of hedging the positions they assume. The selling stockholders also may sell common stock short and deliver them to close out the short positions or loan or pledge the common stock to broker-dealers that in turn may sell them.
The selling stockholders may also directly make offers to sell some or all of the common stock included in this prospectus to, or solicit offers to purchase such common stock from, purchasers from time to time. If required, the prospectus supplement related to any such offering by the selling stockholders will set forth the terms of such offering.
From time to time, the selling stockholders may sell the common stock included in this prospectus to one or more dealers acting as principals. If required, the prospectus supplement related to any such offering will name such dealers as selling stockholders, and will include information about any compensation paid to the dealers, in such offering. The dealers, which may be deemed to be “underwriters” as that term is defined in the Securities Act, may then resell the common stock to purchasers.
Any selling stockholder that is a broker-dealer or an affiliate of a broker-dealer may be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act. As a result, any profits derived by such selling stockholder on the sale of common stock included in this prospectus and any discounts, commissions or concessions received by it may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. Selling stockholders who are deemed to be “underwriters” within the meaning of the Securities Act will be subject to prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act. Such selling stockholders may also be subject to certain statutory liabilities, including, but not limited to, Sections 11, 12 and 17 of the Securities Act.
The selling stockholders may designate broker-dealers as agents from time to time to solicit offers from purchasers to purchase the common stock included in this prospectus, or to sell such common stock in ordinary brokerage transactions, on their behalf. If required, the prospectus supplement related to any such offering will name such agents, and will include information about any commissions paid to the agents in such offering. Agents may be deemed to be “underwriters” as that term is defined in the Securities Act in such offering.
The selling stockholders or their respective broker-dealers or agents may make sales of the common stock that are deemed to be an at-the-market offering as defined in Securities Act Rule 415, which includes sales of such common stock made directly on or through the NYSE, the existing trading market for the common stock, or in the over-the-counter market or otherwise.
From time to time, one or more of the selling stockholders may pledge, hypothecate or grant a security interest in some or all of the securities owned by them. In the event of default, the pledgees, secured parties or persons to whom the securities have been hypothecated will, upon foreclosure, be deemed to be selling stockholders under this prospectus. The number of common stock offered under this prospectus by a given selling stockholder will decrease as and when such events occur. In addition, a selling stockholder may, from time to time, sell common stock short, and, in those instances, this prospectus may be delivered in connection with the short sales, and the common stock offered under this prospectus may be used to cover short sales.
In addition to the transactions described above, the selling stockholders may sell the common stock included in this prospectus in compliance with Rule 144 or Rule 144A of the Securities Act, if available, or pursuant to other available exemptions from the registration requirements under the Securities Act, rather than pursuant to this prospectus.
The selling stockholders and any other persons participating in the sale or distribution of common stock will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, including Regulation M. Regulation M may limit the timing of purchases and sales of any of the common stock by the selling stockholders and any other such persons. In addition, Regulation M may restrict the ability of any person engaged in the distribution of the common stock to engage in market-making activities with respect to the common stock for a period of up to five business days before the distribution. This may affect the marketability of the common stock and the ability of any person or entity to engage in market-making activities with respect to the common stock.
We have agreed to indemnify, in certain circumstances, the selling stockholders against certain liabilities to which they may become subject in connection with the sale of the common stock included in this prospectus, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act. The selling stockholders have agreed to indemnify us in certain