$	2,000,000	$	50,000,000	100% of $48,000,000
Pecuniary Risks	$	5,000,000	$	35,000,000	100% of $30,000,000

If we incur catastrophe losses and loss settlement expenses that exceed the coverage limits of our reinsurance program, many of our property catastrophe programs have built in a fixed number of reinstatement of limits. For example, if we incur a property catastrophe loss, we are required to pay the reinsurers a reinstatement premium equal to the percentage of the limit exhausted by the loss, multiplied by the amount of the original reinsurance premium.

Maiden Quota Share

In 2007, we entered into a master agreement with Maiden, as amended, by which our Bermuda subsidiary, AII, and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. ("Maiden Reinsurance"), formerly known as Maiden Insurance Company, Ltd., entered into a quota share reinsurance agreement (the “Maiden Quota Share”), as amended. Under this agreement, AII retrocedes to Maiden Reinsurance an amount equal to 40% of the premium written by our U.S., Irish and U.K. insurance companies (the “AmTrust Ceding Insurers”), net of the cost of unaffiliated inuring reinsurance (and in the case of the our U.K. insurance subsidiary, AEL, net of commissions). AII also retrocedes 40% of losses. Certain business that we commenced writing after the effective date, including our European medical liability business included in the table above, business assumed from Tower pursuant to the cut through reinsurance agreement, and risks, other than workers’ compensation risks and certain business written by our Irish subsidiary, AmTrust International Underwriters Limited (“AIU”), for which the AmTrust Ceding Insurers’ net retention exceeds $5 million is not ceded to Maiden Reinsurance under the Maiden Quota Share (ceded business defined as “Covered Business”).

AII receives a ceding commission of 31% of ceded written premiums with respect to all Covered Business other than retail commercial package business, for which the ceding commission remains 34.375%. With regards to the Specialty Program portion of Covered Business only, we will be responsible for ultimate net loss otherwise recoverable from Maiden Reinsurance to the extent that the loss ratio to Maiden Reinsurance, which will be determined on an inception to date basis from July 1, 2007 through the date of calculation, is between 81.5% and 95% (the “Specialty Program Loss Corridor”). For purposes of determining whether

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the loss ratio falls within the Specialty Program Loss Corridor, workers’ compensation business written in our Specialty Program segment from July 1, 2007 through December 31, 2012 is excluded from the loss ratio calculation.

The Maiden Quota Share was renewed through June 30, 2019 and will automatically renew for successive three-year terms unless either AII or Maiden Reinsurance notifies the other of its election not to renew not less than nine months prior to the end of any such three-year term. In addition, either party is entitled to terminate on thirty days’ notice or less upon the occurrence of certain early termination events, which include a default in payment, insolvency, change in control of AII or Maiden Reinsurance, run-off, or a reduction of 50% or more of the stockholders’ equity of Maiden Reinsurance or the combined stockholders’ equity of AII and the AmTrust Ceding Insurers.

AII and Maiden Reinsurance entered into an agreement to commute certain ceded loss reserves and unearned premium as of September 30, 2015 for an agreed consideration of approximately $107,000 for certain lines of business. As a result of this agreement, these lines of business will be excluded from future cessions to Maiden.

We recorded approximately $510.8 million, $405.1 million and $276.6 million of ceding commission during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, as a result of the Maiden Quota Share.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table sets forth certain of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015:

	Payment Due by Period
	Total		Less than 1 Year		1 – 3 Years		3 – 5 Years		More than 5 Years
	(Amounts in Thousands)
Loss and loss adjustment expenses(1)	$	7,208,367	$	552,063	$	4,809,303	$	1,065,485	$	781,516
Loss-based insurance assessments(2)	46,992		—		46,992		—		—
Operating lease obligations	91,909		19,926		31,359		22,455		18,169
Purchase obligations(3)	77,457		25,553		41,083		7,741		3,080
Employment agreement obligations	19,860		12,378		7,257		225		—
Life insurance policy premiums related to life settlement contracts and premium finance loans(4)	716,070		54,540		94,411		80,012		487,107
Debt and interest(5)	2,523,126		60,796		123,657		402,698		1,935,975
Total	$	10,683,781	$	725,256	$	5,154,062	$	1,578,616	$	3,225,847

(1) The loss and loss adjustment expense payments due by period in the table above are based upon the loss and loss adjustment expense estimates as of December 31, 2015 and actuarial estimates of expected payout patterns and are not contractual liabilities as to a time certain. Our contractual liability is to provide benefits under the policy. As a result, our calculation of loss and loss adjustment expense payments due by period is subject to the same uncertainties associated with determining the level of loss and loss adjustment expenses generally and to the additional uncertainties arising from the difficulty of predicting when claims (including claims that have not yet been reported to us) will be paid. For a discussion of our loss and loss adjustment expense estimate process, see “Item 1. Business — Loss Reserves.” Actual payments of loss and loss adjustment expenses by period will vary, perhaps materially, from the table above to the extent that current estimates of loss and loss adjustment expenses vary from actual ultimate claims amounts and as a result of variations between expected and actual payout patterns. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — Our loss reserves are based on estimates and may be inadequate to cover our actual losses” for a discussion of the uncertainties associated with estimating loss and loss adjustment expenses.

(2) We are subject to various annual assessments imposed by certain of the states in which we write insurance policies. These assessments are generally based upon the amount of premiums written or losses paid during the applicable year. Assessments based on premiums are generally paid within one year after the calendar year in which the policies are written, while assessments based on losses are generally paid within one year after the loss is paid. When we establish a reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses for a reported claim, we accrue

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our obligation to pay any applicable assessments. If settlement of the claim is to be paid out over more than one year, our obligation to pay any related loss-based assessments extends for the same period of time. Because our reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses are based on estimates, our accruals for loss-based insurance assessments are also based on estimates. Actual payments of loss and loss adjustment expenses may differ, perhaps materially, from our reserves. Accordingly, our actual loss-based insurance assessments may vary, perhaps materially, from our accruals.

(3) We are required by certain purchase agreements to pay the seller in the future based on the passage of time, volume of premium writings or a profitability metric. Also, we may be required by the terms of certain purchase agreements to pay the seller an annual minimum override payment based on a contractually defined formula. The amount payable to the seller under these agreements could be materially higher if the premiums produced generate a higher payment than the calculated minimum payment. We are required by certain agreements to pay fees based on profitability of certain subsidiary companies.

(4) We currently own 255life settlement contracts with a carrying value of $264.0 million. In order for us to derive the economic benefit of the face value of the policies, we are required to make these premium payments. The contractual obligations are on a consolidated basis. As we have a 50% ownership interest in these life insurance policies and premium finance loans, NGHC has an obligation for 50% of the above contractual obligations.

(5) The interest related to the debt by period is as follows: $53.6 million — less than 1 year, $106.6 million  — 1 – 3 years, $100.1 million — 3 – 5 years and $1,012.9 million — more than 5 years. In addition, included within debt and interest is $168 million related to the Maiden collateral loan and $6.5 million of associated interest.

Inflation

We establish property and casualty insurance premiums before we know the amount of losses and loss adjustment expenses or the extent to which inflation may affect such amounts. We attempt to anticipate the potential impact of inflation in establishing our reserves, especially as it relates to medical and hospital rates where historical inflation rates have exceeded the general level of inflation. Inflation in excess of the levels we have assumed could cause loss and loss adjustment expenses to be higher than we anticipated, which would require us to increase reserves and reduce earnings. Fluctuations in rates of inflation also influence interest rates, which in turn impact the market value of our investment portfolio and yields on new investments. Operating expenses, including salaries and benefits, generally are impacted by inflation.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market Risk.  Market risk is the risk of potential economic loss principally arising from adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. The major components of market risk affecting us are interest rate risk and equity price risk.

Interest Rate Risk.  We had fixed maturity securities (excluding $84.3 million of time and short-term deposits) with a fair value of $5.4 billion and amortized cost of $5.5 billion as of December 31, 2015 that are subject to interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that we may incur losses due to adverse changes in interest rates. Fluctuations in interest rates have a direct impact on the market valuation of our fixed maturity securities. We manage our exposure to interest rate risk through a disciplined asset and liability matching and capital management process. In the management of this risk, the characteristics of duration, credit and variability of cash flows are critical elements. These risks are assessed regularly and balanced within the context of our liability and capital position.

The table below summarizes the interest rate risk associated with our fixed maturity securities by illustrating the sensitivity of the fair value and carrying value of our fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2015 to selected hypothetical changes in interest rates, and the associated impact on our stockholders’ equity. We anticipate that we will continue to meet our obligations out of income. We classify our fixed securities and equity securities primarily as available-for-sale. Temporary changes in the fair value of our fixed maturity securities impact the carrying value of these securities and are reported in our stockholders’ equity as a component of other comprehensive income, net of deferred taxes.

The selected scenarios in the table below are not predictions of future events, but rather are intended to illustrate the effect such events may have on the fair value and carrying value of our fixed maturity securities and on our stockholders’ equity, each as of December 31, 2015.

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Hypothetical Change in Interest Rates	Fair Value		Estimated Change in Fair Value			Hypothetical Percentage Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders’ Equity
	(Amounts in Thousands)
200 basis point increase	$	4,893,759	$	(540,038	)	(11.4	)%
100 basis point increase	5,152,494		(281,303		)	(5.9	)%
No change	5,433,797		—			—
100 basis point decrease	5,721,889		288,092			6.1	%
200 basis point decrease	6,027,258		593,461			12.5	%

Changes in interest rates would affect the fair market value of our fixed rate debt obligations but would not have an impact on our earnings or cash flow. We currently have $1,177.9 million of debt instruments (including a $168.0 million Maiden collateral loan) of which $821.9 million are fixed rate debt instruments. A fluctuation of 100 basis points in interest on our variable rate debt instruments, which are tied to LIBOR, would affect our earnings and cash flows by $3.6 million before income tax, on an annual basis, but would not affect the fair market value of the variable rate debt. Additionally, our variable rate debt is effectively converted to a fixed rate through the use of an interest rate swap agreements.

Liquidity Risk.  Liquidity risk represents our potential inability to meet all payment obligations when they become due and the risk stemming from the lack of marketability of an investment security that cannot be bought or sold quickly enough to realize cash. We maintain sufficient cash and highly rated marketable securities, including U.S. Treasuries, to fund claim payments and operations. Additionally, we maintain two line of credit facilities and have the ability to enter into repurchase agreements as additional sources of liquidity. We purchase reinsurance coverage to mitigate the risk of an unexpected rise in claims severity or frequency from catastrophic events or a single large loss. The availability, amount and cost of reinsurance depend on market conditions and may vary significantly.

Credit Risk.  Credit risk is the potential loss arising principally from adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuers of our fixed maturity securities and the financial condition of our third party reinsurers. Additionally, we have counter-party credit risk with our repurchase agreement counter-parties and interest rate swap counter-parties.

We address the credit risk related to the issuers of our fixed maturity securities by investing primarily in fixed maturity securities that are rated “BBB-” or higher by Standard & Poor’s. We also independently monitor the financial condition of all issuers of our fixed maturity securities. To limit our risk exposure, we employ diversification policies that limit the credit exposure to any single issuer or business sector.

We are subject to credit risk with respect to our third party reinsurers. Although our third party reinsurers are obligated to reimburse us to the extent we cede risk to them, we are ultimately liable to our policyholders on all risks we have ceded. As a result, reinsurance contracts do not limit our ultimate obligations to pay claims covered under the insurance policies we issue and we might not collect amounts recoverable from our reinsurers. We address this credit risk by selecting reinsurers which have an A.M. Best rating of “A-” (Excellent) or better at the time we enter into the agreement and by performing, along with our reinsurance broker, periodic credit reviews of our reinsurers. If one of our reinsurers suffers a credit downgrade, we may consider various options to lessen the risk of asset impairment, including commutation, novation and letters of credit. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Reinsurance.”

Counter-party credit risk with our repurchase agreement counter-parties is mitigated by obtaining collateral. We obtain collateral in the amount of 110% of the value of the securities we have sold with agreement to repurchase. Additionally, repurchase agreements are only transacted with pre-approved counter-parties.

Foreign Currency Risk.  We write insurance in the United Kingdom and certain other European Union member countries through several of our foreign insurance subsidiaries. While the functional currencies of these subsidiaries are the Euro and British Pound, we write coverages that are settled in local currencies, including, primarily, the Euro and British Pound. We attempt to maintain sufficient local currency assets on deposit to minimize our exposure to realized currency losses. Assuming a 5% increase in the exchange rate of the local currency in which the claims will be paid and that we do not hold that local currency, we would recognize approximately $93.8 million in before tax realized currency loss based on our outstanding foreign denominated reserves of approximately $1,875.7 million at December 31, 2015.

Equity Price Risk.  Equity price risk is the risk that we may incur losses due to adverse changes in the market prices of the equity securities we hold in our investment portfolio, which include common stocks, non-redeemable preferred stocks and master

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limited partnerships. We classify our portfolio of equity securities either as available-for-sale or trading and carry these securities on our balance sheet at fair value. Accordingly, adverse changes in the market prices of our equity securities result in a decrease in the value of our total assets and a decrease in our stockholders’ equity. As of December 31, 2015, the equity securities in our investment portfolio had a fair value of $131.8 million, representing approximately 1.9% of our total invested assets on that date.

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The table below illustrates the impact on our equity portfolio and financial position given a hypothetical movement in the broader equity markets. The selected scenarios in the table below are not predictions of future events, but rather are intended to illustrate the effect such events may have on the carrying value of our equity portfolio and on stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2015.

Hypothetical Change in S&P 500 Index	Fair Value		Estimated Change in Fair Value			Hypothetical Percentage Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders’ Equity
	(Amounts in Thousands)
25% increase	$	164,710	$	32,942		0.7	%
No change	131,768		—			—
25% decrease	98,826		(32,942		)	(0.7	)

Off Balance Sheet Risk.  We do not have off balance sheet risk as of December 31, 2015.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The financial statements and financial statement schedules listed in the accompanying Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules at page F-1 are filed as part of this report.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

N/A.

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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with participation and under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") have concluded that, as of the end of such period, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is timely recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Management Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We, as management of the Company, are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

• Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;

• Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and

• Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management has evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the control criteria established in a report entitled Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on such evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2015. Management excluded from its design and assessment of internal control over financial reporting the internal controls for Warranty Solutions, TMI Solutions, LLC, CorePointe Insurance Company and Springfield Insurance Company and its affiliates, which were acquired during 2015, and which are included in the consolidated balance sheet of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. as of December 31, 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the year then ended. The aforementioned companies constituted approximately 4.6% of total assets as of December 31, 2015, and approximately 1.1% of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015. Management did not assess the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of the acquired entities because of the timing of the acquisitions that were completed at various dates in 2015. Companies are allowed to exclude acquisitions from their assessment of internal control over financial reporting during the first year of an acquisition while integrating the acquired company under guidelines established by the SEC. Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 has been audited by BDO USA, LLP, our external auditors, who also audited our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015. As stated in their report, BDO expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

AmTrust Financial Services, Inc.

New York, New York

We have audited AmTrust Financial Services, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). AmTrust Financial Services, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

As indicated in the accompanying “Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting”, management’s assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Warranty Solutions, TMI Solutions, LLC, CorePointe Insurance Company and Springfield Insurance Company and its affiliates, which were acquired during 2015, and which are included in the consolidated balance sheet of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. as of December 31, 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended.  The aforementioned companies constituted approximately 4.6% of total assets as of December 31, 2015, and approximately 1.1% of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015. Management did not assess the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of the acquired entities because of the timing of the acquisitions that were completed at various dates in 2015.  Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of aforementioned companies.

In our opinion, AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 and our report dated February 29, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

New York, New York

February 29, 2016

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Item 9B. Other Information

None.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by Item 10 of Form 10-K is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our Proxy Statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 19, 2016 (the “Proxy Statement”) under the captions “Proposal 1: Election of Directors,” “Executive Officers,” “Corporate Governance — Code of Business Conduct and Ethics,” “Corporate Governance — Board Committees” and “Security Ownership of Management — Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance.” The Proxy Statement, or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K containing the information, will be filed with the SEC on or before April 29, 2016.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by Item 11 of Form 10-K is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our Proxy Statement under the captions “Executive Compensation,” “Compensation of Directors,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Corporate Governance — Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” and “Compensation Committee Report.” The Proxy Statement, or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K containing the information, will be filed with the SEC on or before April 29, 2016.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

A portion of the information required by Item 12 of Form 10-K is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our Proxy Statement under the captions “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” and “Security Ownership of Management.” The Proxy Statement, or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K containing the information, will be filed with the SEC on or before April 29, 2016.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The table below shows information regarding awards outstanding and shares of common stock available for issuance as of December 31, 2015 under the AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan:

Plan Category	Number of Securities to Be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (1)	Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (2)		Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders	5,389,862	$	6.99	8,296,448
Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security Holders	—	—		—
Total	5,389,862	$	6.99	8,296,448

⁽¹⁾ Includes restricted stock unit awards that, upon vesting, provide the holder with the right to receive common shares on a one-to-one basis. Performance share units are included at their target value. For further discussion of these awards, see Note 16. “Share Based Compensation.”

⁽²⁾ Only applies to outstanding options, as restricted stock units and performance share units do not have exercise prices.

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Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by Item 13 of Form 10-K is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our Proxy Statement under the captions “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Corporate Governance — Independence of Directors.” The Proxy Statement, or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K containing the information, will be filed with the SEC on or before April 29, 2016.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The information required by Item 14 of Form 10-K is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our Proxy Statement under the captions “Audit and Non-Audit Fees” and “Pre-approval Policies and Procedures of the Audit Committee.” The Proxy Statement, or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K containing the information, will be filed with the SEC on or before April 29, 2016.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a) Documents filed as part of this report: The financial statements and financial schedules listed in the accompanying Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules are filed as part of this report. The exhibits listed in the accompanying Index to Exhibits are filed as part of this report.

(b) Exhibits: See Item 15(a).

(c) Schedules: See Item 15(a).

All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and, therefore, have been omitted.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
February 29, 2016	By:	/s/ Ronald E. Pipoly, Jr.
		Name: Ronald E. Pipoly, Jr. Title: Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Barry D. Zyskind	Chief Executive Officer, President and Director (Principal Executive Officer)	February 29, 2016
Barry D. Zyskind
/s/ Ronald E. Pipoly, Jr.	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	February 29, 2016
Ronald E. Pipoly, Jr.
/s/ Michael Karfunkel	Chairman of the Board	February 29, 2016
Michael Karfunkel
/s/ George Karfunkel	Director	February 29, 2016
George Karfunkel
/s/ Donald T. DeCarlo	Director	February 29, 2016
Donald T. DeCarlo
/s/ Susan Fisch	Director	February 29, 2016
Susan Fisch
/s/ Abraham Gulkowitz	Director	February 29, 2016
Abraham Gulkowitz
/s/ Jay J. Miller	Director	February 29, 2016
Jay J. Miller

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AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES

	Page
Audited Annual Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013	F-6
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013	F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013	F-9
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	F-11
Supplementary Information
Summary of Investments — Other than Investments in Related Parties (Schedule I)	S-1
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Schedule II)	S-2
Supplementary Insurance Information (Schedule III)	S-6
Reinsurance (Schedule IV)	S-7
Consolidated Supplementary Property and Casualty Insurance Information (Schedule V)	S-8

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

AmTrust Financial Services, Inc.

New York, New York

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. In connection with our audits of the financial statements, we have also audited the financial statement schedules listed in the accompanying index. These financial statements and schedules are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and schedules based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements and schedules. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Also, in our opinion, the financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), AmTrust Financial Services, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated February 29, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

New York, New York

February 29, 2016

F-2

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In Thousands, Except Par Value per Share)
	December 31,
ASSETS	2015			2014
Investments:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost $5,482,042; $4,137,146)	$	5,433,797		$	4,253,274
Equity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value (cost $109,346; $84,075)	104,497			81,044
Equity securities, trading, at fair value (cost $26,937; $25,407)	27,271			26,749
Short-term investments	84,266			63,916
Equity investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries – related parties	138,023			119,712
Other investments (related party $64,869; $0; recorded at fair value $30,309; $13,315)	99,012			31,186
Total investments	5,886,866			4,575,881
Cash and cash equivalents	931,970			902,750
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	380,699			186,225
Accrued interest and dividends	51,487			42,173
Premiums receivable, net	2,115,653			1,851,682
Reinsurance recoverable (related party $1,963,140; $1,517,499)	3,008,670			2,440,627
Prepaid reinsurance premium (related party $1,066,961; $918,505)	1,531,866			1,302,848
Other assets (related party $189,223; $136,516; recorded at fair value $264,001; $264,517)	1,418,677			1,094,943
Deferred policy acquisition costs	704,243			628,383
Property and equipment, net	281,456			154,175
Goodwill	432,700			352,685
Intangible assets	367,345			314,996
	$	17,111,632		$	13,847,368
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	$	7,208,367		$	5,664,205
Unearned premiums	4,014,728			3,447,203
Ceded reinsurance premiums payable (related party $379,988; $410,075)	651,051			683,421
Reinsurance payable on paid losses	9,789			3,947
Funds held under reinsurance treaties	23,336			10,653
Note payable on collateral loan – related party	167,975			167,975
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value	38,618			13,052
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (recorded at fair value $93,940; $60,271)	901,112			795,877
Deferred income taxes	—			106,363
Debt	1,009,969			757,871
Total liabilities	14,024,945			11,650,567
Commitments and contingencies
Redeemable non-controlling interest	1,172			600
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 500,000 and 300,000 shares authorized, 196,455 and 196,422 issued in 2015 and 2014, respectively; 175,915 and 155,478 outstanding in 2015 and 2014, respectively	1,964			1,960
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 10,000 shares authorized, 4,968 and 4,785 issued and outstanding in 2015 and 2014, respectively, Aggregated liquidation preference $482,500, $300,000 in 2015 and 2014, respectively	482,500			300,000
Additional paid-in capital	1,383,492			1,021,789
Treasury stock at cost; 20,540 and 40,944 shares in 2015 and 2014, respectively	(162,867		)	(297,586		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(130,262		)	56,123
Retained earnings	1,334,233			954,734
Total AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. equity	2,909,060			2,037,020
Non-controlling interest	176,455			159,181
Total stockholders’ equity	3,085,515			2,196,201
	$	17,111,632		$	13,847,368

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-3

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(In Thousands, Except Par Value and per Share)

	Years Ended December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
Revenues:
Premium income:
Net written premium	$	4,260,058		$	3,956,618		$	2,565,673
Change in unearned premium	(238,331		)	(430,054		)	(299,683		)
Net earned premium	4,021,727			3,526,564			2,265,990
Service and fee income (related parties - $76,454, $58,428,and $51,545)	478,206			409,743			331,559
Net investment income	156,290			131,601			84,819
Net realized gain on investments	8,117			16,423			15,527
Total revenues	4,664,340			4,084,331			2,697,895
Expenses:
Loss and loss adjustment expense	2,682,208			2,342,619			1,517,361
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses (net of ceding commission - related party - $510,792; $405,071, and $276,556)	979,502			856,923			533,162
Other	466,759			436,350			291,617
Total expenses	4,128,469			3,635,892			2,342,140
Income before other income (expense), provision for income taxes, equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries and non-controlling interest	535,871			448,439			355,755
Other income (expenses):
Interest expense (net of interest income - related party - $8,701, $2,601, and $0)	(48,052		)	(45,857		)	(34,691		)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	(5,271		)	(9,831		)	—
Gain on investment in life settlement contracts net of profit commission	19,844			12,306			3,800
Foreign currency gain (loss)	43,260			60,245			(6,533		)
Gain on acquisition	5,826			—			48,715
Gain of sale of subsidiary	—			6,631			—
Total other income (expenses)	15,607			23,494			11,291
Income before income taxes, equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries and non-controlling interest	551,478			471,933			367,046
Provision for income taxes	66,341			53,686			98,019
Income before equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries	485,137			418,247			269,027
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiary – (related parties)	25,385			28,351			11,566
Net income	510,522			446,598			280,593
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests and redeemable non-controlling interests of subsidiaries	(6,928		)	416			1,633
Net income attributable to AmTrust stockholders	$	503,594		$	447,014		$	282,226
Dividends on preferred stock	(31,590		)	(12,738		)	(3,989		)
Net income attributable to AmTrust common stockholders	$	472,004		$	434,276		$	278,237
Earnings per common share:
Basic earnings per share	$	2.86		$	2.89		$	1.87
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.80		$	2.72		$	1.78
Dividends declared per common share	$	0.55		$	0.425		$	0.28
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic	165,042			149,866			148,326
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted	168,360			159,034			155,968
Net realized gain on investments:
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses	$	(19,155	)	$	(8,039	)	$	(2,869	)
Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income	—			—			—
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(19,155		)	(8,039		)	(2,869		)
Net realized gain on available for sale securities	15,578			21,858			18,396

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-4

Net realized gain on trading securities and other investment	11,694		2,604		—
Net realized investment gain	$	8,117	$	16,423	$	15,527

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-5

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In Thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
Net income	$	510,522		$	446,598		$	280,593
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(77,437		)	(17,358		)	12,943
Change in fair value of interest rate swap	621			664			1,028
Minimum pension liability	2,686			(1,055		)	(1,738		)
Unrealized (loss) gain on securities:
Gross unrealized holding (loss) gain	(177,618		)	133,775			(138,902		)
Less tax (benefit) expense	(62,166		)	46,821			(48,616		)
Net unrealized holding (loss) gain	(115,452		)	86,954			(90,286		)
Reclassification adjustment for investment gain (loss) included in net income, net of tax:
Other-than-temporary impairment loss	4,315			—			—
Other net realized (loss) gain on investments	(1,118		)	(4,918		)	5,658
Reclassification adjustment for investment gain (loss) included in net income	3,197			(4,918		)	5,658
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	$	(186,385	)	$	64,287		$	(72,395	)
Comprehensive income	324,137			510,885			208,198
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling and redeemable non-controlling interest	6,928			(416		)	(1,633		)
Comprehensive income attributable to AmTrust Financial Services, Inc.	$	317,209		$	511,301		$	209,831

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-6

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (In Thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013
	Common Stock		Preferred Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital			Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings			Total
Balance, December 31, 2012	$	1,824	$	—	$	760,193		$	(293,791	)	$	64,231		$	611,664		$	1,144,121
Net income	—		—		—			—			—			280,593			280,593
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—		—		—			—			12,943			—			12,943
Change in fair value of derivatives, net of tax											1,028			—			1,028
Minimum pension liability, net of tax	—		—		—			—			(1,738		)	—			(1,738		)
Unrealized holding loss on investments, net of tax	—		—		—			—			(90,286		)	—			(90,286		)
Reclassification adjustment for securities sold during the year, net of tax	—		—		—			—			5,658			—			5,658
Non-controlling interest in subsidiaries	—		—		—			—			—			1,633			1,633
Common share issuance (36 shares)	—		—		251			221			—			—			472
Issuance of restricted stock	—		—		(1,902		)	1,902			—			—			—
Stock option compensation	—		—		11,186			—			—			—			11,186
Exercise of stock options, other including tax benefit of $5,109	4		—		1,281			6,777			—			—			8,062
Preferred share issuance (4,600 shares)	—		115,000		(3,870		)	—			—			—			111,130
Preferred stock dividend	—		—		—			—			—			(3,989		)	(3,989		)
Share dividend	132		—		264,965			—			—			(265,097		)	—
Common stock dividend	—		—		—			—			—			(39,808		)	(39,808		)
Balance, December 31, 2013	1,960		115,000		1,032,104			(284,891		)	(8,164		)	584,996			1,441,005
Net income	—		—		—			—			—			446,598			446,598
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—		—		—			—			(17,358		)	—			(17,358		)
Change in fair value of derivatives, net of tax	—		—		—			—			664			—			664
Minimum pension liability, net of tax	—		—		—			—			(1,055		)	—			(1,055		)
Unrealized holding gain on investments, net of tax	—		—		—			—			86,954			—			86,954
Reclassification adjustment for securities sold during the year, net of tax	—		—		—			—			(4,918		)	—			(4,918		)
Non-controlling interest in subsidiaries	—		—		—			—			—			910			910
Common share repurchase	—		—		—			(59,154		)	—			—			(59,154		)
Issuance of restricted stock	—		—		(6,444		)	6,444			—			—			—
Extinguishment of 5.5% convertible senior notes	—		—		(19,011		)	—			—			—			(19,011		)
Issuance of shares in convertible senior note exchange	—		—		(33,409		)	33,409			—			—			—
Equity component of 2.75% convertible senior notes, net of income taxes and issue costs	—		—		33,624			—			—			—			33,624
Stock option compensation	—		—		19,114			—			—			—			19,114
Exercise of stock options, other including tax benefit of $10,281	—		—		2,170			6,606			—			—			8,776
Preferred stock issuance (185 shares)	—		185,000		(6,359		)	—			—			—			178,641
Distribution of redeemable non-controlling interest	—		—		—			—			—			(494		)	(494		)
Preferred stock dividend	—		—		—			—			—			(12,738		)	(12,738		)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-7

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY(continued) (In Thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013
Common stock dividend	—		—		—			—			—			(64,538		)	(64,538		)
Balance, December 31, 2014	1,960		300,000		1,021,789			(297,586		)	56,123			954,734			2,037,020
	Common Stock		Preferred Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital			Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings			Total
Net income	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	510,522		$	510,522
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—		—		—			—			(77,437		)	—			(77,437		)
Change in fair value of derivative, net of tax	—		—		—			—			621			—			621
Minimum pension liability, net of tax	—		—		—			—			2,686			—			2,686
Unrealized holding loss on investments, net of tax	—		—		—			—			(115,452		)	—			(115,452		)
Reclassification adjustment for securities sold during the year, net of tax	—		—		—			—			3,197			—			3,197
Non-controlling interest in subsidiaries	—		—		—			—			—			(5,793		)	(5,793		)
Common stock issuance (16,900 shares)	—		—		366,712			120,375			—			—			487,087
Common stock repurchase	—		—		—			(578		)	—			—			(578		)
Preferred stock issuance (165 shares)	—		182,500		(5,971		)	—			—			—			176,529
Extinguishment of 5.5% convertible senior notes	—		—		(19,302		)	15,538			—			—			(3,764		)
Issuance or purchase of restricted stock	—		—		(3,055		)	(2,612		)	—			—			(5,667		)
Stock option compensation	—		—		22,763			—			—			—			22,763
Exercise of stock options, other including tax benefit of $10,211	4		—		556			1,996			—			—			2,556
Income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest, net	—		—		—			—			—			(1,135		)	(1,135		)
Preferred stock dividend	—		—		—			—			—			(31,590		)	(31,590		)
Common stock dividend	—		—		—			—			—			(92,505		)	(92,505		)
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	1,964	$	482,500	$	1,383,492		$	(162,867	)	$	(130,262	)	$	1,334,233		$	2,909,060
Non-controlling interest in equity of consolidated subsidiaries:
Balance, December 31, 2012																	$	103,344
Capital contributions to subsidiaries																	36,149
Loss attributable to non-controlling interests																	(1,633		)
Balance, December 31, 2013																	$	137,860
Capital contributions to subsidiaries																	25,359
Foreign currency translation																	(3,128		)
Loss attributable to non-controlling interests																	(910		)
Balance, December 31, 2014																	$	159,181
Capital contribution to subsidiaries less dividends																	11,475
Foreign currency translation																	6
Income attributable to non-controlling interests																	5,793
Balance, December 31, 2015																	$	176,455

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-8

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In Thousands)
	Years Ended December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	510,522		$	446,598		$	280,593
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	88,012			63,093			53,118
Net amortization of bond premium or discount	17,401			15,395			18,925
Equity earnings on investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries	(25,385		)	(28,351		)	(11,566		)
Gain on investment in life settlement contracts, net	(19,844		)	(12,306		)	(3,800		)
Realized gain on marketable securities	(27,272		)	(24,463		)	(18,396		)
Non-cash write-down of marketable securities	19,155			8,039			2,869
Non-cash write-down of goodwill	55,304			62,898			10,226
Discount on notes payable	5,628			3,095			3,000
Stock based compensation	22,763			19,114			11,186
Loss on extinguishment of debt	5,271			9,831			—
Bad debt expense	18,339			24,294			24,334
Foreign currency (gain) loss	(43,260		)	(60,245		)	6,533
Gain on sale of subsidiary	—			(6,631		)	—
Acquisition gain	(5,826		)	—			(48,715		)
Dividend received from equity investment	984			246			12,203
Changes in assets – (increase) decrease:
Premiums and notes receivable	(304,088		)	(251,544		)	(189,503		)
Reinsurance recoverable	(570,163		)	(503,926		)	(547,578		)
Deferred policy acquisition costs, net	(75,860		)	(159,979		)	(97,561		)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	(151,241		)	(291,544		)	(133,787		)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(273,096		)	(123,867		)	(310,177		)
Changes in liabilities – increase (decrease):
Reinsurance premium payable	20,687			48,656			87,520
Loss and loss expense reserves	1,440,388			1,219,993			1,177,625
Unearned premiums	380,386			706,976			586,219
Funds held under reinsurance treaties	9,955			(10,397		)	(6,372		)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	78,775			62,533			43,640
Deferred tax asset and liability, net	(186,757		)	(75,024		)	21,623
Net cash provided by operating activities	990,778			1,142,484			972,159
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of fixed maturities, available-for-sale	(2,372,204		)	(2,425,101		)	(2,473,116		)
Purchases of equity securities, available-for-sale	(87,190		)	(293,554		)	(41,374		)
Purchases of equity securities, trading	(207,379		)	(84,493		)	—
Purchases of other investments	(72,554		)	(20,207		)	(17,228		)
Sales of fixed maturities, available-for-sale	1,208,102			1,749,897			1,612,580
Sales of equity securities, available-for-sale	66,400			238,369			68,585
Sales of equity securities, trading	207,992			78,974			—
Sales of other investments	2,510			17,854			6,102

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-9

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS – (Continued) (In Thousands)
	Years Ended December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
Net sales (purchases) of short term investments	4,224			50,286			9,550
Net sale (purchase) of securities sold but not purchased	25,566			13,052			(56,711		)
Acquisition of and capitalized premiums for life settlement contracts	(1,065		)	(25,419		)	(51,070		)
Receipt of life settlement contract proceeds	102,307			10,035			20,054
Loan to ACP Re	—			(125,000		)	—
Acquisition of reinsurance entities, net of cash obtained	—			—			17,811
Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash obtained	(242,358		)	(80,736		)	(20,182		)
Sale of subsidiary	—			20,059			—
Increase in restricted cash and cash equivalents, net	(194,532		)	(85,786		)	(21,677		)
Purchase of property and equipment	(167,510		)	(77,172		)	(39,586		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,727,691		)	(1,038,942		)	(986,262		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Revolving credit facility borrowings	430,000			220,000			—
Revolving credit facility payments	(420,000		)	(100,000		)	—
Repurchase agreements, net	—			(293,222		)	58,311
Secured loan agreement borrowings	10,250			30,500			—
Secured loan agreement payments	(7,001		)	(3,009		)	(1,299		)
Promissory note payments	—			(10,695		)	—
2055 Subordinated notes proceeds	285,000			—			—
Senior notes proceeds	—			—			250,000
Convertible senior notes proceeds	—			68,400			—
Convertible senior notes payments	(62,079		)	—			—
Financing fees	(9,451		)	(5,188		)	(2,740		)
Common share issuance	487,087			—			472
Common share repurchase	(578		)	(59,155		)	—
Preferred share issuance	176,529			178,641			111,130
Non-controlling interest capital contributions (dividends) to consolidated subsidiaries, net	11,475			18,223			36,149
Stock option exercise and other	(2,556		)	8,776			8,062
Dividends distributed on common stock	(85,296		)	(55,599		)	(29,236		)
Dividends distributed on preferred stock	(31,590		)	(12,738		)	(3,989		)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	781,790			(15,066		)	426,860
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(15,657		)	(15,748		)	2,895
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	29,220			72,728			415,652
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning year	902,750			830,022			414,370
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	$	931,970		$	902,750		$	830,022
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Interest payments on debt	$	43,146		$	36,679		$	20,768
Income tax payments	234,455			85,619			65,652
Declared dividends on common stock	92,505			64,538			39,808

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-10

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

1. Nature of Operations

AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. (the “Company”) is an insurance holding company formed under the laws of Delaware. Through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the Company provides specialty property and casualty insurance focusing on workers’ compensation and commercial package coverage for small business, specialty risk and extended warranty coverage, and property and casualty coverage for middle market business. The Company also provides reinsurance, primarily on personal and commercial automotive business.

The Company transacts business primarily through seventeen insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the United States and five major insurance subsidiaries domiciled outside of the United States. The Company's seventeen domestic insurance subsidiaries are:

Company	Abbreviation	Domiciled in
AmTrust Insurance Company of Kansas, Inc.	AICK	Kansas
Associated Industries Insurance Company, Inc.	AIIC	Florida
AmTrust Title Insurance Company	ATIC	New York
Comp Options Insurance Company	COIC	Florida
CorePointe Insurance Company	CPIC	Michigan
Developers Surety and Indemnity Company	DSIC	Iowa
First Nonprofit Insurance Company	FNIC	Delaware
Heritage Indemnity Company	HIC	California
Indemnity Company of California	ICC	California
Milwaukee Casualty Insurance Company	MCIC	Wisconsin
Rochdale Insurance Company	RIC	New York
Sequoia Insurance Company	SIC	California
Sequoia Indemnity Company	SID	Nevada
Security National Insurance Company	SNIC	Delaware
Springfield Insurance Company	SPIC	California
Technology Insurance Company, Inc.	TIC	New Hampshire
Wesco Insurance Company	WIC	Delaware

The Company's five major foreign insurance subsidiaries are:

Company	Abbreviation	Domiciled in
AmTrust Europe, Ltd.	AEL	United Kingdom
AmTrust International Insurance Ltd.	AII	Bermuda
AmTrust International Underwriters Limited	AIU	Ireland
AmTrust at Lloyd's Limited	ATL	United Kingdom
Motors Insurance Company Ltd.	MIC	United Kingdom

F-11

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Reporting — The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its domestic and foreign subsidiaries. The Company uses the equity method of accounting for its investment in National General Holding Corp. (“NGHC”) in which it owns an approximate 12% ownership interest. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.

Premiums — Insurance premiums, except for certain specialty risk and extended warranty programs, are recognized as earned on the straight-line basis over the contract period. Insurance premiums on specialty risk and extended warranty programs are earned based on an estimated program coverage period. These estimates are based on the expected distribution of coverage periods by contract at inception, and because a single contract may contain multiple coverage period options, these estimates are revised based on the actual coverage period selected by the insured. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written which is applicable to the unexpired term of the contract or policy in force. Premium adjustments on contracts and audit premiums are based on estimates made over the contract period. Premiums earned but not yet billed to insureds are estimated and accrued, net of related costs. These estimates are subject to the effects of trends in payroll audit adjustments. Although considerable variability is inherent in such estimates, management believes that the accrual for earned but unbilled premiums is reasonable. The estimates are continually reviewed and adjusted as necessary as experience develops or new information becomes known; such adjustments are included in current operations. The Company historically has used a percentage of premium for establishing its allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company reviews its bad debt write-offs at least annually and adjusts its premium percentage as required. Allowance for doubtful accounts were approximately $74,563 and $45,024 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses — Loss and loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) represent the estimated ultimate net costs of all reported and unreported losses incurred through December 31, 2015. The reserves for unpaid losses and LAE are estimated using individual case-basis valuations and statistical analysis and are not discounted. Although considerable variability is inherent in the estimates of reserves for losses and LAE, management believes that the reserves for losses and LAE are adequate. The estimates are continually reviewed and adjusted as necessary as experience develops or new information becomes known. Such adjustments are included in current operations.

Investments — The Company accounts for its investments in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320 Investments — Debt and Equity Securities, which requires that fixed-maturity and equity securities that have readily determined fair values be segregated into categories based upon the Company’s intention for those securities. In accordance with ASC 320, the Company has classified its fixed-maturities and certain equity securities as available-for-sale. The Company may sell its available-for-sale securities in response to changes in interest rates, risk/reward characteristics, liquidity needs or other factors. Available for sale fixed-maturity securities and equity securities are reported at their estimated fair values based on quoted market prices or a recognized pricing service, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax effects, reported as a separate component of comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity. Additionally, the Company classified certain equity securities as trading securities. Unrealized gains and losses on trading securities are reported within realized gains and losses. Realized gains and losses are determined on the specific identification method.

Quarterly, the Company’s Investment Committee (“Committee”) evaluates each security that has an unrealized loss as of the end of the subject reporting period for other-than-temporary-impairment (“OTTI”). The Company generally considers an investment to be impaired when it has been in a significant unrealized loss position (in excess of 35% of cost if the issuer has a market capitalization of under $1 billion and in excess of 25% of cost if the issuer has a market capitalization of $1 billion or more) for over 24 months. In addition, the Committee uses a set of quantitative and qualitative criteria to review the Company's investment portfolio to evaluate the necessity of recording impairment losses for other-than-temporary declines in the fair value of our investments. The criteria the Committee primarily considers include:

• the current fair value compared to amortized cost;

• the length of time the security’s fair value has been below its amortized cost;

• specific credit issues related to the issuer such as changes in credit rating, reduction or elimination of dividends or non-payment of scheduled interest payments;

• whether management intends to sell the security and, if not, whether it is not more than likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis;

F-12

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

• the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer of the security, including any specific events that may affect its operations or earnings;

• the occurrence of a discrete credit event resulting in the issuer defaulting on material outstanding obligations or the issuer seeking protection under bankruptcy laws; and

• other items, including company management, media exposure, sponsors, marketing and advertising agreements, debt restructuring, regulatory changes, acquisitions and dispositions, pending litigation, distribution agreements and general industry trends.

Impairment of investment securities results in a charge to operations when a market decline below cost is deemed to be other-than-temporary. The Company writes down investments immediately that it considers to be impaired based on the above criteria collectively.

Based on guidance in FASB ASC 320-10-65, in the event of the decline in fair value of a debt security, a holder of that security that does not intend to sell the debt security and for whom it is not more than likely than not that such holder will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, is required to separate the decline in fair value into (a) the amount representing the credit loss and (b) the amount related to other factors. The amount of total decline in fair value related to the credit loss shall be recognized in earnings as an OTTI with the amount related to other factors recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss net loss, net of tax. OTTI credit losses result in a permanent reduction of the cost basis of the underlying investment. The determination of OTTI is a subjective process, and different judgments and assumptions could affect the timing of the loss realization.

In 2014, the Company also classified certain of its equity securities as trading securities. Equity securities classified as trading securities are generally held for resale in anticipation of short-term market movement. Trading securities are stated at estimated fair market value. Gains and losses, both realized and unrealized, are included in the net realized gain or loss on investment on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The Company has the following major types of investments:

(a) Short-term investments — Short term investments are carried at cost, which approximates fair value, and include investments with maturities between 91 days and less than 1 year at date of acquisition. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, short term investments consisted primarily of money market investments.

(b) Fixed maturities and equity securities, available-for-sale — Fixed maturities and equity securities (common stocks, mutual funds and non-redeemable preferred stock) are classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value. Unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income.

(c) Equity securities, trading —  Equity securities classified as trading are carried at estimated fair market value. Gains and losses, both realized and unrealized, are reported in the net realized gain or loss on investment.

(d) Mortgage and asset backed securities — For mortgage and asset backed securities, the Company recognizes income using the retrospective adjustment method based on prepayments and the estimated economic life of the securities. The effective yield reflects actual payments to date plus anticipated future payments.

(e) Limited partnerships — The Company's investments in limited partnership primarily includes investments in private equity limited partnerships and real estate partnerships. The Company applies the equity method of accounting for its investments in the majority of the limited partnerships in which its ownership interest of the limited partnership enables the Company to influence the operating or financial decisions of the investee company, but the Company’s interest in the limited partnership does not require consolidation. The Company’s proportionate share of equity in net income of these unconsolidated affiliates is reported in net investment income.

(f) Derivatives and hedging activities — The Company from time to time invests in a limited amount of derivatives and other financial instruments as part of its investment portfolio. Derivatives are financial arrangements among two or more parties with returns linked to an underlying equity, debt, commodity, asset, liability, foreign exchange rate or other index. Unless subject to a scope exclusion, the Company carries all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. For derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting, the changes in fair value of the derivative are presented as a component of operating income. The Company primarily utilizes interest rate swaps, which are valued in terms of the contract between the Company and the issuer of the swaps, are based on the difference between the stated floating rate

F-13

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

of the underlying indebtedness, and a predetermined fixed rate for such indebtedness with the result that the indebtedness carries a net fixed interest rate.

(g) Securities sold under agreements to repurchase, at contract value — The Company from time to time invests in securities sold under agreements to repurchase, which are accounted for as collateralized borrowing transactions and are recorded at their contracted repurchase amounts, plus accrued interest. The Company minimizes the credit risk that counterparties to transactions might be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations by monitoring exposure and collateral value and generally requiring additional collateral to be deposited with the Company when necessary. The Company had none of these securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

Net investment income consists primarily of interest and dividends less expenses. Interest on fixed maturities, adjusted for any amortization of premium or discount, is recorded as income when earned. Investment expenses are accrued as incurred. Realized investment gains or losses are computed using the specific costs of securities sold, and, if applicable, include write-downs on investments having other-than-temporary declines in value.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments — The Company’s estimates of fair value for financial assets and financial liabilities are based on the framework established in ASC 820 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. The framework is based on the inputs used in valuation and gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and requires that observable inputs be used in the valuations when available. The disclosure of fair value estimates in the ASC 820 hierarchy is based on whether the significant inputs into the valuation are observable. In determining the level of the hierarchy in which the estimate is disclosed, the highest priority is given to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s significant market assumptions. Additionally, valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to lack of market based inputs, which may increase the potential that the estimated fair value of an investment is not reflective of the price at which an actual transaction could occur. Fair values of other financial instruments approximate their carrying values.

For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, the Company uses the quoted market prices as fair value and includes these prices in the amounts disclosed in the Level 1 hierarchy. The Company receives the quoted market prices from nationally recognized third-party pricing services (“pricing service”). When quoted market prices are unavailable, the Company utilizes a pricing service to determine an estimate of fair value. This pricing method is used, primarily, for fixed maturities. The fair value estimates provided by the pricing service are included in the Level 2 hierarchy. If the Company determines that the fair value estimate provided by the pricing service does not represent fair value or if quoted market prices and an estimate from pricing services are unavailable, the Company produces an estimate of fair value based on dealer quotations of the bid price for recent activity in positions with the same or similar characteristics to that being valued or through consensus pricing of a pricing service. Depending on the level of observable inputs, the Company will then determine if the estimate is Level 2 or Level 3 hierarchy.

Fixed Maturities. The Company utilizes a pricing service to estimate fair value measurements for all of its fixed maturities. The pricing service utilizes market quotations for fixed maturity securities that have quoted market prices in active markets. Since fixed maturities other than U.S. treasury securities generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing service prepares estimates of fair value measurements using relevant market data, benchmark curves, sector groupings and matrix pricing. The pricing service utilized by the Company has indicated it will produce an estimate of fair value only if there is verifiable information to produce a valuation. As the fair value estimates of most fixed maturity investments are based on observable market information rather than market quotes, the estimates of fair value other than U.S. Treasury securities are included in Level 2 of the hierarchy. U.S. Treasury securities are included in the amount disclosed in Level 1 as the estimates are based on unadjusted prices. The Company’s Level 2 investments include obligations of U.S. government agencies, municipal bonds, corporate debt securities and other mortgage backed securities.

Equity Securities. The Company utilizes a pricing service to estimate the fair value of the majority of its available-for-sale and trading equity securities. The pricing service utilizes market quotations for equity securities that have quoted market prices in active markets and their respective quoted prices are provided as fair value. The Company classifies the values of these equity securities as Level 1. The pricing service also provides fair value estimates for certain equity securities whose fair value is based on observable market information rather than market quotes. The Company classifies the value of these equity securities as Level 2. The Company also holds certain equity securities that are issued by privately-held entities or direct equity investments that do not have an active market. The Company estimates the fair value of these securities primarily based on inputs such as third party broker quotes, issuers' book value, market multiples, and other inputs. These equity securities are classified as Level 3 due to significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation.

F-14

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Other Investments. Other investments accounted for approximately 1.4% of the Company's investment portfolio as of December 31, 2015, which the Company determines not material to its financial position or results of operations. Certain of the Company's other investments are reported at fair value. The Company estimates the fair value of those other investments based on significant unobservable inputs in the valuation process. As a result, the Company classified the fair value estimates as Level 3 in the financial hierarchy.

Derivatives. The Company estimates fair value using information provided by a pricing service for interest rate swaps and classifies derivatives as Level 2 hierarchy.

Investment in Life Settlements — When the Company becomes the owner of a life insurance policy either by direct purchase or following a default on a premium finance loan, the life insurance premium for such policy is accounted for as an investment in life settlements. Investments in life settlements are accounted for in accordance with ASC 325-30, Investments in Insurance Contracts, which states that an investor shall elect to account for its investments in life settlement contracts using either the investment method or the fair value method. The election is made on an instrument-by-instrument basis and is irrevocable. The Company has elected to account for these investments using the fair value method. Fair value of the investment in policies is determined using unobservable Level 3 inputs and is calculated by performing a net present value calculation of the face amount of the life policies less premiums for the total portfolio. The unobservable Level 3 inputs use new or updated information that affects the Company's assumptions about remaining life expectancy, credit worthiness of the policy issuer, funds needed to maintain the asset until maturity, and discount rates.

Life Settlement Profit Commission — Investments in life settlements are accounted for in accordance with ASC 325-30, Investments in Insurance Contracts, and the Company has elected to account for its investment in life settlements using the fair value method. The Company retains a third party service provider to perform certain administration functions to effectively manage the life settlement contracts held by Tiger Capital, LLC and AMT Capital Holdings II S.A. and a portion of their fee is contingent on the overall profitability of the life settlement contracts. The Company accrues the related profit commission on life settlements at fair value, in relation to life settlements purchased prior to December 31, 2010. This profit commission is calculated based on the discounted anticipated cash flows and the provisions of the underlying contract. In addition, the Company accrues a best estimate in relation to profit commission due on certain life settlement contracts acquired subsequent to December 31, 2010 as no contractual relationship currently exists.

Warranty Fee Revenue — The Company promotes and markets extended service plans (“ESP”) to consumers through retailers and certain other marketing organizations usually with terms of coverage ranging from one to three years, commencing at the expiration of the manufacturers’ warranty, if applicable. The Company generally insures the obligations under ESPs through contractual liability insurance issued by one of its insurance company subsidiaries. Under the terms of service agreements with various retailers, the Company provides for marketing and administrative services related to ESP. These agreements are generally for one-year terms and can be canceled by either party with thirty days advance notice. The Company recognizes revenue related to promotion, marketing and administration services at the time of the sale of ESP. However, the Company defers a portion of service revenue based upon an estimate of administrative services to be provided in future periods.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs — The Company defers commission expenses, premium taxes and assessments as well as underwriting and safety costs that vary with and are primarily related to the successful acquisition of insurance policies. These acquisition costs are capitalized and charged to expense ratably as premiums are earned. The Company may realize deferred policy acquisition costs only if the ratio of loss and loss adjustment expense reserves (calculated on a discounted basis) to the premiums to be earned is less than 100%, as it historically has been. If, hypothetically, that ratio were to be above 100%, the Company could not continue to record deferred policy acquisition costs as an asset and may be required to establish a liability for a premium deficiency reserve. The Company considers anticipated investment income in determining whether a premium deficiency relating to short duration contracts exists. The change in net deferred acquisition costs was $75,860, $159,979 and $97,561 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The amortization for deferred acquisition costs was approximately $668,247 $538,710, and $367,288 in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Deferred acquisition costs are presented in the financial statements net of ceded deferred acquisition costs.

Reinsurance — Reinsurance premiums, losses and LAE ceded to other companies are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and pursuant to the terms of the reinsurance contracts. The Company records premiums earned and losses and LAE incurred and ceded to other companies as reductions of premium revenue and losses and LAE. The Company accounts for commissions allowed by reinsurers on business ceded as ceding commission, which is a

F-15

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

reduction of acquisition of costs and other underwriting expenses. The Company earns commissions on reinsurance premiums ceded in a manner consistent with the recognition of the earned premium on the underlying insurance policies, on a pro rata basis over the terms of the policies reinsured. Reinsurance recoverables relate to the portion of reserves and paid losses and LAE that are ceded to other companies. The Company remains contingently liable for all loss payments in the event of failure to collect from the reinsurer.

Ceding Commissions on Reinsurance Transactions — Ceding commissions on reinsurance transactions are commissions the Company receives from ceding gross written premiums to third party reinsurers. In connection with the Maiden Quota Share, which is the Company's primary source of ceding commissions, the amount the Company receives is a blended rate based on a contractual formula contained in the individual reinsurance agreements, and the rate may not correlate specifically to the cost structure of the individual segments. The ceding commissions the Company receives cover a portion of its capitalized direct acquisition costs and a portion of other underwriting expenses. Ceding commissions received from reinsurance transactions that represent recovery of capitalized direct acquisition costs are recorded as a reduction of capitalized unamortized deferred acquisition costs and the net amount is charged to expense in proportion to net premium revenue recognized. Ceding commissions received from reinsurance transactions that represent the recovery of other underwriting expenses are recognized in the income statement over the insurance contract period in proportion to the insurance protection provided and classified as a reduction of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses. Ceding commissions received, but not yet earned, that represent the recovery of other underwriting expenses are classified as a component of accrued expenses and other current liabilities. The Company allocates earned ceding commissions to its segments based on each segment’s proportionate share of total acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses recognized during the period.

Assessments — Insurance related assessments are accrued in the period in which they have been incurred. A typical obligating event would be the issuance of an insurance policy or the occurrence of a claim. The Company is subject to a variety of assessments, such as assessments by state guaranty funds and workers’ compensation second injury funds. State guaranty funds assessments are used by state insurance regulators to cover losses of policyholders of insolvent insurance companies and for the operating expenses of such agencies. The Company uses estimated assessment rates in determining the appropriate assessment expense and accrual. The Company uses estimates derived from state regulators and/or National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) Tax and Assessments Guidelines. Assessment expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was approximately $25,866, $23,205 and $33,772, respectively.

Business Combinations — The Company accounts for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting, which requires the Company to record assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company accounts for the insurance and reinsurance contracts under the acquisition method as new contracts, which requires the Company to record assets and liabilities at fair value. The Company adjusts the fair value loss and LAE reserves by recording the acquired loss reserves based on the Company’s existing accounting policies and then discounting them based on expected reserve payout patterns using a current risk-free rate of interest. This risk free interest rate is then adjusted based on different cash flow scenarios that use different payout and ultimate reserve assumptions deemed to be reasonably possible based upon the inherent uncertainties present in determining the amount and timing of payment of such reserves. The difference between the acquired loss and LAE reserves and the Company’s best estimate of the fair value of such reserves at the acquisition date is recorded either an an intangible asset or another liability, as applicable, and amortized proportionately to the decrease in the acquired loss and LAE reserves over the payout period for the acquired loss and LAE reserves. The Company records contingent consideration at fair value based on the terms of the purchase agreement with subsequent changes in fair value recorded through earnings. The determination of fair value may require management to make significant estimates and assumptions. The purchase price is the fair value of the total consideration conveyed to the seller and the Company records the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the acquired net assets, where applicable, as goodwill. The Company assigns fair values to intangible assets based on valuation techniques including the income and market approaches. The Company expenses costs associated with the acquisition of a business in the period incurred. The Company includes the results of operations of an acquired business in its consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets — The Company accounts for goodwill and intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350 Intangibles — Goodwill and Other. Upon the completion of an acquisition, the Company completes purchase price accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, which requires an acquirer to assign values to the acquired assets and liabilities based on their fair value. In the event that a purchase price paid is in excess of the net assets acquired, any unidentified excess is deemed to be goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized. Additionally as a result of an acquisition, the Company may obtain identifiable intangible assets. Indefinite lived intangible assets are not amortized. Intangible assets with a finite life are amortized over the

F-16

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

estimated useful life of the asset. Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are not amortized. Goodwill and intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are tested for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the goodwill or intangible asset is impaired, it is written down to its realizable value with a corresponding expense reflected in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company tests for impairment of goodwill at the reporting unit level. The Company generally combines reporting units, which are a component of an operating segment when they have similar economic characteristics, nature of services, types of customer, distribution methods and regulatory environment. The Company had seven reporting units as of December 31, 2015.

Property and Equipment — Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

Building	40 years
Equipment	5 to 7 years
Computer equipment and software	3 to 20 years (primarily 3 years)
Leasehold improvements	Lesser of lease term or 15 years

The Company accounts for its internal use software under ASC 350 Intangibles — Goodwill and Other. Accordingly, the Company capitalizes costs of computer software developed or obtained for internal use that is specifically identifiable, has determinable lives and relates to future use.

Equalization reserves —The Company owns several Luxembourg-domiciled reinsurance entities. In connection with these entities, the Company acquires cash and equalization reserves of the reinsurance companies. An equalization reserve is a catastrophe reserve established in excess of required reserves as established by the laws of Luxembourg. The equalization reserves were originally established by the seller of the reinsurance entities, and under Luxembourg law allowed the reinsurance company to reduce its income tax paid.

Income Taxes — The Company files a consolidated United States ("US") income tax return for its eligible domestic subsidiaries. The Company's non-domestic subsidiaries file income tax returns in their respective local jurisdictions. As part of the US consolidated income tax return filing, the Company is party to federal income tax allocation agreements amongst the includible entities. Under the tax allocation agreements, the Company pays to or receives from its subsidiaries the amount, if any, by which the group’s federal income tax liability was affected by virtue of inclusion of the subsidiary in the consolidated federal return.

Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of “temporary differences” between the amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such amounts as measured by tax laws and regulations. The deferred tax asset primarily consists of book versus tax differences for premiums earned, loss and loss adjustment expense reserve discounting, policy acquisition costs, earned but unbilled premiums, and unrealized holding gains and losses on marketable equity securities. Changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities that are associated with components of other comprehensive income, primarily unrealized investment gains and losses, are recorded directly to other comprehensive income. Otherwise, changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities are included as a component of income tax expense.

In assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that the Company will generate future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income in making this assessment. If necessary, the Company establishes a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amounts that are more likely than not to be realized.

The Company recognizes tax benefits only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company’s policy is to prospectively classify accrued interest and penalties related to any unrecognized tax benefits in its income tax provision. The Company files its tax returns as prescribed by the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates. Primarily tax years 2010 through 2014 are still subject to examination. The Company does not anticipate any significant changes to its total unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

F-17

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Foreign Currency — The Company assigns functional currencies to its foreign operations, which are generally the currencies of the local operating environment. Foreign currency amounts are remeasured to the functional currency and the resulting foreign exchange gains and losses are reflected in earnings. Functional currency amounts from the Company’s foreign operations are then translated into U.S. dollars. The change in unrealized foreign currency translation gain or loss during the year, net of tax, is a component of accumulated other changes in equity from nonowner sources. The foreign currency remeasurement and translation are calculated using current exchange rates for the items reported on the balance sheets and average exchange rates for items recorded in earnings.

Stock Compensation Expense — The Company follows ASC 720 Compensation — Stock Compensation and recognizes compensation expense for its share-based payments based on the fair value of the awards. Share-based payments include restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance share units and stock option grants under the Company’s 2005 Equity Incentive Plan and 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan. ASC 720 requires share-based compensation expense recognized to be based on estimated grant date fair value.

Earnings Per Share — The Company accounts for earnings per share under the two-class method, as described in ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. Under the two-class method, earnings for the period are allocated between common stockholders and other stockholders based on their respective rights to receive dividends. Restricted stock awards granted to employees under the Company’s 2005 Equity Incentive Plan and 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan are considered participating securities as they receive dividends on this stock. Additionally, the Company follows the treasury stock method related to its contingently convertible debt, as the Company has the ability to settle the conversion premium in either cash or stock. The Company had contingently convertible shares related to the 5.5% convertible senior notes due 2021 that were dilutive for the Company's earnings per share calculations in all periods presented.

Treasury Stock — The Company accounts for the treasury stock at the repurchase price as a reduction to stockholders’ equity.

Concentration and Credit Risk — Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents, investments and premium receivable. Investments are diversified through the types of investments, industry sectors and geographic regions. The Company limits the amount of credit exposure with any one financial institution and believes that no significant concentration of credit risk exists with respect to cash and investments. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the outstanding premium receivable balance is generally diversified due to the number of entities composing the Company’s customer base. To reduce credit risk, the Company performs ongoing evaluations of its customers’ financial condition. The Company also has receivables from its reinsurers. Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the Company from its obligations to policyholders. Failure of reinsurers to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. The Company periodically evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers to minimize its exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvencies. It is the policy of management to review all outstanding receivables at period end as well as the bad debt write-offs experienced in the past and establish an allowance for doubtful accounts, if deemed necessary.

Non-controlling Interest — The ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries of non-controlling interests is reflected as non-controlling interest. The Company’s consolidation principles would also consolidate any entity in which the Company would be deemed a primary beneficiary. Non-controlling interest expense represents such non-controlling interests’ in the earnings of that entity. All significant transactions and account balances between the Company and its subsidiaries were eliminated during consolidation.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates and assumptions, which include the reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, are subject to considerable estimation error due to the inherent uncertainty in projecting ultimate claim amounts that will be reported and settled over a period of many years. In addition, estimates and assumptions associated with the recognition and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs, the determination of fair value of invested assets and related impairments, and the determination of goodwill and intangible impairments require considerable judgment by management. On an on-going basis, management reevaluates its assumptions and the methods of calculating its estimates. Actual results may differ from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

F-18

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Reclassifications — On December 15, 2015, the Company's Board of Directors declared a two-for-one stock split of the Company's common stock, in the form of a 100% stock dividend. All shareholders of record at the close of business on January 19, 2016 received one additional share of the Company's common stock for each share held on that date. The additional share of common stock was distributed to shareholders of record in the form of a stock dividend on February 2, 2016. As a result, the Company retrospectively adjusted all share and per share amounts in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes to the consolidated financial statements to apply the effect of the stock split.

Certain accounts in the prior years’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified for comparative purposes to conform to the current year’s presentation. The effect of these reclassifications had no impact on previously reported shareholders' equity or net income. Securities sold but not yet purchased had been previously reported within “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and consolidated statements of cash flows for the years then ended.

Recent Accounting Literature

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires a lessee to recognize a right of use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. The updated guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. Specifically, the guidance (a) requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. However, an entity may choose to measure equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair value at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulted from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer, (b) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment, (c) eliminates the requirement to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost, (d) requires the use of the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, (e) requires an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in fair value of a liability resulting from a change in  the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option, (f) requires separate presentation of financial assets and liabilities by measurement category and form on the balance sheet or the notes to the financial statements, and (g) clarifies that the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to an available for sale security should be evaluated with other deferred tax assets. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments, which requires that an acquirer in a business combination transaction recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. The ASU requires that the acquirer record, in the same period's financial statements, the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization, or other income effects, if any, as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. It also requires an entity to present separately on the face of the income statement or disclose in the notes to the financial statements the portion of the amount recorded in current-period earnings by line item that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and should be applied prospectively to adjustments to provisional amounts that occur after the effective date of this ASU with earlier application permitted for financial statements that have not been issued. The Company elected to early adopt this ASU on September 30, 2015. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

F-19

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-09, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Disclosure about Short-Duration Contracts, which provides certain new and additional disclosure requirements about the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses associated with short-duration contracts as defined in Topic 944. Pursuant to the updated guidance, all insurance entities that issue short-duration contracts are required to disclose, among other things, incurred and paid claims development information, a reconciliation of such information to the aggregate carrying amount of the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses, and significant changes in methodologies and assumptions used to calculate the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses, including the reasons for the change and the effects on the financial statements. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and should be applied retrospectively by providing comparative disclosures for each period presented, except for those requirements that apply only to the current period. The adoption of this guidance is limited to disclosure requirements and will not have a material impact on the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-07, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure for Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent), which provides guidance that removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient as well as limits certain disclosure requirements only to investments for which the entity elects to measure the fair value using that practical expedient. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and should be applied retrospectively for all periods presented. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-05, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement, which provides guidance to determine whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, then the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and can be adopted either prospectively to all arrangements entered into or materially modified after the effective date, or retrospectively. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, which provides updated guidance to clarify the required presentation of debt issuance costs. The amended guidance requires that debt issuance costs be presented in the balance sheet as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the recognized debt liability, consistent with the treatment of debt discounts. Amortization of debt issuance costs is to be reported as interest expense. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs are not affected by the updated guidance. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis, which provides amended guidance on a reporting entity's evaluation whether to consolidate certain legal entities. Specifically, the amendments will modify the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are variable interest entities ("VIEs") or voting entities, eliminate the presumption that a general partner should consolidate a limited partnership, affect the consolidation analysis of reporting entities with interests in VIEs, particularly those that have fee arrangements and related party relationships, and provide a scope exception from consolidation guidance for reporting entities with interests in legal entities that are required to comply with or operate in accordance with requirements that are similar to those in Rule 2a-7 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 for registered money market funds. The updated guidance is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material effect on the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In November 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-16, Derivative and Hedging (Topic 815): Determining Whether the Host Contract in a Hybrid Financial Instrument Issued in the Form of a Share Is More Akin to Debt or to Equity, which requires an entity (an issuer or an investor) of hybrid financial instruments to determine the nature of the host contract by considering the economic characteristics and risks of the entire hybrid financial instrument, including the embedded derivative feature that is being evaluated for separate accounting from the host contract. The updated guidance is effective for the period ending March 15, 2016. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material effect on the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

F-20

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-11, Transfers and Serving (Topic 860): Repurchase-to-Maturity Transactions, Repurchase Financings, and Disclosures, which amends accounting for repurchase-to-maturity transactions and associated repurchase financing to secured borrowing. The revised guidance also requires expanded disclosure for certain transactions comprising (1) a transfer of a financial asset accounted for as a sale and (2) an agreement with the same transferee entered into in contemplation of the initial transfer that results in the transferor retaining substantially all of the exposure to the economic return on the transferred financial asset throughout the term of the transaction, as well as expands disclosure for repurchase agreements, securities lending transactions, and repurchase-to-maturity transactions that are accounted for as secured borrowings. The updated guidance was effective for the period ending March 31, 2015. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-12, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718):Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period, to clarify how entities should treat performance targets that can be met after therequisite service period of a share-based payment award. The ASU states that the share-based payment award should be treatedas a performance condition that affects vesting and, therefore, an entity would not record compensation expense (measured as ofthe grant date without taking into account the effect of the performance target) related to an award for which transfer to the employeeis contingent on the entity’s satisfaction of a performance target until it becomes probable that the performance target will be met.No new disclosures are required under this ASU.ASU 2014-12 is effective beginning after December 15, 2015. In addition, all entities will havethe option of applying the guidance either prospectively (i.e., only to awards granted or modified on or after the effective date ofthe issue) or retrospectively. Retrospective application would only apply to awards with performance targets outstanding at orafter the beginning of the first annual period presented (i.e., the earliest presented comparative period). The adoption of thisguidance is not expected to have an impact on the Company's results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), to clarify the principles for recognizing revenue. While insurance contracts are not within the scope of this updated guidance, the Company’s service and fee income will be subject to this updated guidance. The updated guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue as performance obligations are met, in order to reflect the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity is entitled to receive for those goods or services. The following steps are applied in the updated guidance: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when, or as, the entity satisfies a performance obligation. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09 to the quarter ending March 31, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In April 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statement (Topic 205) and Property, Plant, and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosure of Disposals of Components of an Entity, which provides revised guidance to reduce diversity in practice for reporting discontinued operations. Under the previous guidance, any component of an entity that was a reportable segment, an operating segment, a reporting unit, a subsidiary, or an asset group was eligible for discontinued operations presentation. The revised guidance only allows disposals of components of an entity that represent a strategic shift (e.g., disposal of a major geographical area, a major line of business, a major equity method investment, or other major parts of an entity) and that have a major effect on a reporting entity’s operations and financial results to be reported as discontinued operations. The revised guidance also requires expanded disclosure in the financial statements for discontinued operations as well as for disposals of significant components of an entity that do not qualify for discontinued operations presentation. The updated guidance was effective for the period ending March 31, 2015. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

F-21

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

3. Investments

(a) Available-for-Sale Securities

The amortized cost, estimated fair value and gross unrealized appreciation and depreciation of fixed and equity securities are presented in the tables below:

(Amounts in Thousands) As of December 31, 2015	Original or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Preferred stock	$	4,869	$	150	$	(30	)	$	4,989
Common stock	104,477		3,816		(8,785		)	99,508
U.S. treasury securities	69,547		1,470		(258		)	70,759
U.S. government agencies	45,586		235		(263		)	45,558
Municipal bonds	530,004		11,952		(1,530		)	540,426
Foreign government	109,645		4,912		(812		)	113,745
Corporate bonds:
Finance	1,358,765		38,058		(34,393		)	1,362,430
Industrial	1,706,772		20,542		(80,251		)	1,647,063
Utilities	157,067		1,548		(9,115		)	149,500
Commercial mortgage backed securities	151,164		1,334		(1,180		)	151,318
Residential mortgage backed securities:
Agency backed	964,059		14,912		(4,133		)	974,838
Non-agency backed	124,046		322		(4,139		)	120,229
Collateralized loan / debt obligations	232,245		10		(6,161		)	226,094
Asset backed securities	33,142		4		(1,309		)	31,837
	$	5,591,388	$	99,265	$	(152,359	)	$	5,538,294

(Amounts in Thousands) As of December 31, 2014	Original or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Preferred stock	$	3,349	$	158	$	(1	)	$	3,506
Common stock	80,726		4,673		(7,861		)	77,538
U.S. treasury securities	42,416		1,558		(104		)	43,870
U.S. government agencies	12,968		575		(5		)	13,538
Municipal bonds	469,646		13,950		(1,555		)	482,041
Foreign government	106,054		6,760		(83		)	112,731
Corporate bonds:
Finance	1,167,011		60,322		(5,471		)	1,221,862
Industrial	1,187,818		38,317		(23,275		)	1,202,860
Utilities	137,169		3,200		(1,677		)	138,692
Commercial mortgage backed securities	36,964		1,890		(169		)	38,685
Residential mortgage backed securities:
Agency backed	954,320		23,340		(1,878		)	975,782
Non-agency backed	22,071		696		(264		)	22,503
Asset backed securities	709		2		(1		)	710
	$	4,221,221	$	155,441	$	(42,344	)	$	4,334,318

F-22

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Investments in foreign government securities include securities issued by national entities as well as instruments that are unconditionally guaranteed by such entities. As of December 31, 2015, the Company's foreign government securities were issued or guaranteed primarily by governments in Canada and Europe.

Proceeds from the sale of investments in available-for-sale securities during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were approximately $1,274,502, $1,988,266 and $1,681,165, respectively.

A summary of the Company’s available-for-sale fixed securities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, by contractual maturity, is shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	December 31, 2015				December 31, 2014
(Amounts in Thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	125,563	$	124,763	$	106,041	$	105,839
Due after one through five years	913,365		909,634		682,632		704,344
Due after five through ten years	2,586,061		2,537,734		1,998,740		2,062,942
Due after ten years	352,397		357,288		335,669		342,468
Mortgage and asset backed securities	1,504,656		1,504,378		1,014,064		1,037,681
Total fixed maturities	$	5,482,042	$	5,433,797	$	4,137,146	$	4,253,274

OTTI charges of our fixed-maturities and equity securities for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 are presented in the table below:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015		2014		2013
Equity securities recognized in earnings	$	1,276	$	2,646	$	2,869
Fixed maturity securities recognized in earnings	17,879		5,393		—
	$	19,155	$	8,039	$	2,869

F-23

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The tables below summarize the gross unrealized losses of our fixed maturity and equity securities by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:

	Less Than 12 Months						12 Months or More						Total
(Amounts in Thousands) December 31, 2015	Fair Market Value		Unrealized Losses			No. of Positions Held	Fair Market Value		Unrealized Losses			No. of Positions Held	Fair Market Value		Unrealized Losses
Common and preferred stock	$	59,302	$	(8,711	)	67	$	402	$	(104	)	2	$	59,704	$	(8,815	)
U.S. treasury securities	31,658		(232		)	77	2,586		(26		)	8	34,244		(258		)
U.S. government agencies	22,412		(262		)	20	182		(1		)	2	22,594		(263		)
Municipal bonds	121,550		(867		)	111	17,163		(663		)	30	138,713		(1,530		)
Foreign government	18,598		(688		)	27	5,977		(124		)	1	24,575		(812		)
Corporate bonds:
Finance	604,898		(33,068		)	349	59,020		(1,325		)	22	663,918		(34,393		)
Industrial	858,632		(65,887		)	633	82,495		(14,364		)	55	941,127		(80,251		)
Utilities	79,358		(5,305		)	113	7,712		(3,810		)	5	87,070		(9,115		)
Commercial mortgage backed securities	35,405		(1,079		)	100	2,870		(101		)	6	38,275		(1,180		)
Residential mortgage backed securities:
Agency backed	334,224		(2,788		)	163	35,446		(1,345		)	29	369,670		(4,133		)
Non-agency backed	95,001		(4,077		)	39	4,023		(62		)	4	99,024		(4,139		)
Collateralized loan / debt obligations	201,086		(6,161		)	78	—		—			—	201,086		(6,161		)
Asset-backed securities	30,302		(1,309		)	70	—		—			—	30,302		(1,309		)
	$	2,492,426	$	(130,434	)	1,847	$	217,876	$	(21,925	)	164	$	2,710,302	$	(152,359	)

F-24

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

	Less Than 12 Months						12 Months or More						Total
(Amounts in Thousands) As of December 31, 2014	Fair Market Value		Unrealized Losses			No. of Positions Held	Fair Market Value		Unrealized Losses			No. of Positions Held	Fair Market Value		Unrealized Losses
Common and preferred stock	$	38,970	$	(7,764	)	21	$	400	$	(98	)	2	$	39,370	$	(7,862	)
U.S. treasury securities	1,030		(54		)	7	3,219		(50		)	9	4,249		(104		)
U.S. government agencies	1,736		(3		)	3	222		(2		)		1,958		(5		)
Municipal bonds	24,695		(240		)	64	93,201		(1,315		)	98	117,896		(1,555		)
Foreign government	7,644		(83		)	4	—		—			—	7,644		(83		)
Corporate bonds:
Finance	192,520		(4,297		)	143	66,715		(1,174		)	27	259,235		(5,471		)
Industrial	236,845		(17,230		)	194	60,511		(6,045		)	43	297,356		(23,275		)
Utilities	12,188		(490		)	22	13,908		(1,187		)	3	26,096		(1,677		)
Commercial mortgage backed securities	15		—			2	—		(169		)	8	15		(169		)
Residential mortgage backed securities:
Agency backed	41,187		(101		)	10	66,172		(1,777		)	29	107,359		(1,878		)
Non-agency backed	5,092		(263		)	3	28		(1		)	2	5,120		(264		)
Asset-backed securities	148		—			1	110		(1		)	2	258		(1		)
	$	562,070	$	(30,525	)	474	$	304,486	$	(11,819	)	223	$	866,556	$	(42,344	)

There are 2,011 and 701 securities at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively that account for the gross unrealized loss, none of which is deemed by the Company to be OTTI. At December 31, 2015, we have determined that the unrealized losses on fixed maturities were primarily due to market interest rate movements since their date of purchase. As of December 31, 2015, for the $21,925 of unrealized losses related to securities in unrealized loss positions for a period of twelve or more consecutive months, $13,301 of those unrealized losses were related to securities in unrealized loss positions greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost or cost.

The net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities for for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands) Year Ended December 31,	2015			2014			2013
Fixed maturity securities	$	(48,245	)	$	116,128		$	(11,165	)
Equity securities	(4,849		)	(3,031		)	(862		)
Total net unrealized gain (loss)	(53,094		)	113,097			(12,027		)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	18,583			(39,584		)	4,209
Cumulative net unrealized (loss) gain, net of tax	(34,511		)	73,513			(7,818		)
Increase (decrease) in net unrealized gains, net of deferred income tax	$	(108,024	)	$	81,331		$	(83,936	)

F-25

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

(b) Trading Securities

The original or amortized cost, estimated market value and gross unrealized appreciation and depreciation of trading securities as of December 31, 2015 are presented in the table below:

(Amounts in Thousands) December 31, 2015	Original or amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses			Market value
Common stock	$	26,937	$	739	$	(405	)	$	27,271

(Amounts in Thousands) As of December 31, 2014	Original or amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses			Market value
Common stock	$	25,407	$	1,614	$	(272	)	$	26,749

Proceeds from the sale of investments in trading securities during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were approximately $207,992 and $78,974, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, the Company did not have any securities classified as trading securities.

(c) Investment Income

Net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was derived from the following sources:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015			2014			2013
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	152,663		$	124,976		$	82,392
Equity securities, available-for-sale	2,784			1,346			2,119
Equity securities, trading	(982		)	29			—
Cash and short term investments	3,718			5,442			2,200
	158,183			131,793			86,711
Investment expenses and interest expense on securities sold under agreement to repurchase	(1,893		)	(192		)	(1,892		)
	$	156,290		131,601			$	84,819

F-26

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

(d) Realized Gains and Losses

The tables below summarize the gross realized gains and (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

(Amounts in Thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2015	Gross Gains		Gross Losses			Net Gains and (Losses)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	17,828	$	(1,516	)	$	16,312
Equity securities, available-for-sale	1,563		(2,297		)	(734		)
Equity securities, trading	22,602		(12,565		)	10,037
Other invested assets	1,657		—			1,657
Write-down of fixed maturities, available-for-sale	—		(17,879		)	(17,879		)
Write-down of equity securities, available-for-sale	—		(1,276		)	(1,276		)
	$	43,650	$	(35,533	)	$	8,117

(Amounts in Thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2014	Gross Gains		Gross Losses			Net Gains and (Losses)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	16,611	$	(4,946	)	$	11,665
Equity securities, available-for-sale	14,121		(3,928		)	10,193
Equity securities, trading	10,475		(7,871		)	2,604
Write-down of fixed maturities, available-for-sale	—		(5,393		)	(5,393		)
Write-down of equity securities, available-for-sale	—		(2,646		)	(2,646		)
	$	41,207	$	(24,784	)	$	16,423

(Amounts in Thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2013	Gross Gains		Gross Losses			Net Gains and (Losses)
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	28,696	$	(18,066	)	$	10,630
Equity securities, available-for-sale	11,264		(3,498		)	7,766
Write-down of equity securities, available-for-sale	—		(2,869		)	(2,869		)
	$	39,960	$	(24,433	)	$	15,527

(e) Derivatives

The Company from time to time invests in a limited amount of derivatives and other financial instruments as part of its investment portfolio to manage interest rate changes or other exposures to a particular financial market. The Company records changes in valuation on its derivative positions not designated as a hedge as a component of net realized gains and losses.

The Company records changes in valuation on its hedged positions as a component of other comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had two interest rate swap agreements designated as a hedge and were recorded as a liability in the amount of $1,077 and $2,033, respectively, and were included as a component of accrued expenses and other liabilities.

The following table presents the notional amounts by remaining maturity of the Company’s Interest Rate Swaps as of December 31, 2015:

	Remaining Life of Notional Amount(1)
(Amounts in Thousands)	One Year		Two Through Five Years		Six Through Ten Years		After Ten Years		Total
Interest rate swaps	$	30,000	$	40,000	$	—	$	—	$	70,000

(1) Notional amount is not representative of either market risk or credit risk and is not recorded in the consolidated balance sheet.

F-27

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

(f) Restricted Cash and Investments

The Company, in order to conduct business in certain states, is required to maintain letters of credit or assets on deposit to support state mandated regulatory requirements and certain third party agreements. The Company also utilizes trust accounts to collateralize business with its reinsurance counterparties. These assets held are primarily in the form of cash or certain high grade securities. The fair values of our restricted assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015		2014
Restricted cash	$	380,699	$	186,225
Restricted investments	1,490,547		734,271
Total restricted cash and investments	$	1,871,246	$	920,496

(g) Other

Securities sold but not yet purchased are securities that the Company has sold, but does not own, in anticipation of a decline in the market value of the security. The Company's risk is that the value of the security will increase rather than decline. Consequently, the settlement amount of the liability for securities sold, not yet purchased may exceed the amount recorded in the consolidated balance sheet as the Company is obligated to purchase the securities sold, not yet purchased in the market at prevailing prices to settle the obligations. To establish a position in security sold, not yet purchased, the Company needs to borrow the security for delivery to the buyer. When the transaction is open, the liability for the obligation to replace the borrowed security is marked to market and an unrealized gain or loss is recorded. At the time the transaction is closed, the Company realizes a gain or loss equal to the differences between the price at which the security was sold and the cost of replacing the borrowed security. While the transaction is open, the Company will also incur an expense for any dividends or interest which will be paid to the lender of the securities. The Company’s liability for securities to be delivered is measured at their fair value and was $38,618 and $13,052 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The securities sold but not yet purchased consisted primarily of equity and fixed maturity securities.

F-28

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

4. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value Hierarchy

The following tables present the level within the fair value hierarchy at which the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities are measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:

(Amounts in Thousands) As of December 31, 2015	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
U.S. treasury securities	$	70,759	$	70,759	$	—	$	—
U.S. government securities	45,558		—		45,558		—
Municipal bonds	540,426		—		540,426		—
Foreign government	113,745		—		113,745		—
Corporate bonds and other bonds:
Finance	1,362,430		—		1,362,430		—
Industrial	1,647,063		—		1,647,063		—
Utilities	149,500		—		149,500		—
Commercial mortgage backed securities	151,318		—		151,318		—
Residential mortgage backed securities:
Agency backed	974,838		—		974,838		—
Non-agency backed	120,229		—		120,229		—
Collateralized loan / debt obligations	226,094		—		226,094		—
Asset-backed securities	31,837		—		31,837		—
Equity securities, available-for-sale	104,497		38,563		28,723		37,211
Equity securities, trading	27,271		27,271		—		—
Short term investments	84,266		84,266		—		—
Other investments	30,309		—		—		30,309
Life settlement contracts	264,001		—		—		264,001
	$	5,944,141	$	220,859	$	5,391,761	$	331,521
Liabilities:
Equity securities sold but not yet purchased, market	$	18,163	$	18,163	$	—	$	—
Fixed maturity securities sold but not yet purchased	20,455		—		20,455		—
Life settlement contract profit commission	15,406		—		—		15,406
Contingent consideration	77,457		—		—		77,457
Derivatives	1,077		—		1,077		—
	$	132,558	$	18,163	$	21,532	$	92,863

F-29

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

(Amounts in Thousands) As of December 31, 2014	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
U.S. treasury securities	$	43,870	$	43,870	$	—	$	—
U.S. government securities	13,538		—		13,538		—
Municipal bonds	482,041		—		482,041		—
Foreign government	112,731				112,731
Corporate bonds and other bonds:
Finance	1,221,862		—		1,221,862		—
Industrial	1,202,860		—		1,202,860		—
Utilities	138,692		—		138,692		—
Commercial mortgage backed securities	38,685		—		38,685		—
Residential mortgage backed securities:
Agency backed	975,782		—		975,782		—
Non-agency backed	22,503		—		22,503		—
Asset-backed securities	710		—		710		—
Equity securities, available-for-sale	81,044		24,484		21,674		34,886
Equity securities, trading	26,749		26,749		—
Short term investments	63,916		63,916		—		—
Other investments	13,315		—		—		13,315
Life settlement contracts	264,517		—		—		264,517
	$	4,702,815	$	159,019	$	4,231,078	$	312,718
Liabilities:
Equity securities sold but not yet purchased, market	$	13,052	$	13,052	$	—	$	—
Life settlement contract profit commission	16,534		—		—		16,534
Contingent consideration	41,704		—		—		41,704
Derivatives	2,033		—		2,033		—
	$	73,323	$	13,052	$	2,033	$	58,238

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

F-30

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The following table provides a summary of changes in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:

(Amounts in Thousands)	Balance as of January 1, 2015			Net income (loss)			Other comprehensive income (loss)			Purchases and issuances			Sales and settlements			Net transfers into (out of) Level 3		Balance as of December 31, 2015
Other investments	$	13,315		$	(232	)	$	(6,750	)	$	9,122		$	(1,029	)	$	15,883	30,309
Equity securities, available-for-sale	34,886			—			2,443			—			(118		)	—		37,211
Life settlement contracts	264,517			63,727			—			1,065			(65,308		)	—		264,001
Life settlement contract profit commission	(16,534		)	1,128			—			—			—			—		(15,406		)
Contingent consideration	(41,704		)	—			—			(51,087		)	15,334			—		(77,457		)
Total	$	254,480		$	64,623		$	(4,307	)	$	(40,900	)	$	(51,121	)	$	15,883	$	238,658

(Amounts in Thousands)	Balance as of January 1, 2014			Net income (loss)			Other comprehensive income (loss)			Purchases and issuances			Sales and settlements			Net transfers into (out of) Level 3		Balance as of December 31, 2014
Other investments	$	12,975		$	1,127		$	—		$	677		$	(1,464	)	$	—	$	13,315
Equity securities, available-for-sale	—			—			(7,079		)	41,965								34,886
Life settlement contracts	233,024			61,110			—			25,418			(55,035		)	—		264,517
Life settlement contract profit commission	(11,945		)	(4,589		)	—			—			—			—		(16,534		)
Contingent consideration	(10,816		)	—			—			(35,113		)	4,225			—		(41,704		)
Total	$	223,238		$	57,648		$	(7,079	)	$	32,947		$	(52,274	)	$	—	$	254,480

The Company changed its valuation methodology from Level 2 to Level 3 in the fair value heirarchy for certain privately placed investments of approximately $15,883 in 2015. The Company's policy for transfers between fair value levels, transfer into the levels, and transfer out of the levels is to recognize such transfers as of the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that cause the transfer. The Company had no transfers among the levels of fair value hierarchy during 2014.

A reconciliation of net income for life settlement contracts in the above table to (loss) gain on investment in life settlement contracts net of profit commission included in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 is as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015			2014
Net income	$	63,727		$	61,110
Premium paid	(45,244		)	(46,367		)
Profit commission	1,128			(4,589		)
Other expenses	233			2,152
Gain on investment in life settlement contracts	$	19,844		$	12,306

F-31

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The Company uses the following methods and assumptions in estimating its fair value disclosures for financial instruments:

• Equity and Fixed Income Investments:  Fair value disclosures for these investments are disclosed elsewhere in Note 2. “Significant Accounting Policies”. As of December 31, 2015, the Company's Level 3 equity securities consisted primarily of privately placed warrants of companies that have publicly traded common stock. The fair value of these equity securities as of December 31, 2015 was derived from the quoted price of the underlying common stock adjusted for other inputs that are not market observable. The carrying values of cash, short term investments and investment income accrued approximate their fair values and are classified as Level 1 in the financial hierarchy.

• Premiums Receivable:  The carrying values reported in the accompanying balance sheets for these financial instruments approximate their fair values due to the short term nature of the asset and are classified as Level 1 in the financial hierarchy.

• Other investments: Other investments consisted primarily of investments in real estate partnerships, private limited partnerships, annuities, and other. Other investments accounted for approximately 1.4% of the Company's investment portfolio as of December 31, 2015, which the Company believes is immaterial to its overall financial position or results of operations. The Company uses the equity method of accounting to account for a majority of its other investments. The financial statements prepared by the investee are received by the Company typically on a three-month lag basis. For its other investments reported at fair value, the Company estimates the fair value based on significant unobservable inputs in the valuation process. As a result, the Company classified the fair value estimates as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

• Equity Investment in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries - Related Party: The Company has an ownership percentage of approximately 12% in NGHC, a publicly-held insurance holding company (Nasdaq: NGHC). The Company accounts for this investment under the equity method of accounting as it has the ability to exert significant influence on NGHC. The fair value and the carrying value of the investment was approximately $268,778 and $138,023, respectively, as of December 31, 2015.

• Debt:  The current fair value of the Company's debt arrangements was as follows:

	Carrying Value		Fair Value
7.25% Subordinated Notes due 2055	$	150,000	$	153,840
7.50% Subordinated Notes due 2055	135,000		139,698
2.75% Convertible senior notes due 2044	163,082		215,983
6.125% Senior notes due 2023	250,000		243,540
Junior subordinated debentures due 2035-2037	123,714		81,590
Revolving credit facility	130,000		130,000
Other	58,173		58,173

The 7.25% subordinated notes due 2055, the 7.50% subordinated notes due 2055, the 2.75% convertible senior notes due 2044, and the 6.125% senior notes due 2023 are publicly traded instruments and are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the revolving credit facility approximates its carrying value due to the short period to maturity. The fair value of the junior subordinated debentures was determined using the Black-Derman-Toy interest rate lattice model and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The Company considers its other debt's carrying value to approximate fair value as their interest rates approximate current borrowing rates

• Derivatives: The Company classifies interest rate swaps as Level 2 hierarchy. The Company uses these interest rate swaps to hedge floating interest rates on its debt, thereby changing the variable rate exposure to a fixed rate exposure for interest on these obligations. The estimated fair value of the interest rate swaps, which is obtained from a third party pricing service, is measured using discounted cash flow analysis that incorporates significant observable inputs, including the LIBOR forward curve and a measurement of volatility.

• Contingent consideration: The fair value of contingent consideration is based on a discounted cash flow methodology and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

• Life settlement contracts and life settlement contract profit commission: The fair value of life settlement contracts as well as life settlement profit commission liability is based on information available to the Company at the end of the reporting period. These financial instruments are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The Company considers the following factors in its fair value estimates: cost at date of purchase, recent purchases and sales of similar investments (if available and applicable), financial standing of the issuer, changes in economic conditions affecting the issuer,

F-32

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

maintenance cost, premiums, benefits, standard actuarially developed mortality tables and life expectancy reports prepared by nationally recognized and independent third party medical underwriters. The Company estimates the fair value of a life insurance policy by applying an investment discount rate based on the cost of funding the Company's life settlement contracts as compared to returns on investments in asset classes with comparable credit quality, which the Company has determined to be 7.5%, to the expected cash flow generated by the policies in the Company's life settlement portfolio (death benefits less premium payments), net of policy specific adjustments and reserves. In order to confirm the integrity of their calculation of fair value, the Company, quarterly, retains an independent third-party actuary to verify that the actuarial modeling used by the Company to determine fair value was performed correctly and that the valuation, as determined through the Company's actuarial modeling, is consistent with other methodologies. The Company considers this information in its assessment of the reasonableness of the life expectancy and discount rate inputs used in the valuation of these investments.

The Company adjusts the standard mortality for each insured for the insured's life expectancy based on reviews of the insured's medical records and the independent life expectancy reports based thereon. The Company establishes policy specific reserves for the following uncertainties: improvements in mortality, the possibility that the high net worth individuals represented in its portfolio may have access to better health care, the volatility inherent in determining the life expectancy of insureds with significant reported health impairments, the possibility that the issuer of the policy or a third party will contest the payment of the death benefit payable to the Company, and the future expenses related to the administration of the portfolio, which incorporates current life expectancy assumptions, premium payments, the credit exposure to the insurance company that issued the life settlement contracts and the rate of return that a buyer would require on the contracts as no comparable market pricing is available. Prior to 2015, the Company established policy specific reserves for the possibility that the third party issuer of the policy would contest the payment of the death benefit payable to the Company. The Company determined that the contestability reserve was not necessary in 2015 due to historical experience. The application of the investment discount rate to the expected cash flow generated by the portfolio, net of the policy specific reserves, yields the fair value of the portfolio. The effective discount rate reflects the relationship between the fair value and the expected cash flow gross of these reserves.

The following summarizes data utilized in estimating the fair value of the portfolio of life insurance policies as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and, as described in Note 6. “Investments in Life Settlements”, only includes data for policies to which the Company assigned value at those dates:

	2015			2014
Average age of insured	82.0			81.1
Average life expectancy, months (1)	114			121
Average face amount per policy (Amounts in thousands)	$	6,564		$	6,624
Effective discount rate (2)	13.7		%	14.0		%

⁽¹⁾  Standard life expectancy as adjusted for specific circumstances.

⁽²⁾  Effective discount rate (“EDR”) is the Company's estimated internal rate of return on its life settlement contract portfolio and is determined from the gross expected cash flows and valuation of the portfolio. The valuation of the portfolio is calculated net of all reserves using a 7.5% discount rate. The EDR is inclusive of the reserves and the gross expected cash flows of the portfolio. The Company anticipates that the EDR's range is between 12.5% and 17.5% and reflects the uncertainty that exists surrounding the information available as of the reporting date. As the accuracy and reliability if information improves (declines), the EDR will decrease (increase). The change in the EDR from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015 resulted from routine updating of life expectancies and other factors relating to operational risk.

F-33

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The Company's assumptions are, by their nature, inherently uncertain and the effect of changes in estimates may be significant. The fair value measurements used in estimating the present value calculation are derived from valuation techniques generally used in the industry that include inputs for the asset that are not based on observable market data. The extent to which the fair value could reasonably vary in the near term has been quantified by evaluating the effect of changes in significant underlying assumptions used to estimate the fair value amount. If the life expectancies were increased or decreased by 4 months and the discount factors were increased or decreased by 1% while all other variables are held constant, the carrying value of the investment in life insurance policies would increase or (decrease) by the unaudited amounts summarized below for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:

	Change in life expectancy
	Plus 4 Months			Minus 4 Months
Investment in life policies:
December 31, 2015	$	(37,697	)	$	40,997
December 31, 2014	$	(34,686	)	$	36,486

	Change in discount rate (1)
	Plus 1%			Minus 1%
Investment in life policies:
December 31, 2015	$	(26,558	)	$	29,644
December 31, 2014	$	(22,705	)	$	25,456

⁽¹⁾ Discount rate is a present value calculation that considers legal risk, credit risk and liquidity risk and is a component of EDR.

Non-recurring fair value measurements

Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include intangible assets and goodwill, which are recognized at fair value during the period in which an acquisition is completed, from updated estimates and assumptions during the measurement period, or when they are considered to be impaired. These non-recurring fair value measurements, primarily for intangible assets acquired, were based on Level 3 unobservable inputs. In the event of an impairment, the Company determines the fair value of the goodwill and intangible assets using a discounted cash flow approach or price to invested assets multiple, which contain significant unobservable inputs and therefore is considered a Level 3 fair value measurement. The unobservable inputs in the analysis generally include future cash flow projections and a discount rate. See Note 8, Intangible Assets and Goodwill, for additional information on how the Company tests goodwill for impairment.

There were non-recurring fair value adjustments related to impairment of intangible assets of $2,060, $0and $0 during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and non-recurring adjustments related to impairment to goodwill of $55,304, $62,898, and $10,226 during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Additionally, there were certain adjustments to the initial fair value estimates of the assets and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date (as disclosed in Note 5 to these consolidated financial statements) from updated estimates and assumptions during the measurement period. The measurement period may be up to one year from the acquisition date. The Company records any measurement period adjustments to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill.

F-34

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

5. Acquisitions

The Company accounts for acquisitions pursuant to the acquisition method. In applying the acquisition method, the Company records the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at fair value and records the excess of the consideration paid over the value of the identified net assets acquired as goodwill. The Company assigns fair values to intangible assets based on valuation techniques including the income and market approaches.

The following significant acquisitions occurred during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:

Springfield

On October 7, 2015, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of Springfield Insurance Company and its affiliates, Springfield Insurance Company Ltd. and Unified Grocers Insurance Services (collectively "Springfield"). Springfield, domiciled in California, is an insurance carrier providing workers' compensation and commercial package insurance to Unified Grocers Inc., an association of independently owned grocery stores, its members and its customers. The purchase agreement required the Company to pay approximately $26,574 in cash on the acquisition date and contained an earn-out provision that is contingent on Springfield meeting certain performance conditions over a five-year period. The contingent consideration associated with the earn-out provision was initially valued at $5,000 as of the acquisition date.

A summary of the preliminary assets acquired and liabilities assumed for Springfield are as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)
Assets
	Cash and investments	$	93,837
	Premium receivable, net	4,651
	Accrued interest and dividends	470
	Other assets	2,752
	Deferred tax asset	1,905
	Property and equipment	1,376
	Goodwill and intangible assets	4,253
Total assets		$	109,244
Liabilities
	Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	$	65,725
	Unearned premiums	7,006
	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	4,199
	Reinsurance payable on paid losses	740
Total liabilities		$	77,670
Acquisition price		$	31,574

The goodwill and intangible assets associated with the acquisition were initially measured at $4,253 and is not taxable. The Company is in the process of completing its acquisition accounting and expects to have it completed in the first half of 2016. The goodwill and intangible assets as well as Springfield's results of operations will be included as a component of the Small Commercial Business segment. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded approximately $3,201 of gross written premium and $576 of service and fee income during the year ended December 31, 2015.

F-35

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Warranty Solutions

On September 25, 2015, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of Warranty Solutions, a Wells Fargo business ("Warranty Solutions") for $156,247 in cash. Warranty Solutions designs, markets, administers and underwrites vehicle service contracts for new and used automobiles through a national network of more than 70 active agencies and 1,500 franchised and independent dealers.

A summary of the preliminary assets acquired and liabilities assumed for Warranty Solutions are as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)
Assets
	Cash and investments	$	192,015
	Prepaid reinsurance premium	77,777
	Deferred tax asset	50,399
	Other assets	22,466
	Goodwill and intangible assets	84,215
Total assets		$	426,872
Liabilities
	Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	$	3,013
	Unearned premiums	182,441
	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	85,171
Total liabilities		$	270,625
Acquisition price		$	156,247

The goodwill and intangible assets associated with the acquisition were initially measured at $84,215, which initially included customer relationships and licenses. The goodwill associated with the acquisition is not taxable. The Company is in the process of completing its acquisition accounting and expects to have it completed in the first half of 2016. The goodwill and intangible assets as well as Warranty Solutions' results of operations are included as a component of the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded approximately $22,810 of gross written premium and $24,312 of service and fee income during the year ended December 31, 2015.

F-36

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

CorePointe Insurance Company

On March 2, 2015, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of CorePointe Insurance Company ("CorePointe"). CorePointe, a Michigan-based specialty property and casualty insurance company, markets commercial package insurance products primarily to automobile and motorcycle dealerships and auto repair shops. The majority of CorePointe's insurance products and services are distributed through managing general agents ("MGAs") with whom it has long-standing relationships.

A summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for CorePointe are as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)
Assets
	Cash and investments	$	123,338
	Premium receivable	20,441
	Reinsurance recoverable	1,635
	Other assets	1,703
	Deferred tax asset	4,303
	Property and equipment	226
	Intangible assets	2,710
Total assets		$	154,356
Liabilities
	Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	$	46,539
	Unearned premiums	24,230
	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	7,781
	Deferred tax liability	1,206
Total liabilities		$	79,756
Acquisition price		$	68,774
Acquisition gain		$	5,826

The Company accounts for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting and, therefore, increased the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves by approximately $10,107 to their fair value. The Company adjusted the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves to fair value by recording the acquired loss reserves based on the Company’s existing accounting policies and then discounting them based on expected reserve payout patterns using a current risk-free interest rate. This risk-free interest rate was then adjusted based on different cash flow scenarios that use different payout and ultimate reserve assumptions deemed to be reasonably possible based upon the inherent uncertainties present in determining the amount and timing of payment of such reserves. The difference between the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves and the Company’s best estimate of the fair value of such reserves at the acquisition date was recorded as an intangible asset in the amount of approximately $1,210 and will be amortized proportionately to the decrease in the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves over the payout period for the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. Additionally, the Company recorded approximately $1,500 for state licenses that have an indefinite life. These intangible assets, as well as CorePointe's results of operations, are included as a component of the Specialty Program segment. The Company finalized its acquisition accounting for CorePointe in 2015, which resulted in a gain on acquisition of approximately $5,826. In addition, the Company recorded approximately $39,418 of written premium related to CorePointe during the year ended December 31, 2015.

F-37

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

TMI Solutions, LLC

On January 6, 2015, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of TMI Solutions, LLC ("TMIS"). TMIS offers monthly billed warranty solutions for a variety of consumer electronics as well as consumer protection services. TMIS' warranties are primarily distributed in conjunction with large telecommunication monthly customer billing services and their customers include various Fortune 500 companies. The purchase agreement required the Company to pay approximately $29,503 in cash on the acquisition date and contained an earn-out provision that is contingent on TMIS meeting certain performance conditions over a three-year period. The contingent consideration associated with the earn-out provision was initially valued at $32,000 as of the acquisition date.

A summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for TMIS are as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)
Assets
	Cash and investments	$	749
	Other assets	1,354
	Property and equipment	53
	Goodwill and intangible assets	70,791
Total assets		$	72,947
Liabilities
	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	69
	Deferred tax liability	11,375
Total liabilities		$	11,444
Acquisition price		$	61,503

As part of the acquisition, the Company obtained identifiable intangible assets of approximately $32,500, which included customer relationships of $28,000 and software of $1,000 with finite lives ranging from four to eight years and tradenames of $2,500 and licenses of $1,000 with indefinite lives. A remaining value of $38,291 was assigned to goodwill and is not taxable. The goodwill and intangible assets, as well as TMIS' results of operations, are included as a component of the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment. As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded approximately $13,650 of service and fee income related to TMIS during the year ended December 31, 2015.

F-38

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Oryx Insurance Brokerage, Inc.

On January 6, 2015, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of Oryx Insurance Brokerage, Inc. ("Oryx"). Oryx, established in 1996, is a managing general agent and wholesaler providing insurance products to the construction industry in upstate New York. For 2014, Oryx placed $80,000 in premiums through over 135 agencies with the majority of business underwritten by the Company. The purchase agreement required the Company to pay approximately $30,584 in cash on the acquisition date and contained an earn-out provision that is contingent on Oryx meeting certain performance conditions over a five-year period. The contingent consideration associated with the earn-out provision was valued at $7,000 as of the acquisition date.

A summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for Oryx are as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)
Assets
	Cash and investments	$	4,669
	Premium receivable	3,438
	Other assets	1,774
	Goodwill and intangible assets	42,915
Total assets		$	52,796
Liabilities
	Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	$	1,405
	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	7,353
	Deferred tax liability	6,454
Total liabilities		$	15,212
Acquisition price		$	37,584

As part of the acquisition, the Company obtained customer relationships valued at $18,500 as identifiable intangible assets with a finite life of nine years. The goodwill and intangible assets, as well as Oryx's results of operations, are included as a component of the Specialty Program segment. The goodwill associated with the acquisition is not taxable.

As a result of its underwriting relationship with Oryx, the Company had approximately $93,290 and $72,208 of written premium during the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company recorded approximately $414 of service and fee income related to Oryx during the year ended December 31, 2015. Additionally, the Company reduced its overall commission expense by approximately $3,832 during the year ended December 31, 2015 as a result of this acquisition.

F-39

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Comp Options Insurance Company, Inc.

On October 1, 2014, the Company acquired Comp Options Insurance Company, Inc. ("Comp Options"), a Florida-based workers' compensation insurer, from an affiliate of Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Florida, for approximately $34,291 in cash. Comp Options offers workers' compensation insurance to small businesses with low-hazard risk profiles in the state of Florida.

A summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for Comp Options are as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)
Assets
	Cash and investments	$	80,051
	Premium receivable	33,530
	Other assets	6,642
	Deferred tax asset	5,024
	Goodwill and intangible assets	17,353
Total assets		$	142,600
Liabilities
	Loss and loss expense reserves	$	55,752
	Unearned premiums	34,364
	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	16,561
	Deferred tax liability	1,632
Total liabilities		$	108,309
Acquisition price		$	34,291

The Company accounts for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting and, therefore, increased the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves by approximately $6,590 to their fair value. The Company adjusted the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves to fair value by recording the acquired loss reserves based on the Company’s existing accounting policies and then discounting them based on expected reserve payout patterns using a current risk-free interest rate. This risk-free interest rate was then adjusted based on different cash flow scenarios that use different payout and ultimate reserve assumptions deemed to be reasonably possible based upon the inherent uncertainties present in determining the amount and timing of payment of such reserves. The difference between the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves and the Company’s best estimate of the fair value of such reserves at the acquisition date was recorded as an intangible asset in the amount of approximately $1,612 and will be amortized proportionately to the decrease in the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves over the payout period for the acquired loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. Additionally, the Company recorded agency relationships of approximately $3,000, with a life of nine years, and an indefinite lived license of $50. The goodwill and intangible assets, as well as Comp Options' results of operations, are included as a component of the Small Commercial Business segment. The goodwill associated with the acquisition is not taxable.

As a result of this acquisition, the Company recorded approximately $65,077 and $18,653 of written premium and approximately $3,212 and $951 of service and fee income during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

F-40

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The Insco Dico Group

On January 3, 2014, the Company completed the acquisition of Insco Insurance Services, Inc. ("Insco Dico") and its subsidiaries for an acquisition price of approximately $88,700. Insco Dico's subsidiaries include Developers Surety and Indemnity Company and Indemnity Company of California, which offer surety insurance to developers and contractors in all 50 states with California as the largest state. In addition, Insco Dico's subsidiary, Builders Insurance Services, markets general liability insurance policies to contractors in several states in the western region of the U.S.

A summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for Insco Dico are as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)
Assets
	Cash and investments	$	130,031
	Premium receivables	8,684
	Reinsurance recoverable	5,799
	Other assets	1,783
	Deferred tax asset	3,104
	Property and equipment	1,190
	Goodwill and intangible assets	17,765
Total assets		$	168,356
Liabilities
	Loss and loss expense reserves	$	25,210
	Unearned premiums	25,715
	Funds held for policyholders	5,864
	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	10,210
	Deferred tax liability	2,657
	Notes payable	10,000
Total liabilities		$	79,656
Acquisition price		$	88,700

The goodwill and intangible assets, as well as Insco Dico's results of operations, are included as a component of the Small Commercial Business segment. The goodwill associated with the acquisition is not taxable. The identifiable intangible assets consist of agency relationships of $3,400, which have a 20 year life, and licenses of $3,450 that have an indefinite life.

As a result of this transaction, the Company recorded approximately $71,254 and $55,511, respectively, of written premium and approximately $1,038 and $3,743, respectively, of service and fee income during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Other

The Company had additional immaterial acquisitions totaling approximately $27,300 during the year ended December 31, 2015. No individual acquisition or acquisitions in the aggregate were significant and, therefore, the Company is not required to include any pro forma financial information in this report.

F-41

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

6. Investment in Life Settlements

The Company has a 50% ownership interest in each of four entities (collectively, the “LSC Entities”) formed for the purpose of acquiring life settlement contracts, with a subsidiary of NGHC owning the remaining 50%. The LSC Entities are: Tiger Capital LLC (“Tiger”); AMT Capital Alpha, LLC (“AMT Alpha”); AMT Capital Holdings, S.A. (“AMTCH”); and AMT Capital Holdings II, S.A. (“AMTCH II”).

A life settlement contract is a contract between the owner of a life insurance policy and a third-party who obtains the ownership and beneficiary rights of the underlying life insurance policy.The LSC Entities may also acquire premium finance loans made in connection with the borrowers’ purchase of life insurance policies that are secured by the policies. The LSC Entities acquire the underlying policies securing the loan through the borrowers’ voluntary surrender of the policy in satisfaction of the loan or foreclosure. A third party serves as the administrator of the Tiger and AMTCH II life settlement contract portfolios, for which it receives an administrative fee. The third party administrator is eligible to receive a percentage of profits after certain time and performance thresholds have been met. The Company provides certain actuarial and finance functions related to the LSC Entities. In conjunction with the Company’s approximate 12% ownership percentage of NGHC, the Company ultimately receives 56% of the profits and losses of the LSC Entities. As such, in accordance with ASC 810-10, Consolidation, the Company has been deemed the primary beneficiary and, therefore, consolidate the LSC Entities.

The Company accounts for investments in life settlements in accordance with ASC 325-30, Investments in Insurance Contracts, which states that an investor shall elect to account for its investments in life settlement contracts by using either the investment method or the fair value method. The election is made on an instrument-by-instrument basis and is irrevocable. The Company has elected to account for these policies using the fair value method. The Company determines fair value based upon its estimate of the discounted cash flow related to policies (net of the reserves for improvements in mortality, the possibility that the high net worth individuals represented in its portfolio may have access to better health care, the volatility inherent in determining the life expectancy of insureds with significant reported health impairments, the possibility that the issuer of the policy or a third party will contest the payment of the death benefit payable to the Company, and the future expenses related to the administration of the portfolio), which incorporates current life expectancy assumptions, premium payments, the credit exposure to the insurance company that issued the life settlement contracts and the rate of return that a buyer would require on the contracts as no comparable market pricing is available. Prior to 2015, the Company established policy specific reserves for the possibility that the third party issuer of the policy would contest the payment of the death benefit payable to the Company. The Company determined that the contestability reserve was not necessary in 2015 due to historical experience. The application of the investment discount rate to the expected cash flow generated by the portfolio, net of the policy specific reserves, yields the fair value of the portfolio. The effective discount rate reflects the relationship between the fair value and the expected cash flow gross of these reserves.

Total capital contributions of $1,130 and $36,115 were made to the LSC Entities during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, of which the Company contributed approximately $565 and $17,907 in those same periods. The LSC Entities used the contributed capital to pay premiums and purchase policies. The Company’s investments in life settlements are reported at fair value and are included in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company recorded a gain on investment on investment in life settlement contracts net of profit commission of approximately $19,844, $12,306 and $13,822 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to the life settlement contracts.

F-42

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The following tables describe the Company’s investment in life settlements as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:

(Amounts in thousands, except Life Settlement Contracts) Expected Maturity Term in Years	Number of Life Settlement Contracts	Fair Value (1)		Face Value
As of December 31, 2015
0 – 1	—	$	—	$	—
1 – 2	—	—		—
2 – 3	8	31,261		70,500
3 – 4	8	20,117		46,500
4 – 5	4	6,760		20,000
Thereafter	235	205,863		1,481,313
Total	255	$	264,001	$	1,618,313
As of December 31, 2014
0 – 1	—	$	—	$	—
1 – 2	—	—		—
2 – 3	8	43,593		70,500
3 – 4	5	10,081		22,500
4 – 5	7	14,335		49,000
Thereafter	254	196,508		1,596,209
Total	274	$	264,517	$	1,738,209

⁽¹⁾ The Company determined the fair value as of December 31, 2015 based on 213 policies out of 255 policies, as the Company assigned no value to 42 of the policies as of December 31, 2015. The Company determined the fair value as of December 31, 2014 based on 218 policies out of 274 policies, as the Company assigned no value to 56 of the policies as of December 31, 2014. The Company estimates the fair value of a life insurance policy using a cash flow model with an appropriate discount rate. In some cases, the cash flow model calculates the value of an individual policy to be negative, and therefore the fair value of the policy is zero as no liability exists when a negative value is calculated. The Company is not contractually bound to pay the premium on its life settlement contracts and, therefore, would not pay a willing buyer to assume title of these contracts. Additionally, certain of the Company’s acquired polices were structured to have low premium payments at inception of the policy term, which later escalate greatly towards the tail end of the policy term. At the current time, the Company expenses all premiums paid, even on policies with zero fair value. Once the premium payments escalate, the Company may allow the policies to lapse. In the event that death benefits are realized in the time frame between initial acquisition and premium escalation, it is a benefit to cash flow.

For these contracts where the Company determined the fair value to be negative and therefore assigned a fair value of zero, the table below details the amount of premiums paid and the death benefits received for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:

	2015		2014
Number of policies with a negative value from discounted cash flow model	42		56
Premiums paid for the year ended	$	4,971	$	5,963
Death benefit received	$	—	$	4,950

F-43

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Premiums to be paid by the LSC Entities for each of the five succeeding fiscal years to keep the life insurance policies in force as of December 31, 2015, are as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)	Premiums Due on Life Settlement Contracts
2016	$	54,540
2017	53,002
2018	41,409
2019	41,385
2020	38,627
Thereafter	487,107
	$	716,070

7. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

The following table reflects the amounts of policy acquisition costs deferred and amortized for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015			2014			2013
Balance, beginning of period	$	628,383		$	468,404		$	349,126
Acquisition costs deferred	744,107			698,689			486,566
Amortization	(668,247		)	(538,710		)	(367,288		)
Balance, end of period	$	704,243		$	628,383		$	468,404

F-44

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

8. Intangible Assets and Goodwill

The composition of goodwill and intangible assets is summarized as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands) As of December 31, 2015	Gross Balance		Accumulated Amortization		Net Value		Useful Life
Goodwill	$	432,700	$	—	$	432,700	Indefinite Life
Renewal rights	67,617		26,274		41,343		7 to 17 years
Distribution networks	115,147		45,497		69,650		6 to 20 years
Software	4,535		3,186		1,349		3 to 20 years
Customer relationships	219,181		50,023		169,158		9 to 18 years
Trademarks	5,220		5,140		80		15 years
Trademarks	7,826		—		7,826		Indefinite Life
Licenses	12,608		8,599		4,009		5 to 50 years
Licenses	29,055		—		29,055		Indefinite Life
Use rights	39,230		—		39,230		Indefinite Life
Other	17,558		11,913		5,645		4 to 10 years
Total	$	950,677	$	150,632	$	800,045	12 years average

(Amounts in Thousands) As of December 31, 2014	Gross Balance		Accumulated Amortization		Net Value		Useful Life
Goodwill	$	352,685	$	—	$	352,685	Indefinite Life
Renewal rights	62,367		16,732		45,635		7 to 17 years
Distribution networks	115,480		36,009		79,471		5 to 20 years
Software	3,547		2,101		1,446		3 to 20 years
Customer relationships	132,744		31,807		100,937		8 to 18 years
Trademarks	5,220		5,132		88		15 years
Trademarks	6,327		—		6,327		Indefinite Life
Licenses	12,608		6,151		6,457		5 to 50 years
Licenses	25,055		—		25,055		Indefinite Life
Use rights	41,468		—		41,468		Indefinite Life
Other	16,348		8,236		8,112		4 to 10 years
Total	$	773,849	$	106,168	$	667,681	14 years average

The Company identifies reporting units for goodwill impairment testing in accordance with ASC 350-20-35 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. The Company generally combines reporting units, which are a component of an operating segment, when they have similar economic characteristics, nature of services, types of customer, distribution methods and regulatory environment. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had seven reporting units that it tested for goodwill impairment, which is tested as of October 1^st. The Company had one reporting unit, Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty - Luxembourg reporting unit (“RU”), which was at risk of failing step 1 in the goodwill impairment test required under ASC 350 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. This RU had $60,249 and $121,761 of goodwill as of the test date in 2015 and 2014, respectively. For the RU, a step 1 analysis was performed to determine whether an impairment existed using an October 1^st measurement date. Since Luxembourg reinsurance companies are regularly bought and sold between third parties and the transaction data information is available, the Guideline Transactions Method of the Market Approach (Fair value hierarchy Level 3) was utilized to determine the fair value of the RU. The Guideline Transactions Method is based on valuation multiples derived from actual transactions for comparable companies and was used to develop an estimate of value for the subject company. In applying this method, valuation multiples are derived from historical data of selected transactions, then evaluated and adjusted, if necessary, based on the strengths and weaknesses of the subject company relative to the derived market data. In the case of the RU, the most appropriate multiple to utilize was determined to be a Price to Invested Assets (“P/IA”) multiple, since invested assets and the corresponding regulatory reserves are metrics utilized by market participants to negotiate the purchase price of the transaction. These P/IA multiples are then applied to the appropriate invested assets of the subject company to arrive at an indication of fair value. Step 1 of the impairment t

F-45

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

est indicated that the RU’s carrying value exceeded its fair value in 2013 through 2015. Accordingly, the Company performed a Step 2 impairment test and recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $55,304, $61,512 and $10,226 during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, which is included in Other expenses on the Consolidated Statement of Income. Additionally, certain goodwill attributable to the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty - Europe RU was impaired for $1,386 in 2014 due to deterioration in a subsidiary's operating performance with which the goodwill was associated.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)	Small Commercial Business		Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty			Specialty Program		Total
Balance as of January 1, 2014	$	116,272	$	239,378		$	17,941	$	373,591
Goodwill additions	24,304		18,617			—		42,921
Goodwill impairment	—		(62,898		)	—		(62,898		)
Foreign currency translation	—		(929		)	—		(929		)
Balance as of January 1, 2015	$	140,576	$	194,168		$	17,941	$	352,685
Goodwill additions	4,776		106,695			24,513		135,984
Goodwill impairment	—		(55,304		)	—		(55,304		)
Foreign currency translation	—		(665		)	—		(665		)
Balance as of December 31, 2015	$	145,352	$	244,894		$	42,454	$	432,700

Goodwill added during 2015 resulted primarily from the acquisitions of TMIS and Warranty Solutions in the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment and the acquisition of Oryx in the Specialty Program segment. Goodwill added during 2014 resulted primarily from the acquisitions of Insco Dico and Comp Options in the Small Commercial Business segment as well as certain insignificant acquisitions in the Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment.

A roll forward of the changes in cumulative goodwill impairment losses, which are all included in Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment, is below:

(Amounts in Thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2013:
Goodwill	$	437,611
Accumulated impairment losses	(64,020		)
	373,591
Goodwill acquired	42,921
Goodwill impairment	(62,898		)
Foreign currency translation	(929		)
Balance as of December 31, 2014:
Goodwill	479,603
Accumulated impairment losses	(126,918		)
	352,685
Goodwill acquired	135,984
Goodwill impairment	(55,304		)
Foreign currency translation	(665		)
Balance as of December 31, 2015:
Goodwill	614,922
Accumulated impairment losses	(182,222		)
	$	432,700

F-46

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Finite lived intangible assets are generally amortized under the straight-line method, except for renewal rights, which the Company amortizes using a 125% accelerated method, and certain customer relationships, which are amortized based on cash flows associated with the respective customer relationships. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $46,524, $33,543 and $31,667, respectively. The estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the next five years is:

(Amounts in Thousands)
2016	$	45,566
2017	40,996
2018	35,124
2019	33,166
2020	32,151

The Company has Luxembourg-domiciled reinsurance entities. In connection with acquiring these reinsurance entities, the Company acquires cash and equalization reserves of the reinsurance companies. Additionally, goodwill is recorded as the difference between the acquisition price and the fair value of the net assets acquired. An equalization reserve is a catastrophe reserve in excess of required reserves established pursuant to Luxembourg law. Equalization reserves are required to be established for Luxembourg statutory and tax purposes, but are not recognized under U.S. GAAP. The equalization reserves originally established by the seller under Luxembourg law allowed the reinsurer to offset any taxable income. Equalization reserves are calculated on a line of business basis and are subject to a theoretical maximum amount, or cap, based on the expected premium volume described in the business plan of the reinsurance company as approved by the Luxembourg regulators and is subject to reassessment every five years. Each year, the Luxembourg reinsurer is required to adjust its equalization reserves by an amount equal to its statutory net income or net loss, determined based on premiums and investment income less incurred losses and other operating expenses. The yearly adjustment of the equalization reserve generally results in zero pretax income on a Luxembourg statutory and tax basis, as follows: in a year in which the reinsurer’s operations result in a statutory loss, the equalization reserves are taken down in an amount to balance the income statement to zero pretax income, and in a year in which the operations result in a gain, the equalization reserves are increased in an amount to balance the income statement to zero pretax income. If the reinsurer were to produce underwriting income in excess of the equalization reserve cap, or if the cap were to be reduced below the amount of the carried equalization reserves, the reinsurer would incur Luxembourg tax on the amount of such excess income or the amount by which the reserves exceeded the reduced cap, as applicable.

If a Luxembourg reinsurer can assume sufficient premium to maintain its equalization reserves or assume losses, which then reduce the equalization reserves, the reinsurer can permanently defer the income tax. Subsequent to the acquisition, the Company cedes premium and associated losses to the reinsurance companies through intercompany reinsurance arrangements. Provided the Company is able to cede business that generates a net loss to the reinsurance companies through intercompany reinsurance arrangements sufficient to offset the reinsurers’ required reductions of the equalization reserves, Luxembourg would not, under laws currently in effect, impose any income, corporation or profits tax on the reinsurance companies. However, if the reinsurance companies were to cease reinsuring business without exhausting the equalization reserves, they would be taxed by Luxembourg at a rate of approximately 30%. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had approximately $37,171 and $314,050, respectively, of unutilized equalization reserves and associated deferred tax liability of approximately $11,151 and $94,215, respectively. The reduction in equalization reserves in 2015 was due to a restructuring of the intercompany reinsurance agreements from three year contracts to single year contracts. During the year ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company (increased) reduced overall expenses by a net amount of approximately $(53,304), $30,379 and $214, respectively, to reflect the net reduction of the deferred tax liability offset by goodwill impairment charges related to the utilization of the equalization reserves, which was partially offset by a valuation allowance in 2015 that was established against Luxembourg net operating loss carryforwards. Under its business plans currently in effect, the Company expects that the ceded losses and expenses net of reinsurance premiums paid under the intercompany reinsurance agreements will cause the equalization reserves to be fully utilized in three to five years subsequent to the acquisition of the Luxembourg reinsurer, at which point the deferred tax liability relating to the equalization reserves will be extinguished. The effects of these intercompany reinsurance agreements are appropriately eliminated in consolidation and did not impact the Company's gross and net loss reserves or loss ratio.

F-47

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

9. Property and Equipment, Net

(Amounts in Thousands) As of December 31,	2015			2014
Land	$	21,068		$	7,593
Building	97,667			25,478
Software	144,920			92,211
Computer equipment	62,160			41,924
Other equipment	57,767			53,529
Leasehold improvements	31,613			25,691
	415,195			246,426
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(133,739		)	(92,251		)
	$	281,456		$	154,175

Depreciation expense was $41,488, $29,550 and $21,541 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

10. Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for loss and loss adjustment expense reserve ("Loss and LAE"), reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015			2014			2013
Loss and LAE, gross of related reinsurance recoverables at beginning of year	$	5,664,205		$	4,368,234		$	2,426,400
Less: Reinsurance recoverables at beginning of year	2,149,444			1,739,689			1,180,212
Net balance, beginning of year	3,514,761			2,628,545			1,246,188
Incurred related to:
Current year	2,648,277			2,324,062			1,486,418
Prior year	33,931			18,557			30,943
Total incurred during the year	2,682,208			2,342,619			1,517,361
Paid related to:
Current year	(841,447		)	(886,724		)	(617,539		)
Prior year	(1,018,931		)	(554,495		)	(335,621		)
Total paid during the year	(1,860,378		)	(1,441,219		)	(953,160		)
Commuted loss reserves	129,377			—			—
Acquired outstanding loss and loss adjustment reserves	116,044			71,755			807,592
Effect of foreign exchange rates	(38,832		)	(86,939		)	10,564
Net balance, end of year	4,543,180			3,514,761			2,628,545
Plus reinsurance recoverables at end of year	2,665,187			2,149,444			1,739,689
Loss and LAE, gross of related reinsurance recoverables at end of year	$	7,208,367		$	5,664,205		$	4,368,234

In 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company’s liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE attributable to prior years increased by $33,931, $18,557 and $30,943, respectively, primarily as a result of unfavorable loss development due to higher actuarial estimates based on actual losses. The percentage of the Company's unpaid losses and LAE related to IBNR was 53.3%, 49.6% and 42.4% as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In setting its reserves, the Company utilizes a combination of Company loss development factors and industry-wide loss development factors. In the event that the Company’s losses develop more favorably than the industry, as a whole, the Company’s liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE should decrease. Management believes that its use of both its historical experience and industry-wide loss development factors provide a reasonable basis for estimating future

F-48

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

losses. As the Company has written more business and developed more credible data, the Company has assigned more weight to its historical experience than to industry-wide results. In either case, future events beyond the control of management, such as changes in law, judicial interpretations of law, and inflation may favorably or unfavorably impact the ultimate settlement of the Company’s loss and LAE.

The anticipated effect of inflation is implicitly considered when estimating liabilities for losses and LAE. While anticipated changes in claim costs due to inflation are considered in estimating the ultimate claim costs, the increase in average severity of claims is caused by a number of factors that vary with the individual type of policy written. Future average severities are projected based on historical trends adjusted for implemented changes in underwriting standards, policy provisions, and general economic trends. Those anticipated trends are monitored based on actual development and are modified if necessary.

11. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

(Amounts in Thousands) As of December 31,	2015		2014
Deferred warranty revenue	$	344,724	$	138,592
Accounts and commission payable	213,843		157,232
Premium taxes, assessments and surcharges payable	161,083		171,512
Redeemable contractual obligations	95,316		111,748
Other accrued expenses and liabilities	86,146		116,383
Income tax payable	—		100,410
	$	901,112	$	795,877

12. Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt consisted of the following at December 31, 2015 and 2014:

(Amounts in Thousands) As of December 31,	2015		2014
Revolving credit facility	$	130,000	$	120,000
5.5% Convertible senior notes due 2021 (the "2021 Notes")	5,190		56,745
2.75% Convertible senior notes due 2044 (the "2044 Notes")	163,082		157,679
6.125% Notes due 2023 (the "2023 Notes")	250,000		250,000
Junior subordinated debentures (the "2035-2037 Notes")	123,714		123,714
7.25% Subordinated notes due 2055 (the "7.25% 2055 Notes")	150,000		—
7.50% Subordinated notes due 2055 (the "7.50% 2055 Notes")	135,000		—
Secured loan agreements	38,483		35,233
Promissory notes	14,500		14,500
	$	1,009,969	$	757,871

F-49

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Aggregate scheduled maturities of the Company’s outstanding debt at December 31, 2015 are:

(Amounts in Thousands)
2016	$	7,186
2017	7,423
2018	9,590
2019	134,467
2020	205
Thereafter	851,098		(1)

(1) Amount included debt outstanding under the 2021 Notes and the 2044 Notes, which is net of unamortized original issue discount of $851 and $50,069, respectively.

Revolving Credit Agreement

On September 12, 2014, the Company entered into a five-year, $350,000 credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), among JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, KeyBank National Association and SunTrust Bank, as Co-Syndication Agents, Lloyd's Bank PLC and Associated Bank, as Co-Documentation Agents and the various lending institutions party thereto. The credit facility is a revolving credit facility with a letter of credit sublimit of $175,000 and an expansion feature of not more than an additional $150,000. The Credit Agreement has a maturity date of September 12, 2019. In connection with entering into the Credit Agreement, the Company terminated its existing $200,000 credit agreement (the "Preceding Credit Agreement"), dated August 10, 2012, with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, KeyBank National Association and SunTrust Bank, as Co-Syndication Agents, Associated Bank, National Association and Lloyds Securities Inc., as Co-Documentation Agents, and the various lending institutions party thereto. Letters of credit issued and outstanding under the Preceding Credit Agreement were deemed issued and outstanding under the Credit Agreement. Deferred origination costs associated with the Credit Agreement were approximately $967 and are being amortized into interest expense over the term of the Credit Agreement.

The Credit Agreement contains certain restrictive covenants customary for facilities of this type (subject to negotiated exceptions and baskets), including restrictions on indebtedness, liens, acquisitions and investments, restricted payments and dispositions. There are also financial covenants that require the Company to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth, a maximum consolidated leverage ratio, a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio, a minimum consolidated risk-based capital and a minimum consolidated statutory surplus. The Company was in compliance with all of its covenants as of December 31, 2015.

As of December 31, 2015, the Company had $130,000 of borrowings and $117,779 letters of credit outstanding under this Credit Agreement, which reduced the availability for letters of credit to $57,221, and the total aggregate availability under the facility to $102,221.

Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at either the Alternate Base Rate or the LIBO rate. Borrowings bearing interest at a rate determined by reference to the Alternate Base Rate will bear interest at (x) the greatest of (a) the administrative agent’s prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.5%, or (c) the adjusted LIBO rate for a one-month interest period on such day plus 1.0%, plus (y) a margin ranging from 0.125% to 0.625%, adjusted on the basis of the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio. Eurodollar borrowings will bear interest at the adjusted LIBO rate for the interest period in effect plus a margin ranging from 1.125% to 1.625%, adjusted on the basis of the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio. The interest rate on the outstanding borrowings under this credit facility as of December 31, 2015 range from 1.563% to 3.625%.

Fees payable by the Company under the Credit Agreement include a letter of credit participation fee (equal to the margin applicable to Eurodollar borrowings), a letter of credit fronting fee with respect to each letter of credit (0.125%) and a commitment fee on the available commitments of the lenders (a range of 25.00% to 30.00% based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio, which was 0.200%).

Interest expense, including amortization of the deferred origination costs and fees associated with the letters of credit under the Credit Agreement and the Preceding Credit Agreement, was approximately $3,726, $1,662, and $1,752 for the year ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

F-50

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Convertible Senior Notes

5.5% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021

In December 2011 and January 2012, the Company issued $200,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 2021 Notes. The 2021 Notes will mature on December 15, 2021 (the “Maturity Date”), unless earlier purchased by the Company or converted into shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”). Prior to September 15, 2021, the 2021 Notes will be convertible only in the following circumstances: (i) during any fiscal quarter, and only during any such fiscal quarter, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s Common Stock was greater than or equal to 130% of the applicable conversion price for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the previous fiscal quarter (the “Sale Price Condition”); (ii) during the five consecutive business day period following any five consecutive trading day period in which, for each day of that period, the trading price for the 2021 Notes was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s Common Stock and the applicable conversion rate on such trading day; or (iii) upon the occurrence of specified corporate transactions. On or after September 15, 2021, the 2021 Notes will be convertible at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the Maturity Date. The conversion rate at December 31, 2015 is equal to 39.0769 shares of Common Stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2021 Notes, which corresponds to a conversion price of approximately $25.59 per share of Common Stock. The conversion rate is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events as set forth in the indenture governing the 2021 Notes. Upon conversion of the 2021 Notes, the Company will, at its election, pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of Common Stock, or a combination of cash and shares of Common Stock. As of December 31, 2015, the 2021 Notes were convertible under the Sale Price Condition.

Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the notes) involving the Company, holders of the 2021 Notes will have the right to require the Company to repurchase their 2021 Notes for cash, in whole or in part, at 100% of the principal amount of the 2021 Notes to be repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the fundamental change purchase date.

During 2014, the Company entered into separate, privately negotiated exchange agreements under which the Company retired $131,881 in aggregate principal amount of its outstanding 2021 Notes in exchange for the issuance of 2044 Notes in an aggregate principal amount of $158,257 and the issuance of 2,731,727 shares (pre-split) of Common Stock. Please see the description of the 2044 Notes below.

During 2015, $62,078 in aggregate principal amount of the 2021 Notes were converted under the Sales Price Condition for cash in the amount of $62,079 and the issuance of 1,270,539 shares (pre-split) of Common Stock. As a result of the conversion, the Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt in the amount of $5,271 during the year ended December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, $6,041 in aggregate principal amount of the 2021 Notes remained outstanding.

The Company separately allocated the proceeds for the issuance of the 2021 Notes to a liability component and an equity component, which is the embedded conversion option. The equity component was reported as an adjustment to paid-in-capital, net of tax, and is reflected as an original issue discount (“OID”). The OID of $41,679 and deferred origination costs relating to the liability component of $4,750 are being amortized into interest expense over the term of the 2021 Notes. After considering the contractual interest payments and amortization of the original discount, the effective interest rate of the 2021 Notes was 8.57%. Transaction costs of $1,250 associated with the equity component were netted in paid-in-capital. Interest expense, including amortization of OID and deferred origination costs, recognized on the 2021 Notes was $825, $13,933, and $14,476 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

2.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2044

As described above, during 2014, the Company entered into separate, privately negotiated exchange agreements under which the Company retired $131,881 in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 2021 Notes in exchange for issuance of a new series of 2.75% 2044 Notes in an aggregate principal amount of $158,257 and the issuance of 2,731,727 shares (pre-split) of Common Stock. The Company also entered into separate, privately negotiated purchase agreements (the “Purchase Agreements”) to issue an additional $76,000 in aggregate principal amount of the 2044 Notes for a price equal to 90% of their face value.

F-51

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The principal amount of the 2044 Notes accretes at a rate of 6% per year compounding on a semi-annual basis, until December 15, 2024. The accreted portion of the principal is payable in cash upon maturity but does not bear cash interest and is not convertible into shares of Common Stock. The 2044 Notes will mature on December 15, 2044 (the “Maturity Date”), unless earlier repurchased or redeemed by the Company or converted. On or before December 15, 2018, the 2044 Notes will be subject to redemption for cash, in whole or in part, at the Company’s option, provided the trading price of Common Stock equals or exceeds $97.50 (or 130% of the then applicable conversion price) for the required measurement period, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2044 Notes to be redeemed, plus any accrued and unpaid interest. Thereafter, the 2044 Notes will be subject to redemption for cash, in whole or in part, at the Company’s option at a redemption price equal to 100% of the accreted amount of the 2044 Notes to be redeemed, plus any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, holders of the 2044 Notes will have the right to require the Company to purchase their 2044 Notes for cash, in whole or in part, on December 15, 2024 or upon the occurrence of a fundamental change. In each such case, the repurchase price would be 100% of the principal amount of the 2044 Notes being repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest.

Prior to September 15, 2044, the 2044 Notes will be convertible only under the same circumstances described above for the 2021 Notes. On or after September 15, 2044, the 2044 Notes will be convertible at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. The conversion rate at December 31, 2015 is equal to 13.3333 shares of Common Stock per one thousand principal amount of 2044 Notes, which corresponds to a conversion price of approximately $75.00 per share of Common Stock. Following certain corporate transactions that occur on or prior to December 15, 2018, or if the Company redeems the 2044 Notes on or prior to December 15, 2018, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert its 2044 Notes in connection with such corporate transaction or redemption. Upon conversion of the 2044 Notes, the Company will, at its election, pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of Common Stock or a combination of cash and shares of Common Stock.

The 2044 Notes bear interest at a rate of 2.75% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15th and December 15th of each year, beginning on June 15, 2015. Beginning with the six-month period starting December 15, 2021, holders of the 2044 Notes will receive contingent interest for certain periods if the trading price of the 2044 Notes is greater than or equal to 130% of the principal amount of the 2044 Notes. The amount of contingent interest payable per $1,000 principal amount of 2044 Notes in respect of any contingent interest period is equal to 0.25% of the average trading price of the 2044 Notes during the specified measurement period. Any contingent interest payable on the 2044 Notes will be in addition to the regular interest payable on the 2044 Notes. The 2044 Notes will rank pari passu with the Company’s existing and future senior unsecured debt, including the 2021 Notes that will remain outstanding. The 2044 Notes will be effectively subordinated to the existing and future secured indebtedness of the Company to the extent of the value of the collateral securing those obligations and structurally subordinated to the existing and future indebtedness of the Company’s subsidiaries.

Each one thousand principal amount at maturity of 2044 Notes has an issue price of nine hundred for purposes of the indenture for the 2044 Notes. An amount equal to the difference between the issue price and the principal amount at maturity will accrue in accordance with a schedule set forth in the indenture. The issue price plus such accrued amount per one thousand principal amount at maturity of the 2044 Notes is referred to herein as the “accreted principal amount.”

Pursuant to ASC 470-50 Debt - Modifications and Extinguishments, this exchange transaction is being accounted for as an extinguishment of debt because the terms of the two debt instruments are substantially different under the accounting rules. The Company retired $131,881of the outstanding 2021 Notes with a carrying value of $110,346 and wrote-off unamortized debt issuance costs of $2,195. The 2044 Notes issued as part of the exchange had a fair value of $117,982, which resulted in a loss on the early extinguishment of debt of $9,831 in 2014.

The Company separately accounts for the liability and equity components of its 2044 Notes in a manner that reflects the Company's nonconvertible debt borrowing rate when interest is recognized in subsequent periods. The Company measured the debt component of the 2044 Notes using an effective interest rate of 7.46%. Upon issuance of the 2044 Notes in December 2014, in accordance with accounting standards related to convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion, the Company recorded an OID of $53,374, thereby reducing the initial carrying the value of the 2044 Notes from $210,831to $157,457 and recorded an equity component net of tax of $34,693. Interest expense, including amortization of OID and deferred origination costs, recognized on the 2044 Notes was $12,160 and $503 for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

F-52

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The following table shows the amounts recorded for the 2021 Notes and 2044 Notes as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:

	2015							2014
(Amounts in Thousands)	Outstanding Principal		Unamortized OID			Net Carrying Amount		Outstanding Principal		Unamortized OID			Net Carrying Amount
2021 Notes	$	6,041	$	(851	)	$	5,190	$	68,119	$	(11,374	)	$	56,745
2044 Notes	213,151		(50,069		)	163,082		210,924		(53,245		)	157,679
	$	219,192	$	(50,920	)	$	168,272	$	279,043	$	(64,619	)	$	214,424

6.125% Notes due 2023

In August 2013, the Company issued $250,000 aggregate principal amount of its 2023 Notes to certain initial purchasers in a private placement. The 2023 Notes bear interest at a rate equal to 6.125% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on February 15th and August 15th of each year. The 2023 Notes will mature August 15, 2023, unless earlier purchased by the Company. Fees associated with the Notes we approximately $2,740. The indenture governing the Notes contains covenants whereby the interest rates will increase by 0.50% per year if the Company's consolidated leverage ratio exceeds 30% and does not exceed 35% and will increase an additional 1.00% per year (for an aggregate increase of 1.50% per year) if the consolidated leverage ratio exceeds 35%. The consolidated leverage ratio, as calculated under this agreement, was less than 30% as of December 31, 2015. It is an event of default if the Company has a consolidated leverage ratio in excess of 35% for a period of 30 days, unless in connection with an acquisition, in which case the grace period is 18 months. The indenture governing the 2023 Notes also contains customary covenants, such as reporting of annual and quarterly financial results, and restrictions on certain mergers and consolidations, a limitation on liens, and a limitation on the disposition of stock of certain of the Company's subsidiaries. The 2023 Notes rank equally with existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness, including the Company's convertible senior notes and amounts under the Credit Agreement. Interest expense, including amortization of deferred origination costs, recognized on the 2023 Notes was approximately $15,587, $15,587, and $5,845 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Subordinated Debt

2035-2037 Notes

The Company has established four special purpose trusts for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities. The proceeds from such issuances, together with the proceeds of the related issuances of common securities of the trusts, were invested by the trusts in junior subordinated debentures issued by the Company. In accordance with FASB ASC 810-10-25, the Company does not consolidate such special purpose trusts, as the Company is not considered to be the primary beneficiary. The equity investment, totaling $3,714 as of December 31, 2015 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet, represents the Company’s ownership of common securities issued by the trusts. The debentures require interest-only payments to be made on a quarterly basis, with principal due at maturity. The debentures contain covenants that restrict declaration of dividends on the Company’s common stock under certain circumstances, including default of payment. The Company incurred $2,605 of placement fees in connection with these issuances which is being amortized over thirty years. The Company recorded $6,641, $8,100 and $8,099 of interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to these trust preferred securities.

F-53

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The table below summarizes the Company’s trust preferred securities as of December 31, 2015:

(Amounts in Thousands) Name of Trust	Aggregate Liquidation Amount of Trust Preferred Securities		Aggregate Liquidation Amount of Common Securities		Aggregate Principal Amount of Notes		Stated Maturity of Notes	Per Annum Interest Rate of Notes
AmTrust Capital Financing Trust I	$	25,000	$	774	$	25,774	3/17/2035	3.926	(1)
AmTrust Capital Financing Trust II	25,000		774		25,774		6/15/2035	3.912	(1)
AmTrust Capital Financing Trust III	30,000		928		30,928		9/15/2036	3.812	(2)
AmTrust Capital Financing Trust IV	40,000		1,238		41,238		3/15/2037	3.512	(3)
Total trust preferred securities	$	120,000	$	3,714	$	123,714

(1) The interest rate is three-month LIBOR plus 3.40%.

(2) The interest rate is three-month LIBOR plus 3.30%.

(3) The interest rate is three-month LIBOR plus 3.00%.

The Company entered into two interest rate swap agreements related to these junior subordinated debentures, which effectively convert the interest rate on the trust preferred securities from a variable rate to a fixed rate. Each agreement is for a period of five years and commenced on September 15, 2011 for tranche III and March 15, 2012 for tranche IV.

7.25% 2055 Notes

In June 2015, the Company issued $150,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 7.25% 2055 Notes through an underwritten public offering. The 7.25% 2055 Notes bear interest at an annual rate equal to 7.25%, payable quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing September 15, 2015. The 7.25% 2055 Notes mature on June 15, 2055. The Company has the right to redeem the 7.25% 2055 Notes, in whole or in part, on June 18, 2020, or on any interest payment date thereafter, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 7.25% 2055 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of redemption.

The 7.25% 2055 Notes are the Company’s subordinated unsecured obligations and rank (i) senior in right of payment to any existing and future junior subordinated debt, (ii) equal in right of payment with any unsecured, subordinated debt that the Company incurs in the future that ranks equally with the 7.25% 2055 Notes (including the 7.50% 2055 Notes discussed below), and (iii) subordinate in right of payment to any of the Company’s existing and future senior debt. In addition, the 7.25% 2055 Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness, liabilities and other obligations of the Company’s subsidiaries.

The Company incurred $4,990 in deferred origination costs associated with the 7.25% 2055 Notes, which is being amortized over the term of the 7.25% 2055 Notes. Deferred origination costs are included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. Interest expense, including amortization of deferred origination costs, recognized on the 7.25% 2055 Notes was $5,868 in 2015.

7.50% 2055 Notes

In September 2015, the Company issued $135,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 7.50% 2055 Notes through an underwritten public offering. The 7.50% 2055 Notes bear interest at an annual rate equal to 7.50%, payable quarterly in arrears on March 15, June 15, September 15 and December 15 of each year, commencing December 15, 2015. The 7.50% 2055 Notes mature on September 15, 2055. The Company has the right to redeem the 7.50% 2055 Notes, in whole or in part, on September 16, 2020, or on any interest payment date thereafter, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 7.50% 2055 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of redemption.

The 7.50% 2055 Notes are the Company’s subordinated unsecured obligations and rank (i) senior in right of payment to any of the Company's existing and future junior subordinated debt, (ii) equal in right of payment with any of the Company's existing and future unsecured, subordinated debt that ranks equally with the 7.50% 2055 Notes (including the 7.25% 2055 Notes), and (iii) subordinate in right of payment to any of the Company’s existing and future senior debt. In addition, the 7.50% 2055 Notes are structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness, liabilities and other obligations of the Company’s subsidiaries.

F-54

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The Company incurred $4,461 in deferred origination costs associated with the 7.50% 2055 Notes, which is being amortized over the term of the 7.50% 2055 Notes. Deferred origination costs are included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. Interest expense, including amortization of deferred origination costs, recognized on the 7.25% 2055 Notes was $2,939 in 2015.

Secured Loan Agreements

The Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, has a seven year secured loan agreement with Bank of America Leasing & Capital, LLC in the aggregate amount of $10,800 to finance the purchase of an aircraft. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.45%, requires monthly installment payments of approximately $117 through February 25, 2018, and a balloon payment of $2,970 at the maturity date. The Company recorded interest expense of approximately $280, $330 and $380 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to this agreement. The loan is secured by the aircraft.

The agreement contains certain covenants that are similar to the Credit Agreement. Additionally, subsequent to February 25, 2012, but prior to payment in full, if the outstanding balance of this loan exceeds 90% of the fair value of the aircraft, the Company is required to pay the lender the entire amount necessary to reduce the outstanding principal balance to be equal to or less than 90% of the fair value of the aircraft. During 2013, the Company paid an additional $270 to reduce the outstanding principal balance as required by these terms. The agreement allows the Company, under certain conditions, to repay the entire outstanding principal balance of this loan without penalty.

On August 29, 2014, the Company entered into a five-year secured loan agreement with Key Equipment Finance, which was subsequently assigned to RBS Citizens Bank, in the aggregate amount of $30,500 to finance the purchase of an aircraft. The loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 2.27% per annum and requires monthly installment payments of approximately $538 through August 31, 2019. The Company recorded interest expense of approximately $592 and $227 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The loan is secured by the aircraft.

In September 2015, the Company, through a subsidiary, entered into a seven year mortgage agreement in the aggregate principal amount of $10,250 to finance the purchase of a building. The mortgage bears interest at an annual rate equal to 3.75% and matures on September 18, 2022, with an option to extend the maturity date for an additional five years. The mortgage does not require monthly installments of principal until November 2017, but will require monthly principal payments thereafter. The final monthly payment will equal the then outstanding principal balance of the mortgage, together with all accrued and unpaid interest. The Company recorded interest expense of approximately $89 for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Promissory Notes

In September 2012, as part of its participation in the New Market Tax Credit Program discussed in Note 21. "New Market Tax Credit", the Company entered into two promissory notes totaling $8,000. The loans are for a period of 15 years and have an average interest rate of 2.0% per annum. The Company recorded approximately $1,430 of deferred origination costs associated with the promissory notes. The Company recorded interest expense of approximately $344, $312, and $290 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to the promissory notes.

The Company assumed two promissory notes in 2013 totaling $6,500 as a result of its acquisition of Mutual Insurers Holding Company. The principal of these notes is due in 2034 and 2035. The notes require the payment of interest on a quarterly basis and have an interest rate of 3.8% plus the three months LIBOR per annum, which was 4.1% as of December 31, 2015. The Company recorded $278, $365, and $210 of interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to the promissory notes.

Funds at Lloyd's Facility

On November 24, 2015, the Company and certain of its wholly-owned subsidiaries entered into an Amending and Restating Agreement ("Funds at Lloyd's Facility") relating to its existing £235,000 (or $346,296) credit facility agreement ("Preceding Credit Facility") dated November 25, 2014 with ING Bank N.V., London Branch and the Bank of Nova Scotia, London Branch. The amended and restated Funds at Lloyd's Facility increased the maximum amount of the letter of credit facility to £300,000 (or $442,080) to be used to support the Company’s capacity at Lloyd’s as a member and/or reinsurer of Syndicates 2526, 1206 and 44 for the 2016 underwriting year of account, as well as prior open years of account. ING Bank's commitment is £195,000 (or $287,352) and the Bank of Nova Scotia's commitment is £105,000 (or $154,728) under the Funds at Lloyd's Facility. Letters of

F-55

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

credit issued and outstanding under the Preceding Credit Facility were deemed issued and outstanding under the amended and restated Funds at Lloyd's Facility.

The terms and conditions under the Funds at Lloyd's Facility are substantially the same as those under the Preceding Credit Facility. The Funds at Lloyd's Facility contains customary covenants for facilities of this type, including restrictions on indebtedness and liens, limitations on mergers, transactions with affiliates and the sale of assets, and requirements to maintain certain consolidated net worth, statutory surplus, leverage and fixed charge coverage ratios. The Funds at Lloyd's Facility also provides for customary events of default, including, without limitation, failure to pay principal, interest or fees when due, failure to comply with certain covenants, any representation or warranty made by the Company being false or misleading in any material respect, default under certain other indebtedness, certain insolvency or receivership events affecting the Company and its subsidiaries, the occurrence of certain material judgments, or a change in control of the Company or its subsidiaries party to the Funds at Lloyd's Facility. Upon an event of default, the lender may immediately terminate its obligations to issue letters of credit, declare the Company’s obligations under the Funds at Lloyd's Facility to become immediately due and payable, and require the Company to deposit collateral with a value equal to 100% of the aggregate face amount of any outstanding letters of credit consisting of cash or other specified collateral including time deposits, certificates of deposit, money market deposits and U.S. government securities subject to varying advance rates.

The facility is 35% secured by a pledge of a collateral account established in the United States pursuant to a pledge and security agreement and in the United Kingdom pursuant to a Deed of Charge dated as of November 26, 2013. In addition to upon an event of default as discussed above, the collateral account will be required to be 100% funded upon the occurrence of certain specified events, including the A.M. Best financial strength rating of the AII falling below A-, the forecast underwriting losses exceeding a certain level for any year supported by a letter of credit, or any non-extension notice is given with respect to any letter of credit.

Fees payable by the Company under the Funds at Lloyd's Facility include a letter of credit issuance fee, payable quarterly in arrears, on the secured portion of the letters of credit at the rate of 0.50% and on the unsecured potion of the letters of credit determined based on the AII’s then-current financial strength rating issued by A.M. Best. As of December 31, 2015, the applicable letter of credit fee rate on the unsecured portion was 1.15% based on the Company’s A.M. Best financial strength rating of “A”. The Company also pays a commitment fee of 0.35% per year on the aggregate unutilized and un-canceled amount of the facility, and a facility fee upon closing of 0.15% of the total aggregate commitment.

As of December 31, 2015, the Company had outstanding letters of credit of £295,365 (or $435,250) in place under the Funds at Lloyd's Facility. The aggregate unutilized amount under this facility was £4,635 (or $6,830) as of December 31, 2015. The Company recorded total interest expense of $3,350 and $2,795 for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, under the Funds at Lloyds Facility and Preceding Credit Facility. Interest expense recorded in 2013 was not material.

Other Letters of Credit

The Company, through one of its subsidiaries, has a secured letter of credit facility with Comerica Bank.The Company utilizes this letter of credit facility to comply with the deposit requirements of the State of California and the U.S. Department of Labor as security for the Company's obligations to workers' compensation and Federal Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act policyholders. The credit limit is for $75,000, of which $48,467 was utilized as of December 31, 2015. The Company is required to pay a letter of credit participation fee for each letter of credit in the amount of 0.40%.

The Company, through certain subsidiaries, has additional existing stand-by letters of credit with various lenders in the amount of $1,755 as of December 31, 2015.

13. Reinsurance

The Company structures its reinsurance programs by analyzing its tolerance for risk in each line of business and on an overall consolidated basis, based on a number of factors, including market conditions, pricing, competition and the inherent risks associated with each business type. The Company generally purchases reinsurance to reduce its net liability on individual risks and to protect against catastrophe losses and volatility. The Company retains underwriting risk in certain lines of business in order to capture a greater proportion of expected underwriting profits. The Company has chosen not to purchase any reinsurance on businesses where volatility or catastrophe risks are considered remote and policy limits are within its risk tolerance.

F-56

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The Company may purchase reinsurance on a proportional basis to cover loss frequency, individual risk severity and catastrophe exposure. The Company may also purchase reinsurance on an excess of loss basis to cover individual risk, severity and catastrophe exposure. Additionally, the Company may obtain facultative reinsurance protection on a single risk. The type and amount of reinsurance the Company purchases varies year to year based on its risk assessment, its desired retention levels based on profitability and other considerations, along with the market availability of quality reinsurance at prices the Company considers acceptable. Our reinsurance programs renew throughout the year, and the price changes in recent years have not been material to the Company's net underwriting results. The Company's reinsurance generally does not cover war or nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological terrorism risks.

In its proportional reinsurance programs, the Company generally receives a commission on the premium ceded to reinsurers. This “ceding commission” compensates the Company's insurance companies for the direct costs associated with production of the business, the servicing of the business during the term of the policies ceded, and the costs associated with placement of reinsurance that benefits the proportional programs. In addition, certain of the Company's reinsurance treaties allow it to share in any net profits generated under such treaties with the reinsurers. Various reinsurance brokers may arrange for the placement of this reinsurance coverage on the Company's behalf and are compensated, directly or indirectly, by the reinsurers. The Company also places reinsurance with direct reinsurance markets and enters reinsurance relationships with third-party captives formed by agents and other business partners as a mechanism for sharing risk and profit.

In order to reduce its exposure to reinsurance credit risk, the Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and places its reinsurance with a diverse group of companies and syndicates that it believes to be financially sound. The Company carefully monitors the credit quality of its reinsurers when the Company places new and renewal reinsurance, as well as on an ongoing, current basis. The Company uses objective criteria to select and retain its reinsurers, including requiring minimum surplus of $500,000 and a financial strength rating of “A-” or better from A.M. Best Company, Inc. or Standard & Poor's Corporation. The Company approves exceptions to these criteria when warranted.

The Company monitors its financial exposure to the reinsurance market and takes necessary actions in an attempt to mitigate its exposure to possible loss. The Company limits its liquidity exposure for uncollected recoverables by holding funds, letters of credit or other security, with the result that net balances due from reinsurers are significantly less than the gross balances shown in its consolidated balance sheets. The Company monitors the collectability of its reinsurance recoverables and records a reserve for uncollectible reinsurance when it determines an amount is potentially uncollectible. The Company's evaluation is based on its periodic reviews of its disputed and aged recoverables, as well as its assessment of recoverables due from reinsurers known to be in financial difficulty. In some cases, the Company makes estimates as to what portion of a recoverable may be uncollectible. The Company's estimates and judgment about the collectability of the recoverables and the financial condition of reinsurers can change, and these changes can affect the level of reserve required.

Reinsurance Programs and Retentions

The following tables provide a summary of the Company's primary reinsurance programs as of December 31, 2015 for the United States and internationally:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015 Domestic Reinsurance Programs
Type of Reinsurance	Retention		Event Protection		Coverage
Workers’ Compensation, Excess of Loss	$	10,000	$	570,000	100% of $560,000
Property, Quota Share	$	18,000	$	20,000	10% of $20,000
Property, Per Risk Excess of Loss	$	2,000	$	30,000	97% of $28,000
Property, Occurrence Excess of loss	$	20,000	$	485,000	100% of $465,000
Surety, Excess of Loss	$	500	$	20,000	70% of $19,500
Casualty/Professional, Excess of Loss	$	2,500	$	40,000	92% of $38,500
Umbrella, Quota Share	$	1,500	$	10,000	100% of $8,500
Equipment Breakdown, Quota Share	$	—	$	100,000	100% of $100,000

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AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015 International Reinsurance Programs
Type of Reinsurance	Retention		Event Protection		Coverage
Property, Per Risk Excess of Loss (AEL)	$	800	$	4,800	100% of $4,000
Property, Occurrence Excess of Loss	$	7,500	$	160,000	100% of $152,500
Property, Per Risk Excess of Loss (ATL)	$	800	$	4,800	100% of 4,000
Surety, Excess of Loss and Quota Share	$	4,500	$	45,000	100% of $41,500
Casualty, Excess of Loss	$	3,000	$	20,000	100% of $17,000
Latent Defect, Excess of Loss	$	3,200	$	40,000	100% of $36,800
Accident and Health, Excess of Loss	$	800	$	32,000	100% of $31,200
Car Care, Excess of Loss	$	1,000	$	105,000	97.5% of $104,000
Medical Malpractice, Quota Share	$	6,600	$	11,000	40% of $11,000
Personal Accident, Excess of Loss	$	2,000	$	50,000	100% of $48,000
Pecuniary Risks	$	5,000	$	35,000	100% of $30,000

If the Company incurs catastrophe losses and loss settlement expenses that exceed the coverage limits of its reinsurance program, many of its property catastrophe programs have built in a fixed number of reinstatement of limits. For example, if the Company incurs a property catastrophe loss, it is required to pay the reinsurers a reinstatement premium equal to the percentage of the limit exhausted by the loss, multiplied by the amount of the original reinsurance premium.

During the third quarter of 2007, the Company entered into a master agreement with Maiden, as amended, by which its Bermuda subsidiary, AII, and Maiden Reinsurance entered into a quota share reinsurance agreement, as amended (the “Maiden Quota Share”). For a description of this agreement, see Note 14. “Related Party Transactions.”

The effect of reinsurance with related and unrelated companies on premiums and losses for 2015, 2014 and 2013 are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015						2014						2013
(Amounts in Thousands)	Written			Earned			Written			Earned			Written			Earned
Premiums:
Direct	$	6,473,338		$	5,994,848		$	5,422,484		$	4,816,607		$	3,869,893		$	3,308,136
Assumed	326,199			369,966			665,481			562,193			247,018			254,863
Ceded	(2,539,479		)	(2,343,087		)	(2,131,347		)	(1,852,236		)	(1,551,238		)	(1,297,009		)
	$	4,260,058		$	4,021,727		$	3,956,618		$	3,526,564		$	2,565,673		$	2,265,990

	As of December 31,
	2015					2014					2013
(Amounts in Thousands)	Assumed		Ceded			Assumed		Ceded			Assumed		Ceded
Loss and LAE reserves	$	692,447	$	(2,643,443	)	$	623,193	$	(2,149,444	)	$	378,564	$	(1,739,689	)
Unearned premiums	167,409		(1,530,551		)	211,177		(1,302,848		)	103,878		(1,011,304		)
Loss and LAE expense incurred	352,362		(1,497,558		)	424,754		(1,217,593		)	91,109		(975,434		)

The Company continuously updates the reserves on these lines of business based on information available from the ceding insurers. During 2015, the Company had $129,377 of commutations that were included in ceded reinsurance treaties. The commutation has no material impact on net income. During 2014, the Company had no such commutations.

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AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

F-59

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

14. Related Party Transactions

Significant Transactions with Maiden Holdings, Ltd.

The Company has various reinsurance and service agreements with Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (“Maiden”). Maiden is a publicly-held Bermuda insurance holding company (Nasdaq: MHLD) formed by Michael Karfunkel, George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind, principal stockholders, and, respectively, the Chairman of the Board of Directors, a Director, and the Chief Executive Officer and director of the Company. As of December 31, 2015, our principal stockholders, Michael Karfunkel, Leah Karfunkel (wife of Michael Karfunkel and co-trustee of the Michael Karfunkel Family 2005 Trust (the "Trust")), George Karfunkel and Barry Zyskind, own or control approximately 6.1%, 7.5%, 2.3% and 4.4%, respectively, of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Maiden. Mr. Zyskind serves as the non-executive chairman of the board of Maiden’s board of directors. Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. ("Maiden Reinsurance"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Maiden, is a Bermuda reinsurer. The following section describes the agreements in place between the Company and its subsidiaries and Maiden and its subsidiaries.

Reinsurance Agreements with Maiden Holdings, Ltd.

In 2007, the Company and Maiden entered into a master agreement, as amended, by which the parties caused the Company’s Bermuda subsidiary, AII and Maiden Reinsurance to enter into a quota share reinsurance agreement (the “Maiden Quota Share”), as amended, by which AII retrocedes to Maiden Reinsurance an amount equal to 40% of the premium written for certain lines of business by the Company’s U.S., Irish and U.K. insurance companies (the “AmTrust Ceding Insurers”), net of the cost of unaffiliated inuring reinsurance (and in the case of the Company’s U.K. insurance subsidiary, AmTrust Europe Ltd. ("AEL"), net of commissions). AII also retrocedes 40% of losses. Certain business that the Company commenced writing after the effective date of the Maiden Quota Share, including the Company's European medical liability business discussed below, business assumed from Tower Group International, Ltd. ("Tower") pursuant to the cut-through quota share reinsurance agreement, and risks, other than workers’ compensation risks and certain business written by the Company’s Irish subsidiary, AmTrust International Underwriters Limited (“AIU”), for which the AmTrust Ceding Insurers’ net retention exceeds $5,000 is not ceded to Maiden Reinsurance under the Maiden Quota Share (ceded business defined as “Covered Business”).

AII receives a ceding commission of 31% of ceded written premiums with respect to all Covered Business other than retail commercial package business, for which the ceding commission remains 34.375%. With regards to the Specialty Program portion of Covered Business only, the Company will be responsible for ultimate net loss otherwise recoverable from Maiden Reinsurance to the extent that the loss ratio to Maiden Reinsurance, which shall be determined on an inception to date basis from July 1, 2007 through the date of calculation, is between 81.5% and 95% (the “Specialty Program Loss Corridor”). For the purpose of determining whether the loss ratio falls within the Specialty Program Loss Corridor, workers' compensation business written in the Company's Specialty Program segment from July 1, 2007 through December 31, 2012 is excluded from the loss ratio calculation.

The Maiden Quota Share was renewed through June 30, 2019 and will automatically renew for successive three-year terms unless either AII or Maiden Reinsurance notifies the other of its election not to renew no less than nine months prior to the end of any such three-year term. In addition, either party is entitled to terminate on thirty days’ notice or less upon the occurrence of certain early termination events, which include a default in payment, insolvency, change in control of AII or Maiden Reinsurance, run-off, or a reduction of 50% or more of the shareholders’ equity of Maiden Reinsurance or the combined shareholders’ equity of AII and the AmTrust Ceding Insurers. During 2015, the Company had approximately $93,661 of commutations for ceded reinsurance treaties related to the Maiden Quota Share. The commutation has no material impact on net income.

The Company, through its subsidiaries AEL and AIU, has a reinsurance agreement with Maiden Reinsurance by which the Company cedes to Maiden Reinsurance 40% of its European medical liability business, including business in force at April 1, 2011. The quota share had an initial term of one year and was renewed through March 31, 2017. The agreement can be terminated by either party on four months’ prior written notice. Maiden Reinsurance pays the Company a 5% ceding commission, and the Company will earn a profit commission of 50% of the amount by which the ceded loss ratio is lower than 65%.

F-60

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The following is the effect on the Company’s results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 related to the Maiden Quota Share agreement:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015			2014			2013
Results of operations:
Premium written – ceded	$	(1,899,148	)	$	(1,592,457	)	$	(1,150,394	)
Change in unearned premium – ceded	182,967			211,897			162,846
Earned premium – ceded	$	(1,716,181	)	$	(1,380,560	)	$	(987,548	)
Ceding commission on premium written	$	564,156		$	493,342		$	330,186
Ceding commission – deferred	(53,364		)	(88,271		)	(53,630		)
Ceding commission – earned	$	510,792		$	405,071		$	276,556
Incurred loss and loss adjustment expense – ceded	$	1,116,308		$	885,362		$	715,832

Note Payable to Maiden — Collateral for Proportionate Share of Reinsurance Obligations

In conjunction with the Maiden Quota Share, as described above, the Company entered into a loan agreement with Maiden Reinsurance during the fourth quarter of 2007, whereby Maiden Reinsurance loaned to the Company the amount equal to AII's quota share of the obligations of the AmTrust Ceding Insurers that AII was then obligated to secure. The loan agreement provides for interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 90 basis points and is payable on a quarterly basis. Advances under the loan are secured by a promissory note and totaled $167,975 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company recorded $1,865, $1,797 and $1,852 of interest expense during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Effective December 1, 2008, AII and Maiden Reinsurance entered into a Reinsurer Trust Assets Collateral agreement whereby Maiden Reinsurance is required to provide AII the assets required to secure Maiden’s proportional share of the Company’s obligations to its U.S. subsidiaries. The amount of this collateral as of December 31, 2015 was approximately $2,458,377. Maiden retains ownership of the collateral in the trust account.

Reinsurance Brokerage Agreement

The Company, through a subsidiary, has a reinsurance brokerage agreement with Maiden. Pursuant to the brokerage agreement, the Company provides brokerage services relating to the Maiden Quota Share for a fee equal to 1.25% of reinsured premium. The Company recorded $24,130, $19,896 and $17,498 of brokerage commission during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The brokerage commission was recorded as a component of service and fee income.

Asset Management Agreement

The Company, through a subsidiary, has an asset management agreement with Maiden Reinsurance, pursuant to which the Company provides investment management services to Maiden Reinsurance and certain of its affiliates. As of December 31, 2015, the Company managed approximately $4,360,405 of assets related to this agreement. The asset management services fee is an annual rate of 0.20% for periods in which average invested assets are $1,000,000 or less and an annual rate of 0.15% for periods in which the average invested assets exceed $1,000,000. As a result of this agreement, the Company recorded approximately $6,057, $5,213 and $4,388 of asset management fees for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The asset management fees were recorded as a component of service and fee income.

Significant Transactions with National General Holding Corp.

The Company has an ownership interest in NGHC of approximately 12%. NGHC is a publicly-held specialty personal lines insurance holding company (Nasdaq: NGHC) that operates fifteen insurance companies in the United States and provides a variety of insurance products, including personal and commercial automobile, homeowners and umbrella, and supplemental health. NGHC's two largest stockholders are The Trust and Michael Karfunkel individually. Michael Karfunkel is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company and the father-in-law of Barry D. Zyskind, the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company. The ultimate beneficiaries of the Trust include Michael Karfunkel’s children, one of whom is married to Mr. Zyskind. In addition, Michael Karfunkel is the chairman, president and chief executive officer of NGHC. In accordance with ASC 323-10-15, Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures, the Company accounts for its investment in NGHC under the equity method as it has the ability to exert significant influence on NGHC's operations.

F-61

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

In August 2015, NGHC issued 11,500,000 common shares in a follow on public offering, which resulted in the Company reducing its ownership percentage in NGHC from approximately 13% to approximately 12%. As a result of the stock issuance, the Company recognized a gain on sale of its equity investment of approximately $9,271, which is included in equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiary. Similarly in February 2014, NGHC issued approximately 13,600,000 common shares in a follow on Rule 144A offering, which resulted in the Company reducing its ownership percentage in NGHC from approximately 15% to 13%. As a result of the stock issuance, the Company recognized a gain on sale of its equity investment of $14,712, which is included in equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiary. In total, the Company recorded $25,385, $28,351 and $11,566 of investment income during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to its equity investment in NGHC.

Master Services Agreement

The Company provides NGHC and its affiliates information technology services in connection with the development and licensing of a policy management system. The Company provides the license at a cost that is currently 1.25% of gross premiums written of NGHC and its affiliates plus the Company’s costs for development and support services. The Company provides development services at a price of cost plus 20%. In addition, the Company provides NGHC and its affiliates printing and mailing services at a per piece cost for policy and policy related materials, such as invoices, quotes, notices and endorsements, associated with the policies the Company processes for NGHC and its affiliates on the policy management system. The Company recorded approximately $35,896, $25,632 and $24,196 of fee income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to this agreement. Additionally, the Company provided certain consulting services to NGHC related to Luxembourg-domiciled reinsurance entities in 2014, for which the Company received $1,057 for the year ended December 31, 2014. The fees for these services were recorded as a component of service and fee income.

Asset Management Agreement

A subsidiary of the Company manages the assets of certain of NGHC's subsidiaries, including the assets of reciprocal insurers managed by subsidiaries of NGHC, for an annual fee equal to 0.20% of the average aggregate value of the assets under management for the preceding quarter if the average aggregate value for the preceding quarter is $1,000,000 or less and 0.15% of the average aggregate value of the assets under management for the preceding quarter if the average aggregate value for that quarter is more than $1,000,000. The Company managed approximately $2,383,391 of assets as of December 31, 2015 related to this agreement. As a result of this agreement, the Company earned approximately $2,676, $2,006 and $1,725 of asset management fees for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The asset management fees were recorded as a component of service and fee income.

800 Superior, LLC

The Company and NGHC each have a fifty percent ownership interest in 800 Superior, LLC ("800 Superior"), which owns an office building in Cleveland, Ohio. The cost of the building was approximately $7,500. The Company has been appointed the managing member of 800 Superior. Additionally, in conjunction with the Company’s approximate 12% ownership percentage of NGHC, the Company ultimately receives 56% of the profits and losses of 800 Superior. As such, in accordance with ASC 810-10, Consolidation, the Company has been deemed the primary beneficiary and, therefore, consolidates this entity.

NGHC has an office lease with 800 Superior under which it currently leases office space. The lease agreement is through 2027. NGHC paid 800 Superior approximately $2,593, $2,056, and $2,329 of rent for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As discussed in Note 21. "New Market Tax Credit," 800 Superior, the Company and NGHC participated in a financing transaction related to capital improvements on the office building. As part of that transaction, NGHC and the Company entered into an agreement related to the payment and performance guaranties provided by the Company to the various parties to the financing transaction whereby NGHC has agreed to contribute 50% toward any payments the Company is required to make pursuant to the guaranties.

4455 LBJ Freeway, LLC

In 2015, the Company and NGHC each acquired a fifty percent ownership interest in 4455 LBJ Freeway, LLC ("4455 LBJ Freeway"), which owns an office building in Dallas, Texas. The cost of the building was approximately $21,050. The Company has been appointed the managing member of 4455 LBJ Freeway. Additionally, in conjunction with the Company’s approximate

F-62

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

12% ownership percentage of NGHC, the Company ultimately receives 56% of the profits and losses of 4455 LBJ Freeway. As such, in accordance with ASC 810-10, Consolidation, the Company consolidates this entity. NGHC's portion of the net assets and earnings are recorded within non-controlling interest in the condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company recorded approximately $583 of service and fee income related to rent for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Significant Transactions with ACP Re, Ltd.

ACP Re, Ltd. (“ACP Re”) is a privately-held Bermuda reinsurance holding company owned by the Trust. ACP Re operates 10 insurance companies in the United States and Bermuda as a result of its merger with Tower during the third quarter of 2014. The following section describes the agreements in place between the Company and its subsidiaries and ACP Re and its subsidiaries.

Asset Management Agreement

A subsidiary of the Company provides asset management services to ACP Re, Ltd. and certain of its subsidiaries at (i) an annual rate of 0.20% of the average value of the invested assets under management, excluding investment in AmTrust stock, for the preceding calendar quarter if the average value of such assets for the quarter was $1,000,000 or less, or (ii) an annual rate of 0.15% of the average value of invested assets under management, excluding investments in the Company's stock, for the preceding calendar quarter if the average value of such assets for the quarter was greater than $1,000,000. The Company managed approximately $616,949 of assets as of December 31, 2015. The Company recorded approximately $1,600, $214, and $238 for these services for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Agreements as a result of ACP Re / Tower Merger

In January 2014, ACP Re, through a subsidiary, agreed to acquire 100% of the outstanding stock of Tower and merge with Tower on September 15, 2014 (the “Merger”). As a result of the Merger, the Company and ACP Re entered into the agreements and transactions described below, as well as an asset management agreement described above.

Commercial Lines Master Agreement

On July 23, 2014, the Company and ACP Re entered into the Amended and Restated Commercial Lines Master Agreement (the “Master Agreement”), which provides for the implementation of the various transactions associated with the acquisition of Tower by ACP Re pursuant to the Merger, including entering into the agreements described below, all of which became effective on September 15, 2014. In addition, the Master Agreement requires the Company to pay ACP Re contingent consideration in the form of a three year earn-out (the “Contingent Payments”), payable semi-annually on the last day of January and July, of 3% of gross written premium of the Tower commercial lines business written or assumed by the Company following the Merger. The Contingent Payments to be made by the Company are subject to a maximum of $30,000, in the aggregate, over the three-year period. NGHC will pay contingent consideration to ACP Re on the same terms. As a result of entering into this agreement, the Company assigned a value of $25,200 to the renewal rights, $1,700 to goodwill, and $26,900 to the contingent consideration, which is recorded as a component of accrued expense and other liability.

Commercial Lines Reinsurance Agreements

TIC entered into the Commercial Lines Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement (the “CL Reinsurance Agreement”) with Tower’s ten statutory insurance companies (the “Tower Companies”) pursuant to which TIC will reinsure 100% of all losses under the Tower Companies’ new and renewal commercial lines business written after September 15, 2014. The ceding commission payable by TIC under the CL Reinsurance Agreement is equal to the sum of (i) reimbursement of the Tower Companies’ acquisition costs in respect of the business covered, including commission payable to AmTrust North America, Inc., a subsidiary of the Company (“ANA”), pursuant to the CL MGA Agreement described below, and premium taxes and (ii) 2% of gross written premium (net of cancellations and return premiums) collected pursuant to the CL MGA Agreement described below. The CL Reinsurance Agreement will remain in effect until termination of the CL MGA Agreement. As a result of the Master Agreement and CL Reinsurance Agreement, the Company generated approximately $397,545 and $133,424 of gross written premium during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and, recorded approximately $376,199 and $41,429 of earned premium, and incurred approximately $244,000 and $27,000 of loss and loss adjustment expense during years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

F-63

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

In connection with the execution of the CL Reinsurance Agreement, the Commercial Lines Cut-Through Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement, dated January 3, 2014, between TIC and the Tower Companies whereby TIC, through a 100% quota share, reinsured at least 60% of the Tower Companies’ then in-force commercial lines policies and most new and renewal commercial lines business from January 3, 2014 forward, was terminated on a run-off basis, with the reinsurance of all policies reinsured under that agreement remaining in effect. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company assumed approximately $475,038 of gross written premium, recorded approximately $386,609 of earned premium, and incurred approximately $224,961 of loss and loss adjustment expense related to the Cut-Through Reinsurance Agreement. Additionally, the Company incurred approximately $91,502 of commission expense and $15,926 of unallocated claims expense during the year ended December 31, 2014 related to the Cut-Through Reinsurance Agreement.

Commercial Lines MGA Agreement

ANA produces and manages all new and renewal commercial lines business written by the Tower Companies pursuant to the Commercial Lines Managing General Agency Agreement (the “CL MGA Agreement”). As described above, all post-September 15, 2014 commercial lines business written by the Tower Companies will be reinsured by TIC pursuant to the CL Reinsurance Agreement. The Tower Companies pay ANA a 10% commission on all business written pursuant to the CL MGA Agreement and reimburse ANA for commissions payable to agents producing such business. All payments by the Tower Companies to ANA pursuant to the CL MGA Agreement will be netted out of the ceding commission payable by TIC to the Tower Companies pursuant to the CL Reinsurance Agreement. The CL MGA Agreement has a term of ten years. The Company recorded $3,210 and $1,751 of commission under the CL MGA Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The commission income was recorded as a component of service and fee income.

Commercial Lines Administrative Services Agreement

ANA, the Tower Companies and CastlePoint Reinsurance Company, Ltd. (“CP Re”, a subsidiary of ACP Re) entered into the Commercial Lines LPTA Administrative Services Agreement (the “CL Administrative Agreement”) pursuant to which ANA administers the runoff of CP Re’s and the Tower Companies’ commercial lines business written prior to September 15, 2014 at cost. CP Re and the Tower Companies reimburse ANA for its actual costs, including costs incurred in connection with claims operations, out-of-pocket expenses, costs incurred in connection with any required modifications to ANA’s claims systems and an allocated portion of the claims service expenses paid by TIC to the Tower Companies pursuant to the CL Reinsurance Agreement. The CL Administrative Agreement will remain in effect until the first to occur of (i) the completed performance of all obligations and duties arising under the agreement, or (ii) mutual written consent. The Company charged ACP Re $34,869 for these services during the year ended December 31, 2015, which were recorded as a reduction of salary and other expense. The charge to ACP Re in 2014 under this agreement was not material.

Stop-Loss and Retrocession Agreements

AII and National General Re, Ltd., a subsidiary of NGHC (“NG Re Ltd.”), as reinsurers, entered into a $250,000 Aggregate Stop Loss Reinsurance Agreement (the “Stop-Loss Agreement”) with CP Re. AII and NG Re Ltd. also entered into an Aggregate Stop Loss Retrocession Contract (the “Retrocession Agreement”) with ACP Re pursuant to which ACP Re will reinsure the full amount of any payments that AII and NG Re Ltd. are obligated to make to CP Re under the Stop-Loss Agreement. Pursuant to the Stop-Loss Agreement, each of the Company and NGHC will provide, severally, $125,000 of stop loss coverage with respect to the run-off of the Tower business written on or before September 15, 2014. The reinsurers’ obligation to indemnify CP Re under the Stop-Loss Agreement will be triggered only at such time as CP Re’s ultimate net loss related to the run-off of the pre-September 15, 2014 Tower business exceeds a retention equal to the Tower Companies’ loss and loss adjustment reserves and unearned premium reserves as of September 15, 2014, which the parties to the LPTA have agreed will be established upon reevalution as of December 31, 2015. CP Re will pay AII and NG Re Ltd. total premium of $56,000 on the five-year anniversary of the Stop-Loss Agreement. The premium payable by AII and NG Re Ltd. to ACP Re pursuant to the Retrocession Agreement will be $56,000 in the aggregate, less a ceding commission of 5.5% to be retained by AII and NG Re Ltd. The Stop-Loss Agreement and the Retrocession Agreement are accounted for under the deposit method of accounting.

Credit Agreement

The Company, AII, and NG Re Ltd. entered into a credit agreement (the “ACP Re Credit Agreement”) among the Company, as Administrative Agent, ACP Re and Tower, now a wholly-owned subsidiary of ACP Re, as the borrowers (collectively, the “Borrowers”), ACP Re Holdings, LLC, as Guarantor, and AII and NG Re Ltd., as Lenders, pursuant to which the Lenders made

F-64

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

a $250,000 loan ($125,000 made by each Lender) to the Borrowers. ACP Re used the proceeds of such loan to (i) finance the Merger, (ii) repay certain indebtedness of Tower and its related companies in connection with the Merger, and (iii) pay certain transaction costs and expenses incurred by the Borrowers in connection with the Merger.

The loan issued pursuant to the ACP Re Credit Agreement has a maturity date of September 15, 2021. Outstanding borrowings under the ACP Re Credit Agreement will bear interest at a fixed annual rate of 7%, payable semi-annually on the last day of January and July. Fees payable to the Company for its service as Administrative Agent include an annual fee equal to $30, plus reimbursement of costs, expenses and certain other charges. The obligations of the Borrowers are secured by (i) a first-priority pledge of 100% of the stock of ACP Re and ACP Re’s U.S. subsidiaries and 65% of the stock of certain of ACP Re’s foreign subsidiaries, and (ii) a first-priority lien on all of the assets of the Borrowers and Guarantor and certain of the assets of ACP Re’s subsidiaries (other than the Tower Companies).

The Borrowers have the right to prepay the amounts borrowed, in whole or in part. The Borrowers are required to prepay the amounts borrowed within thirty (30) days from the receipt of net cash proceeds received by ACP Re from (i) certain asset sales, (ii) the disposition of certain equity interests, (iii) the issuance or incurrence of certain debt, (iv) any dividend or distribution from Tower subsidiaries to ACP Re, (v) premiums and other payments received pursuant to the Retrocession Agreement, and (vi) any tax refunds, pension plan reversions, insurance proceeds, indemnity payments, purchase price adjustments (excluding working capital adjustments) under acquisition agreements, litigation proceeds and other similar receipts received by the Borrowers after the effective date of the ACP Re Credit Agreement, unless any of the foregoing proceeds (other than payments received pursuant to the Retrocession Agreement) are required for the ordinary course business operations of the Borrowers. The Borrowers are also required to deposit any excess cash flow (including payments under the Master Agreement) into a reserve account that also secures Borrowers’ obligations under the ACP Re Credit Agreement. Any funds in the reserve account after January 1, 2018 that exceed the amount of interest payable by the Borrowers for the remainder of the term of the ACP Re Credit Agreement must be applied by the Borrowers as a prepayment of principal under the ACP Re Credit Agreement.

The ACP Re Credit Agreement contains certain customary restrictive covenants (subject to negotiated exceptions and baskets), including restrictions on indebtedness, liens, acquisitions and investments, dispositions, creation of subsidiaries and restricted payments. There are also financial covenants that require ACP Re to maintain minimum current assets, a maximum leverage ratio, and a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. If ACP Re fails to comply with the leverage ratio or fixed charge coverage ratio covenants as of any measurement date, the Borrowers may cure such breach by making a capital contribution to ACP Re sufficient to bring the Borrowers into compliance.

The ACP Re Credit Agreement also provides for customary events of default, with grace periods where appropriate, including failure to pay principal when due, failure to pay interest or fees within three business days after becoming due, failure to comply with covenants, breaches of representations and warranties, default under certain other indebtedness, certain insolvency, receivership or insurance regulatory events affecting the Borrowers, the occurrence of certain material judgments, certain amounts of reportable ERISA or foreign pension plan noncompliance events, a change in control of the Guarantor, any security interest created under the ACP Re Credit Agreement ceases to be in full force and effect, or if ACP Re defaults on its obligations under the Retrocession Agreement. Upon the occurrence and during the continuation of an event of default, the Company, as Administrative Agent, upon the request of any Lender, will declare the Borrowers’ obligations under the ACP Re Credit Agreement immediately due and payable and/or exercise any and all remedies and other rights under the ACP Re Credit Agreement.

As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded $129,375 and $127,601, respectively, of loan and related interest receivable as a component of other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company recorded total interest income of approximately $8,701 and $2,601 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, under the ACP Re Credit Agreement.

Other Related Party Transactions

Lease Agreements

The Company leases office space at 59 Maiden Lane in New York, New York from 59 Maiden Lane Associates, LLC, an entity that is wholly-owned by Michael Karfunkel and George Karfunkel. The Company currently leases office space and the lease term is through May 2023. The Company paid approximately $1,894, $1,880 and $730 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, for this leased office space.

F-65

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The Company leases office space in Chicago, Illinois from 135 LaSalle Property, LLC, an entity that is wholly-owned by entities controlled by Michael Karfunkel and George Karfunkel. The lease term is through November 30, 2022. The Company paid approximately $597, $444 and $480 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, for this leased office space.

Equity Investments

In February 2015, the Company invested approximately $9,700 in North Dearborn Building Company, L.P. (“North Dearborn”), a limited partnership that owns an office building in Chicago, Illinois. NGHC is also a limited partner in North Dearborn, and the general partner is NA Advisors GP LLC (“NA Advisors”), an entity controlled by Michael Karfunkel and managed by an unrelated third party. The Company and NGHC each received a 45% limited partnership interest in North Dearborn for their respective $9,700 investments, while NA Advisors invested approximately $2,200 and holds a 10% general partnership interest and a 10% profit interest, which NA Advisors pays to the unrelated third party manager. North Dearborn appointed NA Advisors as the general manager to oversee the day-to-day operations of the office building and pays NA Advisors an annual fee for these services. This investment is included within other investments and is accounted for using the equity method of accounting on a three month lag basis.The Company recorded $755 of income from this investment during the year ended December 31, 2015.

In August 2015, certain of the Company's subsidiaries invested approximately $53,715 in Illinois Center Building Company, L.P. ("Illinois Center"), a limited partnership that owns an office building complex in Chicago, Illinois. NGHC and ACP Re are also limited partners in Illinois Center, and the general partner is NA Advisors. The Company and NGHC each have a 37.5% limited partnership interest in Illinois Center, while ACP Re has a 15.0% limited partnership interest. NA Advisors holds a 10% general partnership interest and a 10% profit interest, which NA Advisors pays to the unrelated third party manager. Illinois Center appointed NA Advisors as the general manager to oversee the day-to-day operations of the office building and pays NA Advisors an annual fee for these services. This investment is included within other investments and is accounted for using the equity method of accounting on a three month lag basis. The Company recorded $1,292 of income from this investment during the year ended December 31, 2015.

These limited partnerships are considered variable interest entities ("VIEs"). Based on current accounting guidance, the Company is required to consolidate any VIEs in which it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary through having: (i) power over the significant activities of the entity, and (ii) having an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that are potentially significant to the VIE. The Company performed a primary beneficiary analysis on the aforementioned limited partnerships and determined the Company was not the primary beneficiary since it does not have power over the significant activities of the entity.

The following table summarizes the Company's non-consolidated VIEs and presents the maximum exposure to loss that would be incurred under severe, hypothetical circumstances, for which the possibility of occurrence is remote, for periods indicated.

(Amounts in thousands)			December 31, 2015
Carrying amount
	Other investments:
		North Dearborn	$	9,862
		Illinois Center	55,007
Maximum exposure to loss (1)
	Other investments:
		North Dearborn	$	9,862
		Illinois Center	55,007
(1) Maximum exposure to loss is a required disclosure under GAAP and requires the estimated loss that would be incurred under severe, hypothetical circumstances, for which the possibility of occurrence is remote, such as where the value of the Company's interests declines to zero, without any consideration of recovery or offset from any economic hedges. Accordingly, this required disclosure is not an indication of expected loss.

F-66

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Use of Company Aircraft

The Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, AmTrust Underwriters, Inc. (“AUI”), are each a party to aircraft time share agreements with each of Maiden and NGHC. The agreements provide for payment to the Company or AUI for usage of their respective company-owned aircraft and cover actual expenses incurred and permissible under federal aviation regulations. Such expense include, among others, travel and lodging expenses of the crew, in-flight catering, flight planning and weather contract services, ground transportation, fuel, landing and hanger fees, and airport taxes. Neither the Company nor AUI charges Maiden or NGHC for the fixed costs that would be incurred in any event to operate the aircrafts (for example, aircraft purchase costs, insurance and flight crew salaries). During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Maiden paid $89, $52, and $38, respectively, and NGHC paid $201, $133, and $140, respectively, for their respective use of the company-owned aircraft under these agreements.

In addition, for personal travel, Mr. Barry Zyskind, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, and Mr. Michael Karfunkel, the Chairman of the Board, each entered into an aircraft reimbursement agreement with the Company and AUI. Since entering into such agreements, both Mr. Zyskind and Mr. Karfunkel have fully reimbursed the Company and AUI for the incremental cost billed by the Company and AUI for their personal use of the respective company-owned aircraft. Mr. Zyskind reimbursed the Company and AUI $531, $235, and $74 for his personal use of the aircraft during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Mr. Karfunkel reimbursed the Company and AUI $223 and $55 for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2013, respectively, for his personal use of the aircraft. Mr. Karfunkel did not use the aircraft for personal use in 2014.

15. Acquisition Costs and Other Underwriting Expenses

The following table summarizes the components of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015		2014		2013
Policy acquisition expenses	$	457,943	$	460,010	$	244,461
Salaries and benefits	459,341		367,549		247,173
Other insurance general and administrative expense	62,218		29,364		41,528
	$	979,502	$	856,923	$	533,162

16. Share Based Compensation

The Company's 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), which permits the Company to grant to officers, employees and non-employee directors incentive compensation directly linked to the price of the Company’s stock, authorizes up to an aggregate of 14,630,136 shares of Company stock for awards of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock ("Stock Options"), restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSU”), performance share units ("PSU") or appreciation rights. Shares used may be either newly issued shares or treasury shares or both. The aggregate number of shares of common stock for which awards may be issued may not exceed 14,630,136 shares, subject to the authority of the Company’s Board of Directors to adjust this amount in the event of a consolidation, reorganization, stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization or similar transaction affecting the Company’s common stock. As of December 31, 2015, approximately 8,300,000 shares of Company common stock remained available for grants under the Plan.

The Company recognizes compensation expense under FASB ASC 718-10-25 for its share-based payments based on the fair value of the awards. Compensation expense for all share-based payments under ASC 718-10-30 was approximately $22,763, $19,114 and $11,186 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Company has unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options, restricted stock and non-vested RSU awards of approximately $39,111, $36,882 and $23,857 as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

On December 15, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a two-for-one stock split on the Company’s common stock, payable in the form of a 100% stock dividend. On February 2, 2016, the dividend payment date, all options outstanding were adjusted by 100% and their respective exercise prices were reduced by 50%. The Company also adjusted outstanding RSUs, unvested restricted stock and PSUs for the split.

Stock Options

F-67

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The Company grants stock options at prices equal to the closing stock price of the Company’s stock on the dates the options are granted. The options have a term of ten years from the date of grant and vest primarily in equal annual installments over the four years period following the date of grant for employee options. The Company uses the simplified method in determining the expected life. Employees have three months after the employment relationship ends to exercise all vested options. The fair value of each option grant is separately estimated for each vesting date. The fair value of each option is amortized into compensation expense on a straight-line basis between the grant date for the award and each vesting date. The Company has estimated the fair value of all stock option awards as of the date of the grant by applying the Black-Scholes-Merton multiple-option pricing valuation model. The application of this valuation model involves assumptions that are judgmental and highly sensitive in the determination of compensation expense.

The following schedule shows all options granted, exercised, and expired under the Plan for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

	2015				2014				2013
	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year	3,868,740		$	5.80	5,994,920		$	5.25	7,351,552		$	4.71
Granted	100,000		28.04		75,000		18.93		156,002		14.89
Exercised	(1,109,712	)	4.59		(2,184,240	)	4.75		(1,494,544	)	3.60
Forfeited	(75,148	)	9.17		(16,940	)	3.52		(18,090	)	4.45
Outstanding at end of year	2,783,880		$	6.99	3,868,740		$	5.80	5,994,920		$	5.25

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted was $11.31, $8.07 and $4.35 during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, all option grants outstanding had an approximate weighted average remaining life of 3.0 and 3.4 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were approximately 2,600,000 options and 3,600,000 options, respectively, with a weighted average exercise price of $5.86 and $5.24, respectively, which were exercisable.

The per share fair value of options was estimated at the date of grant based on the following weighted average assumptions for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

	2015		2014		2013
Volatility	40.81	%	41.72	%	33.50	%
Risk-free interest rate	1.97	%	2.62	%	1.01	%
Weighted average expected lives in years	6.25		6.25		6.25
Dividend rate	1.84	%	1.77	%	1.67	%
Forfeiture rate	0.50	%	0.50	%	0.50	%

Expected Price Volatility - this is a measure of the amount by which a price has fluctuated or is expected to fluctuate.

Risk-Free Interest Rate - this is the U.S. Treasury rate for the week of the grant having a term equal to the expected life of the option. An increase in the risk-free interest rate will increase compensation expense.

Expected Lives - this is the period of time over which the options granted are expected to remain outstanding giving consideration to vesting schedules, historical exercise and forfeiture patterns. The Company uses the simplified method outlined in SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107 to estimate expected lives for options granted during the periods presented.

Forfeiture Rate - this is the estimated percentage of options granted that are expected to be forfeited or canceled before becoming fully vested. An increase in the forfeiture rate will decrease compensation expense.

Dividend Yield - this is calculated by dividing the expected annual dividend by the share price of the Company at the valuation date. An increase in the dividend yield will decrease compensation expense.

F-68

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The intrinsic value of stock options exercised during 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $26,444, $35,597 and $19,352, respectively. The intrinsic value of stock options that were outstanding as December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $66,300, $86,393 and $66,589, respectively. The intrinsic value of stock options that were exercisable as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $64,705, $83,371 and $64,730, respectively.

Cash received from options exercised was $4,907, $10,589 and $5,387 during 2015, 2014 and 2013 respectively. The excess tax benefit from award exercises was approximately $10,211, $10,281 and $5,109 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Such benefits were recorded as a reduction of income tax payable and an increase in additional paid-in capital.

Restricted stock, RSU and PSU

The Company grants restricted shares, RSUs and PSUs with a grant date value equal to the closing stock price of the Company's stock on the dates the shares or units are granted. The restricted shares and RSUs vest over a period of one to four years, while PSUs vest based on the terms of the awards.

A summary of the Company’s restricted stock and RSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is shown below:

	2015				2014				2013
	Shares or Units		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares or Units		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares or Units		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at beginning of year	2,611,022		$	16.70	1,834,030		$	12.22	1,776,394		$	10.43
Granted	476,942		29.27		1,804,716		19.60		582,860		15.59
Vested	(1,200,800	)	15.66		(995,068	)	13.69		(524,062	)	9.91
Forfeited	(33,648	)	20.95		(32,656	)	16.60		(1,162	)	14.65
Non-vested at end of year	1,853,516		$	20.54	2,611,022		$	16.70	1,834,030		$	12.22

A summary of the Company's PSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is shown below:

	2015				2014				2013
	Shares or Units		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares or Units		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares or Units		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at beginning of year	549,670		$	19.42	318,906		$	14.67	—		$	—
Granted	373,628		29.93		338,150		22.60		319,426		14.67
Vested	(155,842	)	18.86		(79,420	)	14.67		—		—
Forfeited	(14,990	)	28.13		(27,966	)	17.20		(520	)	14.65
Non-vested at end of year	752,466		$	24.58	549,670		$	19.42	318,906		$	14.67

PSUs are conditional grants of a specified maximum number of common shares. In general, grants are earned, subject to the attainment of pre-specified performance goals at the end of a pre-determined period. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2014, 347,875 of pre-split PSUs were converted to restricted share awards based on achievement of certain performance targets.

F-69

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

17. Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

(Amounts in Thousands) Income Tax Provision (Benefit)	2015			2014			2013
Current expense (benefit)
Federal	$	84,581		$	219,413		$	49,565
Foreign	20,442			26,142			29,935
Total current tax expense	105,023			245,555			79,500
Deferred expense (benefit)
Federal	$	(55,029	)	$	(8,376	)	$	13,741
Foreign	16,347			(183,493		)	4,778
Total deferred tax expense	(38,682		)	(191,869		)	18,519
Total income tax expense	$	66,341		$	53,686		$	98,019

The following table is a reconciliation of the Company’s statutory income tax expense to its effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015			2014			2013
Income before equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	$	551,478		$	471,933		$	367,046
Tax at federal statutory rate of 35%	$	193,017		$	165,177		$	128,466
Tax effects resulting from:
Foreign rate differential
Permanent adjustments	(121,119		)	9,171			(1,279		)
Tax rate differences	(107,754		)	(115,513		)	(60,957		)
Adjustments to prior year taxes	(80,089		)	(21,995		)	28,494
Valuation allowance	170,043			—			—
Other, net	12,243			16,846			3,295
	$	66,341		$	53,686		$	98,019
Effective tax rate	12.0		%	11.4		%	26.7		%

F-70

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 are shown below:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015			2014
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$	201,715		$	101,230
Unearned premiums	138,751			117,922
Ceding commission	130,896			107,739
Loss and LAE reserves	100,545			49,583
Other	90,921			62,346
Unrealized loss on investments	35,943			—
Bad debt	18,598			13,027
Deferred compensation	8,677			7,774
Total gross deferred tax assets	726,046			459,621
Valuation allowance	(170,043		)	—
	$	556,003		$	459,621
Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred acquisition costs	$	(317,606	)	$	(295,121	)
Equity results which cannot be liquidated tax free	(52,305		)	(41,497		)
Intangible assets	(51,724		)	(51,619		)
Depreciation	(46,645		)	(31,350		)
Other	(30,507		)	(16,790		)
Equalization reserves	(11,151		)	(94,215		)
Accrual market discount	(6,792		)	(3,123		)
Cash surrender value on insurance	(2,106		)	(2,050		)
Unrealized gain on investments	—			(30,219		)
	(518,836		)	(565,984		)
Deferred tax asset (liability), net	$	37,167		$	(106,363	)

The Company has U.S. Net Operating Losses (“NOLs”) of $24,356 that expire beginning in 2019 through 2033. In addition, these NOLs are subject to certain limitations under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code due to changes in ownership of $1,723 per year. The Company also has foreign NOLs of $694,770 that currently have no expiration. The Company’s management believes that as of December 31, 2015, except for a portion of certain foreign NOLs, it will realize the benefits of its deferred tax assets, which are included as a component of the Company's net deferred income taxes on the consolidated balance sheets (net deferred tax asset is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets). The Company placed a valuation allowance on a significant portion of the foreign NOLs in 2015. The valuation allowance was the result of the current inability to generate sufficient future income in Luxembourg in order to fully utilize the NOLs incurred to date. Even though the NOLs do not have an expiration date, the Company determined that a valuation allowance should be placed on the portion that is unlikely to ever be utilized. As a result, the Company recorded a valuation allowance of $170,043 related to the foreign NOLs as of December 31, 2015. No valuation allowance was recorded as of December 31, 2014. The increase in the valuation allowance was primarily due to the decrease in equalization reserves attributable to the Company's Luxembourg reinsurance companies. Additionally, the Company had a return to provision during the third quarter of 2015 for approximately $80,000, which resulted primarily from changes in permanent transfer pricing tax adjustments.

The earnings of certain of the Company's foreign subsidiaries have been indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations. Therefore, no provision has been made for any U.S. taxes or foreign withholding taxes that may be applicable upon any repatriation or disposition. The determination of any unrecognized deferred tax liability for temporary differences related to investments in

F-71

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

certain of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is not practicable. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the financial reporting basis in excess of the tax basis for which no deferred taxes have been recognized was approximately $329,489 and $257,587, respectively.

The Company’s major taxing jurisdictions include the U.S. (federal and state), the United Kingdom and Ireland. The years subject to potential audit vary depending on the tax jurisdiction. Generally, the Company’s statute of limitation is open for tax years ended December 31, 2010 and forward.

Listed below are the tax years that remain subject to examination by major tax jurisdictions:

	Open Tax Years
United States	2012-2014
United Kingdom	2012-2014
Ireland	2010-2014

As permitted by FASB ASC 740-10 Income Taxes, the Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in its income tax provision. The Company does not have any unrecognized tax benefits and, therefore, has not recorded any unrecognized tax benefits, or any related interest and penalties, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. No interest or penalties have been recorded by the Company for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The Company does not anticipate any significant changes to its total unrecognized tax benefits in the next 12 months.

18. Employee Benefit Plans

The Company sponsors multiple defined contribution pension plans, which are available to a majority of its employees. Contributions to these plans were based on a percentage of employee contributions or earnings. The cost of the Company's domestic plan was approximately $6,693, $4,241 and $2,561 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The cost of the Company's European plans was approximately $5,167, $6,167, and $2,575 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The Company has a frozen defined benefit pension plan for one of its European subsidiaries, which covers approximately 300 participants and a defined benefit pension plan for one of its domestic subsidiaries, which covers less than 25 participants. The Company's obligation associated with these plans as well as the plans' impact on the Company's results of operations, financial position or liquidity were immaterial for all periods presented.

19. Earnings per Share

Effective January 1, 2009, the Company adopted ASC subtopic 260-10, Determining Whether Instruments Granted in Share-Based Payments Transactions Are Participating Securities. ASC 260-10 provides that unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, whether paid or unpaid, are participating securities and are to be included in the computation of earnings per share under the two-class method. The Company’s unvested restricted shares contain rights to receive nonforfeitable dividends and are participating securities, requiring the two-class method of computing earnings per share.

The Company implemented a two-for-one stock split on February 2 , 2016. As such, the weighted average number of shares used for basic and diluted earnings per share have been adjusted retroactively in the periods presented.

F-72

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The following is a summary of the elements used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

(Amounts in Thousands, except for earnings per share)	2015		2014		2013
Basics earnings per share:
Net income attributable to AmTrust common stockholders	$	472,004	$	434,276	$	278,237
Less: Net income allocated to participating securities and redeemable non-controlling interest	352		1,217		431
Net income allocated to AmTrust common stockholders	$	471,652	$	433,059	$	277,806
Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic	165,166		150,288		148,556
Less: Weighted average participating shares outstanding	124		422		230
Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic	165,042		149,866		148,326
Net income per AmTrust common shares – basic	$	2.86	$	2.89	$	1.87
Diluted earnings per share:
Net income attributable to AmTrust common stockholders	$	472,004	$	434,276	$	278,237
Less: Net income allocated to participating securities and redeemable non-controlling interest	352		1,217		431
Net income allocated to AmTrust common stockholders	$	471,652	$	433,059	$	277,806
Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic	165,042		149,866		148,326
Plus: Dilutive effect of stock options, convertible debt, other	3,318		9,168		7,642
Weighted average common shares outstanding – dilutive	168,360		159,034		155,968
Net income per AmTrust common shares – diluted	$	2.80	$	2.72	$	1.78

As of December 31, 2015, there were less than 35,000 anti-dilutive securities excluded from diluted earnings per share.

F-73

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

20. Stockholders' Equity

Issuances of Preferred Stock

On June 10, 2013, the Company issued 4,600,000 shares of 6.75% Non-Cumulative Series A Preferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”). Dividends on the Preferred Stock when, as and if declared by the Company’s Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board will accrue and be payable on the liquidation preference amount ($25), on a non-cumulative basis, quarterly in arrears on the 15th day of March, June, September and December of each year (each, a “dividend payment date”), at an annual rate of 6.75%. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company paid dividends on the Preferred Stock in the amount of $3,989.

Dividends on the Preferred Stock are not cumulative. Accordingly, in the event dividends are not declared on the Preferred Stock for payment on any dividend payment date, then those dividends will not accumulate and will not be payable. If the Company has not declared a dividend before the dividend payment date for any dividend period, the Company will have no obligation to pay dividends for that dividend period, whether or not dividends on the Preferred Stock are declared for any future dividend payment. During any dividend period, so long as any shares of Preferred Stock remain outstanding, unless the full dividends for the latest completed dividend period on all outstanding shares of Preferred Stock have been declared and paid, no dividend shall be paid or declared on the shares of common stock.

The shares of Preferred Stock have no stated maturity date and are redeemable in whole or in part at the Company’s option any time after June 10, 2018 at a redemption price of $25 per share plus any declared and unpaid dividends, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends. The holders of the Preferred Stock have no voting rights other than the right to elect up to two directors if dividends on the Preferred Stock are not declared and paid for six or more dividend periods. Holders of Preferred Stock have no right to convert the Preferred Stock into, or exchange Preferred Stock for, any other securities or property of the Company.

Upon any dissolution, liquidation or “winding up” of the Company, holders of Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive out of the Company’s assets, whether from capital, surplus or earnings, and before any distribution of any assets is made on the Company’s common stock, the liquidation preference of $25 per share, plus unpaid dividends, if any, to the date fixed for distribution. Holders of Preferred Stock will be entitled to no further participation in any distribution made in conjunction with any dissolution, liquidation or “winding up.”

On July 1, 2014, the Company completed a public offering of 4,000,000 of its depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of its 7.25% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, $0.01 par value per share (the "Series B Preferred Stock"), with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depositary share). Each depositary share entitles the holder to a proportional fractional interest in all rights and preferences of the Series B Preferred Stock represented thereby (including any dividend, liquidation, redemption and voting rights). Dividends on the Series B Preferred Stock represented by the depositary shares will be payable on the liquidation preference amount, on a non-cumulative basis, when, as and if declared by the Company’s Board of Directors, at a rate of 7.25% per annum, quarterly in arrears, on March 15, June 15, September 15, and December 15 of each year, beginning on September 15, 2014, from and including the date of original issuance. The Series B Preferred Stock represented by the depositary shares is not redeemable prior to July 1, 2019. After that date, the Company may redeem at its option, in whole or in part, the Series B Preferred Stock represented by the depositary shares at a redemption price of $1,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depositary share) plus any declared and unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods and accrued but unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) for the then current dividend period. On July 10, 2014, the underwriters exercised, in part, their over-allotment option with respect to 200,000 additional depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of Series B Preferred Stock, on the same terms and conditions as the original issuance. A total of 4,200,000 depositary shares (equivalent to 105,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock) were issued. Net proceeds from this offering, including the over-allotment, were $101,702. In addition, the Company incurred $3,614 in underwriting discount and commissions and expenses, which were recognized as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

On September 16, 2014, the Company completed a public offering of 3,200,000 of its depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of its 7.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C, $0.01 par value per share (the "Series C Preferred Stock"), with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depositary share). Each depositary share entitles the holder to a proportional fractional interest in all rights and preferences of the Series C Preferred Stock represented thereby (including any dividend, liquidation, redemption and voting rights). Dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock represented by the depositary shares will be payable on the liquidation preference amount, on a non-cumulative basis, when, as and if declared by the Company’s Board of Directors, at a rate of 7.625% per annum, quarterly in arrears, on March 15, June 15, September 15, and

F-74

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

December 15 of each year, beginning on December 15, 2014, from and including the date of original issuance. The Series C Preferred Stock represented by the depositary shares is not redeemable prior to September 16, 2019. After that date, the Company may redeem at its option, in whole or in part, the Series C Preferred Stock represented by the depositary shares at a redemption price of $1,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depositary share) plus any declared and unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods and accrued but unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) for the then current dividend period. Net proceeds from this offering were $77,480. In addition, the Company incurred $2,745 in underwriting discount and commissions and expenses, which were recognized as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

On March 19, 2015, the Company completed a public offering of 6,600,000 of its depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of its 7.50% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D, $0.01 par value per share (the "Series D Preferred Stock"), with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depositary share). Each depositary share entitles the holder to a proportional fractional interest in all rights and preferences of the Series D Preferred Stock represented thereby (including any dividend, liquidation, redemption and voting rights). Dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock represented by the depositary shares will be payable on the liquidation preference amount, on a non-cumulative basis, when, as and if declared by the Company’s board of directors, at a rate of 7.50% per annum, quarterly in arrears, on March 15, June 15, September 15, and December 15 of each year, beginning on June 15, 2015, from and including the date of original issuance. The Series D Preferred Stock represented by the depositary shares is not redeemable prior to March 19, 2020. After that date, the Company may redeem at its option, in whole or in part, the Series D Preferred Stock represented by the depositary shares at a redemption price of $1,000 per share (equivalent to $25 per depositary share) plus any declared and unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods and accrued but unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) for the then current dividend period. On March 19, 2015, the underwriters exercised, in part, their over-allotment option with respect to 700,000 additional depositary shares, each representing a 1/40th interest in a share of Series D Preferred Stock, on the same terms and conditions as the original issuance. A total of 7,300,000 depositary shares (equivalent to 182,500 shares of Series D Preferred Stock) were issued. Net proceeds from this offering, including the over-allotment, were $176,511. In addition, the Company incurred $5,989 in underwriting discount and commissions and expenses, which were recognized as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

Issuance of Common Stock

During 2015, the Company issued an aggregate of 8,450,000 of pre-split adjusted shares of common stock in two separate underwritten public offerings. Total proceeds received from these offerings were $487,087. Fees and expenses related to the offerings were approximately $413 and was recorded as a reduction in additional paid-in capital.

On December 15, 2015, the Company's stockholders approved an amendment to the Company's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the Company's authorized number of shares of common stock from 150,000,000 shares (on a pre-split basis) to 500,000,000 shares.

F-75

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following tables summarize accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

(Amounts in Thousands)	Foreign Currency Items			Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments			Interest Rate Swap Hedge			Net Benefit Plan Assets and Obligations Recognized in Stockholders' Equity			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, December 31, 2012	$	(10,361	)	$	77,605		$	(3,013	)	$	—		$	64,231
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	19,912			(138,902		)	1,581			(2,257		)	(119,666		)
Amounts reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	—			8,707			—			—			8,707
Income tax benefit (expense)	(6,969		)	45,567			(553		)	519			38,564
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	12,943			(84,628		)	1,028			(1,738		)	(72,395		)
Balance, December 31, 2013	2,582			(7,023		)	(1,985		)	(1,738		)	(8,164		)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification	(26,706		)	133,775			1,022			(1,623		)	106,468
Amounts reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	—			(7,566		)	—			—			(7,566		)
Income tax benefit (expense)	9,348			(44,173		)	(358		)	568			(34,615		)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	(17,358		)	82,036			664			(1,055		)	64,287
Balance, December 31, 2014	(14,776		)	75,013			(1,321		)	(2,793		)	56,123
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification	(119,134		)	(177,618		)	955			4,132			(291,665		)
Amounts reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive income	—			4,918			—			—			4,918
Income tax benefit (expense)	41,697			60,445			(334		)	(1,446		)	100,362
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	(77,437		)	(112,255		)	621			2,686			(186,385		)
Balance, December 31, 2015	$	(92,213	)	$	(37,242	)	$	(700	)	$	(107	)	$	(130,262	)

During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, amounts reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net income were included in net realized gain on investment.

21. New Market Tax Credit

In 2012, the Company's subsidiary, 800 Superior, LLC (an entity owned equally by the Company and NGHC), received $19,400 in net proceeds from a financing transaction the Company and NGHC entered into with Key Community Development Corporation (“KCDC”) related to a capital improvement project for an office building in Cleveland, Ohio owned by 800 Superior, LLC. The Company, NGHC and KCDC collectively made capital contributions (net of allocation fees) and loans to 800 Superior NMTC Investment Fund II and 800 Superior NMTC Investment Fund I LLC (collectively, the “Investment Funds”) under a qualified New Markets Tax Credit (“NMTC”) program. The NMTC program was provided for in the Community Renewal Tax Relief Act of 2000 (the “Act”) and is intended to induce capital investment in qualified lower income communities. The Act permits taxpayers to claim credits against their federal income taxes for up to 39% of qualified investments in the equity of community development entities (“CDEs”). CDEs are privately managed investment institutions that are certified to make qualified low-income community investments (“QLICIs”).

F-76

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

In addition to the capital contributions and loans from the Company, NGHC and KCDC, as part of the transaction, the Investment Funds received, directly and indirectly, proceeds of approximately $8,000 through two loans originating from state and local governments of Ohio. These loans are each for a period of 15 years and have an average interest rate of 2.0% per annum.

The Investment Funds then contributed the loan proceeds and capital contributions of $19,400 to two CDEs, which, in turn, loaned the funds on similar terms to 800 Superior, LLC. The proceeds of the loans from the CDEs (including loans representing the capital contribution made by KCDC, net of allocation fees) will be used to fund the capital improvement project. As collateral for these loans, the Company has granted a security interest in the assets acquired with the loan proceeds.

The Company and NGHC are each entitled to receive an equal portion of 49% of the benefits derived from the NMTCs generated by 800 Superior Investment Fund II LLC, while KCDC is entitled to the remaining 51%. The NMTC is subject to 100% recapture for a period of seven years as provided in the Internal Revenue Code. During this seven years compliance period, the entities involved are required to be in compliance with various regulations and contractual provisions that apply to the NMTC arrangement. Non-compliance with applicable requirements could result in the projected tax benefits not being realized and, therefore, could require the Company to indemnify KCDC for any loss or recapture of NMTCs related to the financing until such time as the obligation to deliver tax benefits is relieved. The Company does not anticipate any credit recaptures will be required in connection with this arrangement. In addition, this transaction includes a put/call provision whereby the Company may be obligated or entitled to repurchase KCDC's interest in the Investment Funds in September 2019 at the end of the recapture period. The Company believes that KCDC will exercise its put option and, therefore, attributed an insignificant value to the put/call.

The Company has determined that the Investment Funds are variable interest entities (“VIEs”). The ongoing activities of the Investment Funds - collecting and remitting interest and fees and NMTC compliance - were all considered in the initial design and are not expected to significantly affect economic performance throughout the life of the Investment Funds. When determining whether to consolidate the Investment Funds, Company management considered the contractual arrangements that obligate it to deliver tax benefits and provide various other guarantees to the structure, KCDC's lack of a material interest in the underlying economics of the project, and the fact that the Company is obligated to absorb losses of the Investment Funds. Also, the Company has an approximate 12% ownership interest in NGHC. The Company concluded that it was the primary beneficiary and consolidated the Investment Funds, as VIEs, in accordance with the accounting standard for consolidation. KCDC's contribution, net of syndication fees, is included as an accrued liability in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Direct costs incurred in structuring the financing arrangement are deferred and will be recognized as expense over the term of the loans. Incremental costs to maintain the structure during the compliance period are recognized as incurred.

22. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are named as defendants in various legal actions arising principally from claims made under insurance policies and contracts. Those actions are considered by the Company in estimating the loss and LAE reserves. The Company’s management believes the resolution of those actions will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Pending Acquisitions

ARI Mutual Insurance Company

In March 2015, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire ARI Mutual Insurance Company ("ARI") following the completion of the conversion of ARI to a stock company from a mutual company, which required regulatory and policyholder approval. ARI is an underwriter of commercial automobile insurance in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland. The acquisition closed in January 2016, at which time Company paid an aggregate purchase price of $23,800 for the stock of ARI.

F-77

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

N.V. Nationale Borg-Maatschappij

In August 2015, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire N.V. Nationale Borg-Maatschappij and its affiliates ("Nationale Borg") from Egeria and HAL Investments for approximately €154,000 (or $167,275 as of December 31, 2015). Nationale Borg is a 120-year old, Amsterdam-based international direct writer and reinsurer of surety and trade credit insurance with business in over 70 countries. The acquisition is subject to regulatory approval and is expected to close in the first half of 2016.

Republic Companies, Inc

In September 2015, the Company entered into agreements to acquire Republic Companies, Inc. and its affiliates ("Republic") from Delek Group Ltd. and Republic Insurance Holdings, LLC, for approximately $233,000, which is subject to purchase price adjustments. The purchase price consisted of $112,000 in cash at closing, $16,000 in cash to be paid over five years and $105,000 in a note to be issued by the Company to Delek Group Ltd. bearing annual interest of 5.75% with a four year maturity and scheduled principal payments to be made over the term of the note. The acquisition is subject to regulatory approval and is expected to close in the first half of 2016.

Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Limited

In October 2015, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire Genworth Financial Mortgage Insurance Limited ("GFMI") for approximately $60,000 in cash. Based in the U.K., GFMI operates in the European mortgage insurance market, currently providing products in the U.K., Finland, Italy and Germany. The acquisition is subject to regulatory approval and customary closing conditions and is expected to close during the first quarter of 2016.

Lease Commitments

The Company is obligated under approximately 103 leases for office space expiring at various dates through 2023. Future minimum lease payments as of December 31, 2015 under non-cancellable operating leases for each of the next five years are approximately as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)
2016	$	19,926
2017	17,145
2018	14,214
2019	11,765
2020	10,690
2021 and Thereafter	18,169
	$	91,909

Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $20,336, $16,314 and $15,568, respectively.

Employment Agreements

The Company has employment agreements with approximately 40 of its key executives and employees. The agreements terminate on varying dates through 2019, contain annual minimum levels of compensation, and contain bonuses based on the Company’s achieving certain financial targets. The annual future minimums in the aggregate are as follows through 2019:

(Amounts in Thousands)
2016	$	12,378
2017	5,497
2018	1,760
2019	225
	$	19,860

F-78

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

23. Statutory Financial Data, Risk Based Capital and Dividend Restrictions

The Company’s insurance subsidiaries file financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting practices (“SAP”) prescribed or permitted by domestic or foreign insurance regulatory authorities. The differences between statutory financial statements and financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP vary between domestic and foreign jurisdictions. The principal differences relate to (1) acquisition costs incurred in connection with acquiring new business which are charged to expense under SAP but under GAAP are deferred and amortized as the related premiums are earned; (2) limitation on net deferred tax assets created by the tax effects of temporary differences; (3) unpaid losses and loss expense, and unearned premium reserves are presented gross of reinsurance with a corresponding asset recorded; and (4) fixed maturity portfolios that are carried at fair value and changes in fair value are reflected directly in unassigned surplus, net of related deferred taxes.

Property and casualty insurance companies in the United States are subject to certain Risk-Based Capital (“RBC”) requirements as specified by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). Under such requirements, the amount of statutory capital and surplus maintained by a property and casualty insurance company is to be determined on various risk factors. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the statutory capital and surplus of all of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the United States exceeded the RBC requirements.

Statutory capital and surplus and required statutory capital and surplus for the Company's seventeen insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the United States and five major foreign insurance subsidiaries as reported to respective regulatory authorities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were approximately as follows:

	2015				2014
(Amounts in Thousands)	Statutory Capital and Surplus		Required Statutory Capital and Surplus (1)		Statutory Capital and Surplus		Required Statutory Capital and Surplus (1)
TIC (domestic)	$	478,727	$	246,708	$	479,437	$	178,941
RIC (domestic)	86,730		41,568		82,350		31,082
WIC (domestic)	333,516		178,904		215,530		125,810
AIIC (domestic)	69,423		24,905		74,014		17,416
SNIC (domestic)	149,542		67,481		125,735		50,824
MCIC (domestic)	22,227		7,201		17,713		5,287
AICK (domestic)	24,692		8,057		19,304		6,752
SIC (domestic)	70,765		13,774		79,475		15,231
SID (domestic)	9,907		776		9,799		665
SPIC (domestic) (2)	27,965		12,611
FNIC (domestic)	22,712		6,996		36,104		7,736
DSIC (domestic)	90,008		9,077		82,243		11,361
ICC (domestic)	15,543		1,430		20,699		528
ATIC (domestic)	10,025		500		10,538		500
COIC (domestic)	39,588		8,604		29,010		8,424
CPIC (domestic) (2)	56,828		4,640
HIC (domestic) (2)	38,936		5,960
AEL (United Kingdom)	284,673		68,944		290,916		62,925
AIU (Ireland)	200,340		58,542		195,208		37,865
AII (Bermuda)	574,150		345,103		679,967		244,509
AILSA (Luxembourg)	5,396		3,700		6,874		6,526
MIC (United Kingdom)	132,373		21,245		130,169		20,122

F-79

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

⁽¹⁾ For the Company's U.S. insurance companies and AIU, except ATIC, the amount is equal to the Regulatory Action Level ("RAL") as defined by NAIC or the minimum amount required to avoid regulatory oversight. For AEL, MIC, AII and AISLA, the amount is equal to the minimum capital required by their respective country's regulatory authority. For ATIC, the amount is equal to the minimum capital required by the regulatory authority in its state of domicile.

⁽²⁾ As these entities were acquired in 2015, the 2014 information is not presented.

Statutory net income for the Company's seventeen insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the United States and five major foreign insurance subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 as reported to respective regulatory authorities were approximately as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015			2014			2013
TIC (domestic)	$	278		$	21,418		$	16,614
RIC (domestic)	1,856			9,440			8,158
WIC (domestic)	13,095			14,150			21,447
AIIC (domestic)	5,610			8,297			12,810
SNIC (domestic) (1)	40,527			30,668			14,368
MCIC (domestic)	5,861			3,226			1,671
AICK (domestic)	5,562			4,081			3,413
SIC (domestic)	872			9,535			4,464
SID (domestic)	95			35			634
SPIC (domestic) (2)	(1,959		)
FNIC (domestic)	(287		)	(1,186		)	(4,596		)
DSIC (domestic) (2)	17,445			4,124
ICC (domestic) (2)	(315		)	1,565
ATIC (domestic) (2)	(488		)	(664		)
COIC (domestic) (2)	11,265			(946		)
CPIC (domestic) (2)	5,864
HIC (domestic) (2)	219
AEL (United Kingdom)	18,583			56,766			50,452
AIU (Ireland)	25,572			50,697			34,223
AII (Bermuda)	(16,019		)	78,142			5,282
AILSA (Luxembourg)	2			207			(27		)
MIC (United Kingdom)	13,068			28,856			7,515

⁽¹⁾ In December 2015, AmTrust Lloyd's Insurance Company of Texas ("ALIC") merged into SNIC. As a result, the statutory net income of SNIC reported for 2014 and 2013 included the respective statutory net income of ALIC.

⁽²⁾ Information is presented only for years the subsidiaries were owned by the Company. The amounts reported in year of acquisition are for the entire year and do not represent the statutory net income for the period of ownership.

The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to statutory and regulatory restrictions applicable to insurance companies, and imposed by the states of domicile, which limit the amount of cash dividends or distributions that they may pay to approximately $621,606 and $844,037 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. During 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company received a dividend of approximately $63,649, $7,400 and $6,900, respectively, from one of its subsidiaries. In addition to the restrictions on the insurance subsidiaries, there are also restrictions in the parent company's debt instruments, which require dividends to be limited to an amount that, after giving immediate effect to such dividend payments on a pro forma basis, would allow the Company to remain in compliance with its debt covenants. There were no other material restrictions on net assets in place as of December 31, 2015. Accordingly, the total amount of unrestricted net assets for consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $621,606 and $844,037, respectively.

F-80

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

24. Geographic Information

Five of the Company’s major insurance subsidiaries (AEL, AII, AIU, ATL and MIC) operate outside the United States. Their assets and liabilities are located principally in the countries where the insurance risks are written or assumed. For 2015, 19% of the Company’s gross written premiums related to foreign risks, of which 44% were written from the United Kingdom. For 2014 and 2013, 21% and 27%, respectively, of the Company's gross written premiums related to foreign risks, of which 43% and 42%, respectively, were written from the United Kingdom, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, approximately 38% and 45%, respectively, of the Company's consolidated assets were located outside the United States. For the years ended 2015, 2014 and 2013, approximately 58%, 66% and 83%, respectively, of the consolidated revenues earned by the Company were located in or derived from foreign countries.

The domestic and foreign components of Income before income tax and equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 are as follows:

(Amounts in Thousands)	2015		2014		2013
Domestic	$	507,874	$	267,486	$	243,566
Foreign	43,604		204,447		123,480
	$	551,478	$	471,933	$	367,046

The following table summarizes the Company’s operations by major geographic segment:

(Amounts in Thousands)	Domestic		Bermuda		Other Foreign
December 31, 2015:
Revenue	$	1,981,770	$	1,649,144	$	1,033,426
Property and equipment	249,123		23		32,310
December 31, 2014:
Revenue	$	1,394,497	$	1,417,781	$	1,272,053
Property and equipment	143,027		—		11,148
December 31, 2013:
Revenue	$	468,980	$	1,600,809	$	628,106
Property and equipment	95,689		—		8,610

25. Segments

The Company currently operates three business segments, Small Commercial Business; Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty; and Specialty Program. The “Corporate & Other” segment represents the activities of the holding company as well as a portion of service and fee revenue. In determining total assets (excluding cash and invested assets) by segment, the Company identifies those assets that are attributable to a particular segment such as deferred acquisition cost, reinsurance recoverable, goodwill, intangible assets and prepaid reinsurance while the remaining assets are allocated based on gross written premium by segment. In determining cash and invested assets by segment, the Company matches certain identifiable liabilities such as unearned premium and loss and loss adjustment expense reserves by segment. The remaining cash and invested assets are then allocated based on gross written premium by segment. Investment income and realized gains (losses) are determined by calculating an overall annual return on cash and invested assets and applying that overall return to the cash and invested assets by segment. Ceding commission revenue is allocated to each segment based on that segment’s proportionate share of the Company’s overall acquisition costs. Interest expense is allocated based on gross written premium by segment. Income taxes are allocated on a pro-rata basis based on the Company’s effective tax rate. Additionally, management reviews the performance of underwriting income in assessing the performance of and making decisions regarding the allocation of resources to the segments. Underwriting income excludes, primarily, service and fee revenue, investment income and other revenues, other expenses, interest expense and income taxes. Management believes that providing this information in this manner is essential to providing Company’s stockholders with an understanding of the Company’s business and operating performance.

F-81

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company’s Specialty Program segment derived over ten percent of its total revenue from one broker. In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company’s Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty segment derived over ten percent of its total revenue from one broker.

The following tables summarize business segments as follows for 2015, 2014 and 2013:

(Amounts in Thousands)	Small Commercial Business			Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty			Specialty Program			Corporate and Other			Total
Year Ended December 31, 2015:
Gross written premium	$	3,320,650		$	2,158,921		$	1,319,966		$	—		$	6,799,537
Net written premium	$	1,932,100		$	1,450,817		$	877,141		$	—		$	4,260,058
Change in unearned premium	(45,220		)	(145,781		)	(47,330		)	—			(238,331		)
Net earned premium	1,886,880			1,305,036			829,811			—			4,021,727
Loss and loss adjustment expense	(1,234,089		)	(882,306		)	(565,813		)	—			(2,682,208		)
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses	(485,909		)	(265,154		)	(228,439		)	—			(979,502		)
	(1,719,998		)	(1,147,460		)	(794,252		)	—			(3,661,710		)
Underwriting income	166,882			157,576			35,559			—			360,017
Service and fee income	101,302			294,546			2,023			80,335			478,206
Investment income and realized gain	72,796			59,035			32,521			55			164,407
Other expenses	(227,948		)	(148,201		)	(90,610		)	—			(466,759		)
Interest expense including loss on extinguishment of debt	(26,041		)	(16,931		)	(10,351		)	—			(53,323		)
Foreign currency gain	—			43,260			—			—			43,260
Gain on investment in life settlement contracts net of profit commission	9,691			6,301			3,852			—			19,844
Acquisition gain on purchase	5,826			—			—			—			5,826
(Provision) benefit for income taxes	(11,790		)	(45,493		)	3,106			(12,164		)	(66,341		)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries –  related party	—			—			—			25,385			25,385
Net income	$	90,718		$	350,093		$	(23,900	)	$	93,611		$	510,522

F-82

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

(Amounts in Thousands)	Small Commercial Business			Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty			Specialty Program			Corporate and Other			Total
Year Ended December 31, 2014:
Gross written premium	$	2,999,714		$	1,983,052		$	1,105,199		$	—		$	6,087,965
Net written premium	$	1,882,383		$	1,333,747		$	740,488		$	—		$	3,956,618
Change in unearned premium	(275,578		)	(101,509		)	(61,876		)	8,909			(430,054		)
Net earned premium	1,606,805			1,232,238			678,612			8,909			3,526,564
Loss and loss adjustment expense	(1,055,521		)	(817,780		)	(456,422		)	(12,896		)	(2,342,619		)
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses	(416,965		)	(253,794		)	(183,541		)	(2,623		)	(856,923		)
	(1,472,486		)	(1,071,574		)	(639,963		)	(15,519		)	(3,199,542		)
Underwriting income	134,319			160,664			38,649			(6,610		)	327,022
Service and fee income	95,430			253,220			428			60,665			409,743
Investment income and realized gain	62,810			56,852			27,994			368			148,024
Other expenses	(215,002		)	(142,134		)	(79,214		)	—			(436,350		)
Interest expense	(27,439		)	(18,139		)	(10,110		)	—			(55,688		)
Foreign currency loss	—			60,245			—			—			60,245
Gain on investment in life settlement contracts net of profit commission	6,064			4,008			2,234			—			12,306
Gain on sale of subsidiary	6,631			—			—			—			6,631
Acquisition gain on purchase	—			—			—			—			—
(Provision) benefit for income taxes	(6,741		)	(40,211		)	2,148			(8,882		)	(53,686		)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries –  related party	—			—			—			28,351			28,351
Net income	$	56,072		$	334,505		$	(17,871	)	$	73,892		$	446,598

F-83

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

(Amounts in Thousands)	Small Commercial Business			Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty			Specialty Program			Corporate and Other			Total
Year Ended December 31, 2013:
Total gross written premium	$	1,659,980		$	1,511,649		$	879,455		$	65,827		$	4,116,911
Net written premium	$	935,313		$	944,081		$	620,452		$	65,827		$	2,565,673
Change in unearned premium	(101,501		)	(132,244		)	(100,081		)	34,143			(299,683		)
Net earned premium	833,812			811,837			520,371			99,970			2,265,990
Loss and loss adjustment expense	(548,598		)	(545,516		)	(355,067		)	(68,180		)	(1,517,361		)
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses	(212,824		)	(151,188		)	(138,650		)	(30,500		)	(533,162		)
	(761,422		)	(696,704		)	(493,717		)	(98,680		)	(2,050,523		)
Underwriting income	72,390			115,133			26,654			1,290			215,467
Service and fee income	87,519			191,941			114			51,985			331,559
Investment income and realized gain	34,665			46,304			18,464			913			100,346
Other expenses	(117,583		)	(107,076		)	(62,295		)	(4,663		)	(291,617		)
Interest expense	(13,987		)	(12,738		)	(7,411		)	(555		)	(34,691		)
Foreign currency loss	—			(6,533		)	—			—			(6,533		)
Gain on investment in life settlement contracts net of profit commission	1,532			1,395			812			61			3,800
Acquisition gain on purchase	23,183			25,532			—			—			48,715
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	(24,389		)	(64,281		)	5,989			(15,338		)	(98,019		)
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries – related party	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	11,566		$	11,566
Net income	$	63,330		$	189,677		$	(17,673	)	$	45,259		$	280,593

F-84

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

The following tables summarize net earned premium by major line of business, by segment, for 2015, 2014 and 2013:

(Amounts in Thousands)	Small Commercial Business		Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty		Specialty Program		Corporate and Other		Total
Year Ended December 31, 2015:
Workers' compensation	$	1,278,509	$	—	$	337,279	$	—	$	1,615,788
Warranty	—		623,432		—		—		623,432
Other liability	50,578		139,463		196,379		—		386,420
Commercial auto and liability, physical damage	282,593		17,248		141,075		—		440,916
Medical malpractice	—		161,767		—		—		161,767
Other	275,200		363,126		155,078		—		793,404
Total net earned premium	$	1,886,880	$	1,305,036	$	829,811	$	—	$	4,021,727
Year Ended December 31, 2014:
Workers' compensation	$	1,061,130	$	—	$	260,756	$	—	$	1,321,886
Warranty	—		433,710		234		—		433,944
Other liability	98,846		198,505		127,364		—		424,715
Commercial auto and liability, physical damage	162,377		25,255		116,528		1,563		305,723
Medical malpractice	—		176,608		—		—		176,608
Other	284,452		398,160		173,730		7,346		863,688
Total net earned premium	$	1,606,805	$	1,232,238	$	678,612	$	8,909	$	3,526,564
Year Ended December 31, 2013:
Workers' compensation	$	665,087	$	—	$	166,071	$	—	$	831,158
Warranty	—		397,978		1,952		—		399,930
Other liability	37,308		108,018		125,827		7		271,160
Commercial auto and liability, physical damage	51,623		13,631		108,962		8,612		182,828
Medical malpractice	—		191,217		—		—		191,217
Other	79,794		100,993		117,559		91,351		389,697
Total net earned premium	$	833,812	$	811,837	$	520,371	$	99,970	$	2,265,990

The following tables summarize total assets and long lived assets, by segment, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:

(Amounts in Thousands)	Small Commercial Business		Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty		Specialty Program		Corporate and other		Total
As of December 31, 2015:
Fixed assets	$	137,453	$	89,365	$	54,638	$	—	$	281,456
Goodwill and intangible assets	277,237		447,055		75,753		—		800,045
Total assets	7,790,429		6,378,545		2,940,252		2,406		17,111,632
As of December 31, 2014:
Fixed assets	$	75,966	$	50,220	$	27,989	$	—	$	154,175
Goodwill and intangible assets	285,583		348,216		33,882		—		667,681
Total assets	6,142,645		5,441,378		2,248,901		14,444		13,847,368

F-85

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)

26. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

The following is a summary of the unaudited quarterly results of operations:

	2015
(Amounts in Thousands)	March 31,		June 30,		September 30,			December 31,
Earned premium	$	949,377	$	968,970	$	1,045,408		$	1,057,972
Investment income	34,573		36,283		40,425			45,009
Total revenue	1,112,489		1,110,348		1,229,658			1,211,845
Loss and loss adjustment expense	613,283		638,475		709,604			720,846
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expense	231,676		238,710		258,016			251,100
Other expense	98,457		98,130		116,900			153,272
Provision for income taxes	46,812		4,472		(12,649		)	27,706
Net income	164,148		80,733		193,008			72,633
Income attributable to Common Stockholders	154,696		70,748		182,708			63,852
Comprehensive income	101,594		33,190		178,924			3,501
Basic EPS	$0.95		$0.43		$1.11			$0.38
Diluted EPS	$0.93		$0.42		$1.09			$0.37

	2014
(Amounts in Thousands)	March 31,		June 30,		September 30,			December 31,
Earned premium	$	829,051	$	874,937	$	914,413		$	908,163
Investment income	28,527		32,594		34,552			35,928
Total revenue	953,975		1,010,979		1,071,634			1,047,743
Loss and loss adjustment expense	558,570		587,233		609,352			587,464
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expense	186,609		208,060		225,512			236,742
Other expense	87,591		87,588		103,493			157,678
Provision for income taxes	27,444		17,966		(7,664		)	15,940
Net income	101,728		104,189		157,156			83,525
Income attributable to Common Stockholders	99,851		106,274		156,590			71,561
Comprehensive income	142,427		161,272		144,051			63,551
Basic EPS	$0.67		$0.71		$1.05			$0.47
Diluted EPS	$0.64		$0.67		$0.99			$0.44

Due to changes in number of shares outstanding from quarter to quarter, the total earnings per share of the four quarters may not necessarily equal the earnings per share for the year.

F-86

27. Subsequent Events

Acquisition of ARI Insurance Company (f/k/a ARI Mutual Insurance Company)

On January 22, 2016, the Company completed its previously announced acquisition of ARI, following a special meeting of members of ARI, where members approved, among other matters, the conversion of ARI from a mutual holding company to stock form. As required by the ARI plan of conversion and applicable law, the Company offered shares of its common stock, at a discount to the market price, to the members of ARI who held policies as of March 17, 2015 and non-employee directors of ARI. The Company commenced the offering on December 14, 2015 and the offering expired on January 20, 2016. The Company received subscriptions for approximately $276, resulting in the issuance by the Company of 12,347 (on a post-split basis) shares of its common stock. The Company sold the shares at a purchase price of $22.3494 (on a post-split basis), which represented a 20% discount to the volume-weighted average trading price of a share of its common stock, as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, for the ten-trading day period ending Wednesday, January 20, 2016. The Company used the gross proceeds of the offering of approximately $276 plus a payment to ARI of approximately $23,500 to purchase the shares of ARI common stock upon its conversion.

F-87

Schedule I

SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS

OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES

At December 31, 2015 Type of Investment	Cost(1)		Value		Amount at which Shown in the Balance Sheet
	(In Thousands)
Fixed Maturities:
Bonds:
United States government and government agencies & authorities	$	1,079,192	$	1,091,155	$	1,091,155
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	530,004		540,426		540,426
Foreign governments	109,645		113,745		113,745
Public utilities	157,067		149,500		149,500
All other corporate bonds	3,606,134		3,538,971		3,538,971
Total fixed maturities	5,482,042		5,433,797		5,433,797
Equity securities:
Common stocks:
Public utilities, Banks, trust and insurance companies	48,646		48,689		48,689
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other nonredeemable preferred stocks	87,637		83,079		83,079
Total equity securities	136,283		131,768		131,768
Short-term investments, at cost (approximates market value)	84,266		84,266		84,266
Other invested assets (approximates market value)	99,012		99,012		99,012
Total investments	$	5,801,603	$	5,748,843	$	5,748,843

(1) Original cost of equity securities and, as to fixed maturities, original cost reduced by repayments and adjusted for amortization of premiums or accrual of discounts.

S-1

Schedule II

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

BALANCE SHEET — PARENT COMPANY ONLY

	December 31,
	2015			2014
	(In Thousands)
Assets:
Cash	$	12,157		$	7,690
Invested assets	2,057			1,353
Carrying value of subsidiaries, at equity	3,595,418			2,826,090
Other assets	802,842			549,780
Total Assets	4,412,474			3,384,913
Liabilities:
Due to affiliates – net	250,176			322,243
Revolving credit facility borrowing	130,000			120,000
5.5% due 2021 Convertible senior notes	5,190			56,745
6.125% Notes due 2023	250,000			250,000
Junior subordinated debt	123,714			123,714
2.75% due 2044 Convertible senior notes	163,082			157,679
7.25% due 2055 Subordinated notes	150,000			—
7.50% due 2055 Subordinated notes	135,000			—
Secured loan	22,701			28,572
Other liabilities	273,551			288,940
Total Liabilities	1,503,414			1,347,893
Stockholders’ Equity
Common stock	1,964			1,960
Preferred stock	482,500			300,000
Paid-in and contributed capital	1,383,492			1,021,789
Treasury shares	(162,867		)	(297,586		)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(130,262		)	56,123
Retained earnings	1,334,233			954,734
Total Stockholders’ Equity	2,909,060			2,037,020
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	4,412,474		$	3,384,913

The condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

S-2

Schedule II

STATEMENT OF INCOME — PARENT COMPANY ONLY

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
	(In Thousands)
Income:
Investment income	$	249		$	183		$	207
Equity in undistributed net income of consolidated subsidiaries and partially-owned companies	619,707			539,915			319,738
Acquisition gain on purchase	5,826			—			23,183
Miscellaneous income	4,239			641			6
Total Income	630,021			540,739			343,134
Expenses:
Interest expense	44,401			32,016			22,178
Loss on extinguishment of debt	5,271			9,831			—
Federal tax (benefit) expense	(2,827		)	(4,800		)	10,087
Other expenses from operations	72,654			57,094			30,276
Total Expenses	119,499			94,141			62,541
Net Income	$	510,522		$	446,598		$	280,593

The condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

S-3

Schedule II

STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME — PARENT COMPANY ONLY

	Year Ended December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
	(In Thousands)
Net income	$	510,522		$	446,598		$	280,593
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(77,437		)	(17,358		)	12,943
Change in fair value of interest rate swap	621			664			1,028
Minimum pension liability	2,686			(1,055		)	(1,738		)
Unrealized (loss) gain on securities:
Gross unrealized holding (loss) gain	(177,618		)	133,775			(138,902		)
Less tax (benefit) expense	(62,166		)	46,821			(48,616		)
Net unrealized holding (loss) gain	(115,452		)	86,954			(90,286		)
Reclassification adjustment for investment gain (loss) included in net income, net of tax:
Other-than-temporary impairment loss	4,315			—			—
Other net realized (loss) gain on investments	(1,118		)	(4,918		)	5,658
Reclassification adjustment for investment gain (loss) included in net income	3,197			(4,918		)	5,658
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	$	(186,385	)	$	64,287		$	(72,395	)
Comprehensive income	324,137			510,885			208,198
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling and redeemable non-controlling interest	6,928			(416		)	(1,633		)
Comprehensive income attributable to AmTrust Financial Services, Inc.	$	317,209		$	511,301		$	209,831

The condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

S-4

Schedule II

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES

CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT

STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS — PARENT COMPANY ONLY

	December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
	(In Thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	510,522		$	446,598		$	280,593
Depreciation and amortization	10,738			6,678			3,593
Stock option compensation	22,763			19,114			11,186
Discount on note	5,628			3,095			3,000
Dividend from equity investment	984			246			12,203
Acquisition gain	(5,826		)	—			—
Loss on extinguishment of debt	5,271			9,831			—
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash changes in assets (increase) decrease:
Carrying value of equity interest in subsidiaries	(704,324		)	(421,668		)	(456,107		)
Equity (earnings) losses, gain on investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries and dividend from subsidiaries, net	45,513			(20,950		)	(4,635		)
Other assets	(125,600		)	(128,866		)	(135,799		)
Changes in liabilities increase (decrease):
Due (from) to affiliates	(72,067		)	114,703			(14,636		)
Other liabilities	(54,389		)	146,715			64,774
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(360,787		)	175,496			(235,828		)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures	(7		)	(31,097		)	(2,455		)
Investment purchased	(704		)	(1,286		)	—
Investment in subsidiary	(112,877		)	(285,783		)	(22,605		)
Acquisition of subsidiary companies, net of cash acquired	(281,799		)	(123,887		)	(78,193		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(395,387		)	(442,053		)	(103,253		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Issuance of debt	745,500			318,900			250,000
Payment of debt	(518,450		)	(101,928		)	—
Financing fees	(9,451		)	(4,143		)	(2,740		)
Common stock issuance (repurchase), net	483,399			(50,379		)	8,534
Net proceeds from issuance of preferred stock	176,529			178,641			111,130
Dividends paid on common stock	(85,296		)	(55,601		)	(29,236		)
Dividends paid on preferred stock	(31,590		)	(12,738		)	(3,989		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	760,641			272,752			333,699
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	4,467			6,195			(5,382		)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year	7,690			1,495			6,877
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	12,157		$	7,690		$	1,495

The condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

S-5

Schedule III

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.

AND SUBSIDIARIES SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

At December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and for the years then ended:

Segment	Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs		Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses, Future Policy Benefits		Reserves for Unearned Premiums		Premium Revenue		Net Investment Income		Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred, Benefits		Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs		Other Operating Expenses		Net Premiums Written
	(In Thousands)
2015
Small Commercial Business	$	203,495	$	3,934,696	$	1,374,482	$	1,886,880	$	69,207	1,234,089		$	361,107	$	124,802	$	1,932,100
Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty	434,953		1,674,006		2,143,060		1,305,036		56,116		882,306		187,084		78,070		1,450,817
Specialty Program	65,795		1,597,259		497,186		829,811		30,915		565,813		120,056		108,383		877,141
Corporate and Other	—		2,406		—		—		52		—		—		—		—
Total	$	704,243	$	7,208,367	$	4,014,728	$	4,021,727	$	156,290	$	2,682,208	$	668,247	$	311,255	$	4,260,058
2014
Small Commercial Business	$	179,771	$	2,854,379	$	1,193,628	$	1,606,805	$	55,842	1,055,521		$	276,876	$	140,089	$	1,882,383
Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty	389,763		1,669,293		1,832,560		1,232,238		50,544		817,780		152,141		101,653		1,333,747
Specialty Program	58,502		1,126,436		421,015		678,612		24,888		456,422		107,074		76,467		740,488
Corporate and Other	347		14,097		—		8,909		327		12,896		2,619		4		—
Total	$	628,383	$	5,664,205	$	3,447,203	$	3,526,564	$	131,601	$	2,342,619	$	538,710	$	318,213	$	3,956,618
2013
Small Commercial Business	$	98,275	$	1,982,977	$	704,234	$	833,812	$	29,301	$	548,598	$	143,036	$	69,788	$	935,313
Specialty Risk and Extended Warranty	310,230		1,537,887		1,599,167		811,837		39,139		545,516		114,662		36,526		944,081
Specialty Program	56,949		817,272		368,673		520,371		15,607		355,067		86,317		52,333		620,452
Corporate and Other	2,950		30,098		8,908		99,970		772		68,180		23,273		7,227		65,827
Total	$	468,404	$	4,368,234	$	2,680,982	$	2,265,990	$	84,819	$	1,517,361	$	367,288	$	165,874	$	2,565,673

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

S-6

Schedule IV

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.

AND SUBSIDIARIES REINSURANCE

For the year ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:

	Gross Amount		Ceded to Other Companies		Amount from Other Companies		Net Amount		Percent of Amount Assumed to Net
	(Amounts in Thousands)
2015
Premiums:
General Insurance	$	6,473,338	$	2,539,479	$	326,199	$	4,260,058	7.7	%
2014
Premiums:
General Insurance	$	5,422,484	$	2,131,347	$	665,481	$	3,956,618	16.8	%
2013
Premiums:
General Insurance	$	3,869,893	$	1,551,238	$	247,018	$	2,565,673	9.6	%

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

S-7

Schedule V

AMTRUST FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED SUPPLEMENTARY PROPERTY

AND CASUALTY INSURANCE INFORMATION

(In Thousands)

	Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses Incurred Related to				Paid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Year Ended December 31,	Current Year		Prior Years
2015	$	2,648,277	$	33,931	$	1,860,378
2014	$	2,324,062	$	18,557	$	1,441,219
2013	$	1,486,418	$	30,943	$	953,160

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

S-8

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

The following documents are filed as exhibits to this report:

Exhibit No.	Description
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (filed herewith)
3.2	Certificate of Amendment to the Company's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (filed herewith)
3.3	Certificate of Designations of 6.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on June 10, 2013)
3.4	Certificate of Designations of 7.25% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on July 1, 2014)
3.5	Certificate of Designations of 7.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on September 16, 2014)
3.6	Certificate of Designations of 7.50% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 19, 2015)
3.7	Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on August 9, 2013)
4.1	Form of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-134960) filed on June 12, 2006)
4.2	Form of Stock Certificate evidencing 6.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on June 10, 2013)
4.3	Form of Stock Certificate evidencing 7.25% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on July 1, 2014)
4.4	Form of Stock Certificate evidencing 7.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on September 16, 2014)
4.5	Form of Stock Certificate evidencing 7.50% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 19, 2015)
4.6	Form of 5.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.12) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on December 21, 2011)
4.7	Form of 6.125% Notes due 2023 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.13) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on August 15, 2013)
4.8	Form of 2.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2044 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.15) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on December 11, 2014)
4.9	Form of 7.25% Subordinated Notes due 2055 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.16) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on June 18, 2015)
4.10	Form of 7.50% Subordinated Notes due 2055 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.17) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on September 16, 2015)
4.11	Indenture, dated as of December 21, 2011, by and between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on December 21, 2011)
4.12	First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 21, 2011, by and between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on December 21, 2011)
4.13	Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 15, 2013, by and between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on August 15, 2013)
4.14	Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 10, 2014, by and between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on December 11, 2014)
4.15	Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 15, 2014, by and between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 2, 2015)
4.16	Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 18, 2015, by and between the Company and the Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on June 18, 2015)

Exhibit No.	Description
4.17	Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 16, 2015, by and between the Company and the Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on September 16, 2015)
4.18	Deposit Agreement, dated July 1, 2014, among the Company and American Stock Transfer and Trust Company, LLC and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on July 1, 2014)
4.19	Deposit Agreement, dated September 16, 2014, among the Company and American Stock Transfer and Trust Company, LLC and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on September 16, 2014)
4.20	Deposit Agreement, dated March 19, 2015, among the Company and American Stock Transfer and Trust Company, LLC and the holders from time to time of the depositary receipts described therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 19, 2015)
4.21	Form of depositary receipt (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.18) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on July 1, 2014)
4.22	Form of depositary receipt (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.19) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on September 16, 2014)
4.23	Form of depositary receipt (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.20) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 19, 2015)
4.24	The Company will file with the SEC upon request, pursuant to the requirements of Item 601(b)(4) of Regulation S-K, documents (other than Exhibits 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16 and 4.17) defining rights of holders of the Company’s long-term indebtedness
10.1*	2005 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-134960) filed on June 12, 2006)
10.2*	AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. 2010 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed on April 5, 2012)
10.3*	Employment Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2005, by and between the Company and Barry D. Zyskind (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-134960) filed on June 12, 2006)
10.4*	Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated October 6, 2010, by and between the Company and Barry D. Zyskind (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on October 7, 2010)
10.5*	Second Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated March 22, 2013, by and between the Company and Barry D. Zyskind (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 25, 2013)
10.6*	Employment Agreement, dated November 22, 2010, by and between the Company and Max G. Caviet (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on November 23, 2010)
10.7*	Employment Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2010, by and between the Company and Christopher M. Longo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 5, 2010)
10.8*	Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement, dated November 3, 2010, by and between the Company and Christopher M. Longo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on November 9, 2010)
10.9*	Amendment No. 2 to Employment Agreement, dated March 1, 2012, by and between the Company and Christopher M. Longo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 5, 2012)
10.10*	Amendment No. 3 to Employment Agreement, dated March 22, 2013, by and between the Company and Christopher M. Longo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 25, 2013)
10.11*	Employment Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2010, by and between the Company and Ronald E. Pipoly, Jr. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 5, 2010)
10.12*	Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement, dated March 1, 2012, by and between the Company and Ronald E. Pipoly, Jr. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 5, 2012)
10.13*	Employment Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2010, by and between the Company and Michael J. Saxon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 5, 2010)

Exhibit No.	Description
10.14*	Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement, dated November 3, 2010, by and between the Company and Michael J. Saxon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on November 9, 2010)
10.15*	Amendment No. 2 to Employment Agreement, dated March 1, 2012, by and between the Company and Michael J. Saxon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 5, 2012)
10.16*	Amendment No. 3 to Employment Agreement, dated March 22, 2013, by and between the Company and Michael J. Saxon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 25, 2013)
10.17*	Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and its officers and directors (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-134960) filed on June 12, 2006)
10.18	Master Agreement dated July 3, 2007 between the Company and Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on August 14, 2007)
10.19	First Amendment to Master Agreement dated September 17, 2007 between the Company and Maiden Holdings, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on September 19, 2007)
10.20	Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement between AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 16, 2009)
10.21	Endorsement No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement, dated July 26, 2011, between AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on August 4, 2011)
10.22	Endorsement No. 2 to the Amended and Restated Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement, dated March 7, 2013, between AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed March 11, 2013)
10.23	Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement, dated April 1, 2011, among AmTrust Europe Ltd., AmTrust International Underwriters Limited, and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd., as amended by Endorsement No. 1 to the Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement, dated July 26, 2011, among AmTrust Europe Ltd., AmTrust International Underwriters Limited, and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on August 4, 2011)
10.24	Endorsement No. 2 to the Quota Share Reinsurance Agreement among AmTrust Europe Ltd., AmTrust International Underwriters Limited, and Maiden Reinsurance Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on August 9, 2012)
10.25*	Amended and Restated AmTrust Financial Services, Inc. 2007 Executive Performance Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed on March 31, 2015)
10.26*	Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement, amended and restated effective November 1, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on November 9, 2011)
10.27*	Form of Non-qualified Stock Option Agreement for Non-Employee Directors, amended and restated effective November 1, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on November 9, 2011)
10.28*	Form of Restricted Stock Agreement, amended and restated effective November 1, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on November 9, 2011)
10.29*	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, amended and restated effective November 1, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on November 9, 2011)
10.30*	Performance Share Award Agreement for Barry D. Zyskind, dated March 26, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on May 29, 2012)
10.31	Credit Agreement, dated September 12, 2014, among the Company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, KeyBank National Association and SunTrust Bank, as Co-Syndication Agents, Lloyd's Bank PLC and Associated Bank, as Co-Documentation Agents and the various lending institutions party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on September 12, 2014)

Exhibit No.	Description
10.32	Amendment No. 1, dated November 26, 2014, to the Credit Agreement, dated September 12, 2014, among the Company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the various lending institutions party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (No. 001-33143) filed on March 2, 2015)
10.33	Amendment No. 2, dated April 8, 2015, to the Credit Agreement, dated September 12, 2014, among the Company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the various lending institutions party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on April 13, 2015)
10.34	Amendment No. 3, dated September 8, 2015, to the Credit Agreement, dated September 12, 2014, among the Company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the various lending institutions party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on September 10, 2015)
10.35	Credit Agreement, dated September 15, 2014, among the Company, as Administrative Agent, ACP Re Ltd. and Tower Group International, Ltd., as Borrowers, ACP Re Holdings, LLC, as Guarantor, and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and National General Re Ltd., as Lenders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on September 17, 2014)
10.36	Amendment No. 1, dated December 3, 2015, to the Credit Agreement, dated September 15, 2014, among the Company, as Administrative Agent, ACP Re Ltd. and Tower Group International, Ltd., as Borrowers, ACP Re Holdings, LLC, as Guarantor, and AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd. and National General Re Ltd., as Lenders (filed herewith)
10.37	Master Services Agreement between AmTrust North America, Inc. and National General Management Corp., dated February 22, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (No. 001-33143) filed March 15, 2012)
10.38	Amended and Restated Commercial Lines Master Agreement, dated as of July 23, 2014, by and between the Company and ACP Re, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-33143) filed on August 11, 2014)
10.39	Amending and Restating Agreement related to £300,000,000 Facility Agreement, dated November 24, 2015, among AmTrust Corporate Capital Limited, AmTrust Corporate Member Limited and AmTrust Corporate Member Two Limited, AmTrust International Insurance, Ltd., the Company, and ING Bank N.V., London Branch, and The Bank of Nova Scotia, London Branch (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-33143) filed on November 25, 2015)
21.1	List of subsidiaries of the Company (filed herewith)
23.1	Consent of BDO USA, LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, relating to the Financial Statements of the Company (filed herewith)
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) under the Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.SC. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith)
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.SC. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith)
101.1	The following materials from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013; and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (submitted electronically herewith)

* Indicates management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement in which one or more directors or executive officers of the Company may be participants.