●
Commercial Real Estate
- The category includes loans that typically involve larger principal amounts and repayment
of
these loans is generally dependent on the successful operations of the property
securing the loan or the business
conducted on the property securing the loan. These are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and
secondarily as loans
secured by real estate. Credit risk may be impacted by the creditworthiness of
a borrower, property values and the local
economies in the borrower’s market areas.
●
Construction and Land Development
- The category includes loans that are usually based upon estimates of costs and
estimated value of the completed project and include independent appraisal reviews
and a financial analysis of the
developers and property owners. Sources of repayment include permanent
loans, sales of developed property or an
interim loan commitment from the Company until permanent financing
is obtained. These loans are higher risk than
other real estate loans due to their ultimate repayment being sensitive to interest rate changes,
general economic
conditions and the availability of long-term financing. Credit risk may
be impacted by the creditworthiness of a
borrower, property values and the local economies in the borrower’s market
areas.
●
Residential Real Estate
- The category includes loans that are generally secured by owner-occupied
1-4 family
residences.
Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and
credit rating of the borrowers.
Credit risk in these loans can be impacted by economic conditions within or outside
the borrower’s market areas that
might impact either property values or a borrower’s personal income.
●
Multifamily Real Estate -
The category includes loans that are generally secured by multifamily properties.
Repayment
of these loans is primarily dependent on occupancy rates and the personal
income of the tenants. Credit risk in these
loans can be impacted by economic conditions within or outside the
borrower’s market areas that might impact either
property values or the tenants’ personal income.
●
Consumer
- The category includes revolving lines of credit and various term loans such
as automobile loans and loans
for other personal purposes. Repayment is primarily dependent on
the personal income and credit rating of the
borrowers. Credit risk is driven by consumer economic factors (such as unemployment
and general economic conditions
in the borrower’s market area) and the creditworthiness of a borrower.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company established a CECL committee that meets at least quarterly to oversee the ACL methodology. The committee
estimates the ACL using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions,
and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ACL represents the Company’s current estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in the
loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The ACL is adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate and excludes expected
extensions, renewals, and modifications.
The ACL is the sum of three components: (i) asset specific / individual loan reserves; (ii) quantitative (formulaic or pooled)
reserves; and (iii) qualitative (judgmental) reserves.
Asset Specific -
When unique qualities cause a loan’s exposure to loss to be inconsistent with the
pool segments, the loan is
individually evaluated. Individual reserves are calculated for loans
that are risk-rated substandard and on non-accrual and loans that are
risk-rated doubtful or loss that are greater than a defined dollar threshold.
In addition, TDRs are also individually evaluated. Reserves on
asset specific loans may be based on collateral, for collateral-dependent
loans, or on quantitative and qualitative factors, including
expected cash flow, market sentiment, and guarantor support.
Quantitative
- The Company used the cohort method, which identifies and captures the balance of a pool of loans with
similar
risk characteristics as of a particular time to form a cohort. For example, the
outstanding commercial and industrial loans and
commercial and industrial lines of credit loan segments as of quarter
-end are considered cohorts. The cohort is then tracked for losses
over the remaining life of loans or until the pool is exhausted. The Company used a lookback
period of approximately six-years to
establish the cohort population. By using the historical data timeframe,
the Company can establish a historical loss factor for each of its
loan segments and adjust the losses with qualitative and forecast factors.
Qualitative
– The Company uses qualitative factors to adjust the historical loss factors for current conditions. The Company
primarily uses the following qualitative factors: