HUYA (HUYA) 20-F 2022 FY Annual report (foreign)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM

20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report                     

For the transition period fromto

Commission file

number:

001-38482

HUYA Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s Name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

Building A3,

E-Park

280 Hanxi Road

Panyu District, Guangzhou 511446

People’s Republic of China

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Rongjie Dong, Chief Executive Officer

E-mail:

ir@huya.com

Building A3,

E-Park

280 Hanxi Road

Panyu District, Guangzhou 511446

People’s Republic of China

Telephone: +86 20 2290-7888

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact

Person)

Securities

registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing one Class A ordinary share, par value US$0.0001 per share	HUYA	New York Stock Exchange
Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share*		New York Stock Exchange

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on the New York Stock Exchange of our American depositary shares, each representing one Class A ordinary share.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of

Class)

Indicate

the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

As of December 31, 2022, there were 239,788,001 ordinary shares outstanding, being the sum of

89,401,484

Class A ordinary shares (excluding 3,173,778 Class A ordinary shares issued to our depositary bank for bulk issuance of ADSs reserved for issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards under our share incentive plans) and

150,386,517

Class B ordinary shares.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

Note –Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation

S-T

(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a

non-accelerated

filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule

12b-2

of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer	☐	Accelerated Filer	☒	Non-Accelerated Filer	☐
				Emerging Growth Company	☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report

.  

☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to

§240.10D-1(b).  ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP  ☒	International Financial Reporting Standards as issued		Other  ☐
	by the International Accounting Standards Board	☐

If “other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.    ☐  Item 17     ☐  Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule

12b-2

of the Exchange Act).    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a

court.    ☐  Yes    ☐  No

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION		1
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION		2
PART I.		3
ITEM 1.	IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS	3
ITEM 2.	OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE	3
ITEM 3.	KEY INFORMATION	3
ITEM 4.	INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY	67
ITEM 4.A.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	99
ITEM 5.	OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS	99
ITEM 6.	DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES	112
ITEM 7.	MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	122
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	125
ITEM 9.	THE OFFER AND LISTING	126
ITEM 10.	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	126
ITEM 11.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	144
ITEM 12.	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES	145
PART II.		147
ITEM 13.	DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES	147
ITEM 14.	MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS	147
ITEM 15.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	147
ITEM 16.	[RESERVED]	148
ITEM 16.A.	AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT	148
ITEM 16.B.	CODE OF ETHICS	148
ITEM 16.C.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	149
ITEM 16.D.	EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES	149
ITEM 16.E.	PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS	149
ITEM 16.F.	CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT	149
ITEM 16.G.	CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	149
ITEM 16.H.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE	150
ITEM 16.I.	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS	150
ITEM 16.J.	INSIDER TRADING POLICIES	150
PART III.		150
ITEM 17.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	150
ITEM 18.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	150
ITEM 19.	EXHIBITS	151
SIGNATURES		153

i

INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise indicated and except where the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report to:

• “ADSs” refers to our American depositary shares, each of which represents one Class A ordinary share;

• “Class A ordinary shares” refers to our Class A ordinary shares of par value US$0.0001 per share;

• “Class B ordinary shares” refers to our Class B ordinary shares of par value US$0.0001 per share;

• “JOYY” refers to JOYY Inc. (Nasdaq: YY), formerly known as YY Inc.;

• “the variable interest entity,” or “the VIE” refers to Guangzhou Huya Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Guangzhou Huya;

• “MAUs”, or “monthly active users” for any period refers to the sum of users who accessed our platform through our mobile apps, our websites, our PC clients, or YY Client, a PC client offered by JOYY (before early January 2021 when we ceased offering content through YY Client), at least once during such relevant period. The calculations of our MAUs may not reflect the actual number of people who accessed our platform, such as it is possible that some people may use more than one device, or some people may share one device, or some people may access our platform through multiple channels;

• “mobile MAUs” for any period refers to the sum of users who accessed our platform through our mobile apps at least once during such relevant period. The calculations of our mobile MAUs may not reflect the actual number of people who accessed our platform, such as it is possible that some people may use more than one device, or some people may share one device, or some people may access our platform through multiple channels. Average mobile MAUs for any period is calculated by dividing (i) the sum of our mobile MAUs for each month during such relevant period, by (ii) the number of months during such relevant period;

• “paying users” for any period refers to the sum of user accounts that purchased various products and services on our platform at least once during such relevant period. A paying user is not necessarily a unique user, however, as a unique user may set up multiple paying user accounts on our platform;

• “RMB” and “Renminbi” refer to the legal currency of mainland China;

• “shares” or “ordinary shares” refers to our Class A and Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share;

• “Tencent” refers to Tencent Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries;

• “US$,” “U.S. dollars,” “$,” and “dollars” refer to the legal currency of the United States; and

• “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our” and “Huya” refer to HUYA Inc., a Cayman Islands company, and its subsidiaries, and, in the context of describing our operations and combined and consolidated financial information, also include the VIE and its subsidiaries in mainland China.

We present our financial results in RMB. We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. The government of mainland China imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. This annual report contains translations of certain foreign currency amounts into U.S. dollars for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise stated, all translations of Renminbi into U.S. dollars were made at the rate at RMB6.8972 to US$1.00, the exchange rate as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in effect as of December 30, 2022.

1

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigations Reform Act of 1995.

You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to,” “future,” “potential,” “continue,” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

• our goals and strategies;

• our future business development, financial conditions and results of operations;

• the expected growth of the live streaming market in mainland China;

• our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our products and services;

• our ability to retain and increase the number of users, broadcasters, talent agencies and advertisers, and expand our product and service offerings;

• competition in our industry;

• general economic and business condition in mainland China and elsewhere;

• our ability to monetize the user base;

• relevant laws, government policies, regulations, rules and guidelines relating to our industry;

• the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic to our business operations and the economy in mainland China and elsewhere generally; and

• assumptions underlying or related to any of the foregoing.

You should read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report and have filed as exhibits to this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. Other sections of this annual report discuss factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

2

PART I.

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with the VIE

HUYA Inc. is not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the VIE. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries and the VIE in mainland China. Laws and regulations of mainland China restrict and impose conditions on foreign direct investment in companies that engage in internet and other related businesses, including the provision of internet content. Therefore, we operate such business in mainland China through the variable interest entity, Guangzhou Huya Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Guangzhou Huya, which we may refer to as “the VIE” and “the variable interest entity” in this annual report, and rely on contractual arrangements among Guangzhou Huya Technology Co., Ltd., or Huya Technology, our subsidiary in mainland China, the VIE and its nominee shareholders to control the business operations of the VIE. The VIE is consolidated for accounting purposes, but is not an entity in which our Cayman Islands holding company, or our investors, own equity. Such structure enables investors to share economic interests in mainland China-based companies in sectors where foreign direct investment is prohibited or restricted under laws and regulations in mainland China. Revenues contributed by the VIE accounted for 98.4%, 96.0% and 96.9% of our total net revenues for the fiscal years 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As used in this annual report, “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our” and “Huya” refer to HUYA Inc., a Cayman Islands company, and its subsidiaries, and, in the context of describing our operations and combined and consolidated financial information, also include the VIE and its subsidiaries in mainland China. Investors in our ADSs are not purchasing equity interest in the VIE in mainland China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company and may never directly hold equity interest in the VIE in mainland China.

A series of contractual agreements, including an equity interest pledge agreement, an exclusive business cooperation agreement, a shareholder voting rights proxy agreement and an exclusive option agreement, have been entered into by and among Huya Technology, the VIE and its shareholders. As a result of the contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE and its subsidiaries, and HUYA Inc. has consolidated the financial results of operations, assets, and liabilities of these companies in its consolidated financial statements under U.S. GAAP. Neither HUYA Inc. nor its investors has an equity ownership (including foreign direct investment) in, or control through such equity ownership of, the VIE, and the contractual arrangements are not equivalent to an equity ownership in the business of the VIE. For more details of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—D. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Guangzhou Huya.”

However, the contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the VIE and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. As such, the VIE structure involves unique risks to investors of our Cayman Islands holding company. In addition, the legality and enforceability of the contractual agreements by and among Huya Technology, our subsidiary in mainland China, the VIE, and its nominee shareholders have not been tested in mainland China courts. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity and its shareholders for the operation of our business, which may not be as effective as direct ownership. If the variable interest entity and its shareholders fail to perform their obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our rights, which may be time-consuming, unpredictable, expensive and damaging to our operations and reputation” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—The shareholders of the VIE have potential conflicts of interest with us, and if any such conflicts of interest are not resolved in our favor, our business may be materially and adversely affected.”

3

There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future laws, regulations and rules of mainland China regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to its contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new laws or regulations of mainland China relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or any of the VIE is found to be in violation of any existing or future laws or regulations of mainland China, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant regulatory authorities of mainland China would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the government of mainland China finds that the structure we have adopted for our business operations does not comply with laws and regulations of mainland China, or if these laws or regulations or interpretations of existing laws or regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties, including the shutting down of our platform and our business operations” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.”

Our corporate structure is subject to risks associated with our contractual arrangements with the VIE. Investors may never directly hold equity interests in the VIE. If the government of mainland China finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our business do not comply with laws and regulations of mainland China, or if these regulations or their interpretations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our holding company, our subsidiaries in mainland China, the VIE, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the government of mainland China that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIE and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIE and our company as a whole. The regulatory authorities of mainland China could disallow the VIE structure, which would likely result in a material adverse change in our operations, and cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless. For a detailed description of the risks associated with our corporate structure, please refer to risks disclosed under “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including our auditor. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we do not expect to be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we file this annual report on Form 20-F. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we continue to use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCAA. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspection” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

4

Other Risks Related to Our Mainland China Operations

We face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties associated with being based in or having the majority of our operations in mainland China and the complex and evolving laws and regulations of mainland China. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offerings conducted overseas by and foreign investment in mainland China-based issuers, the use of variable interest entities, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, and oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy, which may impact our ability to conduct certain businesses, accept foreign investments, or list on a United States or other foreign exchange. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For a detailed description of risks related to doing business in mainland China, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China.”

Significant authority of government of mainland China in regulating our operations and its oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, mainland China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. Implementation of industry-wide regulations in this nature, such as data security or anti-monopoly related regulations, may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—The significant oversight and discretion of government of mainland China over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”

Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in mainland China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in mainland China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—Uncertainties with respect to the legal system of mainland China and the interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations of mainland China could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations

We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries and the VIE in mainland China. Our operations in mainland China are governed by laws and regulations of mainland China. As of the date of this annual report, our subsidiaries in mainland China, the VIE and its subsidiaries have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the government authorities of mainland China that are material for our business operations in mainland China, including, among others, the Value-added Telecommunications Business Operation License for information services via internet, or ICP License, the Permit for Internet Audio-Video Program Service, a radio and television program production and operating permit, a commercial performance license and an internet culture operation license for music products. Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by relevant government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for the functions and services of our platform in the future. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If we fail to obtain and maintain the licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for internet-based businesses in mainland China, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.”

Under applicable laws of mainland China, we, our subsidiaries in mainland China and the VIE may be required to complete certain filing procedures with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, in connection with future offering and listing in an overseas market, including our follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible bonds, offshore relisting after going-private transactions, and other equivalent offering activities. If we fail to complete such filing procedures for any future offshore offering or listing, including our follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible bonds, offshore relisting after going-private transactions, and other equivalent offering activities, we may face sanctions by the CSRC or other regulatory authorities of mainland China, which may include fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, limitations on our operating privileges in mainland China, restrictions on or delays to our future financing transactions offshore, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs. In addition, we are required to file a report to the CSRC after the occurrence and public disclosure of certain material corporate events, including but not limited to, change of control and voluntary or mandatory delisting. In connection with our previous issuance of securities to foreign investors, as of the date of this annual report, we, our subsidiaries in mainland China and the VIE (i) have not been required to obtain permissions from the CSRC, (ii) have not been required to go through cybersecurity review by the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, and (iii) have not been asked to obtain or were denied such permissions by any authority of mainland China. However, the government of mainland China has indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in mainland China-based issuers. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other government authorities of mainland China may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings and capital raising activities under law of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.”

5

Furthermore, if we are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator under the cybersecurity laws and regulations of mainland China, we must fulfill certain obligations as required under the cybersecurity laws and regulations of mainland China including, among others, storing personal information and important data collected and produced within the territory of mainland China during our operations in mainland China, and we may be subject to review when purchasing internet products and services. If we are not able to comply with the cybersecurity and data privacy requirements in a timely manner, or at all, we may be subject to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, suspension of our non-compliant operations, or removal of our apps from the relevant application stores, among other sanctions, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and we are required to comply with laws of mainland China and other applicable laws relating to privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects.”

Cash Flows through Our Organization

HUYA Inc. is a holding company with no operations of its own. We conduct our operations in mainland China primarily through our subsidiaries and the VIE in mainland China. As a result, although other means are available for us to obtain financing at the holding company level, HUYA Inc.’s ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and to service any debt it may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries in mainland China and service fees paid by the VIE. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to HUYA Inc. In addition, our subsidiaries in mainland China are permitted to pay dividends to HUYA Inc. only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations of mainland China. Further, our subsidiaries in mainland China and the VIE are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends and can only be used for specific purposes. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Holding Company Structure.”

Under laws and regulations of mainland China, our subsidiaries in mainland China and the VIE are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets to us. The VIE cannot pay dividends to us as we do not own any equity interest in the VIE. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of mainland China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by the PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. The amounts restricted include the paid-up capital and the statutory reserve funds of our subsidiaries in mainland China and the net assets of the VIE in which we have no legal ownership. For risks relating to the fund flows of our operations in mainland China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Our subsidiaries in mainland China and the variable interest entity are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.”

Under law of mainland China, HUYA Inc. and its offshore subsidiaries may provide funding to our subsidiaries in mainland China only through capital contributions or loans, including advances, and to the VIE only through loans, including advances, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements. HUYA Inc. and its offshore subsidiaries extended capital contributions of RMB299.8 million, RMB323.1 million and nil in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 respectively, and advances in the amount of RMB75.4 million and RMB67.2 million (US$9.7 million) as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 respectively, to our subsidiaries in mainland China.

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The VIE may transfer cash to our subsidiaries in mainland China by paying service fees according to the exclusive business cooperation agreement. Pursuant to this agreement, the VIE agrees to pay our subsidiaries in mainland China fees for technology support, business support and consulting services, subject to conditions therein. In the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the VIE settled a total amount of RMB7,543.2 million, RMB8,664.1 million and RMB6,863.4 million (US$995.1 million), respectively, for services provided by our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries in mainland China have the right to determine the service fee to be charged to the VIE under this agreement by considering, among other things, the technical difficulty and the complexity of the services, the time needed for providing such services and the specific content and business value of the services. The term of this agreement is ten years and is automatically renewed provided there is no objection from our subsidiaries in mainland China. In the future, to the extent there is any fee owed to our subsidiaries in mainland China under this agreement, the VIE intends to settle it.

Neither our subsidiaries nor the VIE made cash dividends or other distributions to HUYA Inc., the holding company, or its offshore subsidiaries, in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. Going forward, our subsidiaries and the VIE intend to retain most, if not all, of their available funds and any future earnings.

Other than the cash dividend in connection with the proposed merger with DouYu International Holdings Limited (Nasdaq: DOYU), or DouYu, which was cancelled along with the termination of the proposed merger, HUYA Inc. has not declared or paid any cash dividends, nor does it have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. For mainland China and United States federal income tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs and/or ordinary shares, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.”

In the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, no assets other than cash were transferred through our organization.

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, HUYA Inc. is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. Upon payments of dividends to our shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed. For purposes of illustration, the following discussion reflects the hypothetical taxes that might be required to be paid in mainland China, assuming that: (i) we have taxable earnings, and (ii) we determine to pay a dividend in the future:

	Tax calculation(1)
Hypothetical pre-tax earnings(2)		100.00	%
Tax on earnings at statutory rate of 25%(3)		(25.00	)%
Net earnings available for distribution		75.00	%
Withholding tax at standard rate of 10%(4)		(7.50	)%
Net distribution to Parent/Shareholders		67.50	%

Notes:

(1) For purposes of this example, the tax calculation has been simplified. The hypothetical book pre-tax earnings amount, not considering timing differences, is assumed to equal taxable income in mainland China.

(2) Under the terms of VIE agreements, our subsidiaries in mainland China may charge the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries for services provided to the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries. These service fees shall be recognized as expenses of the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries, with a corresponding amount as service income by our subsidiaries in mainland China and eliminate in consolidation. For income tax purposes, our subsidiaries in mainland China and the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries file income tax returns on a separate company basis. The service fees paid are recognized as a tax deduction by the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries and as income by our mainland China subsidiaries and are tax neutral.

(3) Certain of our subsidiaries and the VIE qualifies for a 15% preferential income tax rate in mainland China. However, such rate is subject to qualification, is temporary in nature, and may not be available in a future period when distributions are paid. For purposes of this hypothetical example, the table above reflects a maximum tax scenario under which the full statutory rate would be effective.

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(4) The Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by a foreign invested enterprise, or Foreign Invested Enterprise (“FIE”) to its immediate holding company outside of mainland China. A lower withholding income tax rate of 5% is applied if the FIE’s immediate holding company is registered in Hong Kong or other jurisdictions that have a tax treaty arrangement with mainland China, subject to a qualification review at the time of the distribution. For purposes of this hypothetical example, the table above assumes a maximum tax scenario under which the full withholding tax would be applied.

The table above has been prepared under the assumption that all profits of the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries will be distributed as fees to our subsidiaries in mainland China under tax neutral contractual arrangements. If, in the future, the accumulated earnings of the VIE exceed the service fees paid to our subsidiaries in mainland China (or if the current and contemplated fee structure between the intercompany entities is determined to be non-substantive and disallowed by Chinese tax authorities), the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries could make a non-deductible transfer to our subsidiaries in mainland China for the amounts of the stranded cash in the VIE. This would result in such transfer being non-deductible expenses for the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries but still taxable income for the subsidiaries in mainland China. Such a transfer and the related tax burdens would reduce our after-tax income to approximately 50.6% of the pre-tax income. Our management believes that there is only a remote possibility that this scenario would happen.

A. [Reserved]

Financial Information Related to the VIE (and VIE’s Subsidiaries)

The following tables related to the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries and other entities present the condensed consolidating schedules of financial position as of the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022, and the results of operations and of cash flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2022.

Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operation Data

	For the year ended December 31, 2022
	HUYA Inc.			Other subsidiaries			Primary beneficiary of VIE			VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated Totals
	(in thousands of RMB)
Third-party revenues		—			278,045			5,296			8,937,121			—			9,220,462
Inter-company revenues(1)		—			67,919			6,854,854			—			(6,922,773	)		—
Total cost and expenses(2)		(16,134	)		(461,348	)		(7,376,333	)		(9,161,422	)		6,922,003			(10,093,234	)
Share of income of subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries(3)		(513,292	)		(500,350	)		(176,071	)		—			1,189,713			—
Others, net		46,137			106,963			205,086			55,551			770			414,507
Income before income tax		(483,289	)		(508,771	)		(487,168	)		(168,750	)		1,189,713			(458,265	)
Income tax (expenses) benefits		(3,367	)		(4,521	)		(13,182	)		(6,801	)		—			(27,871	)
Share of income (loss) from equity method investments		—			—			—			(520	)		—			(520	)
Net income		(486,656	)		(513,292	)		(500,350	)		(176,071	)		1,189,713			(486,656	)

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	For the year ended December 31, 2021
	HUYA Inc.			Other subsidiaries			Primary beneficiary of VIE			VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated Totals
	(in thousands of RMB)
Third-party revenues		—			453,967			—			10,897,479			—			11,351,446
Inter-company revenues(1)		—			109,826			8,639,714			—			(8,749,540	)		—
Total cost and expenses(2)		(5,554	)		(796,935	)		(8,813,794	)		(10,789,307	)		8,749,269			(11,656,321	)
Share of income of subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries(3)		524,190			324,777			252,963			—			(1,101,930	)		—
Others, net		68,919			60,317			239,685			195,202			271			564,394
Income before income tax		587,555			151,952			318,568			303,374			(1,101,930	)		259,519
Income tax (expenses) benefits		(4,056	)		(7,006	)		6,209			(50,374	)		—			(55,227	)
Share of income (loss) from equity method investments		—			379,244			—			(37	)		—			379,207
Net income		583,499			524,190			324,777			252,963			(1,101,930	)		583,499

	For the year ended December 31, 2020
	HUYA Inc.			Other subsidiaries			Primary beneficiary of VIE			VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated Totals
	(in thousands of RMB)
Third-party revenues		—			176,300			—			10,738,074			—			10,914,374
Inter-company revenues(1)		7,795			268,448			7,440,411			—			(7,716,654	)		—
Total cost and expenses(2)		(30,562	)		(590,340	)		(7,001,732	)		(10,477,605	)		7,716,652			(10,383,587	)
Share of income of subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries(3)		762,353			855,160			265,729			—			(1,883,242	)		—
Others, net		159,091			24,230			235,947			82,469			4			501,741
Income before income tax		898,677			733,798			940,355			342,938			(1,883,240	)		1,032,528
Income tax expenses		(14,519	)		(676	)		(85,195	)		(76,394	)		—			(176,784	)
Share of income (loss) from equity method investments		—			29,231			—			(817	)		—			28,414
Net income		884,158			762,353			855,160			265,727			(1,883,240	)		884,158

Selected Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Data

The following tables present our selected consolidated balance sheet data as of the dates indicated.

	For the year ended December 31, 2022
	HUYA Inc.		Other subsidiaries		Primary beneficiary of VIE		VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries		Eliminating adjustments		Consolidated Totals
	(in thousands of RMB)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		21,868		402,681		216,433		14,259		—		655,241
Restricted cash		—		—		—		4,050		—		4,050
Short-term deposits		766,106		4,886,192		2,876,000		490,000		—		9,018,298
Short-term investments		—		—		3,117		—		—		3,117
Accounts receivable, net		—		20,586		7		55,305		—		75,898
Prepayments and other current assets		12,350		84,525		320,634		219,716		—		637,225

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	For the year ended December 31, 2022
	HUYA Inc.		Other subsidiaries		Primary beneficiary of VIE		VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries		Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated Totals
	(in thousands of RMB)
Amounts due from related parties		67		12,100		2,408		45,127		—			59,702
Amounts due from Group companies(4)		7,015,248		—		99,791		1,098,883		(8,213,922	)		—
Investments		—		182,105		—		724,110		—			906,215
Long-term deposits		348,230		724,318		—		—		—			1,072,548
Investment in subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries(3)		2,716,772		3,273,654		1,637,375		—		(7,627,801	)		—
Intangible assets, net		—		214		2,936		54,660		—			57,810
Right of use asset		—		321,054		23,291		791		—			345,136
Other assets		3,362		107,446		188,884		12,075		—			311,767
Total assets		10,884,003		10,014,875		5,370,876		2,718,976		(15,841,723	)		13,147,007
Deferred revenue and advances from customers		—		16,292		—		502,682		—			518,974
Amounts due to Group companies(4)		36,351		7,185,320		992,251		—		(8,213,922	)		—
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities		3,453		59,669		1,025,115		504,218		—			1,592,455
Amount due to related parties		—		—		33,537		48,277		—			81,814
Other liabilities		827		36,822		46,319		26,424		—			110,392
Total liabilities		40,631		7,298,103		2,097,222		1,081,601		(8,213,922	)		2,303,635
Total shareholders’ equity(3)		10,843,372		2,716,772		3,273,654		1,637,375		(7,627,801	)		10,843,372

	For the year ended December 31, 2021
	HUYA Inc.		Other subsidiaries		Primary beneficiary of VIE		VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries		Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated Totals
	(in thousands of RMB)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		302,673		472,428		541,540		474,143		—			1,790,784
Restricted cash		—		—		10,258		45,412		—			55,670
Short-term deposits		3,703,677		2,188,268		2,460,000		—		—			8,351,945
Short-term investments		—		—		816,331		—		—			816,331
Accounts receivable, net		—		23,304		429		64,301		—			88,034
Prepayments and other current assets		34,389		21,454		392,362		216,740		—			664,945
Amounts due from related parties		67		10,689		8,440		129,364		—			148,560
Amounts due from Group companies(4)		3,409,544		—		28,116		1,379,170		(4,816,830	)		—
Investments		—		158,933		—		449,684		—			608,617
Investment in subsidiaries, VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries(3)		3,099,424		3,532,364		1,677,392		—		(8,309,180	)		—
Intangible assets, net		—		981		2,951		80,010		—			83,942
Right of use asset		—		334,177		59,493		1,701		—			395,371
Other assets		343		8,210		227,932		14,258		—			250,743
Total assets		10,550,117		6,750,808		6,225,244		2,854,783		(13,126,010	)		13,254,942
Deferred revenue and advances from customers		—		15,225		—		563,259		—			578,484

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	For the year ended December 31, 2021
	HUYA Inc.		Other subsidiaries		Primary beneficiary of VIE		VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries		Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated Totals
	(in thousands of RMB)
Amounts due to Group companies(4)		36,316		3,501,583		1,278,931		—		(4,816,830	)		—
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities		2,508		98,286		1,244,128		500,530		—			1,845,452
Amount due to related parties		—		8,476		106,405		101,247		—			216,128
Other liabilities		1,092		27,814		63,416		12,355		—			104,677
Total liabilities		39,916		3,651,384		2,692,880		1,177,391		(4,816,830	)		2,744,741
Total shareholders’ equity(3)		10,510,201		3,099,424		3,532,364		1,677,392		(8,309,180	)		10,510,201

Selected Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows Data

The following table presents our selected cash flows data for the years indicated.

	For the year ended December 31, 2022
	HUYA Inc.			Other subsidiaries			Primary beneficiary of VIE			VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated Totals
	(in thousands of RMB)
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities(5)		57,606			(123,333	)		(750,879	)		379,397			—			(437,209	)
Capital contribution and advances from Group companies		(3,278,600	)		—			(70,714	)		(160,406	)		3,509,720			—
Other investing activities		2,898,431			(3,352,583	)		325,821			(720,237	)		—			(848,568	)
Net cash used in Investing activities		(380,169	)		(3,352,583	)		255,107			(880,643	)		3,509,720			(848,568	)
Capital contribution and advances to Group companies		—			3,349,314			160,406			—			(3,509,720	)		—
Other financing activities		6,049			—			—			—			—			6,049
Net cash provided by financing activities		6,049			3,349,314			160,406			—			(3,509,720	)		6,049

	For the year ended December 31, 2021
	HUYA Inc.			Other subsidiaries			Primary beneficiary of VIE			VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated Totals
	(in thousands of RMB)
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities(5)		190,341			(416,324	)		(622,961	)		1,176,397			—			327,453
Capital contribution and advances from Group companies		(993,969	)		—			(8,858	)		(911,916	)		1,914,743			—
Other investing activities		(761,429	)		(529,100	)		(392,530	)		(197,261	)		—			(1,880,320	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,755,398	)		(529,100	)		(401,388	)		(1,109,177	)		1,914,743			(1,880,320	)
Capital contribution and advances to Group companies		—			1,028,503			886,240			—			(1,914,743	)		—
Other financing activities		10,723			—			—			—			—			10,723
Net cash provided by financing activities		10,723			1,028,503			886,240			—			(1,914,743	)		10,723

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	For the year ended December 31, 2020
	HUYA Inc.			Other subsidiaries			Primary beneficiary of VIE			VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries			Eliminating adjustments			Consolidated Totals
	(in thousands of RMB)
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities(5)		278,860			(228,467	)		959,277			230,204			—			1,239,874
Capital contribution and advances to Group companies		(1,511,573	)		(1,856	)		(592,551	)		(1,300,825	)		3,406,805			—
Other investing activities		3,058,990			(1,589,677	)		(1,548,167	)		1,083,634			—			1,004,780
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities		1,547,417			(1,591,533	)		(2,140,718	)		(217,191	)		3,406,805			1,004,780
Capital contribution and advances from Group companies		—			1,573,952			1,832,853			—			(3,406,805	)		—
Other financing activities		265,294			—			—			—			—			265,294
Net cash provided by financing activities		265,294			1,573,952			1,832,853			—			(3,406,805	)		265,294

Notes:

(1) It represents the elimination of the inter-company service fees for technology support, business support and consulting fees (collectively defined as “VIE service fees”) that are charged pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement.

(2) For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, VIE service fees were charged by the primary beneficiary of the VIE and other subsidiaries to the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries amounting to RMB7,543.2 million, RMB8,664.1 million and RMB6,863.4 million, respectively. These inter-company charges were eliminated in consolidation.

(3) It represents the elimination of the investments in the VIE, the VIE’s subsidiaries, the primary beneficiary of the VIE and other subsidiaries by HUYA Inc.

(4) It represents the elimination of inter-company balances among HUYA Inc., the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries, and other subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2020, 2021, and 2022, the outstanding balance of amounts due from/to Group companies related to inter-company advances. There were no outstanding balances at the balance sheet date related to VIE service fees charged to the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries.

(5) For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, cash paid by the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries to the primary beneficiary of the VIE and other subsidiaries for VIE service fees were RMB7,543.2 million, RMB8,664.1 million and RMB6,433.2 million, respectively. In 2022, RMB415.1 million of the VIE service fees were not settled by cash, but netting against the intercompany receivables from the primary beneficiary of VIE.

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not Applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not Applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Summary of Risk Factors

An investment in our ADSs involves significant risks. Below is a summary of material risks we face, organized under relevant headings. These risks are discussed more fully following this summary.

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry

• If we fail to keep our existing users highly engaged, to acquire new users, or to increase the proportion of paying users, our business, profitability and prospects may be adversely affected;

• We may fail to attract and retain talented and popular broadcasters;

• We may fail to offer attractive content, in particular popular game content, on our platform;

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• We are a relatively young company, and we may not be able to sustain our growth, effectively manage our growth or implement our business strategies;

• We face competition in several major aspects of our business. If we fail to compete effectively, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be negatively impacted;

• Intensified government regulations, rules or guidelines of the internet industry in mainland China could restrict our ability to maintain or increase the level of user traffic to, and user spending on, our platform as well as our ability to tap into other market opportunities, and negatively impact our businesses, results of operations, or financial condition;

• If we fail to obtain and maintain the licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for internet-based businesses in mainland China, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected;

• We cooperate with various talent agencies to manage and recruit our broadcasters. If we are not able to maintain our relationship with talent agencies, in particular the platinum talent agencies which possess the capacity to produce a large volume of high-quality content and manage a considerable pool of talent, our operations may be materially and adversely affected;

• Significant revenue sharing fees and content costs on our platform have had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

• We are subject to risks associated with operating in a rapidly changing industry and a relatively new market; and

• Our revenue model for live streaming may not remain effective and we cannot guarantee that our future monetization strategies will be successfully implemented or generate sustainable revenues and profit.

Risks Related to Our Relationship with Our Major Shareholders

• Our major shareholders will control the outcome of shareholder actions in our company;

• We may have conflicts of interest with Tencent and, because of Tencent’s controlling ownership interest in our company, we may not be able to resolve such conflicts on favorable terms for us; and

• If we are no longer able to benefit from our business cooperation with Tencent, our business may be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

• We are a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the VIE and we conduct operations in mainland China primarily through (i) our subsidiaries in mainland China and (ii) the VIE, with which we have maintained contractual arrangements, and its subsidiaries. Investors in our ADSs thus are not purchasing equity interest in the VIE in mainland China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company. If the government of mainland China finds that the structure we have adopted for our business operations does not comply with laws and regulations of mainland China, or if these laws or regulations or interpretations of existing laws or regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties, including the shutting down of our platform and our business operations. Our holding company in the Cayman Islands, the VIE, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the government of mainland China that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIE and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIE and our company as a whole. The regulatory authorities of mainland China could disallow the VIE structure, which would likely result in a material adverse change in our operations, and our ADSs may decline significantly in value;

• We rely on contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity and its shareholders for the operation of our business, which may not be as effective as direct ownership. If the variable interest entity and its shareholders fail to perform their obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our rights, which may be time-consuming, unpredictable, expensive and damaging to our operations and reputation; and

• The shareholders of the VIE have potential conflicts of interest with us, and if any such conflicts of interest are not resolved in our favor, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China

• The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections;

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• Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in mainland China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment;

• The significant oversight and discretion of the government of mainland China over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs;

• Changes in the economic, political or social conditions or government policies in mainland China could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations;

• Uncertainties with respect to the legal system of mainland China and the interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations of mainland China could limit the legal protections available to you and us; and

• The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other government authorities of mainland China may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings and capital raising activities under law of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.

Risks Related to Our ADSs

• The trading price of our ADSs has been volatile and may be volatile regardless of our operating performance;

• Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial;

• The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for our ADSs; and

• We believe that we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2022, which could subject United States investors in our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences.

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry

If we fail to keep our existing users highly engaged, to acquire new users, or to increase the proportion of paying users, our business, profitability and prospects may be adversely affected.

Our success depends on our ability to maintain and grow our user base and keep our users highly engaged. In order to attract, retain and engage users and remain competitive, we must continue to innovate our products and services, implement new technologies and strategies, offer interesting content, improve features of our platform and stimulate interactions in our community.

A decline in our user base may adversely affect the engagement level of our users and vibrancy of our community, which may in turn reduce our monetization opportunities and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to attract and retain users or convert users into paying users, our revenues may decline and our results of operations and financial condition may suffer. In 2022, we experienced a decline in the number of average quarterly paying users on Huya Live, compared with 2021.

We cannot assure you that our platform will remain sufficiently popular with users to offset the costs incurred to operate and expand it. It is vital to our operations that we remain sensitive and responsive to evolving user preferences and offer content that attracts our users. We must also keep providing our users with new features and functions to enable superior content viewing and social experience. We will need to continue to develop and improve our platform and to enhance our brand awareness, which may require us to incur substantial costs and expenses. If such increased costs and expenses do not effectively translate into improved user traffic and engagement, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

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We may fail to attract and retain talented and popular broadcasters.

The size and engagement level of our user base as well as the quality of the live streaming content offered on our platform are critical to our success and are closely linked to our broadcasters’ involvement and performance.

Although we have entered into multi-year cooperation agreements that contain exclusivity clauses with some of the popular broadcasters on our platform, if any of these broadcasters decides to breach the agreement or chooses not to continue the cooperation with us once the term of the agreement expires, the popularity of our platform may decline and the number of our users may decrease, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition to our most popular broadcasters, we must continue to attract and retain talented and productive broadcasters in order to maintain and increase our content offerings and ensure the sustainable growth of our game live streaming community. We must identify and acquire potential talented broadcasters and provide them with sufficient resources. We cooperate with talent agencies to recruit, manage, train and support our broadcasters. However, we cannot assure you that we can continue to maintain the same level of attractiveness to our broadcasters and talent agencies.

Broadcasters on our platform, including those who have entered into exclusivity agreements with us, may leave us for other platforms which may offer better services and terms than we do. Furthermore, we may lose broadcasters if the talent agencies that manage them are unable to reach or maintain satisfactory cooperation arrangements with such broadcasters. In addition, if talented and popular broadcasters cease to contribute content to our platform, or their live streams fail to attract users, we may experience a decline in user traffic and user engagement, which may have a material and adverse impact on our results of operations and financial conditions.

We may fail to offer attractive content, in particular popular game content, on our platform.

We offer comprehensive live streaming content with a primary focus on games. Our content library is constantly evolving and growing. Game content has been a key genre of our content offerings since our inception. Our ability to maintain an attractive library of game content largely depends on the variety and availability of popular games in mainland China, which may be affected by various factors, including but not limited to, investments by game developers and publishers, game market conditions and regulatory supervision and approval. If there is a decrease in the number of new games launched or approved for launch in mainland China, or if there is a decrease in the number of users on existing popular games, or if we fail to live stream popular games due to various legal or business restrictions, our operations may be negatively impacted and we may face difficulties in continuously supplying attractive game content.

Among the various types of gaming content on our platform, e-sports tournaments and game events have surged as an important genre to generate our user traffic. If we fail to obtain the broadcasting rights for popular e-sports tournaments and game events, or we fail to attract users through these e-sports tournaments and game events, we may experience decreased users, viewership and user engagement, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, in response to our users’ growing interests, we also have expanded our coverage into other entertainment content genres. We actively track viewership growth and community feedback to identify trending content and encourage our broadcasters and talent agencies to create content that caters to users’ constantly changing taste. We also cooperate with broadcasters, talent agencies and other video content creators to offer video content such as gameplay videos, e-sports videos, and other videos, to cater for the increasing needs for diversified content of our users. However, if we fail to continue to expand and diversify our content offerings, identify trending and popular genres, or maintain the quality of our content, we may experience decreased viewership and user engagement, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial conditions.

In addition, we largely rely on our broadcasters and talent agencies to create high-quality and fun live streaming content. We have in place a comprehensive and effective incentive mechanism to encourage broadcasters and talent agencies to supply content that is attractive to our users. Also, talent agencies cooperating with us may guide or influence broadcasters to live streaming content that is well received by our users. However, if we fail to observe the latest trends and timely guide broadcasters and talent agencies accordingly, or fail to attract broadcasters who are capable of creating content based on popular games, or if broadcasters fail to produce content for trending games, our user number may decline and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

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Moreover, there are currently uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and implementation in practice of the laws and regulations governing online games. Pursuant to the relevant laws and regulations in mainland China, operators which operate online games without governmental pre-approval will be ordered to stop publishing and operating such games. Between April and November 2018, such pre-approval of domestic online games was suspended. Such suspension caused significant delays in the introduction of new games to the Chinese market. While the game approval procedure was reinstated in December 2018, the number of approved games has decreased compared to the period before the suspension. Besides, no new game was approved between August 2021 and March 2022, although the game approval process has largely resumed since April 2022 and become more normalized since late 2022. Additionally, on August 30, 2018, the government of mainland China issued a notice implementing a plan to protect the eyesight of teenagers, which, among other things, regulates the number of online games and new releases. On April 12, 2022, the government of mainland China issued a Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Live Streaming Games on the Online Audio-Visual Program Platforms, which strictly prohibits dissemination of any illegal games. If game publishers and operators fail to maintain the normal publication and operation of their online games, or if they fail to obtain or make the necessary approvals and filings of their online games, our operations may be negatively impacted, and we may be subject to penalties for live streaming or promoting such games on our platform.

Furthermore, we generate a small portion of our revenues from sub-licensing broadcasting rights of certain licensed e-sports content to other livestreaming platforms. Our sub-licensing revenues in 2022 were mainly contributed by our sub-licensing rights for matches of League of Legends under a license agreement for broadcasting League of Legends matches that we entered into with another subsidiary of Tencent in 2021. In January 2023, this license agreement was amended, as a result of which we no longer own sub-licensing rights for those League of Legends matches from 2023 to 2025. We therefore expect the content sub-licensing revenues to decline significantly in 2023. In the future, if we fail to attract or maintain the licensed content that permits sub-licensing, attract sufficient sub-licensees to purchase such content from us, or reduce the number of sub-licensees as part of our business strategy, our revenues from such sub-licensing business will further decline.

We are a relatively young company, and we may not be able to sustain our growth, effectively manage our growth or implement our business strategies.

We have a limited operating history, particularly as a stand-alone company. Our Huya platform was launched in 2014 as a business unit of JOYY. Although we have experienced significant growth since our platform was launched, our historical growth rate may not be indicative of our future performance due to our limited operating history and the rapid evolvement of our business environment. We may not be able to achieve similar results or grow at the same rate as we did in the past. As our business and the live streaming service market in mainland China continue to develop, we may adjust our product and service offerings or modify our business model. These adjustments may not achieve expected results and may have a material and adverse impact on our financial conditions and results of operations.

In addition, our growth and expansion have placed, and will continue to place, significant strain on our management and resources. This level of growth may not be sustainable or achievable at all in the future. We believe that our continued development will depend on many factors, including our ability to develop new sources of revenues, diversify monetization methods, attract and retain users and content creators, increase user engagement, continue developing innovative technologies in response to user demand, increase brand awareness, expand into new market segments, and adjust to the rapidly changing regulatory environment in mainland China. We cannot assure you that we will achieve any of the above, and our failure to do so may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

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We face competition in several major aspects of our business. If we fail to compete effectively, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be negatively impacted.

We face competition in several major aspects of our business, particularly from companies that provide game live streaming services and other online entertainment services, including companies that our shareholders operate or invest in and companies that our shareholders may operate or invest in in the future. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Competition.” Some of our competitors may have longer operating histories, significantly larger user bases, more established brand names, broader product or service offerings, significantly greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do or have long-term strategic relationships with game developers or publishers, and in turn may have an advantage in attracting and retaining users, broadcasters, talent agencies, advertisers and other business partners. Our competitors may also compete with us for content such as games, e-sports tournaments and game events; business partners such as broadcasters, talent agencies, and advertisers; skilled personnel such as management, engineers, product and content personnel; and other resources such as user traffic, user time spent online, and investments. Furthermore, if we are involved in disputes with any of our competitors that result in litigations or negative publicity to us, such disputes, regardless of their veracity or outcome, may harm our reputation or brand image and in turn lead to a reduced number of users and advertisers. Any legal proceedings or measures we take in response to such disputes may be expensive, time-consuming and disruptive to our operations and divert our management’s attention.

If we are not able to effectively compete in one or more of our business lines, our business, results of operations may be negatively impacted, for example, our overall user base and level of user engagement may decrease, which could reduce the number of our paying users or make us less attractive to broadcasters, talent agencies, advertisers, and other business partners. If we are not able to effectively compete, our financial condition may be negatively impacted, for example, our revenues may decrease, our costs and expenses may increase, and our profits may decrease. We may also be required to devote additional resources to further increase our brand recognition and promote our products and services, and such additional spending may adversely affect our profitability.

Intensified government regulations, rules or guidelines of the internet industry in mainland China could restrict our ability to maintain or increase the level of user traffic to, and user spending on, our platform as well as our ability to tap into other market opportunities, and negatively impact our businesses, results of operations, or financial condition.

The government of mainland China has promulgated, in recent years, intensified regulations, rules, or guidelines on various aspects of the internet industry in mainland China. For example, the government of mainland China adopted more stringent policies to monitor the online games industry due to negative public perception of addiction to online games, including policies for the protection of minors. On April 15, 2007, the government of mainland China issued a notice requiring all Chinese online game operators to adopt an “anti-fatigue system” in an effort to curb addiction to online games by minors. On October 25, 2019, the National Press and Publication Administration (the National Copyright Administration) issued the Circular of the National Press and Publication Administration on Preventing Minors from Developing Online Game Addictions, which took effect on November 1, 2019. The circular strictly controls the time slot and duration of online game use by minors. From 10:00 PM every day to 8:00 AM the next day, online game enterprises shall not provide game services for minors in any form. The duration of game services provided by online game enterprises for minors shall not exceed a cumulative total of three hours a day on statutory holidays or 1.5 hours on other days. On August 30, 2021, the National Press and Publication Administration issued the Circular of the National Press and Publication Administration on Further Strengthening Regulation to Effectively Prevent Online Gaming Additions among Minors, which came into effect on September 1, 2021, online game companies shall only provide minors online game services within one hour at prescribed periods, namely between 8:00 PM and 9:00 PM on Fridays, Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays. If these restrictions expand to apply to adult game players in the future, it may lead to a decrease in the number or engagement of game players, which could adversely affect our game live streaming service and have a material effect on our results of operations. Furthermore, as of October 1, 2011, online game players in mainland China are required to register and verify their names and identity card numbers with the National Citizen Identity Information Center, a subordinate public institution of the Ministry of Public Security, before playing game. In August 2018, the government of mainland China issued the Notice on Strengthen the Management of Live Streaming Service, which required the real-name registration system for users to be put in place by live streaming service providers. According to the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Minors (2020 Revision) which became effective on June 1, 2021 and a draft of proposed strengthened policies on cybersecurity for minors published by the CAC on March 14, 2022, among others, live streaming service providers are not allowed to provide minors under age 16 with online live streaming account registration services, and minors aged 16 or above must obtain the consent from their parents or guardians and verify the identity information before registering live streaming accounts. In addition, according to the Administrative Measures for Business Activities of Online Performances, or the Measures, which took effect on January 1, 2017, online performance shall not use any online game product without content examination and approval number or filing number issued by competent administrative cultural authorities to present or narrate online game skills. Failure to abide by the Measures may result in substantial monetary fines. In cases of serious offense, online platforms may be ordered to cease its business for rectification or even have its Internet Culture Business Permit revoked. Furthermore, on April 12, 2022, the Network Audio-Visual Program Administration Department of National Radio and Television Administration and the Publication Office of the CPC Central Committee jointly issued a Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Live Streaming Games on the Online Audio-Visual Program Platforms. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Anti-fatigue Compliance System and Real-name Registration System.”

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On November 12, 2020, the government of mainland China promulgated the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of the Online Show Live Streaming and E-commerce Live Streaming (“Notice 78”), which sets forth registration requirements for platforms providing online show live streaming or e-commerce live streaming to have their information and business operations registered by November 30, 2020. Notice 78 also set forth requirements for certain live streaming businesses with respect to real-name registration, limits on user spending on virtual gifting, restrictions on minors on virtual gifting, live stream review personnel requirements, content tagging requirements, and other requirements. For example, Notice 78 requires live streaming platforms to set a limit to the amount of virtual gifts a user can send per day and per month, as well as the amount that can be gifted at any one time. However, there is currently no clear guidance as to what limits on virtual gifting spending will be imposed by the National Radio and Television Administration pursuant to Notice 78 and it is unclear how and to what degree any such limits would be imposed on different platforms. Furthermore, on February 9, 2021, the government of mainland China issued the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Management of Online Live Streaming (“Opinions 3”), which strengthens the positive guidance and management of the online broadcast industry, including standardizing the behavior of virtual gifting and promoting the classification of the live streaming accounts. For example, Opinions 3 requires live streaming platforms to reasonably limit the maximum amount of a single virtual gift and a single virtual gifting per time to remind the users whose daily consumption amount has triggered the corresponding threshold, and to set necessary cooling off period and deferred payment period. We are still in the process of obtaining further guidance from regulatory authorities and evaluating the applicability and effect of the various requirements under Notice 78 and Opinions 3 on our business. Any limits ultimately imposed on user spending on virtual gifting or on virtual gifting value that broadcaster may receive may negatively impact our revenues derived from virtual gifting and our results of operations. Any further rulemaking under Notice 78, Opinions 3 or other intensified regulation with respect to live streaming may increase our compliance burden in the live streaming business, and may have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations. On March 25, 2022, the government of mainland China issued the Notice on Further Rectifying Online Streaming Activities and Promoting the Healthy Development of the Industry, which enhances the live streaming accounts registration management, strengthens tax collection and punishes tax evasions and frauds in connection with live streaming. On May 7, 2022, the government of mainland China issued the Opinion on Live Streaming Virtual Gifting and Enhancing the Protection of Minors (the “May Opinion”). The May Opinion stipulates that internet platforms shall, among other restrictions, (i) within one month of the publication of the May Opinion terminate all billboard functions that rank users or broadcasters by the volume of virtual gifts that they send or receive, respectively, (ii) restrict certain interaction and engagement functions between 8:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. every day, and (iii) prohibit minors from purchasing virtual gifts. We will continue to comply with all applicable laws and regulations in providing live streaming services, including the May Opinion. The May Opinion, together with the compliance measures taken, has had a negative impact on the live streaming services of the market participants of the industry, including that of ours. We have proactively sought guidance from and cooperate with government authorities in connection with its efforts to comply with the May Opinion and related implementation rules. There is no assurance that the measures that we take will be effective or the implementation of the May Opinion would not have a material adverse impact on our business operations and financial results in the future.

In addition, as the internet industry in mainland China is still at a relatively early stage of development, new laws and regulations, rules or guidelines may be adopted from time to time to address new issues that come to the authorities’ attention. Some new laws, regulations, rules, or guidelines have or may in the future put additional restrictions on our users, broadcasters, content, product or service offerings, and may negatively impact our businesses, results of operations, or financial condition. For example, we are subject to a variety of regulatory restrictions concerning the age limit for broadcasters, as well as restrictions on our products’ features. The existing and future regulations rules and guidelines that could affect us are beyond our control, and their potential impact on us is difficult to predict. We may incur substantial financial, operational and managerial costs in response to and in anticipation to the relevant regulatory and policy risks, and we may not be able to effectively predict, estimate or manage those risks in a timely and cost-efficient manner. Furthermore, we may not timely obtain or maintain all the required licenses or approvals or to satisfy all the requirements posed by the authorities in the future. We also cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the required licenses or approvals or to satisfy all the requirements posed by the authorities if we plan to expand into other internet businesses. If we fail to timely obtain or maintain any of the required licenses or approvals, we may be subject to various penalties, which may disrupt our business operations or derail our business strategy, and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “—If we fail to obtain and maintain the licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for internet-based businesses in mainland China, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Internet Information Services,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Internet Publication and Cultural Products,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Online Music and Entertainment” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs.”

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If we fail to obtain and maintain the licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for internet-based businesses in mainland China, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The internet industry in mainland China is highly regulated. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Internet Information Services,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Internet Publication and Cultural Products,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Online Music and Entertainment” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs.” For example, an internet information service provider shall obtain an operating license, or the ICP License, from the PRC Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or MIIT, or its local counterparts before engaging in any commercial internet information services. The variable interest entity, Guangzhou Huya Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Guangzhou Huya, has obtained a valid ICP License for provision of internet information services, a radio and television program production and operating permit, a commercial performance license and an internet culture operation license for music products.

Under the PRC Administrative Provisions for the Internet Audio-Video Program Service, or the Audio-Visual Provisions, providers of internet audio-visual program services are required to obtain a license for online transmission of audio-visual programs, or the Audio-Visual License, issued by the PRC National Radio and Television Administration, or the NRTA, or complete certain registration procedures with the NRTA. In August 2018, the National Office of Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publication, or the NOAPIP, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the National Radio and Television Administration and the Cyberspace Administration of China, jointly issued the Notice on Strengthen the Management of Live Streaming Service, which requires internet live streaming providers involving internet audio-visual program live streaming services to obtain the Audio-Visual License and complete certain registration procedures with the local public security authority.

According to a notice issued by the Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television of the Guangdong Province on September 26, 2016, or Guangdong Province Letter, only live streaming services covering (i) major political, military, economics, social, cultural, sports activities or reality event streaming or (ii) activities such as general social cultural activities or sports events are required to apply for an Audio-Visual License. The Guangdong Province Letter further stated that live streaming platforms offering online shows, online games and online drama performances are not required to obtain an Audio-Visual License. We are advised by our mainland China legal counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, that Audio-Visual License is not required for our live streaming business.

Currently, we allow broadcasters to upload their recorded video clips to our platform. We also selectively record and edit live streaming gameplays of certain popular broadcasters and turn them into video clip highlights. Streaming those videos on our platform may be regarded as providing internet audio-video program service. Although we currently hold an Audio-Visual License, this may not be sufficient to meet regulatory requirements given the uncertainties with the interpretation and implementation of existing and future laws and regulations. If our practice of offering video clips is deemed as violating the Audio-Visual Provisions, our ability to expand our business scope may be limited and we may be subject to fines or other regulatory actions by relevant regulators. Moreover, we may be required to obtain additional licenses or approvals for our video clip services if the government of mainland China adopts more stringent policies or regulations on online video clips offerings. As we further develop and expand our video service offerings, we may need to obtain additional qualifications, permits, approvals or licenses.

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As the internet industry in mainland China is still at a relatively early stage of development, new laws and regulations may be adopted from time to time to address new issues that come to the authorities’ attention. Considerable uncertainties still exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of existing and future laws and regulations governing our business activities. We cannot assure you that we will not be found in violation of any future laws and regulations or any of the laws and regulations currently in effect due to changes in the relevant authorities’ interpretation of these laws and regulations. In addition, we may be required to obtain additional licenses or approvals, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to timely obtain or maintain all of the required licenses or approvals or make all of the necessary filings in the future. If we fail to obtain or maintain any of the required licenses or approvals or make the necessary filings, we may be subject to various penalties, such as confiscation of the net revenues that were generated through the unlicensed internet activities, the imposition of fines and the discontinuation or restriction of our operations. Any such penalties may disrupt our business operations and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We cooperate with various talent agencies to manage and recruit our broadcasters. If we are not able to maintain our relationship with talent agencies, in particular the platinum talent agencies which possess the capacity to produce a large volume of high-quality content and manage a considerable pool of talent, our operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We cooperate with talent agencies to manage, organize and recruit broadcasters on our platform. As we are an open platform that welcomes qualified broadcasters to register on our websites, cooperation with talent agencies substantially increases our operational efficiency in terms of discovering, supporting and managing broadcasters in a more organized and structured manner, and turning amateur broadcasters into full-time broadcasters.

We share a portion of the revenues generated from the sales of virtual items and other products and services attributed to the broadcasters’ live streams with broadcasters and talent agencies who manage these broadcasters. If we cannot balance the interests between us, the broadcasters and the talent agencies and design a revenue-sharing mechanism that is agreeable to both broadcasters and talent agencies, we may not be able to retain or attract broadcasters or talent agencies, or both. In addition, while we have entered into exclusive streaming agreements with certain broadcasters, none of the talent agencies we cooperate with has an exclusive cooperation relationship with us. If other platforms offer better revenue sharing incentive to talent agencies, such talent agencies may choose to devote more of their resources to broadcasters who stream on the other platforms, or they may encourage their broadcasters to use or even enter into an exclusive agreement with other platforms, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to risks associated with operating in a rapidly changing industry and a relatively new market.

Many elements of our business are unique, evolving and relatively unproven. Our business and prospects depend on the continuing development of the live streaming industry in mainland China. The market for our services is relatively new and rapidly changing and is subject to significant challenges. Our business relies upon our ability to cultivate and grow an active game live streaming community and to successfully monetize our user base, so as to increase revenues from our live streaming as well as online advertising services. In addition, our business development depends, in part, on our ability to respond to constant changes in the internet industry, including rapid technological evolution, continued shifts in customer demands, frequent introductions of new products and services and constant emergence of new industry standards and practices. Developing and integrating new content, services or infrastructure could be expensive and time-consuming, and these efforts may not yield the benefits we expect to achieve at all. We cannot assure you that we will succeed in any of these aspects or that these industries in mainland China will continue to grow as rapidly as they have in the past.

As users are facing a growing number of entertainment options that directly or indirectly compete with online live streaming, live streaming may not maintain or increase its current popularity. Growth of the live streaming industry is affected by numerous factors, such as content quality, user experience, technological innovations, development of internet and internet-based services, regulatory environment, and macroeconomic environment. In addition, since we mainly focus on game live streaming, the growth of the games industry will have an impact on the prospects of our business. If live streaming as a form of entertainment loses its popularity due to changing social trends and consumer preferences, or if the games industry in mainland China does not grow as quickly as expected, our results of operation and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

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Our revenue model for live streaming may not remain effective and we cannot guarantee that our future monetization strategies will be successfully implemented or generate sustainable revenues and profit.

We operate our live streaming platform using a revenue model whereby users can get free access to live streaming of game or other types of content but have the options to purchase our products or services. We have generated, and expect to continue to generate, a substantial majority of our live streaming revenues using this revenue model. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, our live streaming revenues contributed to 94.5%, 89.7% and 88.9% of our total net revenues, respectively. Our live streaming revenues experienced a decline in 2022, and we may continue to experience a decline and not be able to achieve a growth in the future, as the user demand for this service may change, decrease substantially or dissipate, we may fail to anticipate and serve user demands effectively, or we may have to make adjustments on our live streaming revenue model under intensified regulations, rules, or guidelines on the live streaming industry and we may not be able to mitigate revenue impacts of those adjustments.

Although we factor in industry standards and expected user demand in determining how to optimize our monetization effectively, if we fail to properly manage the supply and timing of our products and services and their appropriate prices, our users may be less likely to make purchases from us. In addition, if users’ spending habits change and they choose to only access our content for free without additional purchases, we may not be able to continue to successfully implement our revenue model for live streaming, in which case we may have to provide other value-added services or products to monetize our user base. We cannot guarantee that our attempts to monetize our user base and products and services will continue to be successful, profitable or widely accepted, and therefore the future revenue and income potential of our business are difficult to evaluate.

We have a unique community culture that is vital to our success. Our operations may be materially and adversely affected if we fail to maintain our culture within our addressable user communities.

We have cultivated an interactive and vibrant online social community, centered around live game streaming. We provide resources and support to the broadcasters through talent agencies that help train and retain talented broadcasters on our platform, who in turn, attract and retain users. We also ensure a superior user experience by continuously improving user interface and features of our platform and encouraging active interaction between users and broadcasters. We believe that maintaining and promoting such a vibrant community culture is critical to retaining and expanding our user and broadcaster base. We have taken multiple initiatives to preserve our community culture and values. Despite our efforts, we may be unable to maintain our community culture and cease to be the preferred platform for our target users, broadcasters and talent agencies. For example, frictions among our users or broadcasters and inflammatory comments posted by internet trolls may damage our community culture and brand image, which would be detrimental to our business operations.

We generate a portion of our revenues from advertising. If we fail to attract more advertisers to our platform or if advertisers are less willing to advertise with us, our revenues may be adversely affected.

Although we primarily rely on revenues generated from live streaming services, we still generate a small portion of our revenues from advertising. Our revenues from advertising partly depend on the continued development of the online advertising industry in mainland China and advertisers’ willingness to allocate budgets to online advertising. In addition, companies that decide to advertise or promote online may utilize more established methods or channels, such as more established Chinese internet portals or search engines, over advertising on our platform. If the online advertising market does not continue to grow, or if we are unable to capture and retain a sufficient share of that market, our ability to increase our current level of advertising revenues and our profitability and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, our core and long-term priority of optimizing user experience and satisfaction may limit our platform’s ability to generate revenues from advertising. For example, in order to avoid interruptions to our users’ entertainment experience, we may restrict or limit advertising during streaming. While this decision would adversely affect our operating results in the short term, we believe it enables us to provide a superior user experience on our platform, which will help us expand and maintain our current user base and enhance our monetization potential in the long term. However, this philosophy of putting our users first may also negatively impact our relationships with advertisers or other third parties, and may not result in the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case the success of our business and operating results could be harmed.

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On November 26, 2021, the SAMR promulgated the draft of the Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertisements for public comments. The draft stipulates that the promotion of commodities or services in the form of paid listing on the Internet must be conspicuously identified as an advertisement. The draft measures further require advertisers, operators and publishers of internet advertisements containing links to examine the contents in the next level link. The Chinese government may, from time to time, promulgate new advertising laws and regulations in the future. We cannot assure you that we will be in compliance with the requirements under these new laws and regulations. Failure to comply with these obligations may subject us to fines and other administrative penalties, and may negatively impact our relationships with advertisers or other third parties. We may suffer from a loss of advertisers and our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We offer advertising services primarily through contracts entered into with advertisers or third-party advertising agencies and by displaying advertisement on our platform or providing advertising integrated in the content offered on our live streaming platform. We also offer advertisements through cooperation with our popular broadcasters and other content creators. We cannot assure you that we will be able to attract or retain direct advertisers or advertising agencies. If we fail to retain and enhance our business relationships with these advertisers or third-party advertising agencies, or if our cooperation with broadcasters and other content creators to provide advertisements is not successful, we may suffer from a loss of advertisers and our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If we fail to retain existing advertisers and advertising agencies or attract new direct advertisers and advertising agencies or any of our current advertising methods or promotional activities becomes less effective, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Significant revenue sharing fees and content costs on our platform have had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We need to continue offering popular and attractive content on our platform to provide our users with engaging and satisfying viewing experiences, and our ability to provide such content is dependent on our ability to attract and retain our broadcasters and talent agencies. We have a revenue sharing arrangement with both our broadcasters and talent agencies under which we share with them a portion of the revenues from the sales of our products and services on our platform. We also pay some popular broadcasters additional fees to sign agreements that contain exclusivity clauses with us. The absolute amounts and revenue percentages that we pay broadcasters and talent agencies may increase. If our competitor platforms offer higher revenue sharing ratios or additional fees with an intent to attract our popular broadcasters, costs to retain our broadcasters may further increase. If we are not able to continue to retain our broadcasters and produce high-quality content on our platform at commercially acceptable costs, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely impacted. Furthermore, as our business and user base further expand, we may have to devote more resources in attracting broadcasters and talent agencies to produce more content that meets the varied interests of a diverse user base, which would increase the costs of contents on our platform. The portion of revenues we share with our broadcasters increased in the second half of 2021 as a result of our efforts to attract and retain popular broadcasters, and it remained stable and at a high level in 2022 as compared to the level we had before the second half of 2021. We currently expect it to remain high in 2023, although there are still uncertainties, such as general market conditions. The significant revenue sharing fees with broadcasters has had and will continue to have a material adverse effect on our profitability.

In addition, we pay game developers or publishers, e-sports tournaments and game events organizers and participants, and other content broadcasting right owners for content and increases in prices for these broadcasting rights would also have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If fail to procure these content or fail to procure these content at commercially acceptable costs, our business and results of operations may be adversely impacted. In 2021 and 2022, our e-sports content costs also increased significantly due to our procurement of more high-quality events and the increasing prices of some leading e-sports tournaments. We expect our e-sports content costs will decrease in 2023, primarily because of our more stringent procurement policy for e-sports content and a decrease in prices of some key e-sports tournaments. If we are unable to generate sufficient revenues that outpace our increased revenue sharing fees and content costs, or we experience a greater decline in revenues than the decline in revenue sharing fees and content costs, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

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We have incurred net losses in the past, which may continue in the future.

We incurred net income in 2020 and 2021 and incurred net loss in 2022. In 2020, 2021, and 2022, we incurred net income of RMB884.2 million, net income of RMB583.5 million, and net loss of RMB486.7 million (US$70.6 million), respectively. We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate net profit in the future. Furthermore, we expect that we will continue to incur significant costs and expenses such as costs and expenses to retain and attract content creators, acquire content, grow our user base and generally expand our business operations, and research and development expenses and bandwidth costs to support our video functions, and personnel costs and expenses to attract and retain key employees, and investments to develop new businesses. We may again not be able to generate sufficient revenues to offset such costs and expenses to sustain profitability in the future. In addition, we expect to continue to invest heavily in our operations to maintain our current market position, support anticipated future growth and meet our expanded reporting and compliance obligations as a public company.

Our profitability is also affected by other factors beyond our control. For example, live streaming as a form of entertainment may not continue to retain or increase its viewership levels or popularity. In addition, advertisers may not increase or maintain their spending on live streaming platforms, including our platform. The continued success of our business depends on our ability to identify which services will appeal to our user base and to offer them on commercially acceptable terms. Our profitability also depends in part on our ability to convert users into paying user, attract advertisers and successfully compete in a very competitive market. In addition, factors including regulatory trends, economic environment and monetary policies in mainland China and globally also affect our profitability.

Increasing focus with respect to environmental, social and governance matters may impose additional costs on us or expose us to additional risks. Failure to adapt to or comply with the evolving expectations and standards on environmental, social and governance matters from investors and the government of mainland China may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

The government of mainland China and public advocacy groups have been increasingly focused on environment, social and governance, or ESG, issues in recent years, making our business more sensitive to ESG issues and changes in governmental policies and laws and regulations associated with environment protection and other ESG-related matters. Investor advocacy groups, certain institutional investors, investment funds, and other influential investors are also increasingly focused on ESG practices and in recent years have placed increasing importance on the implications and social cost of their investments. Regardless of the industry, increased focus from investors and the government of mainland China on ESG and similar matters may hinder access to capital, as investors may decide to reallocate capital or to not commit capital as a result of their assessment of a company’s ESG practices. Any ESG concern or issue could increase our regulatory compliance costs. If we do not adapt to or comply with the evolving expectations and standards on ESG matters from investors and the government of mainland China or are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, we may suffer from reputational damage and the business, financial condition, and the price of our ADSs could be materially and adversely effected.

Our results of operations are subject to substantial quarterly and annual fluctuations due to seasonality.

We may experience seasonality in our business, reflecting seasonal fluctuations in online entertainment consumption. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. For example, our users, revenues, or profits may be impacted by public holidays, school vacations, e-sports tournaments and game events that we launch from time to time, marketing campaigns and promotional activities that we conduct from time to time, or regulations, rules and guidelines that government authorities pose from time to time.

Overall, the historical seasonality of our business has been relatively mild, but seasonality may increase in the future. Due to our limited operating history, the seasonal trends that we have experienced in the past may not apply to, or be indicative of, our future operating results. As a result, our operating results in future quarters or years may fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors. In such event, the trading price of our ADSs would likely be materially and adversely affected.

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We have a limited operating history in overseas markets. If we fail to meet the challenges presented by our overseas operations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We began our business operations overseas in May 2018. Our global expansion strategy might not be successfully executed and may expose us to a number of risks, including but not limited to:

• challenges in formulating effective local sales and marketing strategies targeting internet and mobile users from various jurisdictions and cultures, who have a diverse range of preferences and demands;

• challenges in identifying appropriate local third-party business partners such as game developers and publishers, e-sports tournament and game event organizers, broadcasters and talent agencies, and establishing and maintaining good working relationships with them;

• challenges in recruiting quality local broadcasters to attract and engage local users;

• challenges in effectively managing overseas operations from our headquarters and establishing overseas IT systems and infrastructure;

• challenges in selecting suitable geographical regions for global expansion and the general economic condition of various regions we operate;

• challenges in increasing and diversifying revenues, controlling costs and expenses, and making profits;

• fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

• compliance with applicable foreign laws and regulations, including but not limited to internet content requirements, foreign exchange controls, cash repatriation restrictions, intellectual property protection rules, data privacy requirements, tax regulations and rules;

• the continued impact of COVID-19 in different parts of the world, and the various policies and social restrictions imposed in response thereto; and

• competition situations in various regions we operate.

Our overseas operations may exert pressure on our operating results and net margins in the near term, and our overseas expansion may not be occurring at the pace as we intended or generate revenues in the amount as we originally expected. Due to our shift in strategic focus to key geographic markets since the second quarter of 2022, our overseas live streaming revenues and the contribution to our total net revenues declined in 2022. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to increase or sustain our overseas revenues in the future, as the monetization of our overseas business is still at an early stage and our monetization strategies may change. The geographic scope of our overseas markets may also further change as we continually adjust our overseas business strategies. For example, we are continuously optimizing the geographic coverage of Nimo TV as part of our overall strategy to focus on key markets. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by these and other risks associated with our overseas operations.

Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our executive officers, key employees and qualified personnel, and our business operations may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.

Our future success depends substantially on the continued efforts of our executive officers and key employees. If one or more of our executive officers or key employees were unable or unwilling to continue their services with us, we might not be able to replace them easily, in a timely manner, or at all. Since the internet industry is characterized by high demand and intense competition for talents, we cannot assure you that we will be able to attract or retain qualified staff or other highly skilled employees. In addition, as our company is relatively young, our ability to train and integrate new employees into our operations may not meet the growing demands of our business which may materially and adversely affect our ability to grow our business and hence our results of operations.

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If any of our executive officers and key employees terminates their services with us, our business may be severely disrupted, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel. If any of our executive officers or key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose customers, know-how and key professionals and staff members. Each of our executive officers and key employees has entered into an employment agreement and a non-compete agreement with us. However, as advised by our mainland China legal counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, certain provisions under the non-compete agreement may be deemed invalid or unenforceable under laws of mainland China. If any dispute arises between our executive officers and key employees and us, we cannot assure you that we would be able to enforce these non-compete agreements in mainland China, where these executive officers reside, in light of uncertainties with legal system of mainland China. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—Uncertainties with respect to the legal system of mainland China and the interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations of mainland China could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

We may be held liable for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our platform, or distributed to our users, and government authorities may impose legal sanctions on us, including, in serious cases, suspending or revoking the licenses needed to operate our platform.

Our interactive live streaming platform enables users and broadcasters to exchange information and engage in various other online activities. We have required broadcasters, to complete the real-name registration. In August 2018, a notice jointly issued by National Office of Anti-Pornography and Illegal Publication and other five authorities called for the adoption of a real-name registration system for users. In November 2020, a notice issued by the National Radio and Television Administration sets forth real-name registration requirements for certain broadcasters and users. However, since there are no ancillary implementation rules or further guidance from regulatory authorities announced or notified to us so far, there are still considerable uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of such notices in actual practice. As such, we are unable to verify the sources of the information posted by our users. In addition, while we have consistently regulated and monitored the information and content displayed on our platform, because a majority of the communications on our platform is conducted in real time, we are unable to examine the content generated by users and broadcasters before they are posted or streamed. Therefore, it is possible that broadcasters and users may engage in illegal, obscene or incendiary conversations or activities, including publishing of inappropriate or illegal content that may be deemed unlawful under laws and regulations of mainland China on our platform. If any content on our platform is deemed illegal, obscene or incendiary, or if appropriate licenses and third-party consents have not been obtained, claims may be brought against us for defamation, libel, negligence, copyright, patent or trademark infringement, other unlawful activities or other theories and claims based on the nature and content of the information delivered on or otherwise accessed through our platform. We have occasionally received fines and been required to disgorge any illegal income earned for certain inappropriate content generated by broadcasters on our platform. Despite our efforts to closely monitor the content on our platform and the actions of our broadcasters, we may be subject to similar fines and penalties in the future. In addition, if the authorities of mainland China find that we have not adequately managed the content on our platform, they may impose other legal sanctions on us, including, in serious cases, suspending or revoking the licenses needed to operate our platform. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Internet Information Services.” Moreover, the costs of compliance may continue to increase when more content is made available on our platform as a result of our growing user base, which may adversely affect our results of operations. Furthermore, the distribution of inappropriate or illegal content by broadcasters may result in the suspension of broadcasters from our platform, which may materially and adversely impact our content offering and our attractiveness to users, thereby negatively impacting our business operations and financial results. In the event popular broadcasters are suspended from our platform as a result of inappropriate or illegal content, we may not be able to recoup or realize the expected returns on our investments made to engage such broadcasters.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in our payment of substantial damages, penalties and fines, removal of relevant content from our platform or seeking license arrangements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.

Content posted by our users may expose us to allegations by third parties of infringement of intellectual property rights, unfair competition, invasion of privacy, defamation and other violations of third-party rights. For example, we facilitate broadcasters to live stream games on our platform, and, in some cases, we may dictate the games that our broadcasters stream. As a result, we could face copyright infringement claims with respect to online games being streamed live, recorded or made accessible, or songs performed live, recorded or made accessible on our platform.

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Furthermore, we may not have complete licenses for the copyrights underlying a portion of the content offered by us on our platform, and therefore we may be subject to third-party assertions of infringement or other violations by us of their copyright in connection with such content.

The validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights in internet-related industries, particularly in mainland China, are uncertain and still evolving. As we face increasing competition and as litigation becomes a more common way to resolve disputes in mainland China, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims. Under relevant laws and regulations of mainland China, online service providers which provide storage space for users to upload works or links to other services or content could be held liable for copyright infringement under various circumstances, including situations where an online service provider knows or should reasonably have known that the relevant content uploaded or linked to on its platform infringes the copyrights of others and the provider realizes economic benefits from such infringement activities. In particular, there have been cases in mainland China in which courts have found online service providers to be liable for the posting of copyrighted content by users which was accessible from and stored on such providers’ servers. For example, in August 2018, a game publisher filed a suit against us as a co-defendant, claiming that one of our self-developed mobile games infringed the plaintiff’s licensed mobile game. The game publisher seeks RMB20 million in damages and requests us to remove each version of such game from our platform. In November 2020, a local court in mainland China in charge of this case passed a first-instance judgment which was unfavorable to us and in this judgment, the court held that one of our self-developed mobile games infringed the copyright of plaintiff’s licensed mobile game and our actions constitute unfair competition. The court also held that we should pay the game publisher RMB20 million in damages and stop all the actions relative to unfair competition. We believe the claims lack merit and have already appealed against the judgment of the first-instance. This case is on appeal and still pending. We are also subject to the risk of being held liable for unauthorized postings or live performances of copyrighted content by our user, such as live-streaming of games over which we do not have license or copyright. In that event, our business, results of operations and financial conditions may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we may also be subject to allegations that are associated with the broadcasters and talent agencies on our platform. For example, in August 2019, a game live streaming platform filed a suit against a broadcaster and us as co-defendant, claiming that we recruited such broadcaster from their platform by improper means and performed confusing acts. The game live streaming platform sought RMB50 million in damages from the broadcaster and us, and requested us to cease recruiting broadcaster from their platform and performing the confusing acts. The plaintiff later withdrew the suit. In 2020, we also prevailed in a few other similar cases where the court rejected the plaintiff’s claims. However, we have been involved and may in the future be involved in more cases with similar facts or claims. Regardless of the merits of such cases, if the final outcome is unfavorable to us, we may suffer certain damage to our financial position and reputation.

Although we have required our users to post only legally compliant and inoffensive materials and have set up screening procedures, our screening procedures may fail to screen out all potentially offensive or non-compliant user-generated content and, even if properly screened, a third party may still find user-generated content posted on our platform offensive and take action against us in connection with such content. In addition, we have entered into revenue-sharing arrangements with broadcasters and talent agencies on our platform, and we cannot assure you that courts in mainland China will not view these broadcasters or talent agencies as our employees or agents, deem us to have control over their activities on our platform and the content they upload or otherwise make available on our platform, determine that we have knowingly uploaded such infringing content on our platform and hold us directly liable for their infringement activities on our platform. We may also face litigations or administrative actions for defamation, negligence or other purported injuries resulting from the content we provide or the nature of our services. Such litigations and administrative actions, with or without merits, may be expensive and time-consuming, resulting in significant diversion of resources and management attention from our business operations, and adversely affect our brand image and reputation. Separately, as our business expands, the cost of carrying out these procedures and obtaining authorization and licenses for the growing content on our platform may increase, which may potentially have material and adverse effects on our results of operations.

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Although we have so far not been subject to lawsuits in jurisdictions other than China for alleged violation of intellectual property rights, we cannot assure you that we will not become subject to intellectual property laws in other jurisdictions, such as the United States, by virtue of our ADSs being listed on the NYSE, the ability of users to access our platform from the United States and other jurisdictions, the performance of songs and other content which are subject to copyright and other intellectual property laws of countries outside China, including the United States, the ownership of our ADSs by investors in the United States and other jurisdictions, or the extraterritorial application of foreign law by foreign courts or otherwise. In addition, as a publicly listed company, we may be exposed to increased risk of litigation.

If an infringement claim brought against us in China, the United States or any other jurisdiction is successful, we may be required to pay substantial statutory penalties or other damages and fines, remove relevant content from our platform or enter into license agreements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Litigation or other claims against us may also subject us to adverse publicity which could harm our reputation and affect our ability to attract and retain broadcasters and talent agencies, which could materially and adversely affect the popularity of our platform and therefore, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Our brand image, business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely impacted by user misconduct and misuse of our platform.

Since we do not have full control over what broadcasters live stream on our platform and what users communicate on our platform, our platform may be misused or abused by broadcasters or users. We have an internal control system in place to review and monitor live streams and will shut down any streams that may be illegal or inappropriate. However, we may not be able to identify all such streams and content, or prevent all such content from being posted.

Moreover, as we have limited control over the illegal or inappropriate behavior of our broadcasters and users, to the extent such behavior is associated with our platform, our ability to protect our brand image and reputation may be limited. Our business and public perception of our brand may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, in response to allegations of illegal or inappropriate activities conducted through our platform or any negative media coverage about us, government authorities of mainland China may intervene and hold us liable for non-compliance with laws and regulations in mainland China concerning the dissemination of information on the internet or others and subject us to administrative penalties, including confiscation of income and fines, or other sanctions, such as requiring us to restrict or discontinue some of the broadcasters, or features and services provided on our platform. Furthermore, certain behaviors of broadcasters or the talent agencies they belong to, such as tax evasion, that are not directly associated with our platform but cause the broadcasters to be banned from online broadcasting or other consequences, may nevertheless affect our brand.

As a result, our business may suffer and our user base, revenues and profitability may be materially and adversely affected, and the price of our ADSs may decline.

If we fail to maintain and enhance our brand or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand is of significant importance to the success of our business. A well-recognized brand is important to increasing the number of users and the level of engagement of our users and enhancing our attractiveness to advertisers. Since we operate in a highly competitive market, brand maintenance and enhancement directly affect our ability to maintain our market position.

Although we have developed brand partly through word of mouth referrals, as we expand, we may conduct various marketing and brand promotion activities using various methods to continue promoting our brand. We cannot assure you, however, that these activities will be successful or that we will be able to achieve the brand promotion effect we expect.

In addition, any negative publicity in relation to our products, services or operations, regardless of its veracity, could harm our brands and reputation. We have sometimes received, and expect to continue to receive, complaints from users such as complaints regarding the quality of the products and services we offer, minors’ use of gaming products and livestreaming services, and misconduct by broadcasters, talent agencies, and other content creators. Negative publicity or public complaints may harm our reputation, and if complaints against us are not addressed to their satisfaction, our reputation and our market position could be significantly harmed, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects. We may incur significant managerial, financial and operational costs and expenses in dealing with the negative publicity or public complaints.

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We rely on key operating metrics, to evaluate the performance of our business, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.

We rely on certain operating metrics, such as mobile MAUs and paying users, to evaluate the performance of our business. As our business evolves, the scope of such operating metrics may change. Our operating metrics are calculated using internal company data that have not been independently verified. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable calculations for the applicable periods of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring these metrics across our large user base. For example, our mobile MAUs may not accurately reflect the actual number of people who accessed our platform, as it is possible that some people may use more than one device, some people may share one device, and some people may access our platform through multiple channels.

Our measures of operating metrics may differ from estimates published or adopted by third parties, including but not limited to users, business partners, market research institutions, investors and media, or from similarly titled metrics used by our competitors or other companies in the relevant industries due to differences in methodology and assumptions. If these third parties do not perceive our operating metrics to be accurate representations of operations, or if we discover material inaccuracies in our operating metrics, our brand value and reputation may be materially harmed, and our business and operating results may be negatively impacted. If investors make investment decisions based on operating metrics we disclose are inaccurate, we may also face potential lawsuits or disputes.

Our business is highly dependent on the proper functioning and improvement of our information technology systems and infrastructure. Our business and operating results may be harmed by service disruptions, cybersecurity-related threats or by our failure to timely and effectively scale up and adjust our existing technology and infrastructure.

The popularity of our platform and services and our ability to further monetize user traffic depend on our ability to adapt to rapidly changing technologies as well as our ability to continually innovate in response to evolving consumer demands and expectations and intense market competition. Our ability to provide a superior user experience on our platform depends on the continuous and reliable operation of our IT systems.

We may not be able to procure sufficient bandwidth in a timely manner or on acceptable price and other terms or at all. Failure to do so may significantly impair user experience on our platform, decrease the overall effectiveness of our platform to users, broadcasters, talent agencies and advertisers, and increase costs and expenses. Our IT systems and content delivery network, or CDN, are vulnerable to damage or interruption as a result of fires, floods, earthquakes, power losses, telecommunications failures, undetected errors in software, computer viruses, hacking and other attempts to harm our IT systems. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, service disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes and cybersecurity-related threats as follows:

• our technology, system, networks and our users’ devices have been subject to, and may continue to be the target of, cyber-attacks, computer viruses, malicious code, phishing attacks or information security breaches that could result in an unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of confidential, proprietary and other information of ours, our employees or sensitive information provided by our users, or otherwise disrupt our, our users’ or other third parties’ business operations;

• we periodically encounter attempts to create false accounts or use our platform to send targeted and untargeted spam messages to our users, or take other actions on our platform for purposes such as spamming or spreading misinformation, and we may not be able to repel spamming attacks;

• the use of encryption and other security measures intended to protect our systems and confidential data may not provide absolute security, and losses or unauthorized access to or releases of confidential information may still occur;

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• our security measures may be breached due to employee error, malfeasance or unauthorized access to sensitive information by our employees, who may be induced by outside third parties, and we may not be able to anticipate any breach of our security or to implement adequate preventative measures; and

• we may be subject to information technology system failures or network disruptions caused by natural disasters, accidents, power disruptions, telecommunications failures, acts of terrorism or war, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, or other events or disruptions.

Disruptions, failures, unscheduled service interruptions or a decrease in connection speeds could damage our reputation and cause our users, content providers and advertisers to migrate to our competitors’ platforms. If we experience frequent or constant service disruptions, whether caused by failures of our own IT systems or those of third-party service providers, our user experience may be negatively affected, which in turn may have a material and adverse effect on our reputation and business. We may not be successful in minimizing the frequency or duration of service interruptions.

As the number of our users increases and our users generate more content on our platform, we may be required to expand and adjust our technology and infrastructure to continue to reliably store and process content. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve the performance of our platform, particularly during peak usage times, as our services become more complex and user traffic increases.

We use third-party services and technologies in connection with our business, and any disruption to the provision of these services and technologies to us could result in disruptions to our business, negative publicity, a slowdown in the growth of our users or even a decline of our user base, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business partially depends on services provided by, and relationships with, various third parties. Some third-party software we use in our operations is currently publicly available, free of charge. If the owner of any such software decides to charge users or no longer makes the software publicly available, we may need to incur significant costs to obtain licensing, find replacement software or develop it on our own. If we are unable to obtain licensing, find or develop replacement software at a reasonable cost, or at all, our business and operations may be adversely affected.

We rely on third-party mobile application and PC application distribution channels such as Apple’s app store, various Android application stores, and websites to distribute our mobile apps and PC clients to users and broadcasters. We expect that a substantial number of downloads of our mobile apps and PC clients will continue to be derived from these distribution channels. As such, the promotion, distribution and operation of our mobile apps and PC clients are subject to such distribution platforms’ standard terms and policies for application developers, which are subject to the interpretation of, and frequent changes by, these distribution channels. If Apple’s app store or any other major distribution channel interprets or changes its standard terms and conditions in a manner that is detrimental to us, removes our mobile apps or PC clients from their channels, or even suspends or terminates its existing relationship with us, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we process transactions of almost all of our services through third-party online payment systems. Most of our users use online payment systems, such as WeChat Pay and Alipay, to make payments for various products and services on our platform. If any of these third-party online payment systems suffer from security breaches, users may lose confidence in such payment systems and refrain from purchasing our products and services online, in which case our results of operations would be negatively impacted. See “—The security of operations of, and fees charged by, third-party online payment platforms may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.”

Furthermore, such third-party online payment systems are subject to anti-money laundering obligations under applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations in mainland China, which require them to comply with certain anti-money laundering requirements, including the establishment of a customer identification procedure, the monitoring and reporting of suspicious transactions, the preservation of customer information and transaction records, and the provision of assistance to the public security department and judicial authority in investigations and proceedings in relation to anti-money laundering matters. If a third-party payment system fails to perform its anti-money laundering obligations, it may be subject to fines or other proceedings in accordance with the relevant regulations. If any of such third-party payment system fails to comply with applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations, our reputation could suffer and we could become subject to regulatory intervention, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We exercise no control over the third parties with whom we have business arrangements. If such third parties increase their prices, fail to provide their services effectively, terminate their service or agreements or discontinue their relationships with us, we could suffer service interruptions, reduced revenues or increased costs, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our operations depend on the performance of the internet infrastructure and fixed telecommunications networks in mainland China, which is in large part maintained by state-owned operators.

Almost all access to the internet in mainland China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. Moreover, we primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and internet data centers to host our servers. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with internet infrastructure in mainland China or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. Web traffic in mainland China has experienced significant growth during the past few years. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our platform. We cannot assure you that the internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in mainland China will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growth in internet usage. If we cannot increase our capacity to deliver our online services, we may not be able to accommodate the increases in traffic from expanding user base, and the adoption of our services may be hindered, which could adversely impact our business.

In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, if internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, some users may be prevented from accessing the mobile internet and thus cause the growth of mobile internet users to decelerate. Such deceleration may adversely affect our ability to continue to expand our user base.

User growth and engagement depend upon effective interoperation with mobile operating systems, networks, mobile devices and standards that we do not control.

We make our services available across a variety of mobile operating systems and devices. We are dependent on the interoperability of our services with popular mobile devices and mobile operating systems that we do not control, such as Android and iOS. Any changes in such mobile operating systems or devices that degrade the functionality of our services or give preferential treatment to competitive services could adversely affect usage of our services. In order to deliver high-quality services, it is important that our services work well across a range of mobile operating systems, networks, mobile devices and standards that we do not control. We may not be successful in developing relationships with key participants in the mobile industry or in developing services that operate effectively with these operating systems, networks, devices and standards. In the event that it is difficult for our users to access and use our services, particularly on their mobile devices, our user growth and user engagement could be harmed, and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Spammers and malicious software and applications may affect user experience, which could reduce our ability to attract users and advertisers and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Spammers may use our platform to send spam messages to users, which may affect user experience. As a result, our users may reduce using our products and services or stop using them altogether. In spamming activities, spammers typically create multiple user accounts for the purpose of sending a high volume of repetitive messages. Although we attempt to identify and delete accounts created for spamming purposes, we may not be able to effectively eliminate all spam messages from our platform in a timely fashion. Any spamming activities could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, malicious software and applications may interrupt the operations of our mobile apps, websites, or PC clients and pass on such malware to our users which could adversely hinder user experience. Although we have been successfully blocking these attacks in the past, we cannot guarantee that this will always be the case, and in the incident if users experience a malware attack by using our platform, our users may associate the malware with our mobile apps, websites, or PC clients, and our reputation, business, and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

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The security of operations of, and fees charged by, third-party online payment platforms may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Currently, we sell substantially all of our services to our users through third-party online payment systems. In all these online payment transactions, secured transmission of confidential information such as paying users’ credit card numbers and personal information over public networks is essential to maintaining consumer confidence.

We do not have control over the security measures of our third-party online payment vendors. Any security breaches of the online payment systems that we use could expose us to litigation and possible liability for failing to secure confidential customer information and could, among other things, damage our reputation and the perceived security of all of the online payment systems that we use. If a well-publicized internet or mobile network security breach were to occur, users may become reluctant to purchase our products and services even if the publicized breach did not involve payment systems or methods used by us. In addition, there may be billing software errors that would damage customer confidence in these online payment systems. If any of the above were to occur and damage our reputation or the perceived security of the online payment systems we use, we may lose paying users and users may be discouraged from purchasing our products and services, which may have a material adverse effect on our business.

In addition, there are currently only a limited number of reputable third-party online payment systems in mainland China. If any of these major payment systems decides to cease to provide services to us, or significantly increase the percentage they charge us for using their payment systems for our products and services, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Concerns or claims about the collection and use of personal data could damage our reputation and deter current and potential users from using our products and services, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Concerns or claims about our practices with regard to the collection, use or disclosure of personal information or other privacy-related matters, even if unfounded, could damage our reputation and operating results. We apply strict management and protection for any information provided by users and, under our privacy policy, without our users’ prior consent, we will not provide any of our users’ personal information to any unrelated third party. While we strive to comply with our privacy guidelines as well as all applicable data protection laws and regulations, any failure or perceived failure to comply may result in proceedings or actions against us by government entities or others, and could damage our reputation. See “—Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and we are required to comply with laws of mainland China and other applicable laws relating to privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects.” User and regulatory attitudes towards privacy are evolving, and future regulatory or user concerns about the extent to which personal information is used or shared with advertisers or others may adversely affect our ability to share certain data with advertisers or others, which may limit certain methods of targeted advertising or our cooperation with other business partners. Concerns about the security of personal data could also lead to a decline in general internet usage, which could lead to lower registered, active or paying user numbers on our platform. For example, if the government authorities of mainland China require real-name registration system for users of our platform with stricter and higher standards, the growth of our user numbers may slow down or the numbers may even decline, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in the regulation of mainland China relating to the internet industry and companies.” A significant reduction in registered, active or paying user numbers could lead to lower revenues, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Third parties may register trademarks or domain names or purchase internet search engine keywords that are similar to our trademarks, brands or websites, or misappropriate our data and copy our platform, all of which could cause confusion to our users, divert online customers away from our products and services or harm our reputation.

Competitors and other third parties may purchase (i) trademarks that are similar to our trademarks and (ii) keywords that are confusingly similar to our brands or websites in internet search engine advertising programs and in the header and text of the resulting sponsored links or advertisements in order to divert potential customers from us to their websites. Preventing such unauthorized use is inherently difficult. If we are unable to prevent such unauthorized use, competitors and other third parties may continue to drive potential online customers away from our platform to competing, irrelevant or potentially offensive platform, which could harm our reputation and cause us to lose revenue.

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From time to time, third parties have misappropriated our data through scraping our platform, robots or other means and aggregated this data on their platforms with data from other companies. In addition, “copycat” platforms or apps have misappropriated data on our platform, implanted Trojan viruses in user PCs to steal user data from our platform and attempted to imitate our brand or the functionality of our platform. When we became aware of such platform, we employed technological and legal measures in an attempt to halt their operations. However, we may not be able to detect all such platforms in a timely manner and, even if we could, technological and legal measures may be insufficient to stop their operations. In those cases, our available remedies may not be adequate to protect us against such platforms. Regardless of whether we can successfully enforce our rights against these platforms, any measures that we may take could require significant financial or other resources from us. Those platforms may also lure away some of our users or advertisers or reduce our market share, causing material and adverse effects to our business operations.

We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We regard our trademarks, service marks, patents, domain names, trade secrets, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success. We rely on trademark and patent law, trade secret protection and confidentiality and license agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights.

We have invested significant resources to develop our own intellectual property and acquire licenses to use and distribute the intellectual property of others on our platform. Failure to maintain or protect these rights could harm our business. In addition, any unauthorized use of our intellectual property by third parties may adversely affect our current and future revenues and our reputation.

Implementation and enforcement of intellectual property-related laws of mainland China is still evolving. Accordingly, protection of intellectual property rights in mainland China may not be as effective as in the United States or other developed countries. Mainland China may not have as robust or comprehensive of intellectual property protection laws and schemes as those offered in the U.S. In addition, the mechanisms to enforce intellectual property rights in mainland China may be inadequate to protect us, which could harm our business. Furthermore, policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, third parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property or seek court declarations that they do not infringe upon our intellectual property rights. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and we cannot assure you that the steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property. From time to time, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources.

As our patents may expire and may not be extended, our patent applications may not be granted and our patent rights may be contested, circumvented, invalidated or limited in scope, our patent rights may not protect us effectively. In particular, we may not be able to prevent others from developing or exploiting competing technologies, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business operations, financial condition and results of operations.

In mainland China, the validity period of utility model patent rights or design patent rights is ten years and not extendable. Currently, we have 617 registered patents, 769 patent applications pending in mainland China and 71 additional patent applications under the patent cooperation treaty. For our pending application, we cannot assure you that we will be granted patents pursuant to our pending applications. Even if our patent applications succeed, it is still uncertain whether these patents will be contested, circumvented or invalidated in the future. In addition, the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with sufficient protection or competitive advantages. The claims under any patents that issue from our patent applications may not be broad enough to prevent others from developing technologies that are similar or that achieve results similar to ours. It is also possible that the intellectual property rights of others will bar us from licensing and from exploiting any patents that issue from our pending applications. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications owned by others exist in the fields in which we have developed and are developing our technology. These patents and patent applications might have priority over our patent applications and could subject our patent applications to invalidation. Finally, in addition to those who may claim priority, any of our existing or pending patents may also be challenged by others on the basis that they are otherwise invalid or unenforceable.

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Some of our products and services contain open source software, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software, products and services in a manner that negatively affects our business.

We use open source software in some of our services and will continue to use open source software in the future. There is a risk that open source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our services. Additionally, we may face claims from third parties claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the open source software or derivative works that we developed using such software. These claims could result in litigation and could require us to make our software source code freely available, purchase a costly license or cease offering the implicated products or services unless and until we can re-engineer them to avoid infringement. This re-engineering process could require significant additional research and development resources, and we may not be able to complete it successfully.

Furthermore, because any software source code we contribute to open source projects is publicly available, our ability to protect our intellectual property rights with respect to such software source code may be limited or lost entirely. As a result, we may be unable to prevent our competitors or others from using such software source code contributed by us.

Our business is sensitive to economic conditions. A severe or prolonged downturn in the global or Chinese economy could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

COVID-19 has had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and the global economy starting from the first quarter of 2020, and such impact persists as of the date of this annual report. It remains unknown how long and to what extent it will continue to impact the Chinese and global economy. See “—We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics, and other outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which could significantly disrupt our operations.” Chinese and global macroeconomic environment is facing numerous challenges. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies which had been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. Unrest, terrorist threats and the potential for war in the Middle East and elsewhere, including the war between Russia and Ukraine, may increase market volatility across the globe. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. The tensions between China and the U.S. and other countries have intensified especially since COVID-19. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China —Changes in international trade policies and rising political tensions, particularly between the U.S. and China, may adversely impact our business and operating results.” Economic conditions in mainland China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in mainland China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Future strategic alliances or acquisitions may have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations.

We may enter into strategic alliances, including joint ventures or minority equity investments, with various third parties to further our business purpose from time to time. These alliances could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance by the third party and increased expenses in establishing new strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business, or our investments may be subject to loss. We may have limited ability to monitor or control the actions of these third parties and, to the extent any of these strategic third parties suffers negative publicity or harm to their reputation from events relating to their business, we may also suffer negative publicity or harm to our reputation by virtue of our association with any such third party.

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In addition, when appropriate opportunities arise, we may acquire additional assets, products, technologies or businesses that are complementary to our existing business. In addition to possible shareholders’ approval, we may also have to obtain approvals and licenses from relevant government authorities for the acquisitions and to comply with any applicable laws and regulations of mainland China, which could result in increased delay and costs, and may derail our business strategy if we fail to do so. Furthermore, past and future acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets and businesses into our own require significant attention from our management and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business operations. Acquired assets or businesses may not generate the operational and financial results we expect. Acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the occurrence of significant goodwill impairment charges, assets impairment loss, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. Moreover, the costs of identifying and consummating acquisitions may be significant.

Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

We are subject to the reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, adopted rules requiring every public company to include a report from management on the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report on Form 20-F. In addition, the independent registered public accounting firm must report on the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we will not be able to conclude and our independent registered public accounting firm will not be able to report that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in our future annual report on Form 20-F covering the fiscal year in which this failure occurs. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources as our business and operations further expand or in an effort to remediate any significant control deficiencies that may be identified in the future.

We are subject to changing laws and regulations regarding regulatory matters, corporate governance and public disclosure that have increased both our costs and the risk of non-compliance.

We are subject to rules and regulations by various governing bodies, including, for example, the SEC, which is charged with the protection of investors and the oversight of companies whose securities are publicly traded, and the various regulatory authorities in mainland China and the Cayman Islands, and to new and evolving regulatory measures under applicable law. Our efforts to comply with new and changing laws and regulations have resulted in and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. Moreover, because these laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance becomes available. This evolution may result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and additional costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to our disclosure and governance practices. If we fail to address and comply with these regulations and any subsequent changes, we may be subject to penalties and our business may be harmed.

Our business generates and processes a large amount of data, and we are required to comply with laws of mainland China and other applicable laws relating to privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects.

Our business generates and processes a large quantity of data. We face risks inherent in handling and protecting large volume of data. In particular, we face a number of challenges relating to data from transactions and other activities on our platforms, including:

• protecting the data in and hosted on our system, including against attacks on our system by outside parties or fraudulent behavior or improper use by our employees;

• addressing concerns related to privacy and sharing, safety, security and other factors; and

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• complying with applicable laws, rules and regulations relating to the collection, use, storage, transfer, disclosure and security of personal information, including any requests from regulatory and government authorities relating to these data.

In general, we expect that data security and data protection compliance will receive greater attention and focus from regulators, both domestically and globally, as well as attract continued or greater public scrutiny and attention going forward, which could increase our compliance costs and subject us to heightened risks and challenges associated with data security and protection. If we are unable to manage these risks, we could become subject to penalties, including fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, and our reputation and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The regulatory and enforcement regime in mainland China with regard to data security and data protection is evolving and may be subject to different interpretations or significant changes. Moreover, different regulatory bodies of mainland China, including the Standing Committee of the NPC, the MIIT, the CAC, the MPS and the SAMR, have enforced data privacy and protections laws and regulations with varying standards and applications. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulation of Internet Content and Information Security.” The following are examples of certain recent regulatory activities in mainland China in this area:

Data Security

• In June 2021, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law, among other things, provides for security review procedure for data-related activities that may affect national security. In July 2021, the state council promulgated the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021. Pursuant to this regulation, critical information infrastructure means key network facilities or information systems of critical industries or sectors, such as public communication and information service, energy, transportation, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, the damage, malfunction or data leakage of which may endanger national security, people’s livelihoods and the public interest. In December 2021, the CAC, together with other authorities, jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022 and replaces its predecessor regulation. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, critical information infrastructure operators that procure internet products and services must be subject to the cybersecurity review if their activities affect or may affect national security. The Cybersecurity Review Measures further stipulates that critical information infrastructure operators or network platform operators that hold personal information of over one million users shall apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before any initial public offering at a foreign stock exchange. As of the date of this annual report, no detailed rules or implementation rules have been issued by any authority and we have not been informed that we are a critical information infrastructure operator by any government authorities. Furthermore, the exact scope of “critical information infrastructure operators” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and the government authorities of mainland China may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of the applicable laws. Therefore, it is uncertain whether we would be deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator under law of mainland China. If we are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator under the cybersecurity laws of mainland China and regulations, we may be subject to obligations in addition to what we have fulfilled under the cybersecurity laws and regulations of mainland China.

• In November 2021, the CAC released the Regulations on the Management of Cyber Data Security (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Regulations. The Draft Regulations provide that data processors refer to individuals or organizations that, during their data processing activities such as data collection, storage, utilization, transmission, publication and deletion, have autonomy over the purpose and the manner of data processing. In accordance with the Draft Regulations, data processors shall apply for a cybersecurity review for certain activities, including, among other things, (i) the listing abroad of data processors that process the personal information of more than one million users and (ii) any data processing activity that affects or may affect national security. However, there have been no clarifications from the relevant authorities as of the date of this annual report as to the standards for determining whether an activity is one that “affects or may affect national security.” In addition, the Draft Regulations requires that data processors that process “important data” or are listed overseas must conduct an annual data security assessment by itself or commission a data security service provider to do so, and submit the assessment report of the preceding year to the municipal cybersecurity department by the end of January each year. As of the date of this annual report, the Draft Regulations was released for public comment only, and their respective provisions and anticipated adoption or effective date may be subject to change with substantial uncertainty.

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Personal Information and Privacy

• The Anti-monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy Sector published by the Anti-monopoly Committee of the State Council, effective on February 7, 2021, prohibits collection of user information through coercive means by online platforms operators.

• In August 2021, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection and took effect on November 1, 2021. While we strive to comply with our privacy guidelines as well as all applicable data protection laws and regulations, the Personal Information Protection Law elevates the protection requirements for personal information processing, and many specific requirements of this law remain to be clarified by the CAC, other regulatory authorities, and courts in practice. We may be required to make further adjustments to our business practices to comply with the personal information protection laws and regulations.

Many of the data-related legislations are relatively new and certain concepts thereunder remain subject to interpretation by the regulators. If any data that we possess belongs to data categories that are subject to heightened scrutiny, we may be required to adopt stricter measures for protection and management of such data. The Cybersecurity Review Measures and the Draft Regulations remain unclear on whether the relevant requirements will be applicable to companies that are already listed in the United States, such as us if we were to pursue another listing outside mainland China. We cannot predict the impact of the Cybersecurity Review Measures and the Draft Regulations, if any, at this stage, and we will closely monitor and assess any development in the rule-making process. If the Cybersecurity Review Measures and the enacted version of the Draft Regulations mandate clearance of cybersecurity review and other specific actions to be taken by issuers like us, we face uncertainties as to whether these additional procedures can be completed by us timely, or at all, which may delay or disallow our future listing (should we decide to pursue them), subject us to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, suspension of our non-compliant operations, or removal of our apps from the relevant application stores, and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any formal investigations on cybersecurity review made by the CAC on such basis.

In general, compliance with the existing laws and regulations of mainland China, as well as additional laws and regulations that regulatory bodies of mainland China may enact in the future, related to data security and personal information protection, may be costly and result in additional expenses to us, and subject us to negative publicity, which could harm our reputation and business operations. There are also uncertainties with respect to how such laws and regulations will be implemented and interpreted in practice. On June 11, 2021, the CAC issued a notice requiring 129 named apps to rectify certain non-compliance related to collection of personal information, including our Huya Live app which was named for “collecting personal information that is not related to the functioning of the app.” We submitted a rectification report to the authorities on July 1, 2021. On July 19, 2021. MIIT issued a notice requiring 145 apps named for infringement of users’ rights to complete rectification before July 26, 2021, including our Huya Live app which was named for “deceiving, misleading, and forcing users” by way of pop-up ads when users log onto the platform. We submitted a rectification report to the authorities on July 22, 2021. We have taken actions in response to the identified issues and completed the rectification as required. However, we cannot guarantee that we will not be involved in future regulatory actions and be subject to penalties as a result.

In addition, regulatory authorities around the world have adopted or are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. These legislative and regulatory proposals, if adopted, and the uncertain interpretations and application thereof could, in addition to the possibility of fines, result in an order requiring that we change our data practices and policies, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. The European Union General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which came into effect on May 25, 2018, includes operational requirements for companies that receive or process personal data of residents of the European Economic Area. The GDPR establishes new requirements applicable to the processing of personal data, affords new data protection rights to individuals and imposes penalties for serious data breaches. Individuals also have a right to compensation under the GDPR for financial or non-financial losses. If residents of the European Economic Area access our website or our mobile platform and input protected information, we may become subject to provisions of the GDPR.

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We may need additional capital, and we may be unable to obtain such capital in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, or at all. Furthermore, our future capital needs may require us to sell additional equity or debt securities that may dilute our shareholders or introduce covenants that may restrict our operations or our ability to pay dividends.

To grow our business and remain competitive, we may require additional capital from time to time for our daily operation. For example, in November 2020, we entered into an agreement to obtain the usage right to a piece of land in Guangdong Province on which we are in the process of developing office space, which requires a significant amount of capital. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—E. Property, Plants and Equipment.” Our ability to obtain additional capital is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including:

• our market position and competitiveness in the live streaming service, in particular, game live streaming;

• our future profitability, overall financial condition, results of operations and cash flows;

• general market conditions for capital raising activities by live streaming and other internet companies in mainland China;

• foreign currency restrictions; and

• economic, political and other conditions in mainland China and internationally, including the continuous impact of the COVID-19 outbreak.

We may be unable to obtain additional capital in a timely manner or on acceptable terms or at all. In addition, our future capital needs and other business reasons could require us to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. The sale of additional equity or equity-linked securities could dilute our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations or our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.

Furthermore, we may be adversely affected by bank failures or other crises in the financial industry. For example, in March 2023, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation took control and was appointed as the receiver of Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB. Although we do not hold funds at SVB, we have funds at other banks, and if a bank or other financial institution at which a portion of our cash, cash equivalents or deposits is held fails in the future, our ability to access our existing cash, cash equivalents and deposits may be impacted and we may need to obtain capital from elsewhere. Our business and financial condition may be materially adversely affected as a result.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics, and other outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of epidemics. In recent years, there have been outbreaks of epidemics in mainland China and globally. Our business operations could be disrupted if one of our employees is suspected of having contracted COVID-19, H1N1 flu, avian flu, Ebola or another epidemic, since it could require our employees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be disinfected. Our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that the outbreak has any negative impact on the Chinese and global economy in general and the Chinese and global mobile internet and gaming industries in particular.

Beginning in 2020, outbreaks of COVID-19 resulted in the temporary closure of many corporate offices, retail stores, and manufacturing facilities across mainland China. Normal economic life throughout mainland China was sharply curtailed. Certain aspects of our business have been adversely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. Since the initial outbreak in early 2020, a number of major e-sports tournaments and game events have been canceled, delayed, shifted to online-only format or otherwise disrupted. For example, competitions of League of Legends Pro League Spring 2020 in mainland China were rescheduled and the related marketing plans rearranged. Consequently, our broadcasting and business plans in connection with these tournaments were also disrupted, and we incurred additional managerial, operational and financial resources to make necessary accommodations. The population in most of the major cities was locked down to a greater or lesser extent at various times and opportunities for discretionary consumption were extremely limited. These events have materially and adversely affected our business since 2020 and we had to adjust various aspects of our operations. At the end of 2022, mainland China began to modify its zero-COVID policy, and most of the travel restrictions and quarantine requirements were lifted in December 2022. There were surges of cases in many cities during this time, which caused further disruption to our business and results of operations and there remains uncertainty as to the future impact of the virus, especially in light of this change in policy. A potential resurgence of COVID-19 may cause closure of our offices and/or those of our partners such as internet cafes or talent agencies, suspension of services such as mourning days, large-scale outbreak of infection among our broadcasters and reduction of streaming hours on our platform, and travel restrictions and limits on access to public venues. We maintain corporate offices in a number of cities in mainland China that have been severely affected by the outbreak, including Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai. The extent to which the pandemic impacts our results of operations going forward will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including the frequency, duration and extent of outbreaks of COVID-19, the appearance of new variants with different characteristics, the effectiveness of efforts to contain or treat cases, and future actions that may be taken in response to these developments. Mainland China may experience lower domestic consumption, higher unemployment, severe disruptions to exporting of goods to other countries and greater economic uncertainty, which may impact our business in a materially negative way as the consumption in online entertainment and our users’ spending on our platforms may be decreased. Our users will need time to recover from the economic effects of the pandemic even after business conditions begin to return to normal. Consequently, the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in the current and future years.

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We are also vulnerable to natural disasters, extreme weather (including as a result of the global climate change) and other calamities. It is possible that we may be unable to recover certain data in the event of a server failure. We cannot assure you that any backup systems will be adequate to protect us from the effects of fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, sabotages, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events. Any of the foregoing events may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide services on our platform.

We have no business insurance coverage, so that any uninsured occurrence of business disruption may result in substantial costs to us and the diversion of our resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Insurance companies in mainland China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies do in more developed economies. We do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured occurrence may disrupt our business operations, require us to incur substantial costs and divert our resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Relationship with Our Major Shareholders

Our major shareholders will control the outcome of shareholder actions in our company.

On April 3, 2020, Linen Investment Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tencent, exercised its option to acquire 16,523,819 Class B ordinary shares for an aggregate purchase price of US$262.6 million in cash from JOYY. On October 12, 2020, Linen Investment Limited entered into a share transfer agreement with certain affiliates of Mr. Rongjie Dong to purchase an additional 1,970,804 Class B ordinary shares, which agreement was terminated on July 12, 2021 concurrently with the termination of our proposed merger with DouYu. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Termination of the Proposed Merger with DouYu.” As of March 31, 2023, Tencent held 70.3% voting power in us calculated based on our total issued and outstanding shares. Tencent’s voting power gives it the power to control over certain actions that require shareholder approval under Cayman Islands law, our memorandum and articles of association and NYSE requirements, including approval of mergers and other business combinations, changes to our memorandum and articles of association, the number of shares available for issuance under any share incentive plans, and the issuance of significant amounts of our ordinary shares in private placements.

Tencent’s voting control may cause transactions to occur that might not be beneficial to you as a holder of ADSs and may prevent transactions that would be beneficial to you. For example, Tencent’s voting control may prevent a transaction involving a change of control of us, including transactions in which you as a holder of our ADSs might otherwise receive a premium for your securities over the then-current market price. Tencent is not prohibited from selling a controlling interest in us to a third party and may do so without your approval and without providing for a purchase of your ADSs. If Tencent is acquired or otherwise undergoes a change of control, any acquirer or successor will be entitled to exercise the voting control and contractual rights of Tencent, and may do so in a manner that could vary significantly from that of Tencent. In addition, the significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of the ADSs due to investors’ perception that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. See “—We may have conflicts of interest with Tencent and, because of Tencent’s controlling ownership interest in our company, we may not be able to resolve such conflicts on favorable terms for us.”

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We may have conflicts of interest with Tencent and, because of Tencent’s controlling ownership interest in our company, we may not be able to resolve such conflicts on favorable terms for us.

We may have conflicts of interest with Tencent and, because of Tencent’s controlling interest in our company, we may not be able to resolve such conflicts on favorable terms for us. Conflicts of interest may arise between Tencent and us in a number of areas relating to our ongoing relationships. Potential conflicts of interest that we have identified include the following:

• Agreements with Tencent. We may enter into agreements with Tencent from time to time. Tencent may use its control over us to prevent us from bringing a legal claim against it in the event of a contractual breach by Tencent, notwithstanding our contractual rights under these agreements.

• Developing business relationships with Tencent’s competitors. So long as Tencent remains as our controlling shareholder, we may be limited in our ability to do business with its competitors. This may limit our ability to serve the best interests of our company and our other shareholders.

• Employee recruiting and retention. Because both Tencent and we are engaged in live streaming and online entertainment businesses in mainland China, we may compete with Tencent in the hiring of new employees and retaining talents.

• Allocation of business opportunities. There may arise other business opportunities that both we and Tencent find attractive. If Tencent decides to take up such opportunities itself, we may be prevented from taking advantage of those opportunities.

• Our directors may have conflicts of interest. As of the date of this annual report, a majority of our directors were appointed by Tencent. This relationship could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest when these directors are faced with decisions with potentially different implications for Tencent and us.

• Sales of shares in our company. Tencent may decide to sell all or a portion of our shares that it holds to a third party, including our competitors, thereby giving that third party substantial influence over our business and our affairs. Such a sale could be contrary to the interests of our employees or our other shareholders.

Although we are a stand-alone public company, we expect to operate, for as long as Tencent is our controlling shareholder, as an affiliate of Tencent. Tencent may from time to time make strategic decisions that it believes are in the best interests of its business as a whole, including our company. These decisions may be different from the decisions that we would have made on our own. Tencent’s decisions with respect to us or our business may be resolved in ways that favor Tencent and therefore Tencent’s own shareholders, which may not coincide with the interests of our other shareholders. Although we have an audit committee to review and approve all proposed related party transactions, including any transactions between us and Tencent, we may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts, and even if we do, the resolution may be less favorable to us than if we were dealing with a non-controlling shareholder. Even if both parties seek to do business on an arm-length term, the transaction may not meet the practical requirements of the arm’s length standard. Furthermore, if Tencent were to compete with us in the game live streaming services, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

If we are no longer able to benefit from our business cooperation with Tencent, our business may be adversely affected.

Tencent, our controlling shareholder and strategic partner, is one of the largest internet companies in the world. Our business has benefited from our cooperation with Tencent. We cooperate with Tencent in a number of areas, such as content licensing, IT infrastructure and payment services. We cannot assure you that we will continue to benefit from our cooperation with Tencent and its affiliates in the future. To the extent we cannot maintain our cooperative relationships with Tencent on terms favorable to us or at all, including due to Tencent ceasing to be our controlling shareholder for any reason, we would need to source other business partners to provide replacement services. We cannot assure you that we will be able to find such partners or services on terms favorable to us or at all. Failure to do so could result in material and adverse effects on our business and results of operations.

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If our collaboration with JOYY is terminated or curtailed, or if we are no longer able to benefit from the support of JOYY, our business may be adversely affected.

JOYY is a leading global social media company, and our game live streaming business has benefited from its experience, resources and influence in the live streaming industry and technological know-how. Although we have entered into a series of agreements with JOYY including a business cooperation agreement and agreements with respect to certain parts of our operations, such as premises lease and patent license, due to the fact that we are no longer consolidated by JOYY and changes in JOYY’s business strategies, the level of our cooperation with JOYY and our benefits from such cooperation has declined since 2021. Going forward, if the level of our cooperation with JOYY continues to decline or if such cooperation ceases altogether, including as a result of the expiry and non-renewal of our agreements with JOYY, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE Listed Company Manual and, as a result, may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.

We are a “controlled company” as defined under the NYSE Listed Company Manual because Tencent owns more than 50% of our total voting power. For so long as we remain a controlled company under that definition, we are permitted to elect to rely, and have relied on, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including an exemption from the rule that a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors, an exemption from the rule that we have to establish a nominating committee composed entirely of independent directors and an exemption from the rule that we have to establish a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.” As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

If the government of mainland China finds that the structure we have adopted for our business operations does not comply with laws and regulations of mainland China, or if these laws or regulations or interpretations of existing laws or regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties, including the shutting down of our platform and our business operations.

Current laws and regulations of mainland China impose certain restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in internet and other related businesses, including the provision of internet content. Specifically, foreign ownership of an internet content provider may not exceed 50%. We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and Guangzhou Huya Technology Co., Ltd., or Huya Technology, our wholly owned subsidiary in mainland China, is considered a foreign invested enterprise. To comply with laws and regulations of mainland China, we conduct our business in mainland China through the variable interest entity, Guangzhou Huya, and its subsidiaries, based on a series of contractual arrangements by and among Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and its shareholders. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we consolidate or combine the operating results of the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries in our financial statements under U.S. GAAP. The variable interest entity holds the licenses, approvals and key assets that are essential for our business operations.

In addition, in 2009, the GAPP and other government authorities have issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Administration of Pre-examination and Approval of Online Games and the Examination and Approval of Imported Online Games, or Circular 13, which prohibits the foreign investors to invest in online game-operating business in mainland China, including by way of variable interest entity structural similar to the one we adopted. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulations Relating to Foreign Ownership Restrictions.” We are not an online game operating business subject to such prohibition, nor are we aware of any companies that have adopted a corporate structure that is the same as or similar to ours having been penalized or terminated due to such prohibition. However, if the government deems otherwise, and if we, our subsidiary in mainland China or the variable interest entity are found to be in violation of the prohibition under Circular 13, the GAPP, in conjunction with the relevant regulatory authorities in charge, may impose applicable penalties, which in the most serious cases may include suspension or revocation of relevant licenses and registrations.

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Investors in our ADSs are not purchasing equity interest in the variable interest entity in mainland China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company. If the government of mainland China deems that our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity do not comply with regulatory restrictions of mainland China on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations, and our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless, if we are unable to assert our contractual rights over the assets of the VIE which contributed to 96.9% of our revenues in 2022. Our holding company in the Cayman Islands, the variable interest entity, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the government of mainland China that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the variable interest entity and our company as a group.

In the opinion of our mainland China legal counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, based on its understanding of the relevant laws and regulations in mainland China, each of the contracts among our subsidiary in mainland China, the variable interest entity and its shareholders is valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms. There are, however, substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future laws and regulations in mainland China. Thus, we cannot assure you that the government of mainland China will not take a view contrary to the opinion of our mainland China legal counsel. If we are found in violation of any laws or regulations of mainland China or if the contractual arrangements among Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and its shareholders are determined as illegal or invalid by the court in mainland China, arbitral tribunal or regulatory authorities, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including, without limitation:

• revoke our business and operating licenses;

• levy fines on us;

• confiscate any of our income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations;

• require us to discontinue or restrict operations;

• restrict our right to collect revenues;

• block our mobile apps, websites, or PC clients;

• require us to restructure the operations in such a way as to compel us to establish a new enterprise, re-apply for the necessary licenses or relocate our businesses, staff and assets;

• impose additional conditions or requirements with which we may not be able to comply; or

• take other regulatory or enforcement actions against us that could be harmful to our business.

The imposition of any of these penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct the business. In addition, if the imposition of any of these penalties causes us to lose the rights to direct the activities of the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries or the right to receive their economic benefits, we would no longer be able to consolidate the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries. We do not believe that any penalties imposed or actions taken by the government of mainland China would result in the liquidation of the Company, Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and its subsidiaries.

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We rely on contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity and its shareholders for the operation of our business, which may not be as effective as direct ownership. If the variable interest entity and its shareholders fail to perform their obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our rights, which may be time-consuming, unpredictable, expensive and damaging to our operations and reputation.

Because of restrictions on foreign ownership of internet-based businesses in mainland China, we depend on contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity in which we have no direct ownership interest to conduct our business. These contractual arrangements are intended to provide us with contractual rights over these entities and allow us to obtain economic benefits from them. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—D. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Guangzhou Huya” for more details about these contractual arrangements. However, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing control as direct ownership. For example, the variable interest entity and its shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to operate our business in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. If we were the controlling shareholder of the variable interest entity with direct ownership, we would be able to exercise our rights as shareholders to effect changes to its board of directors, which in turn could implement changes at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, if the variable interest entity or their shareholders fail to perform their obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs to enforce such arrangements, and rely on legal remedies under law of mainland China, including contract remedies, which may not be sufficient or effective. All of these contractual arrangements are governed by and interpreted in accordance with law of mainland China. Disputes arising from these contractual arrangements between us and the variable interest entities will be resolved through arbitration in mainland China, although these disputes do not include claims arising under the United States federal securities law and thus do not prevent you from pursuing claims under the United States federal securities law. The legal framework and system in mainland China, particularly those relating to arbitration proceedings, is not as developed as other jurisdictions such as the United States. As a result, significant uncertainties relating to the enforcement of legal rights through arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings remain in mainland China, which could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements and exert contractual rights over the variable interest entity. If we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, our business and operations could be severely disrupted, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and damage our reputation. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—Uncertainties with respect to the legal system of mainland China and the interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations of mainland China could limit the legal protections available to you and us.”

The shareholders of the VIE have potential conflicts of interest with us, and if any such conflicts of interest are not resolved in our favor, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

What is in the best interests of the variable interest entity may not be in the best interests of our company. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, the nominee shareholders of the variable interest entity will act in the best interests of our company or that conflicts of interests will be resolved in our favor. In addition, the nominee shareholders of the variable interest entity may breach or cause Guangzhou Huya and its respective subsidiaries to breach or refuse to renew the existing contractual arrangements with us. Currently, we do not have existing arrangements to address such potential conflicts of interest; provided that we could, at all times, exercise our option under the exclusive option agreement to cause the nominee shareholders to transfer all of their equity ownership in Guangzhou Huya to a mainland China entity or individual designated by us, and this new shareholder of Guangzhou Huya could then appoint a new director of Guangzhou Huya to replace the existing directors. In addition, if such conflicts of interest arise, Huya Technology, our wholly owned subsidiary in mainland China, could also, in the capacity of attorney-in-fact for the nominee shareholders as provided under the relevant powers of attorney, directly appoint a new director of Guangzhou Huya. We rely on the nominee shareholders to comply with the laws of mainland China, which protect our contractual rights and provide that a director owes a duty of loyalty to our company and require them to avoid conflicts of interest and not to take advantage of their position for personal gains. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and the nominee shareholders of the variable interest entity, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

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Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the trio of original laws regulating foreign investment in mainland China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected regulatory trend in mainland China to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. However, uncertainties still exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation of the Foreign Investment Law and its current implementation and interpretation rules. For instance, under the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to the investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by foreign individuals, enterprises or other entities in mainland China. Though it does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, there is no assurance that foreign investment via contractual arrangement would not be interpreted as a type of indirect foreign investment activities under the definition in the future. In addition, the definition contains a catch-all provision which includes investments made by foreign investors through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. In any of these cases, it will be uncertain whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment under the laws and regulations in mainland China. Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

Our existing shareholders have substantial influence over our company and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders, which may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their securities.

As of March 31, 2023, our controlling shareholder Tencent held 70.3% voting power in us calculated based on our total issued and outstanding shares. In addition, the shareholder of the variable interest entity, Guangzhou Huya, is Linzhi Tencent Technology Co., Ltd., or Linzhi Tencent, which owns 100% of the equity interests in Guangzhou Huya.

Our controlling shareholder and management group has substantial influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of any contemplated sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. In addition, our management group could violate their legal duties by diverting business opportunities from us, resulting in our losses of corporate opportunities. These actions may take place even if they are opposed by our other shareholders and therefore adversely affect the value of our shares.

We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by the variable interest entity that are important to the operation of our business if such entity goes bankrupt or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

As part of our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity, Guangzhou Huya holds certain assets, such as patents for the proprietary technology that are essential to the operations of our platform and important to the operation of our business. If Guangzhou Huya goes bankrupt and all or part of its assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If the variable interest entity undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, the unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of its assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our ability to enforce the equity pledge agreements between us and the variable interest entity’s shareholders may be subject to limitations based on laws and regulations in mainland China.

Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreements between Guangzhou Huya, the variable interest entity, and Huya Technology, our wholly-owned subsidiary in mainland China, and the shareholders of Guangzhou Huya, each shareholder of Guangzhou Huya agrees to pledge its equity interests in Guangzhou Huya to our subsidiary to secure Guangzhou Huya’s performance of its obligations under the relevant contractual arrangements. The equity interest pledges of shareholders of variable interest entity under these equity pledge agreements have been registered with the relevant local branch of the SAMR. In addition, in the registration forms of the local branch of SAMR for the pledges over the equity interests under the equity interest pledge agreements, the aggregate amount of registered equity interests pledged to Huya Technology represents 100% of the registered capital of Guangzhou Huya. The equity interest pledge agreements with the VIE’s shareholders provide that the pledged equity interest shall constitute continuing security for any and all of the indebtedness, obligations and liabilities under all of the principal service agreements and the scope of pledge shall not be limited by the amount of the registered capital of that variable interest entity. However, it is possible that a court in mainland China may take the position that the amount listed on the equity pledge registration forms represents the full amount of the collateral that has been registered and perfected. If this is the case, the obligations that are supposed to be secured in the equity interest pledge agreements in excess of the amount listed on the equity pledge registration forms could be determined by the court in mainland China as unsecured debt, which takes last priority among creditors.

Our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity may result in adverse tax consequences to us.

As a result of our corporate structure and the contractual arrangements among our subsidiary in mainland China, the variable interest entity and its shareholders, we are effectively subject to turnover tax in mainland China on revenues generated by our subsidiaries from our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity. Such tax generally includes the value-added tax in mainland China, or the VAT, primarily at a rate of 6% along with related surcharges. The applicable turnover tax is determined by the nature of the transaction generating the revenues subject to taxation. The mainland China enterprise income tax law requires every enterprise in mainland China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its affiliates or related parties to the relevant tax authorities. These transactions may be subject to audit or challenge by the tax authorities of mainland China within ten years after the taxable year during which the transactions are conducted. We may be subject to adverse tax consequences if the tax authorities of mainland China were to determine that the contracts between us and the variable interest entity were not on an arm’s length basis and therefore constitute favorable transfer pricing arrangements. If this occurs, the tax authorities of mainland China could request that the variable interest entity adjust its taxable income upward for purposes of tax in mainland China. Such a pricing adjustment could adversely affect us by reducing expense deductions recorded by the variable interest entity and thereby increasing its entities’ tax liabilities, which could subject the VIE to late payment fees and other penalties for the underpayment of taxes. Our financial results may be materially and adversely affected if the variable interest entity’s tax liabilities increase or if it becomes subject to late payment fees or other penalties.

Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China

The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. The auditor is located in mainland China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB had historically been unable to conduct inspections and investigations completely before 2022. As a result, we and investors in the ADSs were deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China in the past has made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. However, if the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we and investors in our ADSs would be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections again, which could cause investors and potential investors in the ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

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Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

Pursuant to the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and our auditor was subject to that determination. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we do not expect to be identified as a Commission Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we file this annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. In accordance with the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States if we are identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years in the future. If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. A prohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. In addition, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

The significant oversight and discretion of the government of mainland China over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.

We conduct our business primarily in mainland China. Our operations in mainland China are governed by laws and regulations in mainland China. The government of mainland China has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, and may intervene or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to advance regulatory and social goals and policy positions. The government of mainland China has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies that directly or indirectly affect our industry or require us to seek additional permission to continue our operations, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation, and our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from actions taken by the mainland China government affecting our business.

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Changes in the economic, political or social conditions or government policies in mainland China could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Substantially all of our assets and operations are located in mainland China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are influenced by economic, political and legal developments in mainland China. Economic reforms begun in the late 1970s have resulted in significant economic growth. However, any economic reform policies or measures in mainland China may from time to time be modified or revised. Economy in mainland China differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the economy in mainland China has experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, growth has been uneven across different regions and among different economic sectors. The government of mainland China has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a mainland China-based company, such as us, to conduct its business. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from mainland China.

The government of mainland China also exercises significant control over economic growth of mainland China through strategically allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Although the economy of mainland China has grown significantly in the past decade, that growth may not continue, as evidenced by the slowing of the growth of the economy of mainland China since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in mainland China, in the policies of the government of mainland China or in the laws and regulations in mainland China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of mainland China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and results of operations, lead to reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position.

Uncertainties with respect to the legal system of mainland China and the interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations of mainland China could limit the legal protections available to you and us.

The legal system of mainland China is based on written statutes where prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. The legal system of mainland China is evolving rapidly, and the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules may contain inconsistencies and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties. Our subsidiary in mainland China, Huya Technology, is a foreign-invested enterprise and is subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign-invested enterprises as well as various Chinese laws and regulations generally applicable to companies incorporated in mainland China. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the legal system of mainland China continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since administrative and court authorities of mainland China have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the legal system of mainland China is based in part on government policies and internal rules that may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other government authorities in mainland China may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings and capital raising activities under law of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six regulatory agencies of mainland China in 2006 and amended in 2009, requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of mainland China domestic companies and controlled by persons or entities of mainland China to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and our offshore offerings may ultimately require approval of the CSRC. If the CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain the approval and, even if we obtain such CSRC approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for any of our offshore offerings, or a rescission of such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other regulatory authorities of mainland China, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of mainland China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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On July 6, 2021, the relevant government authorities of mainland China issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by mainland China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by mainland China-based overseas-listed companies. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released several regulations regarding the filing requirements for overseas offerings and listings by domestic companies, including the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offerings and Listings by Domestic Companies and five interpretive guidelines (collectively, the “Overseas Listing Filing Rules”), which were formally implemented starting on March 31, 2023. According to the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, a filing-based regulatory system will be applied to “indirect overseas offerings and listings” of domestic companies in mainland China, which refers to securities offerings and listings in an overseas market made under the name of an offshore entity but based on the underlying equity, assets, earnings or other similar rights of a domestic company that operates its main business domestically. Pursuant to the Announcement Relating to the Notice on Filing Management Arrangements for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies issued by the CSRC, domestic companies that had been listed overseas prior to March 31, 2023 are “existing enterprises” that are not required to file with the CSRC with regard to their previous listing immediately. However, such companies are required to fulfill the filing requirements when they pursue any future securities offerings and listings for which filings are required as provided in the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, including but not limited to follow-on offerings, secondary listings and going private transactions. Therefore, any such offerings or listings conducted by us in overseas markets will be subject to the filing procedures with the CSRC. If we fail to obtain required approval or complete other review or filing procedures, under the Overseas Listing Filing Rules or otherwise, for any future overseas securities offerings or listings, including but not limited to follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible bonds, secondary listings, offshore relisting after going-private transactions, and other equivalent offering activities, we may face sanctions by the CSRC or other regulatory agencies of mainland China, which may include fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, limitations on our operating privileges in mainland China, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our subsidiaries in mainland China, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs. In addition, we are required to file a report to the CSRC after the occurrence and public disclosure of certain material corporate events, including but not limited to, change of control and voluntary or mandatory delisting. The CSRC or other regulatory authorities of mainland China also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offerings before settlement and delivery of the shares offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. Furthermore, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our ADSs.

Regulation and censorship of information disseminated over the mobile and internet in mainland China may adversely affect our business and subject us to liability for content streamed or posted on our platform.

Internet companies in mainland China are subject to a variety of existing and new rules, regulations, policies, and license and permit requirements. In connection with enforcing these rules, regulations, policies and requirements, relevant government authorities may suspend services by, or revoke licenses of, any internet or mobile content service provider that is deemed to provide illicit content online or on mobile devices, and such activities may be intensified in connection with any ongoing government campaigns to eliminate prohibited content online. In 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the Chinese regulatory authorities conducted the “Clean Up the Internet” campaign on a yearly basis, aiming to eliminate pornographic information and content in the Internet information services industry by, among other things, holding liable individuals and corporate entities that facilitate the distribution of pornographic information and content. During the campaigns, relevant government authorities have taken various measures such as shutting down websites, removing links, closing accounts, seizing publications and closing down mobile apps that contain illegal, harmful or obscene information.

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In March 2018, the government of mainland China issued a notice to further regulate the transmission of internet audio-visual programs. Due to the lack of clarification and detailed implementation rules, it is unclear to us how this notice would be applicable to the content posted on our platform by our users. Given the uncertainty in the interpretation and implementation of this notice, we may be required to subsequently implement further content monitoring measures, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For further information regarding this notice, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs.”

We endeavor to eliminate illicit content from our platform. We have made substantial investments in resources to monitor content that users post on our platform and the way in which our users engage with each other through our platform. We use a variety of methods to ensure our platform remains a healthy and positive experience for our users. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Content Moderation.” In response to the above-mentioned campaigns, we adopted various measures to prevent the dissemination of gambling, pornographic and other illicit information. Although we employ these methods to filter content posted by our users, we cannot be sure that our internal content control efforts will be sufficient to remove all content that may be viewed as indecent or otherwise non-compliant with law and regulations of mainland China. Government standards and interpretations as to what constitutes illicit online content or behavior are subject to interpretation and may change in a manner that could render our current monitoring efforts insufficient. The Chinese government has wide discretion in regulating online activities and, irrespective of our efforts to control the content on our platform, government campaigns and other actions to reduce illicit content and activities could subject us to negative press or regulatory challenges and sanctions, including fines, suspension or revocation of our licenses to operate in mainland China or a ban on our platform, including closure of one or more parts of or our entire business. Further, our senior management could be held criminally liable if we are deemed to be profiting from illicit content on our platform. Although our business and operations have not been materially and adversely affected by government campaigns or any other regulatory actions in the past, we cannot assure you that our business and operations will be immune from government actions or sanctions in the future. If government actions or sanctions are brought against us, or if there are widespread rumors that government actions or sanctions have been brought against us, our reputation could be harmed, we may lose users and customers, our revenues and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected and the value of our ADSs could be dramatically reduced.

We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in the regulation of mainland China relating to the internet industry and companies.

The government of mainland China extensively regulates the internet industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies in the internet industry. These internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainty. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violations of applicable laws and regulations. Issues, risks and uncertainties relating to the regulation of the internet business in mainland China include, but are not limited to, the following:

• We only have contractual rights over our platform. Guangzhou Huya, the variable interest entity, owns our platform due to the restriction of foreign investment in businesses providing value-added telecommunication services in mainland China, including internet content provision services. If Guangzhou Huya breaches its contractual arrangements with us and no longer remains under our control, this may significantly disrupt our business, subject us to sanctions, compromise enforceability of related contractual arrangements, or have other harmful effects on us.

• There are uncertainties relating to the regulation of the internet business in mainland China, including evolving licensing practices and the requirement for real-name registrations and its implementation in actual practice. Permits, licenses or operations at some of our subsidiaries and variable interest entity levels may be subject to challenge, or we may fail to obtain permits or licenses that may be deemed necessary for our operations or we may not be able to obtain or renew certain permits or licenses. See “—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—If we fail to obtain and maintain the licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for internet-based businesses in mainland China, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Internet Information Services,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Internet Publication and Cultural Products,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Online Music and Entertainment” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs.” In addition, if we were required to implement real-name registration system on our platform with stricter and higher standards, we may lose large numbers of registered user accounts for various reasons, because users may no longer maintain multiple accounts and users who dislike giving out their private information may cease to use our products and services altogether.

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• The evolving regulatory system in mainland China for the internet industry may lead to the establishment of new regulatory agencies. For example, in May 2011, the State Council announced the establishment of a new department, the State Internet Information Office (now known as the Cyberspace Administration of China or Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission). The primary role of this new agency is to facilitate the policy-making and legislative development in this field to direct and coordinate with the relevant departments in connection with online content administration and to deal with cross-ministry regulatory matters in relation to the internet industry. We are unable to determine what policies this new agency or any new agencies to be established in the future may have or how they may interpret existing laws, regulations and policies and how they may affect us. Further, new laws, regulations or policies may be promulgated or announced that will regulate internet activities, including online video and online advertising businesses. If these new laws, regulations or policies are promulgated, additional licenses may be required for our operations. If our operations do not comply with these new regulations after they become effective, or if we fail to obtain any licenses required under these new laws and regulations, we could be subject to penalties.

The interpretation and application of existing mainland China laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the internet industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, internet businesses in mainland China, including our business. There are also risks that we may be found to violate the existing or future laws and regulations given the uncertainty and complexity of regulation of internet business of mainland China.

On August 31, 2018, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China issued the E-commerce Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2019. Pursuant to the E-commerce Law, operators of e-commerce platforms shall verify and register the basic information of e-commerce operators on their platforms, including the identity, address, contact and administrative license, and establish archives with regular updates for such information. It further provides that operators of e-commerce platforms shall submit information on the identification of e-commerce operators to department for market regulation, and submit e-commerce operators’ identification information and other information relating to tax payment to tax authority. Additionally, operators of e-commerce platforms shall record and save information released on their platform about commodities and services, and report to competent authorities, if such information show that e-commerce operators have failed to obtain the administrative license when they are subject to the relevant administrative approval, or commodities sold or services offered by e-commerce operators are found to be in violation of certain requirements to safeguard personal safety, property security and the requirements on environmental protection, or to be prohibited by laws and administrative regulations. The E-commerce Law establishes obligations to protect consumers for operators of e-commerce platforms, such as obligations to protect consumers’ personal information and record information of deals concluded on their platforms, obligations to refund guarantee deposits to consumers in a timely manner and obligations to noticeably label commodities or services ranked under competitive bidding with the word “Advertisement.” E-commerce operators shall not conduct false or misleading commercial publicity by fabricating transactions, making up user reviews or any other means, to cheat or mislead consumers. E-commerce platform operators shall not delete consumers’ ratings of commodities sold or services provided on the platform. We have carried out compliance work in accordance with these regulatory requirements. However, there are substantial uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the E-commerce Law and how it may impact our business operations. We cannot guarantee that the compliance measures we have taken are fully consistent with the interpretation of regulators, and there is a risk that the company will be punished by those regulators because of any non-compliance activities. In April 2022, the CAC launched the “Clear and Bright” campaign to rectify a variety of online misconduct, in response to which certain enforcement actions were launched. If the governmental authorities of mainland China determine that we are not in compliance with all the requirements under applicable laws and regulations relating to Internet content, we may be subject to fines and/or other sanctions such as an order to correct the violation, confiscation of illegal earnings, suspension or shutdown of the related business and website, cessation of business operation for rectification, and revocation of business license, any of which could disrupt our operations.

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In conducting anti-monopoly and competition laws and regulations related scrutiny or action, governmental agencies and regulators may, among other things, prohibit future acquisitions, divestitures, or combinations we plan to make, impose significant fines or penalties, require divestiture of certain of our assets, or impose other restrictions that limit or require us to modify our operations. On July 10, 2021, the SAMR decided to prohibit our proposed merger with DouYu following its antitrust review, as a result of which the proposed merger was terminated. The anti-monopoly regulators may also issue implementation rules or guidelines from time to time to reinforce their regulation on certain industrial sectors. For instance, on February 7, 2021, the Anti-monopoly Committee of the State Council published the Guideline on Anti-monopoly of Platform Economy Sector, or the Guideline, which became effective on the same day, aiming at enhancing anti-monopoly administration on businesses that operate under the platform model and the overall platform economy. The Guideline intends to regulate abuse of a dominant position and other anti-competitive practices by online platform operators and the related merchants and service providers on online platforms, i.e. unfairly locking in exclusive agreements with merchants and targeting specific customers with unreasonable big-data driven tailored pricing through their online behavior to eliminate or limit market competition. On June 24, 2022, the revised version of Anti-Monopoly Law of the PRC was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. According to the revised Anti-monopoly Law, where a concentration of undertakings reaches the declaration threshold stipulated by the State Council, a declaration must be approved by the anti-monopoly authority before parties implement the concentration. As of the date of this document, other than the SAMR’s decision to prohibit our proposed merger with DouYu, we have not been subject to any regulatory actions or investigations in connection with anti-monopoly and we do not expect that the Guideline will have a material impact on our business. However, as the Guideline and the revised Anti-Monopoly Law are newly enacted, there remains uncertainties as to how the Guideline and the revised Anti-Monopoly Law will be implemented, and we cannot assure you that the governmental authorities will not take an opposite opinion. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with the Guideline and other anti-monopoly laws and regulations may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation or claims against us and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Currently there is no law or regulation specifically governing virtual asset property rights and therefore it is not clear what liabilities, if any, online game operators may have for virtual assets.

While participating on our platform, our users acquire, purchase and accumulate some virtual assets, such as gifts or certain status. Such virtual assets can be important to users and have monetary value and, in some cases, are sold for actual money. In practice, virtual assets can be lost for various reasons, often through unauthorized use of the user account of one user by other users and occasionally through data loss caused by delay of network service, network crash or hacking activities. Other than the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, which was passed by the National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020 and took effect on January 1, 2021, and prescribes that network virtual property will be protected according to the laws and regulations stipulating the protection of such property, the Chinese government has not yet enacted any specific laws regarding virtual property rights. As a result, there is uncertainty as to who the legal owner of virtual assets is, whether and how the ownership of virtual assets is protected by law, and whether an operator of live streaming platform such as us would have any liability, whether in contract, tort or otherwise, to users or other interested parties, for loss of such virtual assets. Based on recent court judgments in mainland China, the courts have typically held online platform operators liable for losses of virtual assets by platform users, and ordered online platform operators to return the lost virtual items to users or pay damages and losses. In case of a loss of virtual assets, we may be sued by our users and held liable for damages, which may negatively affect our reputation and business, financial condition and results of operations.

Advertisements shown on our platform may subject us to penalties and other administrative actions.

Under the advertising laws and regulations in mainland China, we are obligated to monitor the advertising content shown on our platform to ensure that such content is true and accurate and in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations. In addition, where a special government review is required for specific types of advertisements prior to internet posting, such as advertisements relating to pharmaceuticals, medical instruments, agrochemicals and veterinary pharmaceuticals, we are obligated to confirm that such review has been performed and approval has been obtained. Violation of these laws and regulations may subject us to penalties, including fines, confiscation of our advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to publish an announcement correcting the misleading information. In circumstances involving serious violations by us, governmental authorities of mainland China may force us to terminate our advertising operations or revoke our licenses.

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In addition to the advertisements that were placed by the advertising agencies or advertisers we directly cooperate with, our platform also displays side-bar advertisements placed by broadcasters on their own streaming channels and offers native advertisements in cooperation with broadcasters. While we have made significant efforts to ensure that the advertisements shown on our platform are in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations of mainland China, we cannot assure you that all the content contained in such advertisements or offers is true and accurate as required by the advertising laws and regulations, especially given the uncertainty in the interpretation of these laws and regulations of mainland China. If we are found to be in violation of applicable advertising laws and regulations of mainland China, we may be subject to penalties and our reputation may be harmed, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Under the enterprise income tax law of mainland China, we may be classified as a mainland China “resident enterprise,” which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

Under the enterprise income tax law of mainland China that became effective on January 1, 2008 and most recently amended on December 29, 2018, an enterprise established outside mainland China with “de facto management bodies” within the People’s Republic of China is considered a “resident enterprise” for mainland China enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. On April 22, 2009, the PRC State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprise on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a mainland China-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in mainland China. Further to SAT Circular 82, on July 27, 2011, the SAT issued the Administrative Measures of Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial), or SAT Bulletin 45, which became effective on September 1, 2011 and was amended in June 2015, June 2016 and June 2018, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82.

According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a mainland China enterprise or a mainland China enterprise group will be considered a mainland China tax resident enterprise by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in mainland China and will be subject to mainland China enterprise income tax on its worldwide income only if all of the following conditions are met: (a) the senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily operations function have their presence mainly in mainland China; (b) its financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodies in mainland China; (c) its major assets, accounting books, company seals, and minutes and files of its board and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in mainland China; and (d) not less than half of the enterprise’s directors or senior management with voting rights habitually reside in mainland China. SAT Bulletin 45 further clarifies the resident status determination, post-determination administration as well as competent tax authorities.

Although SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by mainland China enterprises or mainland China enterprise group instead of those controlled by mainland China individuals or foreigners, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, our legal counsel as to mainland China law, has advised us that the determination criteria set forth therein may reflect SAT’s general position on how the term “de facto management body” could be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by mainland China enterprises, individuals or foreigners.

We do not meet all of the conditions above, and therefore, we believe that we should not be treated as a “resident enterprise” for mainland China tax purposes even if the standards for “de facto management body” prescribed in the SAT Circular 82 are applicable to us. For example, our minutes and files of the resolutions of our board of directors and the resolutions of our shareholders are maintained outside mainland China.

However, it is possible that the mainland China tax authorities may take a different view. Commerce & Finance Law Offices, our legal counsel as to mainland China law, has advised us that if the mainland China tax authorities determine that our Cayman Islands holding company is a mainland China resident enterprise for mainland China enterprise income tax purposes, our world-wide income could be subject to mainland China tax at a rate of 25%, which could reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to mainland China enterprise income tax reporting obligations.

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Although dividends paid by one mainland China tax resident to another mainland China tax resident should qualify as “tax-exempt income” under the enterprise income tax law, we cannot assure you that dividends by our mainland China subsidiary to our Cayman Islands holding company will not be subject to a 10% withholding tax, as the mainland China foreign exchange control authorities, which enforce the withholding tax on dividends, and the mainland China tax authorities have not yet issued guidance with respect to the processing of outbound remittances to entities that are treated as resident enterprises for mainland China enterprise income tax purposes.

Non-mainland China resident ADS holders may also be subject to mainland China withholding tax on dividends paid by us and mainland China tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, if such income is sourced from within mainland China. The tax would be imposed at the rate of 10% in the case of non-mainland China resident enterprise holders and 20% in the case of non-mainland China resident individual holders. In the case of dividends, we would be required to withhold the tax at source. Any mainland China tax liability may be reduced under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. Although our holding company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands, it remains unclear whether dividends received and gains realized by our non-mainland China resident ADS holders will be regarded as income from sources within mainland China if we are classified as a mainland China resident enterprise. Any such tax will reduce the returns on your investment in our ADSs.

Finally, we face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences on private equity financing transactions, private share transfers and share exchange involving the transfer of shares in our company by non-resident investors. According to the Notice on Several Issues Concerning Enterprise Income Tax for Indirect Share Transfer by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, issued by the SAT on February 3, 2015, or SAT Circular 7, an “indirect transfer” of assets of a mainland China resident enterprise, including a transfer of equity interests in a non-mainland China holding company of a mainland China resident enterprise, by non-mainland China resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of mainland China taxable properties, if such transaction lacks reasonable commercial purpose and was undertaken for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring mainland China enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to mainland China enterprise income tax, and tax filing or withholding obligations may be triggered, depending on the nature of the mainland China taxable properties being transferred. According to SAT Circular 7, “mainland China taxable properties” include assets of a mainland China establishment or place of business, real properties in mainland China, and equity investments in mainland China resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-mainland China resident enterprise, would be subject to mainland China enterprise income taxes. When determining if there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from mainland China taxable properties; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in mainland China or if its income mainly derives from mainland China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding mainland China taxable properties have a real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of mainland China taxable properties; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer outside mainland China and its applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a mainland China establishment or place of business of a foreign enterprise, the resulting gain is to be included with the annual enterprise filing of the mainland China establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to mainland China enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to mainland China real properties or to equity investments in a mainland China resident enterprise, which is not related to a mainland China establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a mainland China enterprise income tax at 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Where the payer fails to withhold any or sufficient tax, the transferor shall declare and pay such tax to the competent tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit. Late payment of applicable tax will subject the transferor to default interest. Currently, SAT Circular 7 does not apply to the sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange.

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We cannot assure you that the tax authorities of mainland China will not, at their discretion, adjust any capital gains and impose tax return filing and withholding or tax payment obligations with respect to any internal restructuring, and our subsidiary in mainland China may be requested to assist in the filing. Any tax of mainland China imposed on a transfer of our shares not through a public stock exchange, or any adjustment of such gains would cause us to incur additional costs and may have a negative impact on the value of your investment in our company.

Implementation of the labor laws and regulations in mainland China may adversely affect our business and result of operations.

Pursuant to the labor contract law that took effect in January 2008, its amendment that took effect in July 2013 and its implementation rules that took effect in September 2008, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employees’ probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. Due to lack of detailed interpretative rules and uniform implementation practices and broad discretion of the local competent authorities, it is uncertain as to how the labor contract law and its implementation rules will affect our current employment policies and practices. Our employment policies and practices may violate the labor contract law or its implementation rules, and we may thus be subject to related penalties, fines or legal fees. Compliance with the labor contract law and its implementation rules may increase our operating expenses, in particular our personnel expenses. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the labor contract law and its implementation rules may also limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. On October 28, 2010, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Social Insurance Law, or the Social Insurance Law, which became effective on July 1, 2011, and was amended on December 29, 2018. According to the Social Insurance Law, employees must participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance and the employers must, together with their employees or separately, pay the social insurance premiums for such employees.

We expect our labor costs to increase due to the implementation of these laws and regulations. As the interpretation and implementation of these new laws and regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practice will at all times be deemed in full compliance with labor-related laws and regulations in mainland China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Further, labor disputes, work stoppages or slowdowns at our company or any of our third-party service providers could significantly disrupt our daily operation or our expansion plans and have a material adverse effect on our business.

Compliance with the laws or regulations governing virtual currency may result in us having to obtain additional approvals or licenses or change our current business model.

The issuance and use of “virtual currency” in mainland China have been regulated since 2007 in response to the growth of the online games industry in mainland China. On January 25, 2007, the Ministry of Public Security, the MCT, the MIIT and the GAPP jointly issued a circular regarding online gambling which has implications for the use of virtual currency. To curtail online games that involve online gambling, as well as address concerns that virtual currency could be used for money laundering or illicit trade, the circular (a) prohibits online game operators from charging commissions in the form of virtual currency in relation to winning or losing of games; (b) requires online game operators to impose limits on use of virtual currency in guessing and betting games; (c) bans the conversion of virtual currency into real currency or property; and (d) prohibits services that enable game players to transfer virtual currency to other players. On June 4, 2009, the MCT and the MOFCOM jointly issued a notice regarding strengthening the administration of online game virtual currency, or the Virtual Currency Notice.

Although we issue different virtual currencies to users on our platform for them to purchase various items to be used on our platform as well in online games, our service does not constitute online game virtual currency transaction services because users cannot transfer or trade these currencies among themselves. However, we cannot assure you that the regulatory authorities of mainland China will not take a view contrary to ours. If the regulatory authorities of mainland China deem any transfer or exchange on our platform to be a virtual currency transaction, then in addition to being deemed to be engaging in the issuance of virtual currency, we may also be deemed to be providing transaction platform services that enable the trading of such virtual currency. Simultaneously engaging in both of these activities is prohibited under the Virtual Currency Notice. In that event, we may be required to cease either our virtual currency issuance activities or such deemed “transaction service” activities and may be subject to certain penalties, including mandatory corrective measures and fines. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The M&A Rules and certain other regulations in mainland China establish complex procedures for certain acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in mainland China.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, and other recently adopted regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex. For example, the M&A Rules require that MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a mainland China domestic enterprise, if (i) any important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involves factors that impact or may impact national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or mainland China time-honored brand. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in 2008 and last amended on June 24, 2022 and the Rules of the State Council on Declaration Threshold for Concentration of Undertakings promulgated by the State Council on August 3, 2008, and last amended on September 18, 2018 require that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds (i.e., during the previous fiscal year, (i) the total global turnover of all operators participating in the transaction exceeds RMB10 billion and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within mainland China, or (ii) the total turnover within mainland China of all the operators participating in the concentration exceeded RMB2 billion, and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within mainland China) a declaration must be lodged in advance with the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency under the State Council before they can be completed. In addition, in 2011, the General Office of the State Council promulgated a Notice on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, also known as Circular 6, which officially established a security review system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Further, MOFCOM promulgated the Regulations on Implementation of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, effective 2011, to implement Circular 6. Under Circular 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of domestic enterprises with “national security” concerns. Under the foregoing MOFCOM regulations, MOFCOM will focus on the substance and actual impact of the transaction when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition is subject to security review. If MOFCOM decides that a specific merger or acquisition is subject to a security review, it will submit it to the Inter-Ministerial Panel, an authority established under Circular 6 led by the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, and MOFCOM under the leadership of the State Council, to carry out security review. The regulations prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review by structuring transactions through trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. There is no explicit provision or official interpretation stating that the merging or acquisition of a company engaged in the internet content or mobile games business requires security review, and there is no requirement that acquisitions completed prior to the promulgation of the Security Review Circular are subject to MOFCOM review.

On July 10, 2021, the SAMR decided to prohibit our proposed merger with DouYu following its antitrust review. Accordingly, on July 12, 2021, the proposed merger was terminated. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including clearing SAMR antitrust review and obtaining approval from MOFCOM or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions. We believe that it is unlikely that our business would be deemed to be in an industry that raises “national defense and security” or “national security” concerns. However, MOFCOM or other government agencies may publish explanations in the future determining that our business is in an industry subject to the security review, in which case our future acquisitions in mainland China, including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited.

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The regulations in mainland China relating to offshore investment activities by mainland China residents may limit the ability of our subsidiaries in mainland China to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us to liability and penalties under law of mainland China.

SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires mainland China residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such mainland China residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such mainland China citizens or residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015 and amended on December 30, 2019 by the SAFE, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 from June 1, 2015.

If our shareholders who are mainland China residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, our subsidiary in mainland China may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our subsidiary in mainland China. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under laws of mainland China for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions. We may not at all times be fully aware or informed of the identities of all our shareholders or beneficial owners that are required to make such registrations, and we cannot compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are mainland China residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our subsidiary in mainland China, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

The regulation in mainland China of direct investment and loans by offshore holding companies to mainland China entities may delay or limit us from using offshore assets, including the proceeds of our initial public offering, to make additional capital contributions or loans to our subsidiary in mainland China.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in mainland China through our subsidiary in mainland China, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries. We may make loans to our mainland China subsidiary, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries, or we may make additional capital contributions to our subsidiary in mainland China.

Any loans by us to our subsidiaries in mainland China, which are treated as foreign-invested enterprises under law of mainland China, are subject to regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations of mainland China. For example, loans by us to our mainland China subsidiaries to finance its activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the competent local counterpart of SAFE, or filed with SAFE in its information system. We may also decide to finance our subsidiaries in mainland China by means of capital contributions. These capital contributions must be filed with the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC, or MOFCOM, and the SAMR, or their local counterparts. Due to the restrictions imposed on loans in foreign currencies extended to any mainland China domestic companies, we are not likely to make such loans to the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries, which are mainland China domestic companies. Further, we are not likely to finance the activities of the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries by means of capital contributions due to regulatory restrictions relating to foreign investment in mainland China domestic enterprises engaged in internet content services.

Pursuant to the Circular on the Reforming of the Management Method of the Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19 which became effective on June 1, 2015 and the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts, or SAFE Circular 16 which was promulgated in June 2016, foreign-invested enterprises may either continue to follow the current payment-based foreign currency settlement system or choose to follow the “conversion-at-will” system for foreign currency settlement. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16, therefore, have substantially lifted the restrictions on the usage by a foreign-invested enterprise of its Renminbi registered capital, foreign debt and repatriated funds raised through overseas listing converted from foreign currencies. According to SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16, such Renminbi capital, foreign debt and repatriated funds raised through overseas listing may be used at the discretion of the foreign-invested enterprise and SAFE will eliminate the prior approval requirement and only examine the authenticity of the declared usage afterwards. Nevertheless, it is still not clear whether foreign-invested enterprises like our subsidiaries in mainland China are allowed to extend intercompany loans to the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries. In addition, SAFE promulgated the Circular Regarding Further Promotion of the Facilitation of Cross- Border Trade and Investment on October 23, 2019, or SAFE Circular 28, pursuant to which all foreign-invested enterprises can make equity investments in mainland China with their capital funds in accordance with the law. As the relevant government authorities have broad discretion in interpreting the regulation, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital funds to be used for equity investments in mainland China in actual practice. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution.”

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In light of the various requirements imposed by regulations of mainland China on loans to and direct investment in mainland China entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary registration or obtain the necessary approval on a timely basis, or at all. If we fail to complete the necessary registration or obtain the necessary approval, our ability to make loans or equity contributions to our subsidiary in mainland China may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect the liquidity of our subsidiary in mainland China and the ability of our subsidiary in mainland China to fund its working capital and expansion projects and meet its obligations and commitments.

Our subsidiaries in mainland China and the variable interest entity are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We rely on dividends from our subsidiary in mainland China which in turn relies on consulting and other fees paid by the variable interest entity for our cash and financing requirements, such as the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs, and service any debt we may incur. Current regulations of mainland China permit our subsidiary in mainland China to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated after-tax profits upon satisfaction of relevant statutory condition and procedures, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our subsidiary in mainland China is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of its registered capital. As of December 31, 2022, we made appropriations of RMB122.4 million (US$17.8 million) to statutory reserves. Furthermore, if our subsidiary in mainland China, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.

In addition, the EIT Law, and its implementation rules provide that withholding tax rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-mainland China-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the central government of mainland China and governments of other countries or regions where the non-mainland China-resident enterprises are incorporated. As of December 31, 2022, the undistributed earnings and reserves of our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities located in mainland China are considered to be indefinitely reinvested, because we do not have any present plan to pay cash dividends on our common shares in the foreseeable future and intends to retain most of our available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business.

Failure to comply with regulations of mainland China regarding the registration requirements for employee stock ownership plans or share option plans may subject the plan participants in mainland China or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, mainland China residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies. In the meantime, our directors, executive officers and other employees who are mainland China citizens or who are non-mainland China residents residing in mainland China for a continuous period of not less than one year, subject to limited exceptions, and who have been granted incentive share awards by us, may follow the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company, or 2012 SAFE notices, promulgated by the SAFE in 2012. Pursuant to the 2012 SAFE notices, mainland China citizens and non-mainland China citizens who reside in mainland China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the mainland China subsidiaries of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our executive officers and other employees who are mainland China citizens or who reside in mainland China for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been granted options are subject to these regulations when our company became an overseas listed company. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines, and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our subsidiary in mainland China and limit the ability of our subsidiary in mainland China to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under law of mainland China. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution—Stock option rules.”

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The SAT has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in mainland China who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to individual income tax of mainland China. Our subsidiary in mainland China has obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other mainland China governmental authorities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company —C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution—Stock option rules.”

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within mainland China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in jurisdictions outside mainland China are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in mainland China. For example, in mainland China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside mainland China. Although the authorities in mainland China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States or other jurisdictions may not be efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of mainland China, and without the consent by the Chinese securities regulatory authorities and the other competent governmental agencies, no entity or individual may provide documents or materials related to securities business to any foreign party. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability of an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within mainland China and the potential obstacles for information provision may further increase difficulties you face in protecting your interests. See also “—Risks Related to Our ADSs—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in political and economic conditions of mainland China and by foreign exchange policies of mainland China, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or China or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

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Any significant appreciation or depreciation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive into Renminbi to pay our operating expenses, appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, a significant depreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings, which in turn could adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

Very limited hedging options are available in mainland China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by exchange control regulations of mainland China that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The government of mainland China imposes control on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of mainland China. We receive substantially all of our revenues in Renminbi. Under existing foreign exchange regulations of mainland China, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE or banks designated by SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our subsidiary in mainland China is able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of mainland China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The government of mainland China may also at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

If the custodians or authorized users of controlling non-tangible assets of our company, including our corporate chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Under law of mainland China, legal documents for corporate transactions are executed using the chops or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant branch of the Administration of Industry and Commerce.

Although we usually utilize chops to enter into contracts, the designated legal representatives of each of our subsidiary in mainland China, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops and bind such entities. All designated legal representatives of our subsidiary in mainland China, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries are members of our senior management team who have signed employment agreements with us or our subsidiary in mainland China, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries under which they agree to abide by various duties they owe to us. In order to maintain the physical security of our chops and chops of our entities in mainland China, we generally store these items in secured locations accessible only by the authorized personnel in the legal or finance department of each of our subsidiaries and variable interest entity (including its subsidiaries). Although we monitor such authorized personnel, there is no assurance such procedures will prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. Accordingly, if any of our authorized personnel misuse or misappropriate our corporate chops or seals, we could encounter difficulties in maintaining control over the relevant entities and experience significant disruption to our operations. If a designated legal representative obtains control of the chops in an effort to obtain control over any of our subsidiary in mainland China, the variable interest entity or its subsidiaries, we or our subsidiary in mainland China, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries would need to pass a new shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and we would need to take legal action to seek the return of the chops, apply for new chops with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal redress for the violation of the representative’s fiduciary duties to us, which could involve significant time and resources and divert management attention away from our regular business. In addition, the affected entity may not be able to recover corporate assets that are sold or transferred out of our control in the event of such a misappropriation if a transferee relies on the apparent authority of the representative and acts in good faith.

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Our leased property interest may be defective and our right to lease the properties affected by such defects challenged, which could cause significant disruption to our business.

Under laws of mainland China, all lease agreements are required to be registered with the local housing authorities. We presently lease 10 premises in mainland China, and the landlords of these premises have not completed the registration of their ownership rights or the registration of our leases with the relevant authorities. Failure to complete these required registrations may expose our landlords, lessors and us to potential monetary fines. If these registrations are not obtained in a timely manner or at all, we may be subject to monetary fines or may have to relocate our offices and incur the associated losses.

Changes in international trade policies and rising political tensions, particularly between the U.S. and China, may adversely impact our business and operating results.

There have been changes in international trade policies and rising political tensions, particularly between the U.S. and China and as a result of the conflict between Ukraine and Russia and sanctions on Russia. The U.S. government has made statements and taken certain actions that may lead to potential changes to U.S. and international trade policies towards China. While the “Phase One” agreement was signed between the United States and China on trade matters, it remains unclear what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the U.S. or other governments with respect to international trade, tax policy related to international commerce, or other trade matters. The situation is further complicated by the political tensions between the United States and China that escalated during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the wake of the PRC National People’s Congress’ decision on Hong Kong national security legislation, sanctions and restrictions imposed by the U.S. government on Chinese companies and citizens and tensions over Taiwan. Against this backdrop, China has implemented, and may further implement, measures in response to the changing trade policies, treaties, tariffs and sanctions and restrictions against Chinese companies initiated by the U.S. government. For example, the MOFCOM published Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-territorial Application of Foreign Legislation and Other Measures on January 9, 2021, which applies to cases where the extraterritorial application of foreign laws and measures violates international law and basic norms of international relations, and improperly prohibits or restricts mainland China citizens, legal persons or other organizations from conducting normal economic, trade and related activities with third countries (regions) and their citizens, legal persons or other organizations. Rising trade and political tensions could reduce levels of trades, investments, technological exchanges and other economic activities between China and other countries, which would have an adverse effect on global economic conditions, the stability of global financial markets, and international trade policies. It could also adversely affect the financial and economic conditions in the jurisdictions in which we operate, as well as our overseas expansion, our financial condition, and results of operations.

We have an international business and may expand our global footprint in the future. Any rising trade and political tensions or unfavorable government policies on international trade and Chinese companies could impact our competitive position or hinder our commercial activities in certain countries. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected if any such tensions or unfavorable government trade policies harm the Chinese economy or the global economy in general.

Risks Related to Our ADSs

The trading price of our ADSs has been volatile and may be volatile regardless of our operating performance.

The trading price of our ADSs has been volatile. The trading price of our ADSs could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in mainland China that have listed their securities in the United States. Furthermore, the stock market in general has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies like us. These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our ADSs, regardless of our operating performance. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

• variations in our revenues, earnings, cash flow and operating metrics;

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• announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors;

• announcements of new product and service offerings, solutions and expansions by us or our competitors;

• changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

• regulatory developments affecting us or our industry;

• our controlling shareholder’s business performance and the trading price of its stock;

• detrimental adverse publicity about us, our shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers or employees, our content offerings, our business model, our services or our industry;

• additions or departures of key personnel; and

• potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

We have a dual-class share structure such that our ordinary shares consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share based on our dual-class share structure. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of any Class B ordinary shares by a holder to any person or entity who is not an affiliate of such holder, or upon a change of ultimate beneficial ownership of any Class B ordinary shares to any person or entity who is not an affiliate of the holder of such Class B ordinary shares, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equivalent number of Class A ordinary shares.

As of March 31, 2023, Tencent and JOYY, our major shareholders, beneficially owned 74.5% and 25.5% of our issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares, respectively, which constituted 46.7% and 16.0%, respectively, of our total issued and outstanding share capital, and 70.3% and 24.1%, respectively of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure. As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of Class B ordinary shares will have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Such holders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

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The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for our ADSs.

S&P Dow Jones and FTSE Russell have announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our ADSs representing Class A ordinary shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our ADSs. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

We believe that we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2022, which could subject United States investors in our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences.

We will be a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC,” if, in any particular taxable year, either (a) 75% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (b) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets (generally as determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Although the law in this regard is unclear, we intend to treat the variable interest entity (including its subsidiaries) as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of such entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated financial statements.

Based upon the nature and composition of our assets (in particular the retention of a substantial amount of cash, deposits, and investments), and the market price of our ADSs, we believe that we were a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2022, and we will likely be a PFIC for our current taxable year unless the market price of our ADSs increases and/or we invest a substantial amount of the cash and other passive assets we hold in assets that produce or are held for the production of active income.

If we are a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”) will generally be subject to reporting requirements and may incur significantly increased United States income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and on the receipt of distributions on the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares to the extent such distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the United States federal income tax rules, and such U.S. holder may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder holds our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder holds our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, unless we were to cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. holder were to make a “deemed sale” election with respect to the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. For more information, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations” and “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our ADSs or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price of or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.

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Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. The cash dividend that we approved in connection with the proposed merger with DouYu was cancelled along with the termination of the proposed merger. We do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Certain holders of our ordinary shares may cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares, subject to the applicable lock-up period. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs.

As a holder of our ADSs, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares representing your ADSs in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares representing your ADSs in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares representing your ADSs unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required for convening a general meeting is ten days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice enable you to withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date of the general meeting to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, under our memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, the depositary will use its best endeavors to notify you of the upcoming vote and to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

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Except in limited circumstances, the depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not timely and properly give voting instructions to the depository as to how to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, the depositary will give us or our nominee a discretionary proxy to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings unless:

• we have failed to timely provide the depositary with notice of meeting and related voting materials;

• we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given;

• we have informed the depositary that there is substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting;

• a matter to be voted on at the meeting would have a material adverse impact on shareholders; or

• the voting at the meeting is to be made on a show of hands.

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that if you do not timely and properly give voting instructions to the depository as to how to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings, you cannot prevent such underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

Your rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement.

Under the deposit agreement, any action or proceeding against or involving the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs may only be instituted in a state or federal court in New York, New York, and you, as a holder of our ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which you may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding. The depositary may, in its sole discretion, require that any dispute or difference arising from the relationship created by the deposit agreement be referred to and finally settled by an arbitration conducted under the terms described in the deposit agreement, although the arbitration provisions do not preclude you from pursuing claims under federal securities laws in federal courts. Also, we may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make such rights available to you in the United States unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings in the future and may experience dilution in your holdings.

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You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Class A ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our Class A ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks that it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement. As a result, you may be unable to transfer your ADSs when you wish to.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct substantially all of our operations in mainland China and substantially all of our assets are located in mainland China. In addition, a majority of our directors and executive officers reside within mainland China, and most of the assets of these persons are located within mainland China. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these individuals, or to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of mainland China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain certain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions, including a dual-class structure and a provision that grants authority to our board of directors to establish and issue from time to time one or more series of preferred shares without action by our shareholders and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares without action by our shareholders and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders and ADSs holders of the opportunity to sell their shares or ADSs at a premium over the prevailing market price by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transactions.

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You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England and Wales, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (save for the memorandum and articles of association, the register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of shareholders) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

We have granted, and may continue to grant, share incentive awards, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

We adopted our stock incentive plan, or the 2017 Share Incentive Plan, in July 2017, for purposes of granting share-based compensation awards to employees, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. We adopted an amended and restated 2017 share incentive plan in March 2018, or the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan. We account for compensation costs for all share options using a fair-value based method and recognize expenses in our consolidated statements of comprehensive loss in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan, we are authorized to grant options to purchase Class A ordinary shares of our company and restricted share units to receive Class A ordinary shares. The maximum number of Class A ordinary shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan is 28,394,117. As of March 31, 2023, options to purchase 126,002 Class A ordinary shares have been granted and are outstanding, and 4,657,961 restricted share units have been granted and are outstanding under the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan.

We adopted the 2021 Share Incentive Plan, effective on June 22, 2021. We may only grant restricted share units pursuant to the 2021 Share Incentive Plan. We adopted an amended and restated 2021 share incentive plan in September 2022, or the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan. Under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan, the maximum aggregate number of shares of the Company available for grant of awards is 8,018,111 Class A ordinary shares. As of March 31, 2023, 5,307,603 restricted share units have been granted and are outstanding under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan.

For the fiscal year ended 2022, we recorded share-based compensation of RMB156.5 million (US$22.7 million), related to the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan and the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan.

On April 3, 2020, Linen Investment Limited exercised its option to acquire 16,523,819 Class B ordinary shares from JOYY and became our controlling shareholder. Pursuant to the 2017 Share Incentive Plan and option agreements with grantees, all of the share options shall be deemed vested and exercisable immediately in the event of a change of control, regardless of the vesting schedule. Accordingly, upon the aforementioned share transfer, options to purchase 8,343,527 Class A ordinary shares were deemed vested and exercisable immediately, and share-based compensation expense of RMB57.7 million was immediately recognized.

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We believe the granting of share incentive awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain employees, and we will continue to grant share incentive awards to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

• the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K;

• the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

• the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time;

• the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD; and

• certain audit committee independence requirements in Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act.

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the NYSE. Press releases relating to financial results and material events are furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K.

However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC is less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NYSE corporate governance listing standards.

As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands that is listed on the NYSE, we are subject to the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. However, NYSE rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. We follow home country practice and have a two-member audit committee, in lieu of the requirement of NYSE Listed Company Manual Section 303A.07 to have an audit committee with at least three members. Additionally, Section 303A.08 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires that shareholders must be given the opportunity to vote on all equity-compensation plans and material revisions thereto, with limited exemptions. We have followed our home country practice in this regard and did not seek shareholders’ approval when we approved the 2021 Share Incentive Plan, effective on June 22, 2021, and the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan, effective on September 8, 2022. Furthermore, Section 303A.12(a) of the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires each listed company’s chief executive officer to certify to the NYSE each year that he or she is not aware of any violation by the company of NYSE corporate governance listing standards. We have followed our home country practice in this regard and have not in the past submitted the certification set forth in Section 303A.12(a) of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. In addition, Section 302.00 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires that we must hold an annual general meeting of shareholders during each fiscal year. We have followed our home country practice in lieu of the provisions of Section 302 and did not hold an annual general meeting of shareholders in 2022. We may also rely on other exemptions available to foreign private issuers in the future, and to the extent that we choose to do so in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the NYSE corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

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ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company

Our Huya platform was launched in 2014, as a game live streaming business unit of JOYY. In August 2016, Guangzhou Huya, the variable interest entity, was established. JOYY controlled Guangzhou Huya through a set of contractual arrangements. As of December 31, 2016, JOYY completed the transfer of all assets, including trademarks, domain names, business contracts and tangible assets, relating to our business from JOYY to Guangzhou Huya, or our carve-out from JOYY.

JOYY incorporated Huya Limited in Hong Kong in January 2017 and HUYA Inc. in the Cayman Islands in March 2017 as our holding companies. In April 2017, Huya Limited became a wholly-owned subsidiary of HUYA Inc. In June 2017, Huya Limited established Huya Technology, our wholly owned subsidiary in mainland China. In July 2017, we gained control and became the sole beneficiary of Guangzhou Huya in 2017 through a series of contractual arrangements between Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and Guangzhou Huya’s shareholders.

In March 2018, we completed our series B financing with Linen Investment Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tencent, and raised US$461.6 million.

On May 11, 2018, our ADSs commenced trading on the NYSE under the symbol “HUYA.” We raised from our initial public offering US$190.1 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting commissions and the offering expenses payable by us.

In July 2018, as a step to expand our business presence outside mainland China, we incorporate HUYA PTE. LTD. in Singapore as a wholly owned subsidiary of Tiger Information Technology Inc., which is a Cayman Islands company wholly owned by HUYA Inc.

In April 2019, we completed a registered public offering of 18,400,000 ADSs by us and a selling shareholder and we raised from such public offering US$313.8 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting commissions and the offering expenses payable by us.

On April 3, 2020, Linen Investment Limited exercised its option to acquire 16,523,819 Class B ordinary shares for an aggregate purchase price of US$262.6 million in cash from JOYY. As a result of the closing of the transaction, Tencent became our controlling shareholder.

On May 15, 2020, we held an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders, at which our shareholders approved the fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

On October 12, 2020, we entered into a merger agreement with DouYu and other parties thereto, or the Merger Agreement. On July 12, 2021, following the SAMR’s decision to prohibit our proposed merger with DouYu, the Merger Agreement and the related transaction agreements were terminated. See “—B. Termination of the Proposed Merger with DouYu.”

We are a holding company and we currently conduct our business in mainland China mainly through Huya Technology and its subsidiary, Hainan Huya Entertainment Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Hainan Huya, and the variable interest entity, Guangzhou Huya, and its subsidiaries. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.” We rely principally on dividends and other distributions from Huya Technology and service fee income from Guangzhou Huya for our cash needs, including the funds necessary to pay dividends to our shareholders or service any debt we may incur. Guangzhou Huya holds an ICP License and other permits that are necessary for operating our business in mainland China.

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Our principal executive offices are located at Building A3, E-Park, 280 Hanxi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511446, the People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86 (20) 2290-7888. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc. located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168.

SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC on www.sec.gov. You can also find information on our website https://ir.huya.com. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report.

B. Termination of the Proposed Merger with DouYu

On October 12, 2020, we entered into the Merger Agreement with DouYu, Tiger Company Ltd., a newly formed company and our direct wholly owned subsidiary that has since been dissolved, and, solely for the limited purposes set forth therein, Nectarine Investment Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Tencent. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, we were going to acquire all the outstanding shares of DouYu, including ordinary shares represented by American depositary shares, through a stock-for-stock merger.

On July 10, 2021, the SAMR decided to prohibit the proposed merger following its antitrust review. On July 12, 2021, we, Tiger Company Ltd., DouYu, and Nectarine Investment Limited entered into a termination agreement, pursuant to which the Merger Agreement, including all schedules and exhibits thereto, and all ancillary agreements contemplated thereby or entered pursuant thereto, were terminated with immediate effect.

C. Business Overview

We are a leading game live streaming platform in mainland China. Leveraging our advantages as a pioneer and leader in the game live streaming market in mainland China, we have successfully emerged as one of the leading content-centric platforms with powerful content development capabilities. Our commitment to providing strong support and resources to broadcasters and talent agencies allows us to offer high-quality content from diversified sources. Through close cooperation with e-sports tournament and game event organizers, as well as major game developers and publishers, we have developed e-sports live streaming as one of the most popular content genres on our platform. In addition to rich content in game and e-sports genres, we also offer non-game entertainment content, such as talent shows, anime, outdoor activities, live chats, and online theater. Having high-quality content from numerous sources and in different genres enables us to continuously provide users with superior experience and enhance user stickiness to our platform. Building on our success in mainland China, we have started our operations overseas since May 2018 mainly through Nimo TV, our game live streaming platform for overseas markets.

We have created an engaged, interactive and immersive community for game enthusiasts of the young generation. With our rich and high-quality game live streaming content, we have become a central hub with top-of-mind brand awareness for game lovers who share common interests to connect and share their passion on our platform. Our users interact with one another with the support of our platform’s wide array of attractive social functions, such as bullet chatting, real-time commenting and gifting. Such real-time interactions on our platform cultivate a strong sense of belonging, which effectively increases our user stickiness, forming a solid user base for the consumption of our other non-game content.

Our open platform also functions as a marketplace for broadcasters and talent agencies to congregate and collaborate with us. We have set up operating standards and incentive mechanisms to encourage healthy competition, good performance and regulatory compliance. The monetization opportunities for broadcasters and talent agencies are linked to their performance, which motivates them to supply high-quality content to our platform. We believe our role as an efficient and transparent marketplace fueled our continuous business development.

Our content is dynamic. Beyond the real-time improvisation of broadcasters during live streaming sessions, the real-time interactions between viewers and broadcasters or among viewers create user-generated content, which in turn becomes part of the overall entertainment and social experience offered on our platform. Such content enhances the sense of involvement and makes it more fun to watch live streaming.

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Our technology platform is designed for reliability, scalability and flexibility. Leveraging our strong technological capabilities in the fields of big data and artificial intelligence, or AI, live streaming, and infrastructure, we deliver superior user experience and conduct operation in a highly efficient manner.

Our Users

Our user base consists mainly of the young generation, who are generally more open-minded and tech-savvy, with an interest in games and other forms of entertainment. As we continue to provide rich and high-quality content offerings and various interactive features, we have been able to maintain and expand our user base. The average mobile MAUs of Huya Live in 2022 was 84.3 million, compared to 80.9 million in 2021.

Users may watch live streams on our platform without registration. However, only registered users can enjoy certain popular interactive social features, such as bullet chatting, messaging, following their favorite broadcasters, and purchase various services and products on our platform. Furthermore, registered users can purchase our Noble membership to enjoy additional premium status and features.

The real-time interactive features of our platform, coupled with a wide variety of high-quality content, have helped us create a vibrant online community that attracts and retains users. Our bullet chatting, gifting, messaging and following functions encourage users to interact with broadcasters as well as other users which also creates a sense of belonging within the community, thus further enhancing user engagement. Our game community section also provides a place for users and broadcasters to discuss game-related topics and other topics outside of streaming hours.

Some of our live streaming content are also available across various Tencent products, such as WeGame, League of Legends, and Crossfire. The average monthly active users who watched our live streaming content from those Tencent’s products are not counted in our reported mobile MAUs of Huya Live.

Our Content

We offer comprehensive live streaming content with a primary focus on games. Game live streaming has been a key content offering of our platform since our inception. In response to users’ growing interests, we also encourage our broadcasters to create and share other entertainment content, which encompasses talent shows, anime, outdoor activities, live chats, online theater, and other genres. We have leveraged big data and AI technology to analyze our users’ viewing preferences and make more accurate content recommendations. Our content library is constantly evolving and growing and enjoys an integration of user-generated content, professional-user-generated content and professionally-generated content. While broadcasters are the focal points of the live streams, the viewers themselves introduce additional meaning and context to the content when they express themselves to broadcasters or other viewers, thus creating a dynamic content.

In addition to live streaming content, we also cooperate with broadcasters, talent agencies and other video content creators to offer video content such as gameplay videos, e-sports videos, and other videos, to cater for the increasing needs for diversified content of our users. Users and broadcasters can post a wide range of content in our game community section, such as images, text posts, and videos as well as game Q&As, strategies and events. Official accounts operated by game studios and tournament organizers can provide information of game events and e-sports tournament in the community section.

Games

Live streaming of game content, such as gameplay, e-sports tournaments and game events, has attracted a large number of users on our platform. Leveraging our close relationship with game developers and publishers as well as popular game broadcasters, e-sports leagues and players, we are able to consistently offer high-quality and engaging game live streams to our users. We actively track viewership growth and community feedback with respect to new game titles to identify trending games and allocate our broadcaster resources accordingly ahead of emerging surge in demand of such game content. In 2022, our broadcasters had a total of 167.4 million streaming hours of game content on our platform. Among the game titles streamed on our platform, League of Legends, Honor of Kings, Crossfire and PeaceKeeper Elite, all being e-sports games, were among the most watched games in terms of total viewing time in 2022. We closely cooperate with e-sports tournament and game event organizers, game developers and game publishers to identify trending e-sports competitions and secure live streaming rights of matches and tournaments favored by our community. In 2022, we adopted a stricter screening process for content procurement and production to increase our investment efficiency and to offer high-quality live streams of e-sports tournament and game events to our users. For example, under a license agreement entered into in April 2021 and amended in January 2023, we acquired the exclusive broadcasting rights in mainland China for League of Legends Pro League from 2021 to 2022 and the non-exclusive broadcasting rights in mainland China for League of Legends Pro League and League of Legends World Championship from 2023 to 2025. In November 2021, we reached an agreement with ESL Gaming and acquired the exclusive media rights in mainland China for ESL’s Dota 2 and ESL Mobile ecosystems, as well as ESL Pro Tour for CS:GO and StarCraft^® II from 2022 to 2023. Securing the broadcasting rights for these major e-sports tournaments further demonstrates our platform’s brand value and influence in mainland China’s e-sports industry. We provided live streaming services for over approximately 270 third-party e-sports tournaments and game events in 2022, over some of which we have also obtained exclusive broadcasting rights. We also continued to proactively produce our self-organized e-sports tournaments and game events that further complement the viewing experiences of game enthusiasts. Huya Thunder Series, a tournament for Honor of Kings, Huya All-Star Cup, a Peacekeeper Elite tournament, and Huya CFM Championship Longteng Cup, a tournament for Crossfire Mobile are among the most popular self-produced e-sports tournaments and game events in 2022.

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Other Entertainment Content

To accommodate our users’ diverse interests, we also offer a wide spectrum of other entertainment content, such as talent shows, anime, outdoor activities, live chats, and online theater. In 2022, our broadcasters had a total of 45.7 million streaming hours of such other entertainment content on our platform. We will continue to diversify our content offerings to provide a one-stop live streaming entertainment platform for our users in order to enhance their stickiness and deepen their ongoing engagement.

Besides, we also continued to offer our own original content produced in-house or in collaboration with quality third-party partners. In 2022, we produced a number of popular shows such as Huya Kungfu Carnival, a mixed martial arts competition, and Heartbeat 72 Hours, a dating variety show.

In 2022, we live streamed approximately 100 self-produced e-sports tournaments and game events, and entertainment shows.

Our Content Creators

We have established deep cooperation with our broadcasters and talent agencies to deliver high-quality, fun and trendy live streaming content.

Broadcasters

We encourage qualified users to join our community and live stream on our platform. Our large broadcaster base consists of not only qualified professional gamers and artists who showcase their gaming skills and artistic talents, but also qualified amateurs who want to share fun and their life moments. Most of our broadcasters join us by proactively registering through our websites or apps. We also conduct broadcaster recruitment through talent agencies.

We manage, support and promote our broadcasters based on their respective level of popularity and quality of content. For the most popular broadcasters, we cooperate with them and their talent agencies to develop individualized promotion strategies and help them continue to generate top-quality content. We also utilize our data analytic capability to identify broadcasters that have shown great potential, based on ranking and popularity trends, and devote appropriate resources to them. Leveraging our strong data analytic capability and AI enabled technology, we are able to recommend content generated by promising broadcasters to interested users, thus bringing increasing user traffic and improving their popularity. We are also committed to nurturing and promoting our amateur broadcasters, which we believe is important for the sustainable growth of our broadcaster community and the development of our diversified content. We help those amateur broadcasters improve their content quality as well as their attractiveness on our platform by providing technical support and pairing them with talent agencies if necessary. We also allow broadcasters to upload their recorded video clips to our platform, and we selectively record and edit live streaming gameplays of certain popular broadcasters and turn them into video clip highlights.

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Our effective management of broadcasters is also reflected in our ability to promptly attract and motivate broadcasters to live stream new popular games. When a new popular game is released, we usually establish a dedicated channel on our platform and are able to quickly attract and motivate many broadcasters to live stream this game title, and thus attracting user audience.

All broadcasters streaming on our platform need to enter into standard broadcaster agreements with us. For certain popular or promising broadcasters, we may also enter into customized cooperation agreements with them to facilitate closer collaboration. These customized cooperation agreements typically have a term ranging from one to five years and generally contain exclusivity clauses that require the contracted broadcasters to live stream exclusively on our platform during the contractual term. Our broadcasters and their talent agencies generally are entitled to share a percentage of the proceeds generated from the sales of products and services attributed to their live streams. To certain popular broadcasters, we also pay additional fees that are mostly associated with specific requirements such as active days, content volume and popularity rankings. We provide guidelines and continuously monitor to ensure the legitimacy of the live streams content of our broadcasters.

Talent Agencies

The scale and vibrancy of our platform and community have also attracted a large number of talent agencies to recruit, manage, train, support and promote our broadcasters. Talent agencies that cooperate with us vary in size, ranging from associations of a couple of broadcasters to professional agency firms managing thousands of popular broadcasters.

We generally manage our broadcasters through cooperation with talent agencies. Talent agencies are involved in every step of the broadcaster development process—from recruitment and live streaming training, to promotion strategies. We provide guidance on content monitoring, compliance and corporate governance training to talent agencies to improve their management efficiency and quality and ensure their healthy development. We also have a series of rules, guidelines and policies in place to regulate and manage talent agencies that cooperate with us. Talent agencies are required to provide ongoing compliance trainings to broadcasters under their management as well as monitor and review relevant streams. Talent agency can join our platform by registering with us online. Certain talent agencies with the capacity to produce a large volume of high-quality content and manage a considerable pool of talent may be recognized as platinum talent agencies upon our thorough assessment of their qualifications and broadcaster portfolios. We provide platinum talent agencies with additional resources to promote and develop their broadcasters.

Our Platform

Our platform includes our mobile apps, websites, and PC clients through which users can access our content anywhere, anytime. Users could also access our content through YY Client, a PC client offered by JOYY, before we ceased offering content through YY Client in early January 2021. We offer a variety of features, tools and services to our users on our platform. Viewers primarily access our platform through our “Huya Live” mobile app, including its associated mini programs and the app on smart TV and other smart devices, our website “www.huya.com”, or our PC clients. Broadcasters primarily live stream through our “Huya Assistant” and “Huya Mobile Game” mobile apps and our PC clients. Our mobile apps are primarily available for download from Apple app store and various Android app stores of smart devices.

We also expanded our platform to serve overseas users in 2018. In May 2018, we launched Nimo TV that operates game live streaming in overseas markets. Users and broadcasters overseas primarily access our platform through our “Nimo TV” mobile app or our websites “www.nimo.tv”.

Features for Users

Through our platform, users can watch live streams and chat with their favorite broadcasters and other users anytime, anywhere. Features of our platform have been carefully designed to create a seamless viewing experience, an interactive environment, and a vibrant culture for our users. The basic features of our platform dedicated to users include watching and following, content exploring and recommendation, bullet chatting and messaging, purchasing and gifting, and community interaction.

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Watching and following. Watching live streams is the main function of our platform. Video resolution and quality of live streams are adjusted automatically based on the users’ internet connection quality. When watching a live stream, users may choose to follow a broadcaster through our following feature and receive notification in the future when the broadcaster starts streaming. Users are also able to share links to live streams on other social media platforms. For e-sport tournaments and game events content, we also provide features such as live event instant playback and video clip generation and sharing. Users may choose any specific time interval within a live event to replay, mark the event highlights and generate video clips from live streams to share on other social media platforms.

Content exploring and recommendation. The interfaces of our mobile apps, websites and PC clients are user-friendly and easy to navigate. Leveraging our AI technology and massive user data, we are able to generate a front page with individualized content recommendations matching the interest profile of each returning user. Users may also browse our content genres, or type in key words in the search bar displayed on our mobile apps, websites and PC clients interfaces to look for content that may interest them.

Bullet chatting and messaging. Fun and engaging interactions between our users and broadcasters are the cornerstone of our vibrant user community. Bullet chatting allows users to chat with broadcasters and other users through messages that glide across the screen like bullets while watching live streams. Bullet chats can be seen by all users who watch the same live stream, and therefore can stimulate interaction among users. Users can also communicate with other users or broadcasters through real-time commenting or in a private setting through our messaging feature.

Purchasing and gifting. Users can make purchases on our platform to send virtual gifts to broadcasters, or to enjoy privileges and rights, or to receive other products or services. See “—Monetization—Live Streaming.” Purchases could be made conveniently through our mobile apps, websites and PC clients. We cooperate with payment platforms such as WeChat Pay and Alipay in handling payments made on our platform.

Community interaction. We offer a game community section, which features a wide range of content such as images, text posts, and videos as well as game Q&As, strategies and events. The community section also serves as a discussion board between users and their favorite broadcasters, promoting interactions between broadcasters and their fans to build stronger bonds outside of streaming hours. In the community section, there are segments for different game titles and tournaments, where official accounts operated by game studios can join the community to provide information of game events and game strategies.

Features for Broadcasters

We provide handy tools for our broadcasters to create quality content. We have designed a series of dedicated mobile apps and PC client for our broadcasters, enabling them to live stream anytime, anywhere. The basic broadcaster features of our platform include streaming and uploading, and analytical tools.

Streaming and uploading. Our mobile apps and PC client are compatible with built-in cameras on smart devices and professional high-resolution digital cameras. Broadcasters may live stream in studios with professional equipment, or simply share their life moments with their mobile phones at any location. Our apps and PC client allow broadcasters to transmit multi-media content to our users real-time through our server. Broadcasters can add a variety of visual and audio effects to their live streams at their own choice. In addition, broadcasters and video content creators can leverage our video editing functions and upload the video clips on our platforms.

Analytical tools. Our mobile apps and PC client for broadcasters provide certain analytical data, such as statistics of viewer and follower numbers, comments and bullet chats. Such analytical data enable our broadcasters to monitor user reactions and feedbacks so as to improve their performance.

Monetization

At present, we monetize our user base mainly through live streaming services and advertising services. Revenues from live streaming services are primarily generated from the sales of products and services that our users purchase on our live streaming platform. We share revenues generated on our platform with broadcasters and talent agencies. Revenues from advertising services are primarily generated from advertisements placed on our live streaming platform. In addition, we generate revenues from other monetization methods including sub-licensing and online games.

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Live Streaming

We generate revenues from paying users of our live streaming platforms. Our users can purchase various products and services offered by us, mainly including consumable virtual items and time-based virtual items, or multiple virtual items sold in bundles. Broadcasters may be entitled to share a percentage of the proceeds generated from the sales of these products and services attributed to their live streams.

Consumable virtual items mainly serve as gifts to broadcasters. Special visual effects, such as thumbs-up, planes, or treasure boxes, on the screen will be generated during live streaming when these gifts are presented to the broadcasters by users. Purchase and use of these virtual items are a new way for users to participate in live streams, which stimulate interactions between broadcasters and users and encourage users to contribute to live streams, rather than merely viewing.

Users may also purchase time-based virtual items from us, such as the membership with the designation of Noble Members for themselves, and premium status for their favorite broadcasters. There are several tiers in our membership program and each tier offers a range of privileges and benefits, such as virtual items exclusively available to members, dedicated customer services specialist and bullet chatting with special colors.

We share revenues generated on our platform with broadcasters and talent agencies.

Advertising Services

We derive part of our revenues from advertising placements on our platform. We offer customized advertising services aimed at targeted demographics.

There are various forms of advertising on our platform. We offer display advertisements, which include (i) background advertisements that appear on the side of a live stream screen, (ii) advertisements placed in various areas of our platform, and (iii) advertisements placed on the launch screen of our mobile apps. We also offer native advertisements through providing monetary incentives to our popular broadcasters in exchange for product placement or game promotion in their live streams. We also utilize our integrated platform to provide event-driven advertising solutions for advertisers such as advertising campaigns during e-sports tournaments and game events. We strive to creatively design tailored advertising campaigns for advertisers without compromising user experience. We focus on content, style, design and interactive features of the advertisements so that they will not be disruptive to our users. Leveraging our strong brand recognition and our premium content and broadcasters, we launched our first advertising distribution platform in August 2019 to further support the growing number of our advertisers and meet their specific needs. The advertising platform is a performance-based system that optimizes advertising distribution processes with precise targeting and customized promotional strategy.

Our advertising revenue is derived from advertisers in the games industry, including game developers, publishers and e-sports organizers, as well as from international and domestic companies that operate across a variety of industries, including electronics, online retail and automobiles.

Others

We also generate a portion of our revenues from sub-licensing certain licensed e-sports content. We purchase broadcasting rights of e-sports tournaments and game events from e-sports content providers, and some of the licensed content permits sub-licensing to other live streaming platforms.

In addition, we develop and operate certain mobile games jointly with third-party distribution platforms, and game related apps. Our users access those games through our platform and purchase in-game virtual items that enhance their playing experience.

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Content Moderation

We are committed to complying with the relevant laws and regulations on online content and dedicated to the protection of third-party copyrights. We have invested significant resources in developing advanced content monitoring and copyright protection technologies, policies and procedures.

We maintain multiple layers of content management and review procedures to monitor live streaming content on our platform to ensure that we are able to promptly identify content that may be deemed to be inappropriate, in violation of laws, regulations and government policies or infringing upon third-party rights. When any inappropriate or illegal content is identified, we promptly terminate the live stream and remove the concerned comments or bullet chats. Further actions may also be taken to hold relevant content creators accountable.

Our automated AI-backed screening mechanism serves as the first layer of defense in our content review system. This system automatically flags and screens out live streams that involve inappropriate or illegal audio, video, comments or chats by comparing the image, sound or text against our databases in real time. Once the content is processed by our AI-backed automated screening mechanism, our system then extracts identifiers from the content and sends them to our manual content screening team, our second layer of defense, for further review. Our manual content screening team screens and monitors content uploaded to our platform on a 24-hour, 7-day basis to ensure that the flagged content is reviewed and any inappropriate or illegal live stream is immediately suspended or terminated. In addition, our manual content screening team proactively monitors and reviews the live streams independently on a real-time basis.

Our third layer of defense is our frequently updated “blacklists.” This is a database built upon historical attempts or incidents of inappropriate or illegal live streams or other information provided by our third-party partners. Broadcasters or users listed on such blacklists may be temporarily or permanently banned from streaming or viewing on our platform, or may be subject to more stringent review and monitoring by our team on a case-by-case basis.

Finally, we have adopted an easy-to-use and responsive abuse reporting mechanism on our platform, which allows any of our users to report inappropriate content through “report” links. Any content being reported will be reviewed by our manual content screening team and appropriate actions will be taken.

Our broadcasters are required to register on a real-name basis. In addition, we require broadcasters to consent to the terms and conditions set forth in the broadcaster agreement of our platform before they can start live streaming. Pursuant to such agreement, each broadcaster undertakes not to live stream or otherwise distribute content that violates any laws or regulations of mainland China or infringes upon the intellectual property rights of any third party, and agrees to indemnify us for all damages arising from third-party claims against us caused by the infringing content produced by such broadcaster.

Intellectual Property

We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights. As of March 31, 2023, we have registered 617 patents in mainland China, and have applied for 769 additional patents with the PRC State Intellectual Property Office and 71 additional patents under the patent cooperation treaty. In mainland China, it generally takes up to one year for the Patent Office under the State Intellectual Property Office to review, and approve or deny applications of patents in the category of utility model or design and two to five years in the category of invention. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations— Intellectual Property Rights—Patents.”

We have registered 262 software copyrights and 86 copyrights of artworks with the PRC National Copyright Administration. We have 223 registered domain names, including huya.com. As of March 31, 2023, we have 1,039 registered trademarks in mainland China (including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) and 273 registered trademarks overseas, including our “Huya”, “虎牙” and “虎牙直播” trademarks, and are in the process to register additional 173 trademarks.

We intend to vigorously protect our technology and proprietary rights, but there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful. Even if our efforts are successful, we may incur significant costs in defending our rights. From time to time, third parties may initiate litigation against us alleging infringement of their proprietary rights or claiming they have not infringed upon our intellectual property rights. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in our payment of substantial damages, penalties and fines, removal of relevant content from our platform or seeking license arrangements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.”

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Seasonality

We may experience seasonality in our business, reflecting seasonal fluctuations in online entertainment consumption. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. For example, our users, revenues or profits may be impacted by public holidays, school vacations, e-sport tournaments and game events that we launch from time to time, marketing campaigns and promotional activities that we conduct from time to time, or regulations, rules and guidelines that government authorities pose from time to time.

Branding and Marketing

We believe that our content variety and optimal user experience have led to repeated user visits and a strong word-of-mouth effect that strengthens awareness of our brand among users and broadcasters.

As a supplement to word-of-mouth marketing, we often promote our brand and platform through a mix of online and offline marketing and promotional events. We market our platform through advertisements on search engines and various app stores and websites. We also cooperate with smartphone manufacturers, game developers and publishers, or internet cafes to attract new users. With respect to our offline marketing measures, we organize meet-and-greet events for our users to meet star broadcasters, sponsor e-sports tournaments and game events and hold other user community events.

Competition

As a leading player in the online live streaming market of mainland China, we face competition from providers of similar services, such as DouYu, and other online entertainment platforms, such as Bilibili, Kuaishou, and Douyin. Online live streaming platforms that focus on games content compete directly with us for users and broadcasters. In addition, we compete with other large video streaming platforms, social media platforms and other platforms offering online entertainment. Some of our competitors may have longer operating histories, significantly larger user bases, more established brand names, broader product or service offerings, significantly greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do or have long-term strategic relationships with game developers or publishers, and in turn may have an advantage in attracting and retaining users, broadcasters, talent agencies, advertisers and other business partners. We believe that our ability to compete effectively for users depends upon many factors, including the variety of our content, user experience on our platform, retention of key broadcasters, effectiveness of content monitoring and review, our relationship with business partners, our marketing efforts and reputation of our brands.

In addition, we face significant competition for highly skilled personnel, including management, engineers, product managers and content management personnel. The success of our business strategy depends in part on our ability to retain our existing personnel and add additional highly skilled employees.

Legal Proceedings

We are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings. We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—We may be held liable for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our platform, or distributed to our users, and government authorities may impose legal sanctions on us, including, in serious cases, suspending or revoking the licenses needed to operate our platform,” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in our payment of substantial damages, penalties and fines, removal of relevant content from our platform or seeking license arrangements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.”

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Government Regulations

As the live streaming industry is still at an early stage of development in mainland China, new laws and regulations may be promulgated from time to time to introduce new regulatory requirements, including but not limited to, requirements of obtaining new licenses and permits in addition to those we currently have. There are substantial uncertainties on the interpretation and implementation of current and future laws and regulations of mainland China, including those applicable to the live streaming industry and our business. This section sets forth a summary of the most significant laws and regulations that are applicable to our current business activities in mainland China and that affect the dividends payment to our shareholders.

Regulation on Telecommunications Services

In September 2000, the State Council issued the Regulations on Telecommunications of China, or the Telecommunications Regulations, as amended on July 29, 2014 and February 6, 2016 and amended on June 9, 2019, to regulate telecommunications activities in mainland China. The Telecommunications Regulations set out basic guidelines on different types of telecommunications business activities in mainland China. According to the Catalog of Telecommunications Business (2015 Amendment) implemented on March 1, 2016, internet information services are a type of value-added telecommunications services. The Telecommunications Regulations require operators of value-added telecommunications services to obtain value-added telecommunications business operation licenses from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, or its provincial branches prior to the commencement of such services. Currently, through Guangzhou Huya, our consolidated affiliated entity in mainland China, we hold an ICP license, a sub-category of the value-added telecommunications business operation license, covering provisions of internet and mobile network information services, issued by the Guangdong branch of the MIIT on May 27, 2017.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Ownership Restrictions

The Regulations for the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, or the FITE Regulations, which took effect on January 1, 2002 and were amended on September 10, 2008, February 6, 2016 and most recently amended on March 29, 2022, and became effective on May 1, 2022, regulate foreign direct investment in telecommunications companies in mainland China. The FITE Regulations stipulate that foreign investors are prohibited from holding more than 50% of equity interest in a foreign-invested enterprise that provides value-added telecommunications services, including, among others, provision of internet content.

On July 13, 2006, the MIIT issued the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunications Services, or the MIIT Circular 2006, which provides that (a) foreign investors can only operate telecommunications business in mainland China through telecommunications enterprises with valid telecommunications business operation license; (b) domestic licensees may not rent, transfer or sell telecommunications business licenses to foreign investors in any form or provide any foreign investors with resources, venues or facilities to promote unlicensed operations of telecommunications businesses in mainland China; (c) value-added telecommunications service providers or their shareholders must directly own the domain names and registered trademarks that are used in their daily operations; (d) each value-added telecommunications service provider must have necessary facilities for its approved business operations and maintain such facilities in the geographic regions specified in its license; and (e) all value-added telecommunications service providers should improve their network and information security, establish relevant information safety system and set up emergency plans to ensure network and information safety. Provincial communications administration bureaus, which serve as local authorities in charge of regulating telecommunications services, (a) shall require existing qualified value-added telecommunication service providers to conduct self-assessment on their compliance with the MIIT Circular 2006 and report to the MIIT before November 1, 2006; (b) may revoke the business license for telecommunications businesses that do not meet the above requirements or fail to correct any non-compliance within specified time limit. However, due to the lack of additional interpretation from regulatory authorities of mainland China, it remains unclear as to what impact MIIT Circular 2006 may have on us or other mainland China internet companies with similar corporate and contractual structures.

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On December 27, 2021, the NDRC and the Ministry of Finance, or the MOF, jointly issued the Special Administrative Measures, or the Negative List, effective from January 1, 2022. Pursuant to the Negative List, if a domestic company engaging in the prohibited business stipulated in the Negative List seeks an overseas offering and listing, it shall obtain the approval from the competent governmental authorities. Besides, the foreign investors of the company shall not be involved in the company’s operation and management, and their shareholding percentage shall be subject, mutatis mutandis, to the relevant regulations on the domestic securities investments by foreign investors. According to the public responses of relevant officials from the NDRC and the MOFCOM to the reporters’ questions regarding the Negative List, no reduction shareholding percentage of foreign investor is required with respect to those existing enterprises listed overseas, the percentage of foreign shareholding of which have exceeded the stipulated threshold before the promulgation of the Negative List.

To comply with such foreign ownership restrictions, we operate our live streaming platform in mainland China through Guangzhou Huya, the variable interest entity, which is owned by Linzhi Tencent Technology Co., Ltd. We gained control and became the sole beneficiary of Guangzhou Huya through a series of contractual arrangements between Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and Guangzhou Huya’s shareholders. Moreover, Guangzhou Huya is the registered holder of domain names, trademarks and facilities necessary for our daily operations, which we believe is in compliance with the MIIT Circular 2006. We are advised by our mainland China legal counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, that based on its understanding of the current laws, rules and regulations of mainland China, our corporate structure complies with all existing laws and regulations of mainland China. However, we are further advised by our mainland China legal counsel that there are substantial uncertainties with respect to interpretation and application of existing or future laws and regulations of mainland China and thus there is no assurance that governmental authorities of mainland China would take a view consistent with the opinions of our mainland China legal counsel.

Internet Information Services

The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or the ICP Measures, issued by the State Council on September 25, 2000 and amended on January 8, 2011, regulate provision of internet information services in mainland China. According to the ICP Measures, internet information services refer to provision of information through internet to online subscribers, including commercial and non-commercial services. Pursuant to the ICP Measures, commercial internet information service providers shall obtain ICP licenses, from relevant local authorities of mainland China before engaging in commercial internet information services in mainland China. In addition, according to relevant laws, administrative regulations or rules of mainland China, providers of internet information services in respect of news, publishing, education, medical treatment, health, pharmaceuticals or medical apparatus shall obtain consent of the relevant competent authority of mainland China before applying for operating permit or carrying out record-filing procedures. Guangzhou Huya currently holds the ICP license on internet information services issued by the Guangdong branch of the MIIT on May 27, 2017.

Besides, the ICP Measures and other relevant measures also prohibit publication of any content that propagates, among others, obscenity, pornography, gambling and violence, incite the commission of crimes or infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of third parties. If an internet information services provider detects that information transmitted on its system falls under the specified prohibition, such provider must immediately terminate the transmission and delete the information and report to the government authorities. Any provider’s violation of these prohibitions will lead to revocation of its ICP license and, in serious cases, shutdown of its internet systems.

Guideline on Anti-monopoly of Platform Economy Sector

On February 7, 2021, the Anti-monopoly Committee of the State Council published the Guideline on Anti-monopoly of Platform Economy Sector, or the Guideline, which became effective on the same day and will operate as a compliance guidance under the existing anti-monopoly laws and regulations of mainland China for platform economy operators. The Guideline intends to regulate abuse of a dominant position and other anticompetitive practices by online platform operators and the related merchants and service providers on online platforms. Pursuant to the Guideline, representative examples of abuse of dominance include unfairly locking in exclusive agreements with merchants and targeting specific customers with unreasonable big-data driven tailored pricing through their online behavior to eliminate or limit market competition.

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The Anti-Monopoly Law of the PRC promulgated by the SCNPC in 2007, which was amended on June 24, 2022 and became effective on August 1, 2022, and the Rules of the State Council on Declaration Threshold for Concentration of Undertakings promulgated by the State Council on August 3, 2008, and latest amended on September 18, 2018, require that where a concentration reaches one of the following thresholds, a declaration must be lodged in advance with the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency under the State Council, or otherwise the concentration shall not be implemented: (i) during the previous fiscal year, the total global turnover of all undertakings participating in the concentration exceeded RMB10 billion, and at least two of these undertakings each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within mainland China; or (ii) during the previous fiscal year, the total turnover within mainland China of all the undertakings participating in the concentration exceeded RMB2 billion, and at least two of these undertakings each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within mainland China. According to the Anti-monopoly Law, where a concentration of undertakings reaches the declaration threshold stipulated by the State Council, a declaration must be approved by the anti-monopoly authority before parties implement the concentration. If any business operator fails to comply with the mandatory declaration requirement, the anti-monopoly authority is empowered to order the operator to terminate and/or unwind the transaction, dispose of relevant assets, shares or businesses within certain periods and imposes fines of not more than 10% of its sales amount in the previous year; or not more than RMB5,000,000 if the concentration has no effect of eliminating or restricting competition. The Anti-monopoly Law also requires relevant government authorities to strengthen the examination of concentration of undertakings in important fields, such as national economy and people’s livelihood, pursuant to the laws, and to enhance penalties for any violation of regulations regarding concentration of undertakings.

Internet Publication and Cultural Products

On February 4, 2016, the government of mainland China issued the Measures for Network Publication Service Administration, or Network Publication Measures, which took effect on March 10, 2016. The Network Publication Measures introduced an internet publishing license regime for internet publications. According to the Network Publication Measures, the term “online publications” includes games, animation, audio and video readings in literature, art, science and other fields. The operation of online games is deemed an internet publication activity; therefore, an online game operator must (i) obtain an internet publishing services license so that it can directly operate its online games to the public in mainland China, or (ii) publish its online games through a qualified press entity by entering into a corporation agreement.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not obtained an internet publishing license. As the date of this annual report, online games developed or operated by us have been published through third-party partners who have internet publishing licenses. Currently, we allow broadcasters to upload their recorded video clips on our platform. We also selectively record and edit live streaming gameplay of certain popular broadcasters and turn them into video clip highlights, which may be considered as the “internet publications.” Thus, we may be required to obtain an internet publishing license by the authorities.

On February 18, 2020, the MIIT issued a Circular on Employing the New Generation of Information Technology to Support and Serve Epidemic Prevention and Control and Resumption of Work and Production, or the Circular, to support the improvement of online retail services and logistics distribution systems during the epidemic period, strengthen the development of digital cultural products and services in e-books, films and televisions, games and other fields, and to form a rich variety of “zero-contact” shopping and entertainment modes.

Anti-fatigue Compliance System and Real-name Registration System

On April 15, 2007, eight government authorities of mainland China, including the GAPP, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Public Security and the MIIT, jointly issued a circular requiring the implementation of an anti-fatigue compliance system and a real-name registration system by all online game operators in mainland China. Under the anti-fatigue compliance system, three hours or less of continuous game playing by minors, defined as game players under 18 years of age, is considered to be “healthy”, three to five hours is deemed “fatiguing”, and five hours or more is deemed “unhealthy.” Game operators are required to reduce the value of in-game benefits to a game player by half if it discovers that the amount of a time a game player spends online has reached the “fatiguing” level, and to zero in the case of the “unhealthy” level.

To identify whether a game player is a minor and thus subject to the anti-fatigue compliance system, a real-name registration system should be adopted to require online game players to register their real identity information before playing online games. Pursuant to a notice issued by the relevant eight government authorities on July 1, 2011, online game operators must submit the identity information of game players to the National Citizen Identity Information Center, a subordinate public institution of the Ministry of Public Security, for verification as of October 1, 2011.

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On October 25, 2019, the National Press and Publication Administration (the National Copyright Administration) issued the Circular of the National Press and Publication Administration on Preventing Minors from Developing Online Game Addictions. The circular strictly controls the time slot and duration of online game use by minors. From 10:00 PM every day to 8:00 AM the next day, online game enterprises shall not provide game services for minors in any form. The duration of game services provided by online game enterprises for minors shall not exceed a cumulative total of three hours a day on statutory holidays or 1.5 hours on other days.

In addition, pursuant to the Provisions on the Administration of Online Live-streaming Services promulgated by Cyberspace Administration of China on November 4, 2016 and took effect on December 1, 2016, live streaming service providers should verify the identity of users on a live streaming platform with their information such as mobile phone number. Also, according to the Administrative Measures for Business Activities of Online Performances issued by Ministry of Culture and Tourism on December 2, 2016 and took effect on January 1, 2017, live streaming service providers should require broadcasters on a live streaming platform to make real-name registration.

Moreover, in August 2018, pursuant to the Notice on Strengthen the Management of Live Streaming Service was jointly issued by the NOAPIP, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the National Radio and Television Administration, and the Cyberspace Administration of China, an internet live-streaming service provider shall fulfill ICP registration process at telecommunication authorities, and shall also apply to competent authorities for proper approvals and permits if its business involves any telecommunication service and internet news, online performances, visual or audio live broadcasts. The Notice further requires each live streaming service provider to implement real-name registration system for users, strengthen its management of internet broadcasters, establish blacklist system for internet broadcasters, integrate and enhance the monitoring and reviewing system for live broadcasting contents and the disposal measures for illegal and harmful contents. According to the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Minors (2020 Revision) which became effective on June 1, 2021, among others, live streaming service providers are not allowed to provide minors under 16 with online live streaming account registration services, and minors aged 16 or above must obtain the consent from their parents or guardians and verify the identity information before registering live streaming accounts.

Furthermore, on August 30, 2021, the NPPA issued the Circular of the National Press and Publication Administration on Further Strengthening Regulation to Effectively Prevent Online Gaming Additions among Minors, which became effective on September 1, 2021, and online game companies shall provide minors with online game services within one hour at prescribed periods, namely between 8:00 PM and 9:00 PM on Fridays, Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays. The Circular reinstates that online game companies shall strictly implement the real-name registration and login requirements for online game user accounts. All online games shall be connected to the NPPA’s real-name verification system for anti-online game addiction purpose. Online game users shall use real and valid identity information to register for game accounts and log in to online games. Online game companies shall not provide gaming services in any form (including visitor experience mode) to users who have not registered or logged in with their real names. On March 14, 2022, the CAC published a draft of proposed strengthened policies on cybersecurity for minors which prohibits live streaming service providers from providing online live streaming account registration service to minors under 16. The draft further requires live streaming service providers to establish a dynamic verification mechanism to verify the identity information of all live streaming broadcasters and users prior to accessing live streaming function, and live streaming service providers shall not provide live streaming services to those whose identity information is inconsistent with the real identity information or who are prohibited from engaging in live streaming activities in accordance with relevant laws and regulations of mainland China.

On April 12, 2022, the Network Audio-Visual Program Administration Department of National Radio and Television Administration and the Publication Office of the CPC Central Committee jointly issued a Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Live Streaming Games on the Online Audio-Visual Program Platforms, which requires several provincial branches of the National Press and Publication Administration and the National Radio and Television Administration to strictly control the business operation of the platforms, which include (i) strictly forbidden to disseminate illegal games, (ii) strengthen the management of the broadcast content, (iii) strengthen the guidance of the broadcasters’ behavior, (iv) forbidden to appear people who have no morality or who violate laws, (v) supervise the establishment and implement of the mechanisms for the protection of minors; and (vi) strictly implement of the classified filing system.

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On June 27, 2022, the Administrative Provisions on the Account Information of Internet Users, which was promulgated by the CAC, effective from August 1, 2022, sets out guidelines on the provision the account information of internet users. Internet-based information service providers that provide internet users with information release services shall formulate and make public the rules for the management of accounts of Internet users and platform conventions, enter into service agreements with internet users, and authenticate the real identity information of the users who apply for registration of accounts for production of information content in the fields of economy, education, medical care and health, and justice. Internet-based information service providers shall require these users who apply for registration of accounts to provide relevant materials such as service qualification, professional qualification and professional background, verify these materials and add a special mark to the account information. Any internet-based information service provider in violation of the present Provisions shall be punished in accordance with relevant laws and administrative regulations.

On September 9, 2022, the Administrative Provisions on Internet Pop-up Push Notification Services was issued by the CAC, MIIT and SAMR, effective from September 30, 2022, which requires that providers of internet pop-up push notification services shall implement the responsibilities as subjects of information content management and establish and improve management systems for censoring of information content, ecological governance, data security and personal information protection, and protection of minors.

On November 25, 2022, the CAC, MIIT and Ministry of Public Security jointly issued the Administrative Provisions on Deep Synthesis of Internet Information Services, or the Provisions on Deep Synthesis Services, which took effect on January 10, 2023. According to the Provisions on Deep Synthesis Services, deep synthesis technology refers to any technology that utilizes deep learning, virtual reality or any other generative or synthetic algorithm to produce text, images, audio, video, virtual scenes or other network information. The Provisions on Deep Synthesis Services emphasize that the providers of deep synthesis services, as the primary entities responsible for the information security, should not use deep synthesis services to engage in activities prohibited by laws and regulations.

For detailed analysis, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—Intensified government regulations, rules or guidelines of the internet industry in mainland China could restrict our ability to maintain or increase the level of user traffic to, and user spending on, our platform as well as our ability to tap into other market opportunities, and negatively impact our businesses, results of operations, or financial condition.”

Virtual Currency

On January 25, 2007, the Ministry of Public Security, the MCT, the MIIT and the GAPP jointly issued a circular regarding online gambling which has implications on the issuance and use of virtual currency. To curtail online games that involve online gambling while addressing concerns that virtual currency might be used for money laundering or illicit trade, the circular (a) prohibits online game operators from charging commissions in the form of virtual currency in connection with winning or losing of games; (b) requires online game operators to impose limits on use of virtual currency in guessing and betting games; (c) bans the conversion of virtual currency into real currency or property; and (d) prohibits services that enable game players to transfer virtual currency to other players. To comply with the relevant section of the circular that bans the conversion of virtual currency into real currency or property, in relation to online music and entertainment, our virtual currency currently can only be used by users to exchange into virtual items to be used to show support for performers or gain access to privileges and special features in the channels which are services in nature instead of “real currency or property.” Once the virtual currency is exchanged by users for virtual items or the relevant privileged services, the conversion transaction is completed and we immediately cancel the virtual item in our internal system.

In February 2007, fourteen regulatory authorities of mainland China jointly issued a circular to further strengthen the oversight of internet cafes and online games. In accordance with the circular, the People’s Bank of China, or PBOC, has the authority to regulate virtual currency, including: (a) setting limits on the aggregate amount of virtual currency that can be issued by online game operators and the amount of virtual currency that can be purchased by an individual; (b) stipulating that virtual currency issued by online game operators can only be used for purchasing virtual products and services within the online games and not for purchasing tangible or physical products; (c) requiring that the price for redemption of virtual currency shall not exceed the respective original purchase price; and (d) banning the trading of virtual currency.

On June 4, 2009, the MCT and the MOFCOM jointly issued a notice to strengthen the administration of online game virtual currency. The Virtual Currency Notice requires businesses that (a) issue online game virtual currency (in the form of prepaid cards and/or pre-payment or prepaid card points), or (b) offer online game virtual currency transaction services to apply for approval from the MCT through its provincial branches within three months after the issuance of the notice. The Virtual Currency Notice businesses that issue virtual currency for online games are prohibited from offering services that can trade virtual currency. Any company that fails to file the necessary application will be subject to sanctions, including but not limited to mandatory corrective actions and fines.

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Under the Virtual Currency Notice, online games virtual currency trading service provider refers to the business that provides platform services related to trading virtual game of online games among game users. The Virtual Currency Notice further requires an online game virtual currency transaction service provider to comply with relevant e-commerce regulations issued by the MOFCOM. According to the Guiding Opinions on Online Trading (Interim) issued by the MOFCOM on March 6, 2007, online platform services are trading services provided to online buyers and sellers through a computer information system operated by the service provider.

The Virtual Currency Notice regulates, among others, the amount of virtual currency a business can issue, the retention period of user records, the function of virtual currency and the return of unused virtual currency upon the termination of online services. Online game operators are prohibited from distributing virtual items or virtual currencies to players through random selection methods such as betting or lottery, and the player directly pays cash or virtual currency. Game operators are prohibited from issuing virtual currency to game players in any way other than legal tender purchases. Any business that provides online game virtual currency transaction services is required to adopt technical measures to restrict the transfer of online game virtual currency among accounts of different game players.

We issue different virtual currencies and prepaid tokens to users on our platforms for them to purchase various virtual items to be used in live streaming and in online game, however, our service does not constitute virtual currency transaction services because users may not transfer or trade virtual currency among themselves. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—Compliance with the laws or regulations governing virtual currency may result in us having to obtain additional approvals or licenses or change our current business model.”

According to the Provisions of Functions, Structure and Staffing of the MCT issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council on July 30, 2018, the MCT will no longer assume the management responsibilities of the online game industry. However, it remains unclear whether further rules or policies regarding the application for virtual currency for online games will be issued. Given the uncertainty in the further regulatory requirements, we may be required to obtain additional approvals or licenses to continue our current business model.

Online Music and Entertainment

On November 20, 2006, the MCT issued Several Suggestions of the MCT on the Development and Administration of Internet Music, or the Suggestions, which became effective on the same date. The Suggestions, among other things, reiterate the requirement for an internet service provider to obtain an Internet Culture Operation License to carry out any business relating to internet music products. In addition, foreign investors are prohibited from operating internet culture businesses. However, the laws and regulations on internet music products are still evolving, and there have not been any provisions clarifying whether music products will be regulated by the Suggestions or how such regulation would be carried out.

On October 23, 2015, the MCT promulgated the Notice on Further Strengthening and Improving the Content Management of Online Music, which stipulated that operating entities shall carry out self-examination in respect of the content management of online music, which shall be regulated by the cultural administration departments in process or afterwards.

Guangzhou Huya holds a valid Internet Culture Operation License which allows us to carry out internet music business. Some performers on our platforms may perform along with recorded music. If any music provided through our platforms is found to lack necessary filings and/or approvals or infringe the copyright of third parties, we could be requested to cease providing such music or be subject to claims from third parties or penalties from the MCT or its local branches. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If we fail to obtain and maintain the licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for internet-based businesses in mainland China, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.”

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Moreover, the unauthorized posting of online music on our platforms by third parties may expose us to the risk of administrative penalties and intellectual property infringement lawsuits. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in our payment of substantial damages, penalties and fines, removal of relevant content from our platform or seeking license arrangements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms” and “—Intellectual Property Rights—Copyright Law.”

In 2011, the MCT greatly intensified its regulation of the provision of online music products. According to the series of Notices on Clearing Online Music Products That Are in Violation of Relevant Regulations promulgated by the MCT since January 12, 2011, entities that provide any of the following will be subject to relevant penalties or sanctions imposed by the MCT: (a) online music products or relevant services without obtaining corresponding qualifications, (b) imported online music products that have not passed the content review of the MCT or (c) domestically developed online music products that have not been filed with the MCT. Thus far, we believe that we have eliminated from our platforms any online music products that may fall into the scope of those prohibited online music products thereunder.

On April 25, 2016, the government of mainland China promulgated and implemented the Provisions on the Management of Private Networks and Directed Streaming Audiovisual Programs and Services, which was amended on March 23, 2021. According to this regulation, any entity or person engaging in the provision of content, integrated broadcast control, transmission and distribution of private networks and directional transmission of audio-visual program services shall obtain the “Permit for the Transmission of Audio-visual Programs through Information Networks.”

According to the Provisions on the Administration of Internet Audio-visual Program Services, promulgated on August 28, 2015, internet audio-visual program services refer to produce, edit, integrate and provide audio-visual programs to the public via the internet, as well as provide services for uploading and distributing audiovisual programs to others. Any entity or person engaging in internet audiovisual program services shall obtain the License for Disseminating Audiovisual Programs on Information Networks issued by the radio, film and television authorities in accordance with the Provisions on the Administration of Internet Audiovisual Program Services.

The PRC Circular on Issues Concerning the Management of Direct Streaming Services for Audio-visual Programs on the Internet, promulgated on September 2, 2016, prescribed that any streaming services that stream any major political, military, economic, social, cultural and sports activities or broadcast live social activities such as cultural events and sporting events should obtain an audio-visual program license. The audio-visual programs live streaming channels operated for live webcast platform (live room) shall not be used to run news, variety, sports, interviews, comments and other audio-visual programs. However, it did not specify that live streaming of matters other than those indicated above will require a license for disseminating audiovisual programs through information networks.

Moreover, on November 4, 2016, the State Internet Information Office promulgated the Internet Streaming Services Regulations, which implemented on December 1, 2016. The Regulations also require that, online performances and online audio-visual programs provided through internet streaming, when involving the above mentioned matters, should obtain a license according to the laws and regulations related to the qualifications.

According to the Administrative Measures for Business Activities of Online Performances, or the Measures, issued by Ministry of Culture and Tourism on December 2, 2016 and took effect on January 1, 2017, the business activities of transmitting the contents of online game skills presented or narrated via information networks in real time such as internet, mobile communication networks and mobile internet or uploading such contents for communication in the audio-visual form shall be administered by the Measures, and online performance shall not use any online game product without content examination and approval number or filing number issued by competent administrative cultural authorities to present or narrate online game skills. If an online performance business entity is found to be providing performance contents in violation of Article 6 of the Measures, including the presentation or narration of online games without relevant content approval number or filing number issued by competent administrative cultural authorities, it shall be ordered to suspend such online performance, have its illegal proceeds confiscated, and be imposed upon a fine of between RMB10,000 and RMB30,000. In cases of serious offense, online platforms could be ordered to cease their business for rectification or even have their Internet Culture Business Permit revoked.

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The MCT promulgated the Provisional Measures on Administration of Internet Culture in 2011, as most recently amended in December 15, 2017, and further issued the Notice on Issues Relating to Implementing the Provisional Measures on Administration of Internet Culture in the same year, which apply to entities that engage in activities related to “online cultural products.” “Online cultural products” are classified as cultural products developed, published and disseminated via internet which mainly include: (i) online cultural products particularly developed for publishing via internet, such as, among other things, online music and video files, network games and online animation features and cartoons (including flash animation); and (ii) online cultural products converted from audio and visual products, games, performing arts, artworks and animation features and cartoons, and published via internet. Pursuant to these legislations, entities are required to obtain the Online Culture Operating Permits from the applicable provincial level counterpart of the MCT if they intend to commercially engage in any of the following types of activities: production, duplication, import, release or broadcasting of online cultural products; publishing of online cultural products on the internet or transmission thereof to computers, fixed-line or mobile phones, radios, television sets or gaming consoles for the purpose of browsing, reading, reviewing, using or downloading such products by online users; or exhibitions or contests related to online cultural products.

Regulations Related to Commercial Performances

The Administrative Regulations on Commercial Performances (Revised in 2016) was promulgated by the State Council and put into effect on February 6, 2016 and amended on November 29, 2020. According to the administrative regulations, to legally engage in commercial performances, a culture and arts performance group shall have full-time performers and equipment in line with its performing business, and file an application with the culture administrative department of the people’s government at the county level for approval. To legally engage in commercial performances, a performance brokerage agency shall have three or more full-time performance brokers and funds for the relevant business, and file an application with the culture administrative department of the people’s government of a province, autonomous region or municipality directly under central government. The culture administrative department shall make a decision within 20 days from the receipt of the application whether to approve the application, and upon approval, will issue a performance permit. Anyone or any entity engaging in commercial performance activities without approval may be imposed a penalty, in addition to being ordered to cease its actions. Such penalty may include confiscation of his or its performance equipment and illegal proceeds, and a fine of 8 to 10 times of the illegal proceeds. Where there are no illegal proceeds or the illegal proceeds are less than RMB10,000, a fine of RMB50,000 to RMB100,000 will be imposed.

Currently, Guangzhou Huya holds a valid Commercial Performance License issued by the Guangzhou Bureau of Culture, Radio, Television, Tourism and Sport Panyu District Branch.

Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs

On April 13, 2005, the PRC Council promulgated the Certain Decisions on the Entry of the Non-state-owned Capital into the Cultural Industry. On July 6, 2005, the government of mainland China adopted the Several Opinions on Canvassing Foreign Investment into the Cultural Sector. Under these provisions, non-state owned capital and foreign investors are prohibited from engaging in the business of distributing audiovisual programs through information networks.

To further regulate the provision of audio-visual program services to the public via the internet, including through mobile networks, within the territory of mainland China, the government of mainland China promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Internet Audio-Visual Program Service, or the Audio-Visual Program Provisions, on December 20, 2007, which took effect on January 31, 2008 and subsequently amended on August 28, 2015. Providers of internet audio-visual program services are required to obtain the Audio-Visual License issued by the NRTA, or complete certain registration procedures with the NRTA. In general, providers of internet audio-visual program services must be either state-owned or state-controlled entities, and the business to be carried out by such providers must satisfy the overall planning and guidance catalog for internet audio-visual program service determined by the NRTA.

On May 21, 2008, the government of mainland China issued a Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Application and Approval of License for the Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs, as amended on August 28, 2015, which further set out detailed provisions concerning the application and approval process regarding the Audio-Visual License. The notice also stipulates that internet audio-visual program services providers engaging in such services prior to the promulgation of the Audio-Visual Program Provisions are able to apply for the license so long as their violation of the laws and regulations is minor in scope and can be rectified in a timely manner and they have no records of violation during the last three months prior to the promulgation of the Audio-Visual Program Provisions. Further, on March 31, 2009, the government of mainland China promulgated the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of the Content of Internet Audio-Visual Programs, which reiterates the pre-approval requirements for the audio-visual programs transmitted via the internet, including through mobile networks, where applicable, and prohibits certain types of internet audiovisual programs containing violence, pornography, gambling, terrorism, superstition or other similarly prohibited elements.

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On March 17, 2010, the government of mainland China issued the Internet Audio-visual Program Services Categories (Provisional), or the Provisional Categories, as amended on March 10, 2017, which classified internet audio-visual program services into four categories. In addition, the Notice concerning Strengthening the Administration of the Streaming Service of Online Audio-Visual Programs promulgated on September 2, 2016 emphasizes that, unless a specific license is granted, audio-visual programs service provider is forbidden from engaging in live streaming on major political, military, economic, social, cultural and sports events.

The Provisions on the Management of Private Networks and Directed Streaming Audiovisual Programs and Services apply to the radio and TV program and other audio-visual program services with targeted audience through the targeted transmission channels, such as local area network, virtual private network, internet and other information networks, and with TV and handheld electronic equipment as terminal recipients. According to the Audio-Visual Provisions, to engage in the transmission and distribution of audio-visual programs, the Audio-Visual License is required. Foreign-invested enterprises shall not engage in such business.

In addition, the State Internet Information Office promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Internet Live-Streaming Services, or Internet Live-Streaming Services Provisions, on November 4, 2016, which came into effect on December 1, 2016. According to the Internet Live-Streaming Services Provisions, an internet live-streaming service provider shall (a) establish a live-streaming content review platform; (b) conduct authentication registration of internet live-streaming issuers based on their identity certificates, business licenses and organization code certificates; and (c) enter into a service agreement with internet live-streaming services user to specify both parties’ rights and obligations.

According to the Guangdong Province Letter for purpose of investigating live streaming businesses, live streaming services on either (i) major political, military, economics, social, cultural, sports activities or reality event streaming or (ii) activities such as general social group cultural activities or sports events are required to apply for an Audio-Visual License. The Guangdong Province Letter further stated that live streaming of online shows, online games and online drama performances do not require an Audio-Visual License. We are also advised by Commerce & Finance Law Office, our mainland China legal counsel, that based on the Guangdong Province Letter, the Audio-Visual License is not required for our live streaming business as of the date of this annual report. As to our video clip services on our platform, although we currently hold an Audio-Visual License, due to the interpretation and implementation of existing and future laws and regulations, this may not be sufficient to meet regulatory requirements. For detailed analysis, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—If we fail to obtain and maintain the licenses and approvals required under the complex regulatory environment for internet-based businesses in mainland China, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.”

In March 2018, the government of mainland China issued the Notice on Further Regulating the Transmission Order of Internet Audio-Visual Programs, which requires that, among others, audio-visual platforms shall: (i) not produce or transmit programs intended to parody or denigrate classic works, (ii) not re-edit, re-dub, re-caption or otherwise ridicule classic works, radio and television programs, or original internet audio-visual programs without authorization, (iii) not transmit re-edited programs which unfairly distort the original content, (iv) strictly monitor the adapted content uploaded by platform users and not provide transmission channels for illicit content, (v) immediately take down unauthorized content upon receipt of complaints from copyright owners, radio and television stations, or film and television production institutions, (vi) strengthen the administration of movie trailers and prevent improper broadcasting of movie clips and trailers prior to authorized release, and (vii) strengthen the administration of sponsorship and endorsement for internet audio-visual programs. Pursuant to this notice, the provincial branches of NRTA shall have the authority to supervise radio and television stations and websites that offer audio-visual programs within its jurisdiction and require them to further improve their content management systems and implement relevant management requirements.

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According to the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of the Online Show Live Streaming and E-commerce Live Streaming promulgated by the National Radio and Television Administration on November 12, 2020, platforms providing online show live streaming or e-commerce live streaming services shall register their information and business operations by November 30, 2020. The overall ratio of front-line content analysts to live streaming rooms shall be 1:50 or higher on such platforms. The training for content analysts shall be strengthened and content analysts who have passed the training shall be registered in the system. A platform shall report the number of its live streaming rooms, streamers and content analysts to the provincial branch of the National Radio and Television Administration on a quarterly basis. Online show live streaming platforms shall tag content and streamers by category. A streamer cannot change the category of the programs offered in his or her live streaming room without prior approval from the platform. Users that are minors or without real-name registration are forbidden from virtual gifting, and platforms shall limit the maximum amount of virtual gifting per time, per day, and per month. When the virtual gifting by a user reaches half of the daily/monthly limit, a consumption reminder from the platform and a confirmation from the user by text messages or other means are required before the next transaction. When the amount of virtual gifting by a user reaches the daily/monthly limit, the platform shall suspend the virtual gifting function for such user for that day or month. To host any e-commerce promotion events such as E-commerce Festival, E-commerce Day or Promotion Day in the forms of live streaming, live performances, live variety shows and other live programs, the platforms shall register the information of guests, streamers, content and settings with the local branch of the National Radio and Television Administration 14 business days in advance. Online e-commerce live streaming platforms shall conduct relevant qualification examination and real-name authentication on businesses and individuals providing live-streaming marketing services and keep complete examination and authentication records, and shall not enable imposters or businesses or individuals without qualification or real-name registration to conduct live-streaming marketing services.

In addition, on February 9, 2021, the NOAPIP, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, the MCT, the National Radio and Television Administration, the Cyberspace Administration of China and the SAMR jointly issued the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Management of Online Live Streaming, which requires that platforms should: (i) establish and improve the management system of live streaming account classification, the management rules of virtual gifting and the management system of virtual gifts; (ii) set reasonable limits on the maximum amount of virtual gifting in a single show according to different categories of live streaming accounts; and (iii) set reasonable upper limits on a single virtual gift and amount of virtual gifting to remind the users whose daily consumption amount has triggered the corresponding threshold, and set necessary the reward cooling off period and deferred payment period. On May 7, 2022, the government of mainland China issued the Opinion on Live Streaming Virtual Gifting and Enhancing the Protection of Minors (the “Opinion”). The Opinion stipulates that internet platforms shall, among other restrictions, (i) within one month of the publication of the Opinion terminate all billboard functions that rank users or broadcasters by the volume of virtual gifts that they send or receive, respectively, (ii) restrict certain interaction and engagement functions between 8:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. every day, and (iii) prohibit minors from purchasing virtual gifts.

Production of Radio and Television Programs

On July 19, 2004, the government of mainland China issued the Regulations on the Administration of Production of Radio and Television Programs, or the Radio and TV Programs Regulations, which took effect on August 20, 2004 and amended on August 28, 2015 and October 29, 2020. The Radio and TV Programs Regulations require any entities engaging in the production of radio and television programs to obtain a license for such businesses from the NRTA or its provincial branches. Entities with the License for Production and Operation of Radio and TV Programs must conduct their business operations strictly in compliance with the approved scope of production and operations and these entities (except radio and TV stations) must not produce radio and TV programs regarding current political news or similar subjects.

Guangzhou Huya holds an effective License for Production and Operation of Radio and TV Programs, covering the production, reproduction and publication of Radio and TV Programs (excluding current political, news and similar subjects and columns).

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Regulation on Foreign Investment

On March 15, 2019, the Second Session of the 13th National People’s Congress adopted the Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China, which came into effect as of January 1, 2020. Upon its enactment, the PRC Foreign Investment Law replaced the trio of original laws regulating foreign investment in mainland China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected regulatory trend in mainland China to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments.

Unlike its first draft which was published in 2015, the approved Foreign Investment Law did not specifically expand the definition of foreign investment to include entities established through the VIE structure, which has been adopted by many mainland China-based companies, including us to obtain necessary licenses and permits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions in mainland China. Under the Foreign Investment Law, it is not entirely certain that VIEs controlled via contractual arrangement would be deemed to be FIEs, if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors.

The Foreign Investment Law may materially impact our corporate governance practice and increase our compliance costs. For instance, the Foreign Investment Law establishes a foreign investment information reporting system. Foreign investors or foreign-funded enterprises shall submit the investment information to competent departments for commerce through the enterprise registration system and the enterprise credit information publicity system. The contents and scope of foreign investment information to be reported shall be determined under the principle of necessity. Where any company found to be non-compliant with these information reporting obligations, competent department for commerce shall order it to make corrections within a prescribed time limit; if such corrections are not made in time, a penalty of not less than RMB100,000 yet not more than RMB500,000 shall be imposed. Aside from report of foreign investment information, the Foreign Investment Law shall also establish a safety review system for foreign investment, under which the safety review shall be conducted for any foreign investment affecting or having the possibility to affect national security. The decision made upon the safety review in accordance with the law shall be final.

Regulation on Advertising Business and Conditions on Foreign Investment

The SAMR is the primary governmental authority regulating advertising activities in mainland China. Regulations that apply to advertising business primarily include: (i) Advertisement Law of the People’s Republic of China, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on October 27, 1994 and amended on April 24, 2015, October 26, 2018, and April 29, 2021; (ii) Administrative Regulations for Advertising, promulgated by the State Council on October 26, 1987 and effective on December 1, 1987. According to the above regulations, companies that engage in advertising activities must obtain, from the SAMR or its local branches, a business license which specifically includes operating an advertising business in its business scope. Enterprises engaged in the advertising business with such advertising business in its business scope do not need to apply for an advertising operation license, but such enterprise cannot be a radio station, a television station, a newspaper and magazine publishing house or other any other entity otherwise specified in the relevant laws or administrative regulations. Enterprises engaged in advertising without permission may be fined, confiscated advertising revenue, or stopped advertising. The business license of an advertising company is valid for the duration of its existence, unless the license is suspended or revoked due to a violation of any relevant laws or regulations.

Advertising laws and regulations of mainland China set certain content requirements for advertisements in mainland China, including, among other things, prohibitions on false or misleading content, superlative wording, socially destabilizing content or content involving obscenities, superstition, violence, discrimination or infringement of the public interest. Advertisers, advertising agencies, and advertising distributors are required to ensure that the content of the advertisements they prepare or distribute is true and in complete compliance with applicable laws. In providing advertising services, advertising operators and advertising distributors must review the supporting documents provided by advertisers for advertisements and verify that the content of the advertisements complies with applicable laws and regulations of mainland China. Prior to distributing advertisements that are subject to government censorship and approval, advertising distributors are obligated to confirm that such censorship has been performed and approval has been obtained. Violation of these regulations may result in penalties, including fines, confiscation of advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to publish an advertisement correcting the misleading information. Where serious violations occur, the SAMR or its local branches may revoke such offenders’ licenses or permits for their advertising business operations.

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On July 4, 2016, the PRC State Administration of Industry and Commerce, or the SAIC issued the Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertising, or the Internet Advertising Measures, which became effective on September 1, 2016. According to the Internet Advertising Measures, Internet Advertising refers to the commercial advertising for direct or indirect marketing goods or services in the form of text, image, audio, video, or others means through websites, webpages, internet apps, or other internet media. The Internet Advertising Measures specifically sets out the following requirements: (a) advertisements must be identifiable and marked with the word “advertisement” enabling consumers to distinguish them from non-advertisement information; (b) sponsored search results must be clearly distinguished from organic search results; (c) it is forbidden to send advertisements or advertisement links by email without the recipient’s permission or induce Internet users to click on an advertisement in a deceptive manner; and (d) internet information service providers that do not participate in the operation of internet advertisements should stop publishing illegal advertisements if they know or should know that the advertisements are illegal.

On February 25, 2023, the SAMR promulgated the Measures for Internet Advertisement Administration, which will take effect on May 1, 2023 and take place of the Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertising. The Measures for Internet Advertisement Administration strengthen the management of pop-up advertisements, link advertisements and advertorials, and so forth. The Measures for Internet Advertisement Administration stipulates that promotion of commodities or services in the form of paid listing on the internet must be conspicuously identified as an advertisement, and it requires advertisers, operators and publishers of internet advertisements containing links to examine the contents in the next level link. Furthermore, internet platform operators are obliged to cooperate with advertising monitoring, assist in supervision and provide statistical data.

Intellectual Property Rights

Software Registration

The State Council and the NCA have promulgated various rules and regulations relating to protection of software in mainland China. According to these rules and regulations, software owners, licensees and transferees may register their rights in software with the Copyright Protection Center of China or its local branches and obtain software copyright registration certificates. Although such registration is not mandatory under law of mainland China, software owners, licensees and transferees are encouraged to go through the registration process and registered software rights may be entitled to better protections.

Patents

The National People’s Congress adopted the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China in 1984 and amended it in 1992, 2000, 2008 and 2020 (the current effective revision became effective on June 1, 2021). A patentable invention, utility model or design must meet three conditions: novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability. Patents cannot be granted for scientific discoveries, rules and methods for intellectual activities, methods used to diagnose or treat diseases, animal and plant breeds or substances obtained by means of nuclear transformation. The Patent Office under the State Intellectual Property Office is responsible for receiving, examining and approving patent applications. A patent is valid for a twenty-year term for an invention and a ten-year term for a utility model or design, starting from the application date. Except under certain specific circumstances provided by law, any third-party user must obtain consent or a proper license from the patent owner to use the patent, or else the use will constitute an infringement of the rights of the patent holder.

According to the PRC Patent Law, if the Patent Office finds the application of an invention conforms to the legal requirements after its preliminary examination of such application documents, it shall publish the application promptly within 18 full months after the filing date. According to the Guidelines of Patent Examination that took effect on July 1, 2006, as amended in 2010, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2019 and 2020 the examination of patent shall include the preliminary examination, the substantive examination, examination of international applications entering the national phase and review. However, the above-mentioned regulations do not explicitly state how long it takes for a patent application to be approved or denied. In practice, it generally may take up to one year for the Patent Office to review and approve or deny applications of patents in the category of utility model or design and two to five years in the category of invention.

Copyright Law

The Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China, promulgated in 1990 and amended in 2001, 2010 and 2020 (the current effective revision became effective on June 1, 2021), or the Copyright Law, and its related implementation regulations, promulgated in 2002 and amended in 2013, are the principal laws and regulations governing the copyright related matters. The amended Copyright law covers internet activities, products disseminated over the internet and software products, among the subjects entitled to copyright protections. Registration of copyright is voluntary, and it is administrated by the China Copyright Protection Center.

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To further clarify some key internet copyright issues, on December 29, 2020, the PRC Supreme People’s Court promulgated the Regulation on Several Issues Concerning Applicable Laws on Trial of Civil Disputes over the Infringement of Information Network Transmission Right, or the 2020 Regulation. The 2020 Regulation took effect on January 1, 2020, and replaced the Interpretations on Some Issues Concerning Applicable Laws for Trial of Disputes over Internet Copyright that was initially adopted in 2000 and subsequently amended in 2004, 2006 and 2020. Under the 2020 Regulation, where an internet information service provider work in cooperation with others to jointly provide works, performances, audio and video products of which the right holders have information network transmission right, such behavior will constitute joint infringement of third parties’ information network transmission right, and the court in mainland China shall order such internet information service provider to assume join liability for such infringement.

To address the problem of copyright infringement related to content posted or transmitted on the internet, the PRC National Copyright Administration and MIIT jointly promulgated the Measures for Administrative Protection of Copyright Related to Internet on April 29, 2005. These measures, which became effective on May 30, 2005, apply to acts of automatically providing services such as uploading, storing, linking or searching works, audio or video products, or other contents through the internet based on the instructions of internet users who publish contents on the internet, or the Internet Content Providers, without editing, amending or selecting any stored or transmitted content. When imposing administrative penalties upon the act which infringes upon any users’ right of communication through information networks, the Measures for Imposing Copyright Administrative Penalties, promulgated in 2009, shall be applied.

Where a copyright holder finds that certain internet content infringes upon its copyright and sends a notice to the relevant internet information service operator, the relevant internet information service operator is required to (i) immediately take measures to remove the relevant contents, and (ii) retain all infringement notices for six months and to record the content, display time and IP addresses or the domain names related to the infringement for 60 days. If the content is removed by an internet information service operator according to the notice of a copyright holder, the content provider may deliver a counter-notice to both the internet information service operator and the copyright holder, stating that the removed content does not infringe upon the copyright of other parties. After the delivery of such counter-notice, the internet information service operator may immediately reinstate the removed contents and shall not bear administrative legal liability for such reinstatement.

An internet information service operator may be subject to cease-and-desist orders and other administrative penalties such as confiscation of illegal income and fines, if it is clearly aware of a copyright infringement through the internet or, although not aware of such infringement, it fails to take measures to remove relevant content upon receipt of the copyright owner’s notice of infringement and, as a result, damages public interests.

Where there is no evidence to indicate that an internet information service operator is clearly aware of the existence of copyright infringement, or the internet information service operator has taken measures to remove relevant contents upon receipt of the copyright owner’s notice, the internet information service provider shall not bear the relevant administrative legal liabilities.

We have adopted measures to mitigate copyright infringement risks. But we could still face copyright infringement claims with respect to copyrighted content being streamed live, recorded or made accessible, or songs performed live, recorded or made accessible on our platform. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in our payment of substantial damages, penalties and fines, removal of relevant content from our platform or seeking license arrangements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.”

Domain Name

In June 2019, the China Internet Network Information Center, or the CNNIC issued the Implementation Rules for Registration of National First Tier Domain Names, which became effective on June 18, 2019. On August 24, 2017, the MIIT promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Internet Domain Names, or the Domain Name Measures. The Domain Name Measures regulate the registration of domain names, such as the first tier domain name “.cn.” On November 27, 2017, the Ministry of Industry & Information Technology issued the Notice of the MIIT on Regulating the Use of Domain Names in Internet Information Services which has come into force on January 1, 2018. Internet access service providers shall verify the real identity information about the domain name registrant through the Recordation System and shall verify the status of domain names used by Internet information service providers through the Recordation System on a regular basis.

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Trademark

The PRC Trademark Law, adopted in 1982 and amended in 1993, 2001, 2013 and 2019, with its implementation rules adopted in 2014, protects registered trademarks. The Trademark Office of the SAMR handles trademark registrations and grants a protection term of ten years to registered trademarks, which may be extended for another ten years upon request. Trademark license agreements must be filed with the Trademark Office for record.

Internet Infringement

On May 28, 2020, the National People’s Congress promulgated the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, or the Civil Code, which became effective on January 1, 2021. Under the Civil Code, an internet user or an internet service provider that infringes upon the civil rights or interests of others through using the internet assumes tort liability. If an internet user infringes upon the civil rights or interests of another through using the internet, the person being infringed upon has the right to notify and request the internet service provider whose internet services are facilitating the infringement to take necessary measures including the deletion, blocking or disconnection of an internet link. If, after being notified, the internet service provider fails to take necessary measures in a timely manner to end the infringement, it will be jointly and severally liable for any additional harm caused by its failure to act.

Regulation of Internet Content and Information Security

The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services specify that internet information services regarding news, publications, education, medical and health care, pharmacy and medical appliances, among other things, are to be examined, approved and regulated by the relevant authorities. Internet information providers are prohibited from providing services beyond those included in the scope of their ICP licenses or filings. The government of mainland China has promulgated measures relating to internet content through a number of governmental agencies, including the MIIT, the MCT and the GAPP. These measures specifically prohibit internet activities, that result in the publication of any content which is found to contain, among others, propagate obscenity, gambling or violence, instigate crimes, undermine public morality or the cultural traditions of China, or compromise state security or secrets. Internet information providers must monitor and control the information posted on their websites. If any prohibited content is found, they must remove the offensive content immediately, keep a record of it and report it to the relevant authorities.

On January 13, 2006, the Ministry of Public Security promulgated the Provisions on Technological Measures for Internet Security Protection, or the Internet Protection Measures, which took effect on March 1, 2006. The Internet Protection Measures requires all internet information services operators to take proper measures including anti-virus, data back-up and other related measures, and keep records of certain information about their users (including user registration information, log-in and log-out time, IP address, content and time of posts by users) for at least 60 days and submit the above information as required by laws and regulations.

The National People’s Congress, China’s national legislative body, enacted the Decisions on the Maintenance of Internet Security on December 28, 2000 and subsequently amended on August 27, 2009, that may subject any persons to criminal liabilities in mainland China for any attempt to: (i) gain improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights. The Ministry of Public Security has promulgated measures that prohibit use of the internet in ways which, among other things, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content.

In 1997, the Ministry of Public Security issued the Administration Measures on the Security Protection of Computer Information Network with Internationally Connections (2011 amendment), which prohibit using the internet in ways which, among others, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content. The Ministry of Public Security has supervision and inspection powers in this regard, and relevant local security bureaus may also have jurisdiction. If an ICP license holder violates these measures, the government of mainland China may revoke its ICP license and shut down its websites.

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In December 2012, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection, or the Network Information Protection Decision, to enhance the legal protection of information security and privacy on the internet. The Network Information Protection Decision also requires internet operators to take measures to ensure confidentiality of information of users. In July 2013, the MIIT promulgated the Provisions on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunication and Internet Users to regulate the collection and use of users’ personal information in the provision of telecommunication service and internet information service in mainland China. In August 2015, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law, which became effective in November 2015 and amended the standards of crime of infringing citizens’ personal information and reinforced the criminal culpability of unlawful collection, transaction, and provision of personal information. It further provides that any ICP provider that fails to fulfill the obligations related to internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon orders will be subject to criminal liability. In November 2016, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which requires, among others, that network operators take security measures to protect the network from unauthorized interference, damage and unauthorized access and prevent data from being divulged, stolen or tampered with. Network operators are also required to collect and use personal information in compliance with the principles of legitimacy, properness and necessity, and strictly within the scope of authorization by the subject of personal information unless otherwise prescribed by laws or regulations. The Civil Code promulgated in 2020 also provides specific provisions regarding the protection of personal information.

On July 30, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021. Pursuant to the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, critical information infrastructure shall mean any important network facilities or information systems of the important industry or field such as public communication and information service, energy, transportation, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, which may endanger national security, people’s livelihood and public interest in case of damage, function loss or data leakage. In addition, relevant administration departments of each critical industry and sector, or Protection Departments, shall be responsible to formulate eligibility criteria and determine the critical information infrastructure operator in the respective industry or sector. The operators shall be informed about the final determination as to whether they are categorized as critical information infrastructure operators.

On November 14, 2021, the CAC issued the Administrative Regulations of Cyber Data Security (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Cyber Data Security Regulations, which provide that data processors conducting the following activities shall apply for cybersecurity review: (i) merger, reorganization or separation of Internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to national security, economic development or public interests affects or may affect national security; (ii) listing abroad of data processors processing over one million users’ personal information; (iii) listing in Hong Kong which affects or may affect national security; (iv) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security.

December 28, 2021, the CAC, the NDRC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of National Security, the Ministry of Finance, the MOFCOM, the People’s Bank of China, the SAMR, the NRTA, the CSRC, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the State Cryptography Administration jointly released the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which took effect on February 15, 2022. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, network platform operators with personal information of over one million users shall apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before going to list abroad. The cybersecurity review will evaluate, among others, the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data, or the risk of a large amount of personal information being influenced, controlled or maliciously used by foreign governments after going public, and cyber information security risk.

To comply with the above laws and regulations, we have established an internet information security system to implement measures on information filtering. We have four levels of content management and review procedures including automated our AI backed screening technology and system, our manual content screening team, our frequently updated blacklists and our responsive abuse reporting mechanism.

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Privacy Protection

Under the Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, issued by the MIIT in 2011, an ICP service operator may not collect any user personal information or provide such information to third parties without the consent of a user. An ICP service operator must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose for the collection and processing of such user personal information and may only collect such information necessary for the provision of its services. Laws and regulations of mainland China prohibit internet content providers from disclosing any information transmitted by users through their networks to any third parties without their authorization unless otherwise permitted by law. An ICP service operator is also required to properly keep the user personal information, and in case of any leak or likely leak of the user personal information, the ICP service operator must take immediate remedial measures and, in severe circumstances, to make an immediate report to the telecommunications regulatory authority. In addition, pursuant to the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Online Information issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in December 2012 and the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information issued by the MIIT in July 2013, any collection and use of user personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity and be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes. An ICP service operator must also keep such information strictly confidential, and is further prohibited from divulging, tampering or destroying of any such information, or selling or providing such information to other parties. If an internet content provider violates these regulations, the MIIT or its local bureaus may impose penalties and the internet content provider may be liable for damages caused to its users. In August 2015, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law, which became effective in November 2015 and amended the standards of crimes related to the infringement of citizens’ personal information and reinforced the criminal culpability of unlawful collection, transaction, and provision of personal information. It further provides that any ICP provider that fails to fulfill the obligations related to internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon orders will be subject to criminal liability. In November 2016, the Standing Committee of the NPC promulgated the PRC Cyber Security Law, which requires, among others, that network operators take security measures to protect the network from unauthorized interference, damage and unauthorized access and prevent data from being divulged, stolen or tampered with. Network operators are also required to collect and use personal information in compliance with the principles of legitimacy, properness and necessity, and strictly within the scope of authorization by the subject of personal information unless otherwise prescribed by laws or regulations. The Civil Code promulgated in 2020 also provides specific provisions regarding the protection of personal information.

Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution

Foreign currency exchange

The core regulations governing foreign currency exchange in mainland China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, as amended in August 2008, or the FEA Regulations. Certain organizations in mainland China, including foreign invested enterprises, may purchase, sell and/or remit foreign currencies at certain banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange business upon providing valid commercial documents. However, approval of SAFE is required for capital account transactions.

On August 29, 2008, SAFE issued Circular 142 to regulate the conversion of foreign currency into Renminbi by a foreign-invested enterprise by restricting the ways in which the converted Renminbi may be used. Circular 142 requires that the registered capital of a foreign invested enterprise converted into Renminbi from foreign currencies may only be utilized for purposes within its business scope. Meanwhile, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies. The use of such Renminbi capital may not be changed without the SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case be repayment of Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. In addition, SAFE promulgated Circular 45 on November 9, 2011 in order to clarify the application of SAFE Circular 142. Under SAFE Circular 142 and Circular 45, the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable government authority and may not be used for equity investments within mainland China.

Since SAFE Circular 142 has been in place for more than five years, in 2014, SAFE decided to further reform the foreign exchange administration system in order to satisfy and facilitate the business and capital operations of foreign invested enterprises, and issued the Circular on the Relevant Issues Concerning the Launch of Reforming Trial of the Administration Model of the Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises in Certain Areas on July 4, 2014, or SAFE Circular 36. SAFE Circular 36 suspends the application of SAFE Circular 142 in certain areas and allows a foreign-invested enterprise registered in such areas to use the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital for equity investments within the scope of business, which will be regarded as the reinvestment of foreign-invested enterprise. On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued the Circular on the Reforming of the Management Method of the Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, which took effect on June 1, 2015 and amended in 2016 and 2019, and replaced SAFE Circular 142 and SAFE Circular 36. Under SAFE Circular 19, a foreign-invested enterprise, within the scope of business, may also choose to convert its registered capital from foreign currency to RMB on a discretionary basis, and the RMB capital so converted can be used for equity investments within mainland China, which will be regarded as the reinvestment of foreign-invested enterprise.

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Dividend distribution

The Foreign Investment Enterprise Law, promulgated in 1986 and amended in 2000 and 2016, and the Administrative Rules under the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law, promulgated in 2001 and 2014, are the key regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign-invested enterprises. The Foreign Investment Law and its implementing regulations, which took effect on January 1, 2020, replaced The Foreign Investment Enterprise Law.

According to these regulations, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise in mainland China, or a WFOE, may pay dividends only out of its accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations of mainland China. In addition, a WFOE is required to allocate at least 10% of its accumulated profits each year, if any, to statutory reserve funds unless its reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. The proportional ratio for withdrawal of rewards and welfare funds for employees shall be determined at the discretion of the WFOE. Profits of a WFOE shall not be distributed before the losses thereof before the previous accounting years have been made up. Any undistributed profit for the previous accounting years may be distributed together with the distributable profit for the current accounting year.

Circular 37. Pursuant to SAFE’s Notice on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Residents’ Investment and Financing and Round-Trip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, issued and effective on July 4, 2014, and its appendixes, mainland China residents, including mainland China institutions and individuals, must register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such mainland China residents’ legally owned assets or equity interest in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, including but not limited to increase or decrease of capital contributed by mainland China individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event.

In the event that a mainland China shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the mainland China subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making distributions of profit to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in their ability to contribute additional capital into its mainland China subsidiary. And, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under mainland China law for foreign exchange evasion, including (i) of up to 30% of the total amount of foreign exchange remitted overseas and deemed to have been evasive, and (ii) in circumstances involving serious violations, a fine of no less than 30% of and up to the total amount of remitted foreign exchange deemed evasive. Furthermore, the persons-in-charge and other persons at our subsidiaries in mainland China who are held directly liable for the violations may be subject to criminal sanctions. These regulations apply to our direct and indirect shareholders who are mainland China residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions and share transfer that we make in the future if our shares are issued to mainland China residents. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—The regulations in mainland China relating to offshore investment activities by mainland China residents may limit the ability of our subsidiaries in mainland China to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us to liability and penalties under law of mainland China.”

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Stock option rules

Pursuant to the Notice on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, or Circular 7, issued by SAFE in February 2012, employees, directors, supervisors and other senior management participating in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company who are mainland China citizens or who are non-mainland China citizens residing in mainland China for a continuous period of not less than one year, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be a subsidiary in mainland China of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our wholly foreign owned subsidiaries in mainland China and limit these subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. The agents in mainland China shall, on behalf of the mainland China residents who have the right to exercise the employee share options, apply to SAFE or its local branches for an annual quota for the payment of foreign currencies in connection with the mainland China residents’ exercise of the employee share options. The foreign exchange proceeds received by the mainland China residents from the sale of shares under the stock incentive plans granted and dividends distributed by the overseas listed companies must be remitted into the bank accounts in mainland China opened by the mainland China agents before distribution to such mainland China residents. In addition, the agents in mainland China shall file each quarter the form for record-filing of information of the Domestic Individuals Participating in the Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies with SAFE or its local branches. We and our citizen employees in mainland China who have been granted share options, or optionees in mainland China, are subject to the Stock Option Rules. If we or our mainland China optionees fail to comply with the Individual Foreign Exchange Rule and the Stock Option Rules, we and our mainland China optionees may be subject to fines and other legal sanctions. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—The regulations in mainland China relating to offshore investment activities by mainland China residents may limit the ability of our subsidiaries in mainland China to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us to liability and penalties under law of mainland China.”

In addition, the State Administration for Taxation has issued circulars concerning employee share options, under which our employees working in mainland China who exercise share options will be subject to individual income tax of mainland China. Our subsidiaries in mainland China have obligations to file documents related to employee share options with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or if we fail to withhold their income taxes as required by relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities of mainland China or other government authorities of mainland China.

Regulation on Tax

Enterprise income tax in mainland China

The enterprise income tax in mainland China is calculated based on the taxable income determined under the applicable EIT Law and its implementation rules. On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress of China enacted the New EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was subsequently amended on February 24, 2017 and December 29, 2018. On December 6, 2007, the State Council promulgated the implementation rules to the New EIT Law, which also became effective on January 1, 2008 and amended on April 23, 2019.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, an enterprise established outside mainland China with “de facto management bodies” within mainland China is considered a “resident enterprise” for mainland China enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. A circular issued by the SAT in April 2009 and amended in November 2013 and December 2017 regarding the standards used to classify certain Chinese invested enterprises controlled by Chinese enterprises or Chinese enterprise groups and established outside of mainland China as “resident enterprises” clarified that dividends and other income paid by such mainland China “resident enterprises” will be considered mainland China source income and subject to mainland China withholding tax, currently at a rate of 10%, when paid to non mainland China enterprise shareholders. This circular also subjects such mainland China “resident enterprises” to various reporting requirements with the tax authorities of mainland China. Under the implementation regulations to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise.

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According to Circular 82, a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a mainland China tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in mainland China and will be subject to enterprise income tax of mainland China on its global income only if all of the following conditions set forth in Circular 82 are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in mainland China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in mainland China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in mainland China; and (iv) 50% or more of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in mainland China.

In addition, the SAT Bulletin 45, which was amended in June 2015, June 2016 and June 2018, provides clarification on the resident status determination, post-determination administration, and competent tax authorities. It also specifies that when provided with a copy of mainland China resident determination certificate from a resident Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise, the payer should not withhold 10% income tax when paying certain mainland China-sourced income such as dividends, interest and royalties to the Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT Circular 7 superseded existing provisions in relation to the Indirect Transfer as set forth in Circular 698, while the other provisions of Circular 698 remain in force. SAT Circular 7, which came into effect on the same day, amended on October 17, 2017 and December 29, 2017, introduces a new tax regime that is significantly different from that under Circular 698. According to the Announcement of SAT on Matters Concerning Withholding of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises at Source that took effect on December 1,2017 and amended on June 15,2018, Circular 698 has been abolished. Public Notice extends its tax jurisdiction to capture not only Indirect Transfer as set forth under Circular 698 but also transactions involving transfer of immovable property in mainland China and assets held under the establishment and place, in mainland China of a foreign company through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. SAT Circular 7 also addresses transfer of the equity interest in a foreign intermediate holding company widely. In addition, SAT Circular 7 provides clearer criteria than Circular 698 on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and introduces safe harbor scenarios applicable to internal group restructurings. However, it also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee of the Indirect Transfer as they have to make self-assessment on whether the transaction should be subject to tax of mainland China and to file or withhold the tax of mainland China accordingly. According to SAT Circular 7, “China taxable properties” include assets of a mainland China establishment or place of business, real properties in mainland China, and equity investments in mainland China resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-mainland China resident enterprise, would be subject to enterprise income taxes of mainland China. When determining if there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from mainland China taxable properties; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in mainland China or if its income mainly derives from mainland China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding mainland China taxable properties have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of mainland China taxable properties; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer outside mainland China, and its applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a mainland China establishment or place of business of a foreign enterprise, the resulting gain is to be included with the annual enterprise filing of the mainland China establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to mainland China enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to mainland China real properties or to equity investments in a mainland China resident enterprise, which is not related to a mainland China establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a mainland China enterprise income tax at 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Where the payer fails to withhold any or sufficient tax, the transferor shall declare and pay such tax to the competent tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit. Late payment of applicable tax will subject the transferor to default interest. Currently, neither SAT Circular 698 nor SAT Circular 7 applies to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange.

We do not meet all of the conditions above, and therefore, we believe that we should not be treated as a “resident enterprise” for mainland China tax purposes even if the standards for “de facto management body” prescribed in the SAT Circular 82 are applicable to us. For example, our minutes and files of the resolutions of our board of directors and the resolutions of our shareholders are maintained outside mainland China. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—Under the enterprise income tax law of mainland China, we may be classified as a mainland China “resident enterprise,” which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.”

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Value added tax

The Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Value-added Tax, or the VAT Regulations, were promulgated by the State Council on December 13, 1993, became effective on January 1, 1994, and were subsequently amended in 2008, 2016 and 2017. The Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Value-added Tax was promulgated by the MOF, on December 25, 1993 and subsequently amended on December 15, 2008 and October 28, 2011. On January 1, 2012, SAT officially launched a pilot VAT reform program, or Pilot Program, applicable to businesses in selected industries. Businesses in the Pilot Program would pay VAT instead of business tax. The Pilot Industries in Shanghai included industries involving the leasing of tangible movable property, transportation services, research and development and technical services, information technology services, cultural and creative services, logistics and ancillary services, certification and consulting services. The Pilot Program initially applied only to transportation industry and modern service industries, Pilot Industries, in Shanghai in 2011 and expanded to eight trial regions (including Beijing and Guangdong province) and nationwide progressively from August to December 2012. The Pilot Industries in Shanghai included industries involving the leasing of tangible movable property, transportation services, research and development and technical services, information technology services, cultural and creative services, logistics and ancillary services, certification and consulting services. Revenues generated by advertising services, a type of “cultural and creative services”, are subject to the VAT tax rate of 6%. According to official announcements made by competent authorities in Beijing and Guangdong province, Beijing launched the same Pilot Program on September 1, 2012, and Guangdong province launched it on November 1, 2012. Revenues generated by advertising services, a type of “cultural and creative services,” are subject to the VAT tax rate of 6%. Going forward, in Guangdong province, we will pay the pilot VAT instead of business taxes for our live streaming services, advertising activities, and for any other parts of our business that are deemed by the competent state tax authorities to be in the scope of the Pilot Industries.

On March 23, 2016, the MOF and the SAT issued the Circular on Comprehensively Promoting the Pilot Program of the Collection of Value added Tax in Lieu of Business Tax. Effective from May 1, 2016, the tax authorities of mainland China collect VAT in lieu of Business Tax in all regions and industries. The primary applicable rate of VAT is 6% for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

Construction fee of cultural undertakings

According to applicable tax regulations or rules of mainland China, advertising service providers are generally required to pay a construction fee of cultural undertakings at the rate of 3% on the revenues (a) which are generated from providing advertising services and (b) which are also subject to VAT after the VAT reform program. According to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Adjusting the Relevant Policies of Certain Government-Managed Funds (“Cai Shui 2019 No. 46”) issued by the Ministry of Finance, and relevant local policies, from July 1, 2019 to December 31, 2024, construction fee of cultural undertakings have been reduced by 50% in certain jurisdictions. Our subsidiaries in mainland China are subject to this policy.

Labor laws and social insurance

The principle laws that govern employment include: (i) Labor Law of the People’s Republic of China, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on July 5, 1994, effective since January 1, 1995 and amended on August 27, 2009 and December 29, 2018; and (ii) Labor Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on June 29, 2007 and amended on December 28, 2012.

According to the Labor Law and Labor Contract Law, employers must execute written labor contracts with full-time employees. All employers must compensate their employees with wages equal to at least the local minimum wage standards. All employers are required to establish a system for labor safety and sanitation, strictly comply with state rules and standards and provide employees with workplace safety training. Violations of the PRC Labor Contract Law and the PRC Labor Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative penalties. For serious violations, criminal liability may arise.

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In addition, an employer is obligated to sign an indefinite term labor contract with an employee if the employer continues to employ the employee after two consecutive fixed term labor contracts. The employer also need to pay compensation to the employee if the employer terminates an indefinite term labor contract. Employers in mainland China are required to provide employees with welfare schemes covering pension insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing funds.

According to the Social Insurance Law, an employer that fails to make social insurance contributions may be ordered to pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline and be subject to a late fee. If the employer still fails to rectify the failure to make social insurance contributions within the stipulated deadline, it may be subject to a fine ranging from one to three times the amount overdue. According to the Regulations on Administration of Housing Fund, an enterprise that fails to make housing fund contributions may be ordered to rectify the noncompliance and pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline; otherwise, an application may be made to a local court for compulsory enforcement.

We have caused all of our full-time employees to enter into written labor contracts with us and have provided and currently provide our employees with the proper welfare and employment benefits.

New M&A regulations and overseas listings

On August 8, 2006, six governmental agencies of mainland China jointly promulgated the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the New M&A Rule, which became effective on September 8, 2006, and amended on June 22, 2009. The New M&A Rule requires offshore special purpose vehicles formed to pursue overseas listing of equity interests in mainland China companies and controlled directly or indirectly by mainland China companies or individuals to obtain the approval of the Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on any stock exchange overseas.

The application of the M&A Rules remains unclear. We are advised by our mainland China legal counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, that based on its understanding on the current mainland China laws, rules and regulations, prior approval from the CSRC is not required under the M&A Rules for the listing and trading of our ADSs on the NYSE.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Trial Measures, (i) domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, either directly or indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedure and report relevant information to the CSRC; if a domestic company fails to complete the filing procedure, conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, the domestic company may be subject to administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings and fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines; (ii) if the issuer meets both of the following conditions, the overseas offering and listing shall be determined as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company: (x) any of the total assets, net assets, revenues or profits of the domestic operating entities of the issuer in the most recent accounting year accounts for more than 50% of the corresponding figure in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period; (y) its major operational activities are carried out in mainland China or its main places of business are located in mainland China, or the senior managers in charge of operation and management of the issuer are mostly Chinese citizens or are domiciled in mainland China; and (iii) where a domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in an overseas market, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity responsible for all filing procedures with the CSRC. Domestic companies which violate the Trial Measures by failure in performing filing procedures shall simultaneously be ordered by the CSRC to make correction, be given a warning, and be subject to a fine ranging from RMB1 million to RMB10 million. The directly accountable persons in charge and other directly accountable personnel shall simultaneously be given a warning and be subject to a fine ranging from RMB500,000 to RMB5 million.

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For detailed analysis, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—The M&A Rules and certain other regulations in mainland China establish complex procedures for certain acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in mainland China.” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other government authorities of mainland China may be required in connection with our future offshore offerings and capital raising activities under law of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.”

D. Organizational Structure

The following diagram summarizes our corporate structure chart, including our principal subsidiaries and the VIE, as of the date of this annual report:

Note:

(1) The shareholder of Guangzhou Huya is Linzhi Tencent Technology Co., Ltd., an affiliate of Tencent, holding 100% of Guangzhou Huya’s equity interest.

Contractual Arrangements with Guangzhou Huya

Laws and regulations of mainland China impose restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in internet-based businesses such as distribution of online information, value-added telecommunications services. We are a Cayman Islands company and our subsidiary in mainland China is considered a foreign-invested enterprise. We believe the live streaming services offered through our platform constitute a type of value-added telecommunication services that foreign ownership and investment are restricted; and therefore we should operate our platform through contractual arrangements with a variable interest entity and its shareholders to ensure compliance with the relevant laws and regulations of mainland China. We have entered into a series of contractual arrangements, through Huya Technology, with Guangzhou Huya and the shareholder of Guangzhou Huya to obtain contractual rights over Guangzhou Huya and its subsidiaries, through which we operate our live streaming business.

We currently conduct our business through Guangzhou Huya and its subsidiaries based on these contractual arrangements, which allow us to:

• exercise contractual rights over Guangzhou Huya and its subsidiaries;

• receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Guangzhou Huya and its subsidiaries; and

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• have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Guangzhou Huya when and to the extent permitted by law of mainland China.

As a result of these contractual arrangements, we have become the primary beneficiary of Guangzhou Huya, and we treat Guangzhou Huya as the variable interest entity under U.S. GAAP. We have consolidated the financial results of Guangzhou Huya and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The shareholder of Guangzhou Huya was changed from Guangzhou Huaduo and Guangzhou Qinlv Investment Consulting Co., Ltd. to Linzhi Tencent in September 2020. The following is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements by and among our wholly-owned subsidiary, Huya Technology, the variable interest entity, Guangzhou Huya, and Linzhi Tencent.

Agreements that provide us with contractual rights over Guangzhou Huya

Shareholder Voting Rights Proxy Agreement. On September 17, 2020, Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya, and Linzhi Tencent entered into a voting rights proxy agreement. Under the voting rights proxy agreement, Linzhi Tencent, as the shareholder of Guangzhou Huya, irrevocably executed a power of attorney and appointed Huya Technology as its attorney-in-fact to exercise such shareholder’s rights in Guangzhou Huya, including, without limitation, the power to vote on its behalf on all matters of Guangzhou Huya requiring shareholder approval under laws and regulations of mainland China and the articles of association of Guangzhou Huya and rights to information relating to all business aspects of Guangzhou Huya. The term of this agreement is ten years from the execution date of this agreement and will be automatically extended for one more year indefinitely. Huya Technology has sole discretion to terminate the agreement at any time by providing 30 days’ prior written notice to Guangzhou Huya.

Equity Interest Pledge Agreement. On September 17, 2020, Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and Linzhi Tencent entered into an equity interest pledge agreement. Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreement, Linzhi Tencent, as the shareholder of Guangzhou Huya, pledged all of its equity interests in Guangzhou Huya to Huya Technology to guarantee the performance by Guangzhou Huya and Linzhi Tencent of their respective obligations under the exclusive business cooperation agreement, exclusive option agreement and voting rights proxy agreement. If Guangzhou Huya or Linzhi Tencent breaches their respective contractual obligations under those agreements, Huya Technology, as the pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell the pledged equity interests. This pledge will become effective on the date the pledged equity interests are registered with the competent administration for market regulation and will remain effective until the pledgor is no longer the shareholder of Guangzhou Huya. The pledged equity interests were registered with the competent administration for market regulation on September 21, 2020.

Agreement that allows us to receive economic benefits from Guangzhou Huya

Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement. On September 17, 2020, Huya Technology and Guangzhou Huya entered into an exclusive business cooperation agreement. Under the exclusive business cooperation agreement, Huya Technology has the exclusive right to provide to Guangzhou Huya technology support, business support and consulting services related to Guangzhou Huya’s business, the scope of which is to be determined by Huya Technology from time to time. Huya Technology owns the exclusive intellectual property rights created as a result of the performance of this agreement. The timing and amount of the service fee payments shall be determined at the sole discretion of Huya Technology, considering, among other things, the technical difficulty and the complexity of the services, the time needed for providing such services and the specific content and business value of the services. The term of this agreement is ten years from the execution date of this agreement and will be automatically extended for another ten years, unless otherwise agreed upon by Huya Technology and Guangzhou Huya.

Agreement that provide us with the option to purchase the equity interests in Guangzhou Huya

Exclusive Option Agreement. On September 17, 2020, Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya, and Linzhi Tencent entered into an exclusive option agreement. Under the exclusive option agreement, Linzhi Tencent irrevocably granted Huya Technology or its designated representatives an exclusive option to purchase, to the extent permitted under law of mainland China, all or part of its equity interests in Guangzhou Huya. Huya Technology or its designated representatives have sole discretion as to when to exercise such options, either in part or in full. Without Huya Technology’s prior written consent, Linzhi Tencent shall not sell, transfer, mortgage or otherwise dispose of its equity interests in Guangzhou Huya. The term of this agreement is ten years and may be extended at Huya Technology’s sole discretion.

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In the opinion of Commerce & Finance Law Offices, our mainland China legal counsel:

• the ownership structures of Huya Technology and Guangzhou Huya are in compliance with laws or regulations of mainland China currently in effect; and

• the contractual arrangements among Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and Linzhi Tencent governed by mainland China law, are valid, binding and enforceable under law of mainland China, and do not and will not result in any violation of applicable laws or regulations of mainland China currently in effect.

However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future laws, regulations and rules of mainland China. If the government of mainland China finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our live streaming business do not comply with government restrictions of mainland China on foreign investment in value-added telecommunications services business, such as the internet content provision services, we could be subject to severe penalties, including being prohibited from continuing operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the government of mainland China finds that the structure we have adopted for our business operations does not comply with laws and regulations of mainland China, or if these laws or regulations or interpretations of existing laws or regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties, including the shutting down of our platform and our business operations,” “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in the regulation of mainland China relating to the internet industry and companies,” “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—Uncertainties with respect to the legal system of mainland China and the interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations of mainland China could limit the legal protections available to you and us,” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.”

E. Property, Plants and Equipment

Our corporate headquarters is located in Guangzhou, China. As of the date of March 31, 2023, we have leased office space with an aggregate area of over 30,975 square meters, of which 21,102 square meters are in our Guangzhou headquarters and the remainder in Foshan, Beijing and other cities within and outside mainland China. We lease certain of our office premises from JOYY, a major shareholder of ours, under operating lease agreements. Our physical servers are primarily hosted at internet data centers owned by major domestic internet data center providers. In November 2020, we entered into an agreement to obtain the usage right to a piece of land with an area of approximately 29,258 square meters in Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China, through a public auction. Our winning bid price was RMB310.2 million. We are currently developing office space on the land to accommodate future work force expansion and reduce long term operating costs and expenses. We believe that our existing facilities are generally adequate in meeting our current needs, but we expect to seek additional space as needed to accommodate future growth.

ITEM 4.A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and their related notes included in this annual report. This report contains forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Information.” In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information provided under the caption “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” in this annual report. We caution you that our businesses and financial performance are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties.

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A. Operating Results

We are a leading game live streaming platform in mainland China. Leveraging our advantages as a pioneer and leader in the game live streaming market in mainland China, we have successfully emerged as one of the leading content-centric platforms with powerful content development capabilities. Our commitment to providing strong support and resources to broadcasters and talent agencies allows us to offer high-quality content from diversified sources. Through close cooperation with e-sports tournament and game event organizers, as well as major game developers and publishers, we have developed e-sports live streaming as one of the most popular content genres on our platform. In addition to rich content in game and e-sports genres, we also offer non-game entertainment content, such as talent shows, anime, outdoor activities, live chats, and online theater. Having high-quality content from numerous sources and in different genres enables us to continuously provide users with superior experience and enhance user stickiness to our platform. The average mobile MAUs of Huya Live in 2022 reached 84.3 million, compared to 80.9 million in 2021. Our management regularly monitors these operating metrics, which are important and direct performance indicators, in managing our live streaming business and in making relevant operational and production decisions.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the years indicated, both in absolute amounts and as percentages of our total net revenues:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020						2021						2022
	RMB			%			RMB			%			RMB			US$			%
	(in thousands, except for percentages)
Net revenues
Live streaming		10,311,624			94.5			10,186,204			89.7			8,195,907			1,188,295			88.9
Advertising and others		602,750			5.5			1,165,242			10.3			1,024,555			148,547			11.1
Total net revenues		10,914,374			100.0			11,351,446			100.0			9,220,462			1,336,842			100.0
Cost of revenues(1)		(8,646,308	)		(79.2	)		(9,751,160	)		(85.9	)		(8,609,594	)		(1,248,274	)		(93.4	)
Gross profit		2,268,066			20.8			1,600,286			14.1			610,868			88,568			6.6
Operating expenses
Research and development expenses(1)		(734,261	)		(6.7	)		(818,882	)		(7.2	)		(680,383	)		(98,646	)		(7.4	)
Sales and marketing expenses(1)		(558,012	)		(5.1	)		(759,507	)		(6.7	)		(482,871	)		(70,010	)		(5.2	)
General and administrative expenses(1)		(445,006	)		(4.1	)		(326,772	)		(2.9	)		(320,386	)		(46,452	)		(3.5	)
Total operating expenses		(1,737,279	)		(15.9	)		(1,905,161	)		(16.8	)		(1,483,640	)		(215,108	)		(16.1	)
Other income		194,169			1.8			274,704			2.4			166,307			24,112			1.8
Operating income (loss)		724,956			6.7			(30,171	)		(0.3	)		(706,465	)		(102,428	)		(7.7	)
Impairment loss of investments		—			—			—			—			(55,201	)		(8,003	)		(0.6	)
Interest and short-term investments income		313,366			2.9			247,009			2.2			298,201			43,235			3.2
Gain on fair value change of investment		2,160			0.0			44,161			0.4			7,602			1,102			0.1
Other non-operating expenses		(10,010	)		(0.1	)		—			—			—			—			—
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net		2,056			0.0			(1,480	)		0.0			(2,402	)		(348	)		0.0
Income (loss) before income tax expenses		1,032,528			9.5			259,519			2.3			(458,265	)		(66,442	)		(5.0	)
Income tax expenses		(176,784	)		(1.6	)		(55,227	)		(0.5	)		(27,871	)		(4,041	)		(0.3	)
Income (loss) before share of income (loss) in equity method investments, net of income taxes		855,744			7.9			204,292			1.8			(486,136	)		(70,483	)		(5.3	)
Share of income (loss) in equity method investments, net of income taxes		28,414			0.3			379,207			3.3			(520	)		(76	)		0.0
Net income (loss)		884,158			8.2			583,499			5.1			(486,656	)		(70,559	)		(5.3	)

Note:

(1) Share-based compensation was allocated in cost of revenues and operating expenses as follows:

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	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
Cost of revenues		64,942		56,629		31,955		4,633
Research and development expenses		150,723		135,316		67,242		9,749
Sales and marketing expenses		9,879		8,318		4,477		649
General and administrative expenses		182,664		89,442		52,804		7,656

Net revenues

Total net revenues decreased by 18.8% from RMB11,351.4 million in 2021 to RMB9,220.5 million (US$1,336.8 million) in 2022, and increased by 4.0% from RMB10,914.4 million in 2020 to RMB11,351.4 million in 2021.

Live streaming revenues. We generate revenues from our live streaming services primarily through sale of virtual items. Users can access content on our platform free of charge, but are charged for their purchases. The virtual items sold by us mainly include (i) consumable items, which can be gifted to the broadcasters or used in live streams to create special effects, (ii) time-based items, which provide paying users or receiving broadcasters with certain privileges and rights or special symbols over a period of time, and (iii) multiple virtual items sold in bundles. Revenues derived from consumable items are recognized immediately upon consumption, while revenues derived from time-based items are recognized over their usage period on a straight line basis. Based on our revenue-sharing arrangements with broadcasters, and in some cases, also their talent agencies, we share a percentage of the revenues generated from the sales of virtual items attributed to their live streams.

Live streaming revenues decreased by 19.5% from RMB10,186.2 million in 2021 to RMB8,195.9 million (US$1,188.3 million), primarily attributable to lower average spending per paying user and the decrease in the number of average quarterly paying users on Huya Live, which was 5.6 million in 2022. The decreased average spending per paying user and number of average quarterly paying users were primarily due to soft macroeconomic and tightening regulatory environment, which adversely affected the users’ willingness to pay.

Live streaming revenues decreased by 1.2% from RMB10,311.6 million in 2020 to RMB10,186.2 million in 2021, primarily attributable to the decrease in the number of average quarterly paying users on Huya Live, which was 5.8 million in 2021. The decrease in the number of average quarterly paying users was primarily due to soft macroeconomic environment, which adversely affected the users’ willingness to pay.

Advertising and other revenues. We generate advertising revenues primarily from sales of various forms of advertising and promotion campaigns, including (i) display advertisements in various areas of our platform, (ii) native advertisements in cooperation with broadcasters, and (iii) game events advertising and campaigns. Advertisements on our platform are generally charged on the basis of duration. We enter into advertising contracts directly with advertisers or with third-party advertising agencies. We generate a portion of revenues from sub-licensing the licensed e-sports content. Our sub-licensing revenues in 2022 was mainly contributed by our sub-licensing rights for matches of League of Legends. We expect the content sub-licensing revenues to decline significantly in 2023, because we no longer have sub-licensing rights for those matches of League of Legends from 2023 to 2025, pursuant to the Supplemental Licensing Agreement for Broadcasting League of Legends Matches we entered into in January 2023. In addition, we also generate a small portion of revenues from sales of in-game virtual items from certain mobile games that we developed and operated jointly with third-party distribution platforms.

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Advertising and other revenues decreased by 12.1% from RMB1,165.2 million in 2021 to RMB1,024.6 million (US$148.5 million) in 2022, primarily due to less demand for advertising services resulting from the challenging macro environment.

Advertising and other revenues increased by 93.3% from RMB602.8 million in 2020 to RMB1,165.2 million in 2021, primarily driven by revenues from content sub-licensing.

Cost of revenues

The following table sets forth the principal components of our cost of revenues by absolute amount and as a percentage of our total cost of revenues for the years presented.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020				2021				2022
	RMB		%		RMB		%		RMB		US$		%
	(in thousands, except for percentages)
Cost of revenues:
Revenue sharing fees and content costs		7,086,832		82.0		8,374,555		85.9		7,535,690		1,092,572		87.5
Bandwidth costs		879,172		10.2		713,672		7.3		537,243		77,893		6.2
Salaries and welfare		306,805		3.5		322,604		3.3		287,687		41,711		3.3
Payment handling costs		154,538		1.8		151,913		1.6		100,367		14,552		1.2
Share-based compensation		64,942		0.8		56,629		0.6		31,955		4,633		0.4
Others		154,019		1.7		131,787		1.3		116,652		16,913		1.4
Total cost of revenues		8,646,308		100.0		9,751,160		100.0		8,609,594		1,248,274		100.0

Revenue sharing fees and content costs. Revenue sharing fees and content costs consist primarily of payments to broadcasters and talent agencies in accordance with our revenue-sharing arrangements, as well as content licensing and production costs.

Revenue sharing fees and content costs decreased by 10.0% from RMB8,374.6 million in 2021 to RMB7,535.7 million (US$1,092.6 million) in 2022, primarily due to the decrease in revenue sharing fees associated with the decreased live streaming revenues and lower costs related to content creators, partially offset by the increase in spending on e-sports content. Revenue sharing fees and content costs as a percentage of our total net revenues increased from 73.8% in 2021 to 81.7% in 2022.

Revenue sharing fees and content costs increased by 18.2% from RMB7,086.8 million in 2020 to RMB8,374.6 million in 2021, primarily due to the increase in spending in e-sports and self-produced content, as well as on content creators, and the increase in revenue sharing fees in relation to certain broadcaster incentive programs. Revenue sharing fees and content costs as a percentage of our total net revenues increased from 64.9% in 2020 to 73.8% in 2021.

Bandwidth costs. Bandwidth costs consist of fees and charges relating to bandwidth usage in our operations. Bandwidth costs decreased by 24.7% from RMB713.7 million in 2021 to RMB537.2 million (US$77.9 million) in 2022, primarily due to primarily due to improved bandwidth cost management and continued technology enhancement efforts, as well as less overseas bandwidth usage as a result of the strategic adjustment in our overseas business to focus on key markets.

Bandwidth costs decreased by 18.8% from RMB879.2 million in 2020 to RMB713.7 million in 2021, primarily due to improved management in bandwidth costs and continuous technology enhancement efforts.

Others. Salaries and welfare consist of salaries, bonuses and other benefits for our employees involved in the operations of our platform. Payment handling costs consist primarily of channel fees charged by payment channels such as WeChat Pay and Alipay. Other costs consist primarily of share-based compensation, as well as depreciation and amortization expense.

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Salaries and welfare decreased by 10.8% from RMB322.6 million in 2021 to RMB287.7 million (US$41.7 million) in 2022, primarily attributable to a decrease in headcount. Payment handling costs decreased by 33.9% from RMB151.9 million in 2021 to RMB100.4 million (US$14.6 million) in 2022, primarily attributable to a decrease in sales of virtual items on our platform. Share-based compensation decreased by 43.5% from RMB56.6 million in 2021 to RMB32.0 million (US$4.6 million) in 2022, primarily due to the lower price for awards granted in 2022. Other costs decreased by 11.5% from RMB131.8 million in 2021 to RMB116.6 million (US$16.9 million) in 2022, primarily due to the improvement in efficiency.

Salaries and welfare increased by 5.1% from RMB306.8 million in 2020 to RMB322.6 million in 2021, primarily attributable to an increase in average salary. Payment handling costs decreased by 1.7% from RMB154.5 million in 2020 to RMB151.9 million in 2021, primarily attributable to a decrease in sales of virtual items on our platform. Share-based compensation decreased by 12.8% from RMB64.9 million in 2020 to RMB56.6 million in 2021, primarily due to the grant of fewer share incentive awards in 2021. Other costs decreased by 14.4% from RMB154.0 million in 2020 to RMB131.8 million in 2021, primarily due to the improvement in efficiency.

Gross profit and gross margin

Our gross profit decreased by 61.8% from RMB1,600.3 million in 2021 to RMB610.9 million (US$88.6 million) in 2022, primarily attributable to lower revenues and increased content costs related to e-sports content. Our gross margin decreased from 14.1% in 2021 to 6.6% in 2022.

Our gross profit decreased by 29.4% from RMB2,268.1 million in 2020 to RMB1,600.3 million in 2021, primarily attributable to increased cost of revenues driven by higher revenue sharing fees and content costs. Our gross margin decreased from 20.8% in 2020 to 14.1% in 2021.

Operating expenses

Operating expenses decreased by 22.1% from RMB1,905.2 million in 2021 to RMB1,483.6 million (US$215.1 million) in 2022, and increased by 9.7% from RMB1,737.3 million in 2020 to RMB1,905.2 million in 2021.

Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, welfare and share-based compensation for research and development personnel.

Research and development expenses decreased by 16.9% from RMB818.9 million in 2021 to RMB680.4 million (US$98.6 million) in 2022, primarily attributable to a decrease in share-based compensation expenses and personnel-related expenses.

Research and development expenses increased by 11.5% from RMB734.3 million in 2020 to RMB818.9 million in 2021, primarily attributable to the increase in headcount and average salary of research and development personnel as well.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of advertising and market promotion expenses, salaries and welfare as well as shared-based compensation for sales and marketing personnel.

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by 36.4% from RMB759.5 million in 2021 to RMB482.9 million (US$70.0 million) in 2022, primarily attributable to a decrease in marketing and promotion fees, as well as personnel-related expenses.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by 36.1% from RMB558.0 million in 2020 to RMB759.5 million in 2021, primarily attributable to the increased marketing expenses to promote our content, products, services and brand name.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and welfare for management and administrative personnel, and share-based compensation expense for management and administrative personnel.

General and administrative expenses decreased by 2.0% from RMB326.8 million in 2021 to RMB320.4 million (US$46.5 million) in 2022, primarily attributable to the decrease in share-based compensation expenses.

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General and administrative expenses decreased by 26.6% from RMB445.0 million in 2020 to RMB326.8 million in 2021, primarily attributable to the decrease in share-based compensation expenses.

Other income

Our other income decreased by 39.5% from RMB274.7 million in 2021 to RMB166.3 million (US$24.1 million) in 2022, primarily attributable to lower tax refunds and government subsidies in 2022 and realized damages received in the first quarter of 2021 from a favorable outcome in a broadcaster-related lawsuit.

Our other income increased by 41.5% from RMB194.2 million in 2020 to RMB274.7 million in 2021, primarily attributable to higher tax refunds and government subsidies.

Operating (loss) income

Our operating loss was RMB706.5 million (US$102.4 million) in 2022, compared with an operating loss of RMB30.2 million in 2021. Our operating margin decreased from a negative 0.3% in 2021 to a negative 7.7% in 2022.

Our operating loss was RMB30.2 million in 2021, compared with an operating income of RMB725.0 million in 2020. Our operating margin decreased from 6.6% in 2020 to a negative 0.3% in 2021.

Interest and short-term investments income

Interest and short-term investments income consist of interest earned on bank deposits, short-term wealth management products and money market funds with maturities of less than one year.

Our interest and short-term investment income increased from RMB247.0 million in 2021 to RMB298.2 million (US$43.2 million) in 2022, primarily attributable to increased interest rates for deposits of the funds.

Our interest and short-term investment income decreased from RMB313.4 million in 2020 to RMB247.0 million in 2021, primarily attributable to decreased interest rates for deposits of the funds.

Income tax expenses

Our income tax expenses decreased from RMB55.2 million in 2021 to RMB27.9 million (US$4.0 million) in 2022, mainly due to the decreased profitability of certain operating entities in mainland China. Our income tax expenses decreased from RMB176.8 million in 2020 to RMB55.2 million in 2021, mainly due to the decreased profitability of certain operating entities in mainland China. For details on such income tax expenses, please see Note 18(b) to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Share of (loss) income in equity method investments, net of income taxes

We recorded share of loss in equity method investments, net of income taxes, of RMB0.5 million (US$0.1 million) in 2022, and share of gain in equity method investments, net of income taxes, of RMB379.2 million in 2021 and RMB28.4 million in 2020. The share of loss in equity method investments in 2022 was mainly attributable to impairment of an equity investment. The share of gain in equity method investments in 2021 was mainly attributable to the investment gain related to a disposal of equity investment in the third quarter of 2021. The share of gain in equity method investments in 2020 was mainly attributable to the subsequent adjustments for significant observable price change for our equity investee’s investment measured at fair value through earnings.

Net (loss) income attributable to HUYA Inc.

We had a net loss attributable to HUYA Inc. of RMB486.7 million (US$70.6 million) in 2022, as compared to a net income attributable to HUYA Inc. of RMB583.5 million in 2021.

We had a net income attributable to HUYA Inc. of RMB583.5 million in 2021, as compared to a net income attributable to HUYA Inc. of RMB884.2 million in 2020.

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Taxation

Cayman Islands

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty.

Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our legal counsel as to Cayman Islands law, has advised us that there are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. In addition, the Cayman Islands does not impose withholding tax on dividend payments.

Hong Kong

Huya Limited, our subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong, is subject to 16.5% income tax on their taxable income generated from operations in Hong Kong. The payments of dividends by these companies to their shareholders are not subject to any withholding tax in Hong Kong. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, the first HK$2 million of profits earned by our subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong will be taxed at half the current tax rate (i.e. 8.25%) while the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at the existing 16.5% tax rate.

Singapore

HUYA PTE. LTD., our subsidiary incorporated in Singapore, is subject to 17% income tax on its assessable profit generated from its international operations.

Mainland China

Generally, our subsidiaries in mainland China, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries are subject to enterprise income tax on their taxable income in mainland China at a statutory rate of 25%. The enterprise income tax is calculated based on the entity’s global income as determined under tax laws of mainland China and accounting standards.

Qualified software enterprises, or the Software Enterprise, are exempt from EIT for two years, followed by a 50% reduction in the applicable tax rates for the next three years, commencing either from the first year of commercial operations or from the first year of profitable operation after offsetting tax losses generating from prior years. Certified High and New Technology Enterprises, or HNTE, are entitled to a preferential tax rate of 15% but are required to re-apply for the preferential tax treatment every three years. During the three-year period, an HNTE must conduct a self-review of its qualification each year to ensure it meets the HNTE criteria. If an HNTE fails to meet the criteria for any year, the enterprise cannot enjoy the 15% preferential tax rate that year and must instead be subject to the uniform 25% income tax rate. An entity that qualifies as a “Key National Software Enterprise” (a “KNSE”) is entitled to a further reduced preferential income tax rate of 10%. Entities must perform a self-assessment each year to ensure they meet the criteria for qualification, pursuant to SAT Public Notice [2018] No. 23 (“Circular 23”). If a KNSE fails to meet the criteria for qualification as a KNSE in any year, the entity cannot enjoy the 10% preferential tax rate in that year.

An entity registered in Hainan Free Trade Port (“FTP”) and operating substantially that qualifies as an “Encouraged Industrial Enterprises” (an “EIE”) is entitled to a preferential income tax rate of 15% for five years since January 1, 2020. Entities must perform a self-assessment each year to ensure they meet the criteria for qualification, pursuant to SAT Public Notice [2020] No. 31 (“Circular 31”). According to Hainan Provincial Tax Bureau Public Notice [2021] No. 1 (“Circular 1”), enterprises set up in Hainan FTP without any branches outside shall have substantive operations in Hainan FTP, which means that such enterprises shall maintain actual business operation, human resources, finance management as well as assets solely in Hainan FTP in order to enjoy the preferential tax rate. If an EIE fails to meet the criteria for qualification as an EIE or requirement of substantive operations in any year, the enterprise cannot enjoy the 15% preferential tax rate in that year and must instead use the regular 25% EIT rate.

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Our mainland China entities provided for enterprise income tax are as follows:

• Huya Technology was qualified as a Software Enterprise, and enjoyed the zero preferential tax rate starting from 2017 and 12.5% preferential tax rate from 2019 to 2021. We have renewed the HNTE qualification of Huya Technology in 2022 and it is subject to the preferential tax rate of 15% as an HNTE for three years starting from 2022.

• Guangzhou Huya applied for the HNTE qualification and obtained approval in November 2018. It is entitled to enjoy the preferential tax rate of 15% as an HNTE for three years starting from 2018, and we have renewed the HNTE qualification in 2021.

• Hainan Huya Entertainment Information Technology Co., Ltd., who enterprises in encouraged industries registered in the Hainan Free Trade Port and engaging in substantive operations, entitled to enjoy the preferential tax rate of 15% for five years starting from 2020 pursuant to Cai Shui [2020] No. 31.

Commerce & Finance Law Offices, our legal counsel as to the law of mainland China, has advised us that dividends paid by our subsidiary in mainland China to our Hong Kong subsidiary will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%, unless the relevant Hong Kong entity satisfies all the requirements under the Arrangement between mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital. If our Hong Kong subsidiary satisfies all the requirements under the tax arrangement and submits required application materials to the relevant tax authority, the dividends paid to the Hong Kong subsidiary would be subject to withholding tax at the standard rate of 5%. Should the tax authority later decide that the preferential 5% tax rate is inapplicable based on subsequent reviews of the application, additional tax payable and late payment surcharges may be imposed.

Commerce & Finance Law Offices, our legal counsel as to the law of mainland China, has advised us that if our holding company in the Cayman Islands or any of our subsidiaries outside of mainland China were deemed to be a “resident enterprise” under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, it would be subject to enterprise income tax on its worldwide income at a rate of 25%. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—Under the enterprise income tax law of mainland China, we may be classified as a mainland China ‘resident enterprise,’ which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.”

Inflation

To date, inflation in mainland China has not materially impacted our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index for December 2020, 2021 and 2022 were increases of 0.2%, 1.5% and 1.8%, respectively. Although we have not been materially affected by inflation in the past, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in mainland China. For example, certain operating costs and expenses, such as employee compensation and office operating expenses may increase as a result of higher inflation. Additionally, because a substantial portion of our assets consists of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, high inflation could significantly reduce the value and purchasing power of these assets. We are not able to hedge our exposure to higher inflation in mainland China.

Impact of Foreign Currency Fluctuation

See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.” and “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Foreign Exchange Risk.”

Impact of Governmental Policies

See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China” and “Item 4. Information on the Company— C. Business Overview—Government Regulations.”

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B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity have been cash generated from operating activities and financing activities. In April 2019, we raised from our public offering US$313.8 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting commissions and the offering expenses payable by us. As of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, we had RMB3,293.6 million, RMB1,790.8 million and RMB655.2 million (US$95.0 million), respectively, in cash and cash equivalents; RMB5,974.8 million, RMB8,351.9 million and RMB9,018.3 million (US$1,307.5 million), respectively, in short-term deposits; and RMB1,206.5 million, RMB816.3 million and RMB3.1 million (US$0.5 million), respectively, in short-term investments. Our cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of demand deposits placed with banks. Our short-term deposits consist primarily of time deposits placed with banks with original maturities of more than three months but less than one year. Our short-term investments primarily represent structured deposits with maturities of less than one year.

We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and our anticipated cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures for the 12 months following the date of this annual report. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our liquidity or capital resources or that would cause reported financial information to not necessarily be indicative of future financial condition. We may, however, decide to enhance our liquidity position or increase our cash reserve for future investments or operations through additional capital and finance funding. The issuance and sale of additional equity would result in further dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that would restrict our operations.

As of December 31, 2022, the majority of our cash, cash equivalents, short-term deposits and short-term investments were held by our wholly owned subsidiaries in offshore accounts. Although we consolidate the results of the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries, we only have access to the assets or earnings of the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries through our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entity and its shareholders. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—D. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Guangzhou Huya.” For restrictions and limitations on liquidity and capital resources as a result of our corporate structure, see “—Holding Company Structure.”

A majority of our future revenues are likely to continue to be in the form of Renminbi. Under existing foreign exchange regulations of mainland China, Renminbi may be converted into foreign exchange for current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade-related and service-related foreign exchange transactions.

Our subsidiary in mainland China may convert Renminbi amounts that it generates in its own business activities, including technical consulting and related service fees pursuant to its contracts with the variable interest entity, as well as dividends it receives from its own subsidiaries, into foreign exchange and pay them to its non-mainland China parent companies in the form of dividends. However, current mainland China regulations permit our subsidiary in mainland China to pay dividends to us only out of its accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations of mainland China. Our subsidiary in mainland China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits after making up previous years’ accumulated losses each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore, capital account transactions, which include foreign direct investment and loans, must be approved by and/or registered with SAFE and its local branches. The total amount of loans we can make to our subsidiary in mainland China cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of SAFE. The statutory limit for the total amount of foreign debts of a foreign-invested company is the difference between the amount of total investment as approved by the MOFCOM or its local counterpart and the amount of registered capital of such foreign-invested company.

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The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows data for the years indicated.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
	(in thousands)
Summary Consolidated Cash Flows Data
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities		1,239,874			327,453			(437,209	)		(63,390	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities		1,004,780			(1,880,320	)		(848,568	)		(123,031	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		265,294			10,723			6,049			877
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		2,509,948			(1,542,144	)		(1,279,728	)		(185,544	)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the year		1,114,585			3,458,462			1,846,454			267,711
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		(166,071	)		(69,864	)		92,565			13,421
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year		3,458,462			1,846,454			659,291			95,588

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was RMB437.2 million (US$63.4 million) in 2022. In 2022, the difference between our net cash used in operating activities and our net loss attributable to HUYA Inc. of RMB486.7 million (US$70.6 million) was primarily attributable to certain non-cash expenses, including share-based compensation of RMB156.5 million (US$22.7 million) and impairment loss of investments of RMB55.2 million (US$8.0 million), and changes in certain working capital items, including a decrease of RMB88.9 million (US$12.9 million) in amounts due from related parties as a result of recoveries, partially offset by a decrease of RMB250.3 million (US$36.3 million) in accrued liabilities and other current liabilities.

Net cash provided by operating activities was RMB327.5 million in 2021. In 2021, the difference between our net cash provided by operating activities and our net income attributable to HUYA Inc. of RMB583.5 million was primarily due to an increase of RMB245.6 million in prepayments and other receivables as a result of increases in prepayments and deposits to vendors and content providers.

Net cash provided by operating activities was RMB1,239.9 million in 2020. In 2020, the difference between our net cash provided by operating activities and our net income attributable to HUYA Inc. of RMB355.7 million was primarily due to an increase of RMB246.5 million in accrued liabilities and other current liabilities as a result of an increase in accrued revenue sharing fees and content cost.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB848.6 million (US$123.0 million) in 2022, which was primarily attributable to net cash paid for long-term deposits of RMB1,086.7 million (US$157.6 million), net cash paid for short-term deposits of RMB169.0 million (US$24.5 million) and cash paid for investments of RMB244.5 million (US$35.5 million), partially offset by net maturities of short-term investments of RMB815.3 million (US$118.2 million).

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB1,880.3 million in 2021, which was primarily attributable to net cash paid for short-term deposits of RMB2,454.9 million and cash paid for long-term investments of RMB284.1 million, partially offset by net maturities of short-term investments of RMB400.0 million and cash received from disposal of equity investments of RMB554.9 million.

Net cash provided by investing activities was RMB1,004.8 million in 2020, which was primarily attributable to net maturities of short-term investment of RMB1,008.6 million, net maturities of short-term deposits of RMB484.9 million and partially offset by prepayment for purchasing of land use right of RMB310.2 million.

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Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was RMB6.0 million (US$0.9 million) in 2022, which was attributable to proceeds from exercise of vested share options.

Net cash provided by financing activities was RMB10.7 million in 2021, which was attributable to proceeds from exercise of vested share options.

Net cash provided by financing activities was RMB265.3 million in 2020, which was attributable to proceeds from exercise of vested share options.

Material Cash Requirements

Other than the ordinary cash requirements for our operations, our material cash requirements as of December 31, 2022 and any subsequent interim period primarily include our capital expenditures, operating lease obligations and other contractual obligations and commitments.

Capital Expenditures

We made capital expenditures of RMB428.2 million, RMB98.1 million and RMB164.8 million (US$23.9 million) in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. In these periods, our capital expenditures were mainly used for prepayment for purchasing of land use right, office building construction, obtaining licenses, purchasing of servers and other IT infrastructures, as well as for leasehold improvement. We will continue to make capital expenditures to support the growth of our business.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations by specified categories as of December 31, 2022.

	Payment due by period
	Total		Less than 1 year		1 – 3 years		4 – 5 years		More than 5 years
	(in RMB thousands)
Operating Lease Obligations(1)		44,388		34,300		10,088		—		—

Note:

(1) Represents our non-cancellable operating leases and property management fees for offices expiring on different dates.

Rental expenses under operating lease for 2020, 2021 and 2022 were RMB49.9 million, RMB56.4 million and RMB58.3 million (US$8.5 million), respectively.

In 2021, we signed a contract to purchase an exclusive license for broadcasting League of Legends matches from another subsidiary of Tencent for the period from 2021 to 2025 at an aggregate purchase price of RMB2,013 million. The unpaid purchase price was RMB1,260 million as of December 31, 2022. In January 2023, the license agreement was amended, including that we were granted a non-exclusive, instead of exclusive, license for broadcasting League of Legends matches from 2023 to 2025 and that the license fee payable is decreased to a total of RMB450 million for these three years.

As of December 31, 2022, our total capital commitments were RMB164.4 million, consisting of construction in progress and investments.

We intend to fund our existing and future material cash requirements primarily with our existing cash balance and anticipated cash flows from operations. We will continue to make cash commitments, including capital expenditures, to support the growth of our business.

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Other than the obligations set forth above, we do not have any significant capital and other commitments, long-term obligations, or guarantees as of December 31, 2022.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any off-balance sheet financial guarantees or other off-balance sheet commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder’s equity or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or product development services with us.

Holding Company Structure

HUYA Inc. is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiaries in mainland China, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries in mainland China. As a result, HUYA Inc.’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries in mainland China. If our existing subsidiaries in mainland China or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in mainland China is permitted to pay dividends to us only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations of mainland China. Under law of mainland China, each of our subsidiary and the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries in mainland China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in mainland China may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on accounting standards of mainland China to enterprise expansion funds and staff bonus and welfare funds at its discretion, and the variable interest entity may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on accounting standards of mainland China to a discretionary surplus fund at its discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of mainland China is subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. Our subsidiary in mainland China has not paid dividends and will not be able to pay dividends until it generates accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds.

The table below sets forth the respective revenues contribution and assets of HUYA Inc. and our wholly-owned subsidiaries and the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries as of the dates and for the years indicated:

	Net revenues(1)									Total assets(1)
	For the year ended December 31,									As of December 31,
	2020			2021			2022			2021			2022
HUYA Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries		1.6	%		4.0	%		3.1	%		88.9	%		87.7	%
Variable interest entity and its subsidiaries		98.4	%		96.0	%		96.9	%		11.1	%		12.3	%
Total		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%

Note:

(1) The percentages exclude the inter-company transactions and balances between HUYA Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

Technology

The success of our business is dependent on our strong technological capabilities that support us in delivering superior user experience, increasing operational efficiency and enabling innovations. Our technology platform has been designed for reliability, scalability and flexibility.

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• AI and big data analytics. AI is used extensively in various aspects of our operations and is particularly useful for reviewing and screening contents through recognizing and analyzing patterns. The massive volume of data, such as viewing history, user interactions and purchase preference, enable us to further optimize our AI technology and enhance its accuracy. As the quantity and variety of content and user interactions continue to grow, AI capability has become increasingly important for us to control our operating costs and enhance our user experience by avoiding extensive manual review. Our big data analytics capability enables us to build a comprehensive interest profile for each user by assigning interest tags to them. Combined with our AI capability, these interest profiles allow us to personalize user interfaces and recommend content to our users.

• Live streaming technologies. Our state-of-the art audio and video coding and streaming technologies enable low-latency and low-loss rates in delivering voice and video data on our platform, even with weak internet connection, which provides our users with superior viewing experience. Audio and video technologies have been our main focus since our inception. For instance, we offer stable 8-20M pixels Blu-ray quality and HDR (high-dynamic range) supported live streaming.

• Servers and other infrastructure. We have deployed hybrid cloud computing technology in our server system. We employ back-end architecture that enables smooth and expedient upgrades of our platform software infrastructure. Our advanced peer-to-peer streaming technologies help us manage bandwidth utilization more efficiently amid growing user base and constantly improving streaming video quality, which further enhanced scalability.

In the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, our research and development expenditures were RMB734.3 million, RMB818.9 million and RMB680.4 million (US$98.6 million), representing 6.7%, 7.2% and 7.4% of our total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, welfare and share-based compensation for research and development personnel.

D. Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the period from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022 that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

E. Critical Accounting Estimates

Revenue

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Revenues are recognized when control of the promised virtual items or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those virtual items or services.

We generate revenue primarily from sales of virtual items in our platforms. We may enter into contracts that can include various combinations of virtual items, which are generally being distinguished and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Some of the separate performance obligations cannot be purchased on a standalone basis.

Nature of estimate: We must make estimates and apply judgment in determining the performance obligations and the estimated selling prices of multiple element revenue contracts.

Assumptions: The standalone selling price for each distinct performance obligation is estimated based on pricing strategies, market factors, individual user’s times of renewal based on historical data of users’ spending pattern and average times of renewal. The estimate of pricing strategies and individual user’s times of renewal are sensitive to our assumptions in these factors. When one of our estimates of individual user’s times of renewal based on historical data of users’ spending pattern and average times of renewal decreased/increased by 5% while holding all other estimates constant, there would be no significant impact to our consolidated results of operations.

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Our estimate of the key assumptions did not change significantly throughout the periods presented.

See Note 2—”Principal accounting policies” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding expected credit losses.

Investment Related Impairment Accounted for under Measurement Alternative

Nature of estimate: For equity investments without readily determinable fair value for which we have elected to use the measurement alternative, we make a qualitative assessment of whether the investment is impaired at each reporting date, applying significant judgement in considering various factors and events including (i) adverse performance and cash flow forecasts of investees; (ii) adverse industry developments affecting investees; and (iii) adverse regulatory, social, economic or other developments affecting investees. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, we estimate the investment’s fair value in accordance with the principles of ASC 820. If the fair value is less than the investment’s carrying value, we recognize an impairment loss in net income equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value. These judgements include valuation methods and key valuation assumptions and estimates used in estimating impairment amounts.

Assumptions: These judgements include valuation methods and key valuation assumptions and estimates used in estimating impairment amounts. The quantitative assessment requires the use of unobservable inputs, such as selection of comparable companies and multiples, discount for lack of marketability and probability in equity allocation. For the assessment of impairment based on qualitative factors, it considers the companies’ financial and liquidity position and access to capital resources, among others. When our assessment indicates that an impairment exists, we write down the investment to its fair value. Our estimates of these inputs require subjective management judgment and are inherently uncertain. The fair value of equity securities is sensitive to changes in the unobservable inputs used to determine fair value. While we believe we have made reasonable estimates and assumptions to calculate the fair value of the equity securities, it is possible a material change could occur. As a result, if factors change and different assumptions are used, the fair value of the equity securities could be significantly different from what we recorded in the reporting period. When one of our estimates of a discount for lack of marketability, price-to-sales multiples of comparable companies and probability in equity allocation decreased/increased by 5% while holding all other estimates constant, there would be no significant impact to our consolidated results of operations.

See Note 9—“Investments” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding investment related impairment accounted for under measurement alternative.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

A list of recently issued accounting pronouncements that are relevant to us is included in “Principal accounting policies—(cc) Recently issued accounting pronouncements” of our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Executive Officers

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.

Directors and Executive Officers	Age	Position/Title
Lingdong Huang	46	Chairman of Board of Directors
Rongjie Dong	46	Director, Chief Executive Officer
David Xueling Li	48	Director
Qinghua Xie	45	Director
Hai Tao Pu	52	Director
Guang Xu	39	Director
Lei Zheng	46	Director
Hongqiang Zhao	46	Independent Director
Tsang Wah Kwong	70	Independent Director
Ashley Xin Wu	38	Vice President of Finance

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Mr. Lingdong Huang has been the chairman of our board of directors since April 2020. Mr. Huang currently serves as a general manager at Tencent’s interactive entertainment group and as a director of TJ Sports Culture Development (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Prior to joining Tencent in 2010, Mr. Huang served on various positions, including as vice president, at The9 Limited (Nasdaq: NCTY) from 1999 to 2010. Mr. Huang received his bachelor’s degree in informatics from Shanghai University in 1999.

Mr. Rongjie Dong has been our chief executive officer since August 2016 and our director since March 2017. From April 2013 to August 2016, Mr. Dong served as executive vice president of JOYY Inc. (Nasdaq:YY). From 2000 to 2006, Mr. Dong served as product manager and head of the technology department of 163.com. Mr. Dong received his bachelor’s degree in computer hardware from Beijing Information Engineering Institute (currently known as Beijing Information Science and Technology University).

Mr. David Xueling Li has been serving as our director since July 2017. Mr. Li is also a co-founder, chairman and chief executive officer of JOYY Inc. (Nasdaq:YY). Mr. Li as the chief executive officer of JOYY is responsible for setting the broader corporate strategy and the development of new and emerging applications and products. Before founding JOYY in April 2005, Mr. Li worked at NetEase, Inc. (Nasdaq: NTES; SEHK: 9999) from July 2003 to April 2005 and served as its chief editor. In 2000, Mr. Li founded CFP.cn, a website that provided a copyright trading platform for journalists and amateur photographers. Mr. Li received a bachelor’s degree in philosophy from Renmin University of China.

Mr. Qinghua Xie has been serving as our director since April 2023. Mr. Xie joined Tencent in December 2003, and currently serves as the corporate vice president of Tencent. Mr. Xie has served as a non-executive director of Yixin Group Limited (SEHK: 2858) since April 2022 and a non-executive director of Tongcheng Travel Holdings Limited (SEHK: 0780) since April 2023. Mr. Xie obtained a bachelor’s degree in economics from Sun Yat-Sen University in 2001.

Mr. Hai Tao Pu has been serving as our director since April 2020. Mr. Pu currently serves as a co-head of legal department of Tencent and a member of the Listing Committee of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and listing committee member of Shenzhen Stock Exchange ChiNext. Prior to joining Tencent in 2010, Mr. Pu practiced corporate and M&A, capital markets and commercial law at Slaughter and May and Mallesons Stephen Jaques. Mr. Pu received his Juris Doctor from the Melbourne University Law School in Australia.

Mr. Guang Xu has been serving as our director since April 2020. Mr. Xu currently serves as a general manager at Tencent’s interactive entertainment group. Prior to joining Tencent in 2006, Mr. Xu served in the game planning department at Shenzhen Yamido Technology Co., Ltd. from 2004 to 2006. Mr. Xu received his bachelor’s degree in electronic information engineering from Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China.

Mr. Lei Zheng has been serving as our director since March 2020. Mr. Zheng currently also serves as the general manager of the user platform department of Tencent. Prior to that position, Mr. Zheng served as the assistant general manager of the interactive-entertainment-operation of Tencent from 2012 to 2018. Mr. Zheng received his bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from Tsinghua University in China.

Mr. Hongqiang Zhao has been serving as our independent director since May 2018. Mr. Zhao currently also serves as an independent director of Li Auto (Nasdaq: LI; SEHK: 2015), an innovator in China’s new energy vehicle market. Mr. Zhao has served as the chief financial officer of BaiRong Yunchuang Technology Co. Ltd., or BaiRong (SEHK: 6608), since December 2015. Prior to joining BaiRong, Mr. Zhao was the CFO of NetEase (Nasdaq: NTES; SEHK: 9999)’s e-commerce business, and the vice president of finance at SouFun Holdings Limited (NYSE: SFUN). Previously, Mr. Zhao worked in New York as the director of financial analysis for Viacom Inc. (Nasdaq: VIAB), a leading global entertainment content company. Between February 2009 and July 2011, Mr. Zhao served as an assistant chief auditor at the PCAOB, a regulatory oversight agency under the SEC of the United States. Prior to that, Mr. Zhao was a manager at KPMG LLP in Washington D.C., providing professional services to internet, telecommunication and entertainment companies for more than eight years since August 2000. Mr. Zhao received his bachelor’s degree in accounting from Tsinghua University and his master’s degree in accountancy from George Washington University.

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Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong has served as our independent director since May 2020. Mr. Tsang currently also serves as an independent non-executive director of China Merchants China Direct Investments Limited (SEHK: 00133), Sihuan Pharmaceutical Holdings Group Limited (SEHK: 00460), Shirble Department Store Holdings (China) Limited (SEHK: 00312) and TK Group (Holdings) Limited (SEHK: 02283). Prior to June 2011, Mr. Tsang was a partner of PricewaterhouseCoopers in Hong Kong and China and has over 30 years of experience in auditing and providing support for initial public offerings and acquisition transactions. Mr. Tsang received his bachelor’s degree in business administration from Chinese University of Hong Kong. He is a fellow member of the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants, a member of the Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants and a fellow member of the Chartered Association of Certified Accountants.

Ms. Ashley Xin Wu has been serving as our Vice President of Finance since September 2021. Ms. Wu joined HUYA Inc. in September 2017 and has been a leader of our finance department since then. Prior to joining HUYA Inc., Ms. Wu served in various finance positions in JOYY Inc. (Nasdaq: YY) from July 2012 to September 2017. Between October 2011 and July 2012, Ms. Wu worked as a senior financial analyst at Amway (China) Co., Ltd. Prior to that, Ms. Wu worked as an assistant audit manager at KPMG Huazhen from August 2007 to September 2011. Ms. Wu received her bachelor’s degree in accounting from Sun Yat-sen University in 2007. Ms. Wu is a Certified Public Accountant in the United States and a member of the Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the compensation to our executive officers and directors in cash by us amounted to an aggregate of RMB14.7 million (US$2.1 million). We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors.

Our subsidiaries in mainland China, the variable interest entity and its subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund. For share incentive grants to our officers and directors, see “—Share Incentive Plan.”

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period. We may terminate employment for cause, at any time, without advance notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer, such as conviction or plea of guilty to a felony or any crime involving moral turpitude, negligent or dishonest acts to our detriment, or misconduct or a failure to perform agreed duties. We may also terminate an executive officer’s employment without cause upon three-month or mutually agreed advance written notice. In such case of termination by us, we will provide severance payments to the executive officer as expressly required by applicable law of the jurisdiction where the executive officer is based. The executive officer may resign at any time with a three-month or mutually agreed advance written notice.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the termination or expiry of his or her employment agreement, in strict confidence and not to use, except as required in the performance of his or her duties in connection with the employment or pursuant to applicable law, any of our confidential information or trade secrets, any confidential information or trade secrets of our clients or prospective clients, or the confidential or proprietary information of any third party received by us and for which we have confidential obligations. The executive officers have also agreed to disclose in confidence to us all inventions, designs and trade secrets which they conceive, develop or reduce to practice during the executive officer’s employment with us and to assign all right, title and interest in them to us, and assist us in obtaining and enforcing patents, copyrights and other legal rights for these inventions, designs and trade secrets.

In addition, each executive officer has agreed to be bound by non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions during the term of his or her employment and typically for one year following the last date of employment. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed not to (i) approach our suppliers, clients, customers or contacts or other persons or entities introduced to the executive officer in his or her capacity as a representative of us for the purpose of doing business with such persons or entities that will harm our business relationships with these persons or entities; (ii) assume employment with or provide services to any of our competitors, or engage, whether as principal, partner, licensor or otherwise, any of our competitors, without our express consent; or (iii) seek directly or indirectly, to solicit the services of, or hire or engage any of our employees who is employed by us on or after the date of the executive officer’s termination, or in the year preceding such termination, without our express consent.

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We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we may agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company.

Share Incentive Plan

Amended and Restated 2017 Plan

In July 2017, our board of directors approved the 2017 Share Incentive Plan, as amended and restated in March 2018, to provide incentives to our employees, directors and consultants and promote the success of our business. The maximum number of Class A ordinary shares that may be issued under the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan is 28,394,117. As of March 31, 2023, options to purchase 126,002 Class A ordinary shares are outstanding, and 4,657,961 restricted share units are outstanding under the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan.

The following paragraphs describe the principal terms of the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan.

Types of Awards. The Amended and Restated 2017 Plan permits the awards of options, restricted share units or any other type of awards approved by the committee or the board of directors.

Plan Administration. The Amended and Restated 2017 Plan is administered by our board of directors or by a committee of one or more members of our board to whom our board shall delegate the authority to grant or amend awards to any eligible persons other than any of members of the committee serving as the plan administrator. The plan administrator has the power and authority to determine the persons who are eligible to receive awards, as well as other terms and conditions of awards. Any grant or amendment of awards to any committee member serving as the plan administrator shall then require an affirmative vote of a majority of the board members who are not on the committee serving as the plan administrator.

Award Agreement. Any award granted under the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan is evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth terms, conditions and limitations for such award, which may include the number of shares subject to the award awarded, the exercise price, the provisions applicable in the event of the grantee’s employment or service terminates, among other provisions. The plan administrator may amend the terms of any award, prospectively or retroactively; provided that no such amendment shall impair the rights of any participant without his or her consent.

Eligibility. We may grant awards to directors, officers, employees and consultants of our company or any of our subsidiaries.

Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement.

Exercise of options. Once all the preconditions provided in the relevant award agreements are met, a participant may exercise options in whole or in part by giving written notice of exercise to us specifying information such as the number of shares to be purchased, as well as making full payment of the aggregate exercise price of the shares so purchased.

Term of options. The plan administrator determines the term of each option and provides it in the relevant award agreement, but no option shall be exercisable more than five years after the grant date.

Transfer Restrictions. Except under the laws of descent and distribution or otherwise permitted by the plan administrator, the participant will not be permitted to sell, transfer, pledge or assign any awards. In principle, all awards shall be exercisable only by the participants. However, a participant may also transfer one or more awards to a trust controlled by him or her for estate planning purposes.

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Termination and amendment of the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan. Our board of directors may amend, alter or discontinue the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan, but no amendment, alteration or discontinuation shall be made if such amendment, alteration or discontinuation would impair the rights of a participant under any award without such participant’s consent.

The shares reserved and to be issued under our Amended and Restated 2017 Share Plan have been registered on the Registration Statements on Form S-8 on September 14, 2018.

The following table summarizes, as of March 31, 2023, the outstanding options granted under the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan to grantees. As of March 31, 2023, there are no outstanding options granted to our current directors or executive officers under the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan.

Name	Class A Ordinary Shares Underlying Options Awarded		Exercise Price (US$/Share)		Date of Grant	Date of Expiration
Grantees as a group		*		US$2.55	August 9, 2017, March 15, 2018 and July 1, 2018	August 8, 2027, March 14, 2028 and June 30, 2028

Note:

* Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares.

The following table summarizes, as of March 31, 2023, the outstanding restricted share units granted under the Amended and Restated 2017 Plan to our directors, executive officers and other grantees.

Name	Class A Ordinary Shares Underlying Restricted Share Units Awarded		Date of Grant	Date of Expiration
Rongjie Dong		*	March 31, 2018, and September 13, 2020	March 30, 2028 and September 12, 2030
Ashley Xin Wu		*	March 31, 2018, August 15, 2019, and May 29, 2020	March 30, 2028, August 14, 2029, and May 28, 2030
Other individuals as a group		4,002,564	March 31, 2018 to December 15, 2021	March 30, 2028 to December 14, 2031

Note:

* Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares.

Amended and Restated 2021 Plan

In June 2021, our board of directors approved the 2021 Share Incentive Plan, which was amended and restated in September 2022, to provide incentives to our employees, directors and consultants for outstanding performance to generate superior returns to our shareholders. The maximum number of Class A ordinary shares that may be issued under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan is 8,018,111. As of March 31, 2023, 5,307,603 restricted share units are outstanding under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan.

The following paragraphs describe the principal terms of the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan.

Types of Awards. The Amended and Restated 2021 Plan permits the awards of restricted share units.

Plan Administration. The Amended and Restated 2021 Plan is administered by our board of directors or by a committee of one or more members of our board to whom our board shall delegate the authority to grant or amend awards to any eligible persons other than any of members of the committee serving as the plan administrator. The plan administrator has the power and authority to determine the persons who are eligible to receive awards, as well as other terms and conditions of awards. Any grant or amendment of awards to any committee member serving as the plan administrator shall then require an affirmative vote of a majority of the board members who are not on the committee serving as the plan administrator.

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Award Agreement. Any award granted under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan is evidenced by award agreements that set forth the terms, conditions and limitations for each award which may include the term of an award, the provisions applicable in the event the participant’s employment or service terminates, and our authority to unilaterally or bilaterally amend, modify, suspend, cancel or rescind an award.

Eligibility. We may grant awards to directors, officers, employees and consultants of our company or any of our subsidiaries.

Vesting Conditions. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting conditions, which are specified in the relevant award agreement.

Form and Timing of Payment of Restricted Share Units. At the time of grant, the plan administrator shall specify the date or dates on which the restricted share units shall become fully vested and nonforfeitable. Upon vesting, the plan administrator, in its sole discretion, may pay restricted share units in the form of cash, in shares or in a combination thereof.

Transfer Restrictions. Except under applicable law and the award agreement, all awards are non-transferable and will not be subject in any manner to sale, transfer, anticipation, alienation, assignment, pledge, encumbrance or charge. However, such transfer restrictions do not apply to transfer to us, transfers by gift to immediate family and other circumstances specified in the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan.

Termination and amendment of the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan. Our board of directors may amend, terminate or modify the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan, but no amendment, termination or modification shall be made if such amendment, termination or modification would adversely affect in any material way any award previously granted pursuant to the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan without the prior written consent of the participant.

The shares reserved and to be granted under our Amended and Restated 2021 Plan have been registered on the Registration Statements on Forms S-8 on July 8, 2021 and December 23, 2022.

The following table summarizes, as of March 31, 2023, the outstanding restricted share units granted under the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan to our directors, executive officers and other grantees.

Name	Class A Ordinary Shares Underlying Restricted Share Units Awarded		Date of Grant	Date of Expiration
Rongjie Dong		*	April 22, 2022	April 21, 2032
Ashley Xin Wu		*	June 22, 2021, September 15, 2021, and September 9, 2022	June 21, 2031, September 14, 2031, and September 8, 2032
Other individuals as a group		4,920,765	June 22, 2021 to March 15, 2023	June 21, 2031 to March 14, 2033

Note:

* Less than 1% of our total outstanding shares.

C. Board Practices

Board of Directors

Our board of directors consists of nine directors. Pursuant to our memorandum and articles of association, Tencent has the right to appoint, remove and replace at least one director as long as Tencent and its affiliates collectively hold no less than 20% of our issued share capital on a fully diluted basis, and JOYY has the right to appoint, remove and replace one director as long as JOYY and its affiliates collectively hold no less than 15% of our voting power on a fully diluted basis. For so long as Tencent and its affiliates collectively hold no less than 50% of the voting power in us, Tencent has the right to appoint, remove and replace up to the lowest number of directors that (x) constitutes a majority of the directors and (y) is no less than proportionate to its voting power in us, by delivering a written notice to us. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company to qualify to serve as a director. Subject to the foregoing, our shareholders may by special resolution appoint any person to be a director and the board of directors may, by the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the remaining directors present and voting at a board meeting, appoint any person as a director to fill a vacancy or as an addition to the existing board of directors. A director may vote with respect to any contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction is considered, provided (a) such director, if his interest (whether direct or indirect) in such contract or arrangement is material, has declared the nature of his interest at the earliest meeting of the board at which it is practicable for him to do so, either specifically or by way of a general notice and (b) if such contract or arrangement is a transaction with a related party, such transaction has been approved by the audit committee. The directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and assets (present and future) and uncalled capital or any part thereof, and to issue debentures, debenture stock, bonds or other securities whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third party. None of our non-executive directors has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of service.

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Committees of the Board of Directors

We have established three committees under the board of directors: an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Mr. Hongqiang Zhao and Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong. Mr. Hongqiang Zhao is the chairman of our audit committee. We have determined that Mr. Hongqiang Zhao and Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the New York Stock Exchange and Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. We have determined that Mr. Hongqiang Zhao and Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong qualify as “audit committee financial experts.” Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong currently also serves on the audit committees of China Merchants China Direct Investments Limited (SEHK: 00133), Sihuan Pharmaceutical Holdings Group Limited (SEHK: 00460), Shirble Department Store Holdings (China) Limited (SEHK: 00312) and TK Group (Holdings) Limited (SEHK: 02283). Our board of directors has determined that the simultaneous service of Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong on the audit committees of these public companies would not impair the ability of Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong to effectively serve on the audit committee of our board of directors. The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

• appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors;

• reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

• discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;

• reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures;

• reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions;

• meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors; and

• monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

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Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Qinghua Xie, Mr. Hongqiang Zhao and Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong. Mr. Qinghua Xie is the chairman of our compensation committee. We have determined that Mr. Hongqiang Zhao and Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the New York Stock Exchange. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

• reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our chief executive officer and other executive officers;

• reviewing and recommending to the board for determination with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors;

• reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements, and

• selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Mr. Hongqiang Zhao, Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong, Mr. Lingdong Huang and Mr. Rongjie Dong. Mr. Hongqiang Zhao is the chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee. Mr. Hongqiang Zhao and Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the New York Stock Exchange. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

• selecting and recommending nominees for election by the shareholders or appointment by the board;

• reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills, experience and diversity;

• making recommendations on the frequency and structure of board meetings and monitoring the functioning of the committees of the board;

• advising the board periodically with regards to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations; and

• making recommendations to the board on all matters of corporate governance and on any remedial action to be taken.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors owe fiduciary duties to our company, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also owe to our company a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, and the class rights vested thereunder in the holders of the shares. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. A shareholder may in certain limited exceptional circumstances have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached.

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Our board of directors has all the powers necessary for managing, and for directing and supervising, our business affairs. The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others:

• convening shareholders’ annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings;

• declaring dividends and distributions;

• appointing officers and determining the term of office and its responsibilities of the officers;

• exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and

• approving the transfer of shares in our company, including the registration of such shares in our share register.

Terms of Directors and Officers

Tencent has the right to appoint, remove and replace at least one director as long as Tencent and its affiliates collectively hold no less than 20% of our issued share capital on a fully diluted basis, and JOYY has the right to appoint, remove and replace one director as long as JOYY and its affiliates collectively hold no less than 15% of our voting power on a fully diluted basis. For so long as Tencent and its affiliates collectively hold no less than 50% of the voting power in us, Tencent has the right to appoint, remove and replace up to the lowest number of directors that (x) constitutes a majority of the directors and (y) is no less than proportionate to its voting power in us, by delivering a written notice to us. Subject to the foregoing, our directors may be elected by a resolution of our board of directors, or by an special resolution of our shareholders. Our directors are not subject to a term of office (unless otherwise specified in a written agreement between the Company and the relevant director) and hold office until such time as they are removed from office by ordinary resolution of the shareholders. A director will cease to be a director if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) dies or is found by our company to be or becomes of unsound mind, (iii) resigns his office by notice in writing to the company, (iv) without special leave of absence from our board, is absent from three consecutive board meetings and our board of directors resolve that his office be vacated; (v) is prohibited by law from being a director; or (vi) is removed from office pursuant to any other provision of our memorandum and articles of association. Our officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors.

D. Employees

We had 1,521 employees as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, 79.2%, 9.0% and 11.8% of our employees were located in Guangzhou, Foshan and other cities, respectively. The following table sets forth the numbers of our employees categorized by function as of December 31, 2022.

	As of December 31, 2022
	Number		%
Customer services and operations		486		32.0
Research and development		765		50.3
Sales and marketing		84		5.5
General and administrative		186		12.2
Total		1,521		100.0

We participate in various employee social security plans that are organized by municipal and provincial governments, including housing, pension, medical insurance and unemployment insurance, as required by laws and regulations in mainland China. We are required under Chinese law to make contributions to employee benefit plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time.

We typically enter into standard employment, confidentiality and non-compete agreements with our senior management and core personnel. These contracts include a standard non-compete covenant that prohibits the employee from competing with us, directly or indirectly, during his or her employment and for two years after the termination of his or her employment, provided that we pay compensation during the restriction period in accordance with laws and regulations of mainland China in this regard.

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We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees, and we have not experienced any labor disputes. None of our employees are represented by labor unions.

E. Share Ownership

Except as specifically noted, the following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares as of March 31, 2023:

• each of our directors and executive officers; and

• each person known to us to own beneficially 5% or more of our total outstanding ordinary shares.

The calculations in the table below are based on 239,902,454 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2023, comprising of 89,515,937 Class A ordinary shares (excluding 3,059,325 Class A ordinary shares issued to our depositary bank for bulk issuance of ADSs reserved for issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards under our share incentive plan) and 150,386,517 Class B ordinary shares.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, subject to certain conditions. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.

	Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned
	Class A ordinary Shares(†)		Class B ordinary Shares(††)		Total ordinary shares on an as-converted basis		% of total ordinary shares on an as converted basis		% of aggregate voting power(†††)
Directors and Executive Officers:**
Lingdong Huang		—		—		—		—		—
Rongjie Dong(1)		1,301,157		—		1,301,157		0.5		0.0
David Xueling Li(2)		*		—		*		*		*
Qinghua Xie(3)		—		—		—		—		—
Hai Tao Pu(4)		—		—		—		—		—
Guang Xu		—		—		—		—		—
Lei Zheng		—		—		—		—		—
Hongqiang Zhao(5)		—		—		—		—		—
Tsang Wah Kwong(6)		—		—		—		—		—
Ashley Xin Wu		*		—		*		*		*
All directors and executive officers as a group		3,035,233		—		3,035,233		1.3		0.1
Principal Shareholders:
Tencent Holdings Limited(7)		—		112,012,054		112,012,054		46.7		70.3
JOYY(8)		—		38,374,463		38,374,463		16.0		24.1
Morgan Stanley(9)		14,830,792		—		14,830,792		6.2		0.9

Notes:

* Less than 1% of total outstanding ordinary shares.

** Except for Mr. Lingdong Huang, Mr. Guang Xu and Mr. Lei Zheng, and as indicated otherwise below, the business address for our directors and executive officers listed in the table is Building A3, E-Park, 280 Hanxi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511446, the People’s Republic of China. The business address of Mr. Lingdong Huang and Mr. Guang Xu is Building C, Kexing Science Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, the People’s Republic of China. The business address of Mr. Lei Zheng is Building D2, Kexing Science Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, the People’s Republic of China.

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† For each person and group included in this column, percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of Class A ordinary shares beneficially owned by such person or group, including Class A ordinary shares that such person or group has the right to acquire within 60 days of March 31, 2023, by the sum of the total number of Class A ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and the number of Class A ordinary shares underlying the options held by such person or group that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2023.

†† For each person and group included in this column, percentage ownership is calculated by dividing the number of Class B ordinary shares beneficially owned by such person or group, including Class B ordinary shares that such person or group has the right to acquire within 60 days of March 31, 2023, by the sum of the total number of Class B ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and the number of Class B ordinary shares underlying the options held by such person or group that are exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2023.

††† For each person or group included in this column, percentage of total voting power represents voting power based on both Class A and Class B ordinary shares held by such person or group, including Class A and Class B ordinary shares that such person or group has the right to acquire within 60 days of March 31, 2023, with respect to all outstanding shares of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares as a single class. Each holder of Class A ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per Class A ordinary share. Each holder of our Class B ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes per Class B ordinary share. Our Class B ordinary shares are convertible at any time by the holder into Class A ordinary shares on a share-for-share basis.

(1) Represents (i) 685,620 Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs directly held by Oriental Luck International Limited, a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned by a family trust controlled by Mr. Rongjie Dong, and (ii) 615,537 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon the vesting of the restricted shares units within 60 days after March 31, 2023 held by Mr. Rongjie Dong. The registered office of Oriental Luck International Limited is Vistra Corporate Services Centre, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110, British Virgin Islands.

(2) The business address of Mr. David Xueling Li is 30 Pasir Panjang Road #15-31A Mapletree Business City, Singapore 117440.

(3) The business address of Mr. Qinghua Xie is 46/F, Tencent Binhai Towers, No.33 Haitian 2nd Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, the People’s Republic of China.

(4) The business address of Mr. Hai Tao Pu is 29/F, Three Pacific Place, 1 Queen’s Road East, Wanchai, Hong Kong.

(5) The business address of Mr. Hongqiang Zhao is No. 10 Furong Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, the People’s Republic of China.

(6) The business address of Mr. Tsang Wah Kwong is Flat B, 11/F., Block 9, Vista Paradiso, 2 Hang Ming Street, Ma On Shan, New Territories, Hong Kong.

(7) Represents 112,012,054 Class B ordinary shares directly held by Linen Investment Limited, based on our register of members. Tencent Holdings Limited is a Cayman Islands company. Linen Investment Limited is a British Virgin Islands company and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Tencent Holdings Limited. The principal business address of each of Tencent Holdings Limited and Linen Investment Limited is Level 29, Three Pacific Place, No. 1 Queen’s Road East, Wanchai, Hong Kong.

(8) Represents 38,374,463 Class B ordinary shares directly held by JOYY Inc., based on our register of members. JOYY Inc. is a Cayman Islands company. The principal business address of JOYY Inc. is 30 Pasir Panjang Road #15-31A Mapletree Business City, Singapore 117440.

(9) Represents 14,830,792 Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs held by Morgan Stanley and its affiliates, as reported in a Schedule 13G amendment filed by Morgan Stanley and its affiliates on February 9, 2023. The principal business address of Morgan Stanley is 1585 Broadway New York, NY 10036.

To our knowledge, as of March 31, 2023, a total of 87,835,989 Class A ordinary shares are held by one record holder in the United States, representing approximately 36.6% of our total outstanding shares on an as-converted basis. The holder is Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the depositary of our ADS program, which holds 87,835,989 Class A ordinary shares, representing 36.6% of our total outstanding shares on an as-converted basis. None of our outstanding Class B ordinary shares are held by record holders in the United States. The number of beneficial owners of our ADSs in the United States is likely to be much larger than the number of record holders of our ordinary shares in the United States.

For options and restricted share units granted to our officers, directors and employees, see “—B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Share Incentive Plan.”

F. Disclosure of A Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

Not applicable.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”

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B. Related Party Transactions

Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entity and Its Shareholders

Laws and regulations in mainland China currently restrict foreign ownership and investment in value-added telecommunications services in mainland China. As a result, we operate our relevant business through Guangzhou Huya, the variable interest entity, and its subsidiaries based on a series of contractual arrangements. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—D. Organizational Structure.”

Agreements and Transactions with Tencent

Upon the completion of the issuance of Series B-2 Preferred Shares on March 8, 2018, Tencent became a related party of ours as our major shareholder. The transactions with Tencent prior to March 8, 2018 were not disclosed as related party transactions.

The table below provides a summary of our transactions with Tencent for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
Content costs charged by Tencent		127,224		485,988		539,451		78,213
Operation support services provided by Tencent		342,487		370,393		174,158		25,251
Advertising, sub-licensing and other revenues from Tencent		14,349		80,302		22,073		3,200
Disposal gain of an investment		—		360,589		—		—
Others		30,540		14,617		12,867		1,866

Agreements and Transactions with JOYY

The table below provides a summary of our transactions with JOYY for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
Purchase of services by JOYY on behalf of Huya		18,945		268		502		73
Operation support services provided by JOYY		4,187		2,543		351		51
Others		1,054		—		—		—

We have entered a series of agreements with JOYY in areas of intellectual property and business cooperation. In addition, we have entered into a registration rights agreement, under which we have granted JOYY certain registration rights, including:

• Demand registration rights. So long as JOYY holds 25% or more of the voting power of our outstanding shares, it has the right to request us effect a registration for their shares. We are not obligated to effect more than two demand registrations that have been declared and ordered effective.

• Form F-3 registration rights. If we qualify for registration on Form F-3, JOYY may request us to file a registration statement on Form F-3. We are not obligated to effect more than six registration statements on Form F-3 that have been declared and ordered effective.

• Piggyback registration rights. If we propose to file a registration statement for a public offering of our securities, we must afford JOYY an opportunity to participate in that offering. We have the right to terminate or withdraw any registration initiated by us under the piggyback registration rights prior to the effectiveness of such registration.

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Agreements and Transactions with Entities over which Tencent and/or Huya Have Significant Influence

On April 3, 2020, Tencent’s related parties became our related parties as a result of Tencent gaining majority voting power in us and consolidating our financial statements. The transactions with Tencent’s related parties prior to April 3, 2020 were not disclosed as related party transactions. The table below provides a summary of our transactions with entities over which Tencent and/or Huya have significant influence (“Tencent and Huya’s related parties”) in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
Content cost and revenue sharing fees charged by Tencent and Huya’s related parties		85,361		102,311		100,627		14,590
Advertising, sub-licensing and other revenues from Tencent and Huya’s related parties		8,197		188,209		13,072		1,895
Others		34,044		21,013		18,213		2,641

Shareholders’ Agreement

We entered into our amended and restated shareholders’ agreement on March 8, 2018 with our shareholders, which consist of holders of Class A and Class B ordinary shares, series A-1 preferred shares, series A-2 preferred shares and series B-2 preferred shares.

This shareholders’ agreement provides that our board of directors should consist of at least five directors, including no less than two independent directors. Tencent has the right to appoint, remove and replace at least one director as long as Tencent holds no less than 20% of our issued share capital on a fully diluted basis, and JOYY has the right to appoint, remove and replace one director as long as JOYY holds no less than 15% of our issued share capital on a fully diluted basis. For so long as Tencent holds no less than 50% of the voting power in us, Tencent has the right to appoint, remove and replace up to the lowest number of directors that (x) constitutes a majority of the directors and (y) is no less than proportionate to such holder’s voting power in us, by delivering a written notice to us.

Under this shareholders’ agreement, we have also granted certain registration rights to our preferred shareholders:

Demand registration rights

At any time after the date that is six months after the completion of our initial public offering, holders of 25% or more of voting power of the outstanding preferred shares or ordinary shares issued upon the conversion of the preferred shares have the right to request us effect a registration for their shares. Except for certain circumstances where we are entitled to defer a filing, upon receiving a notice of demand registration, we should promptly give a written notice to all other holders of our preferred shares or ordinary shares issued upon the conversion of our preferred shares, and make best efforts to register the shares requested to be registered. We are not obligated to effect more than three demand registrations that have been declared and ordered effective.

Form F-3 registration rights

Any holders of our preferred shares or ordinary shares issued upon the conversion of our preferred shares may request us to file an unlimited number of registration statements on Form F-3. We should promptly give a written notice to all other preferred shareholders, and make best efforts to effect the registration of the securities on Form F-3 within 15 days after we delivered such written notice. We are not obligated to effect more than eight registrations that have been declared and ordered effective.

Piggyback registration rights

If we propose to file a registration statement for a public offering of our securities, we must afford preferred shareholders or holders of ordinary shares issued upon the conversion of preferred shares an opportunity to participate in that offering. We have the right to terminate or withdraw any registration initiated by us under the piggyback registration rights prior to the effectiveness of such registration. In case of an underwritten offering, the underwriters have the right to exclude all of the shares requested to be registered in the initial public offering, or in any other public offering up to 75% of the shares requested to be registered by the holders of piggyback registration rights, subject to certain preconditions.

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Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements.”

Share Option Grants

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Share Incentive Plan.”

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

Legal Proceedings

We are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings. We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—We may be held liable for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our platform, or distributed to our users, and government authorities may impose legal sanctions on us, including, in serious cases, suspending or revoking the licenses needed to operate our platform,” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims or other allegations, which could result in our payment of substantial damages, penalties and fines, removal of relevant content from our platform or seeking license arrangements which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.”

Dividend Policy

Our board of directors has discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium, and provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends on our ordinary shares, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

We do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future, as we currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiary in mainland China for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. Regulations of mainland China may restrict the ability of our subsidiary in mainland China to pay dividends to us. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution” and “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—People’s Republic of China Taxation.”

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If we pay any dividends, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the Class A ordinary shares underlying our ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to our ADS holders in proportion to the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. Cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

B. Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Offering and Listing Details

See “—C. Markets.”

B. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C. Markets

Our ADSs, each representing one of our Class A ordinary shares, have been listed on the NYSE since May 11, 2018. Our ADSs trade under the symbol “HUYA.”

D. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E. Dilution

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

The following are summaries of material provisions of our currently effective fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, as well as the Companies Act (As Revised) insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.

Board of Directors

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.”

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Objects of our Company

Under our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the objects of our company are unrestricted and we have the full power and authority to carry out any object not prohibited by the laws of the Cayman Islands.

Ordinary Shares

Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form and are issued when registered in our register of members. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their shares.

Conversion

Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of Class B ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person other than holders of Class B ordinary shares or their affiliates or upon a change of ultimate beneficial ownership of any Class B ordinary shares to any person or entity who is not an affiliate of the holder of such Class B ordinary shares, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the same number of Class A ordinary shares.

Dividends

The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors subject to our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. In addition, our shareholders may by an ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, our company may declare and pay a dividend only out of funds legally available therefor, namely out of either our profit or our share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may we pay a dividend if, immediately after this payment, this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

Voting Rights

In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote, each holder of Class A ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per share and each holder of Class B ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes per share on all matters subject to vote at our general meetings. Our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, except as may otherwise be required by law. Voting at any shareholders’ meeting shall be decided by way of a poll and not on a show of hands.

A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of one or more shareholders present or representing by proxy and holding shares which represent, in aggregate, not less than one-third of all votes attaching to the issued and outstanding voting shares entitled to vote at general meetings. Shareholders may be present in person or by proxy or, if the shareholder is a legal entity, by its duly authorized representative. Shareholders’ meetings may be convened by our board of directors on its own initiative or upon a request to the directors by shareholders holding, at the date of deposit of the requisition, shares which represent, in aggregate, no less than one-third of the votes attaching to all our issued and outstanding shares, in which case the directors are obliged to call such meeting and to put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting; however, our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association do not provide our shareholders with any right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders. Advance notice of at least 10 calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general shareholders’ meeting and any other general shareholders’ meeting.

An ordinary resolution to be passed at a meeting by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast by those shareholders entitled to vote who are present in person or by proxy at a general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast by those shareholders entitled to vote who are present in person or by proxy at a general meeting. Both ordinary resolutions and special resolutions may also be passed by a unanimous written resolution signed by all the shareholders of our company, as permitted by the Companies Act and our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of our name or making changes to our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. Holders of the ordinary shares may, among other things, consolidate or subdivide their shares by ordinary resolution.

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Transfer of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the restrictions in our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association as set out below, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board of directors.

Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless:

• the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate for the ordinary shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer;

• the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of shares;

• the instrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required;

• in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the ordinary share is to be transferred does not exceed four; and

• a fee of such maximum sum as the NYSE may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as our directors may from time to time require is paid to us in respect thereof.

If our directors refuse to register a transfer they shall, within three calendar months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal.

The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice required of the NYSE, be suspended and the register closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register closed for more than 30 days in any year as our board of directors may determine.

Liquidation

On a return of capital on winding up of our company, if the assets available for distribution among our shareholders shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the share capital at the commencement of the winding up, the surplus will be distributed among our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them at the commencement of the winding up, subject to a deduction from those shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to our company for unpaid calls or otherwise. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them. We are an exempted company with limited liability registered under the Companies Act, and under the Companies Act, the liability of our members is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them. Our fourth amended and restated memorandum of association contains a declaration that the liability of our members is so limited.

Calls on Shares and Forfeiture of Shares

Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 days prior to the specified time of payment. The shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.

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Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Ordinary Shares

We may issue shares on terms that such shares are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders thereof, on such terms and in such manner as may be determined, before the issue of such shares, by our board of directors or by a special resolution of our shareholders. Our company may also repurchase any of our shares provided that the manner and terms of such purchase have been approved by our board of directors or by special resolution of our shareholders, or are otherwise authorized by our memorandum and articles of association. Under the Companies Act, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of our company’s profits or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase, or out of capital (including share premium account and capital redemption reserve) if the company can, immediately following such payment, pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Companies Act no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (a) unless it is fully paid up, (b) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares outstanding, or (c) if the company has commenced liquidation. In addition, our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration.

Variations of Rights of Shares

Whenever our capital is divided into different classes the rights attached to any such class may, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to any class, only be materially adversely varied with the consent in writing of the holders of two-thirds of the issued Shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued with preferred or other rights shall not, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to the shares of that class, be deemed to be materially adversely varied by, inter alia, the creation, allotment or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with or subsequent to such existing class of shares or the redemption or purchase of any shares of any class. In addition, the rights of the holders of the shares shall not be deemed to be materially adversely varied by the creation or issue of shares with preferred or other rights including, without limitation, the creation of shares with enhanced or weighted voting rights.

Issuance of Additional Shares

Subject to our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, our board of directors are authorized to issue additional ordinary shares from time to time as our board of directors shall determine, to the extent of available authorized but unissued shares.

Subject to our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association also authorizes our board of directors to establish from time to time one or more series of preferred shares and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series, including but not limited to:

• the designation of the series;

• the number of shares of the series and the subscription price thereof if different from the par value thereof;

• the dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, voting rights; and

• the rights and terms of redemption and liquidation preferences.

Inspection of Books and Records

Holders of our ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records (save for our memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of our shareholders).

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Anti-takeover Provisions

Some provisions of our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that:

• subject to our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, authorize our board of directors to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preferred shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders; and

• limit the ability of shareholders to requisition and convene general meetings of shareholders

However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company.

General Meetings of Shareholders and Shareholder Proposals

Our shareholders’ general meetings may be held in such place within or outside the Cayman Islands as our board of directors considers appropriate.

As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obliged by the Companies Act to call shareholders’ annual general meetings. Our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that we may (but are not obliged to) in each year hold a general meeting as our annual general meeting in which case we shall specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it, and the annual general meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be determined by our directors.

Shareholders’ annual general meetings and any other general meetings of our shareholders may be convened by a majority of our board of directors or our chairman. Advance notice of at least ten calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general shareholders’ meeting and any other general meeting of our shareholders. A quorum required for a general meeting of shareholders consists of one or more shareholders present or representing by proxy, representing not less than one-third of all votes attaching to the issued and outstanding shares in our company entitled to vote at general meetings.

Cayman Islands law provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association allow our shareholders holding shares representing in aggregate not less than one-third of all votes attaching to all issued and outstanding shares of our company that as at the date of the deposit carry the right to vote at general meetings, to requisition an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders, in which case our directors are obliged to call such meeting and to put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting; however, our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association do not provide our shareholders with any right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders.

Election and Removal of Directors

Unless otherwise determined by our company in general meeting, our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that our board of directors will consist of not less than five directors, including no less than two independent directors. The board of directors shall have the right to expand the size of the board of directors and determine the exact number of directors. Tencent has the right to appoint, remove and replace at least one director as long as Tencent and its affiliates collectively hold no less than 20% of our issued share capital on a fully diluted basis, and JOYY has the right to appoint, remove and replace one director as long as JOYY and its affiliates collectively hold no less than 15% of the voting power in our company on a fully diluted basis. For so long as Tencent and its affiliates collectively hold no less than 50% of the voting power in our Company, Tencent shall be entitled to appoint, remove and replace up to the lowest number of directors that (x) constitutes a majority of the directors and (y) is no less than proportionate to its voting power in our company. There are no provisions relating to retirement of directors upon reaching any age limit.

Subject to the above, the directors have the power to appoint any person as a director either to fill a casual vacancy on the board or as an addition to the existing board and our shareholders may also appoint any person to be a director by way of a special resolution.

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Subject to restrictions contained in our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, a director may be removed with or without cause by a special resolution of our company.

In addition, the office of any director shall be vacated if the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors, (ii) dies or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind, (iii) resigns his office by notice in writing to our company, (iv) without special leave of absence from our board, is absent from three consecutive board meetings and our board resolves that his office be vacated, or (v) is removed from office pursuant to our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

Proceedings of Board of Directors

Our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that our business is to be managed and conducted by our board of directors. The quorum necessary for board meetings may be fixed by the board and, unless so fixed at another number, will be a majority of the directors.

Our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association provide that the board may from exercise all the powers of our company to borrow money, to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and assets (present and future) and uncalled capital of our company or any part thereof and to issue debentures, debenture stock, bonds and other securities whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of our company or of any third party.

Changes in Capital

Our shareholders may from time to time by special resolution:

• increase our share capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such classes and amount, as the resolution shall prescribe;

• consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of a larger amount than our existing shares;

• sub-divide our existing shares, or any of them into shares of a smaller amount, provided that in the subdivision the proportion between the amount paid and the amount, if any, unpaid on each reduced share shall be the same as it was in case of the share from which the reduced share is derived; or

• cancel any shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of our share capital by the amount of the shares so canceled.

Our shareholders may by special resolution, subject to confirmation by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands on an application by our company for an order confirming such reduction, reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve in any manner permitted by law.

Exempted Company

We are an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Act. The Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except that an exempted company:

• does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;

• is not required to open its register of members for inspection;

• does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

• may issue shares with no par value;

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• may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation (such undertakings are usually given for 20 years in the first instance);

• may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

• may register as a limited duration company; and

• may register as a segregated portfolio company.

“Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on that shareholder’s shares of the company (except in exceptional circumstances, such as involving fraud, the establishment of an agency relationship or an illegal or improper purpose or other circumstances in which a court may be prepared to pierce or lift the corporate veil).

Register of Members

Under the Companies Act, we must keep a register of members and there should be entered therein:

• the names and addresses of the members, together with a statement of the shares held by each member, and such statement shall confirm (i) the amount paid or agreed to be considered as paid, on the shares of each member, (ii) the number and category of shares held by each member, and (iii) whether each relevant category of shares held by a member carries voting rights under the articles of association of the company, and if so, whether such voting rights are conditional;

• the date on which the name of any person was entered on the register as a member; and

• the date on which any person ceased to be a member.

Under Cayman Islands law, the register of members of our company is prima facie evidence of the matters set out therein (i.e. the register of members will raise a presumption of fact on the matters referred to above unless rebutted) and a member registered in the register of members should be deemed as a matter of Cayman Islands law to have legal title to the shares as set against its name in the register of members. Once our register of members has been updated, the shareholders recorded in the register of members will be deemed to have legal title to the shares set against their name in the register of members.

If the name of any person is incorrectly entered in or omitted from our register of members, or if there is any default or unnecessary delay in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member of our company, the person or member aggrieved (or any member of our company or our company itself) may apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for an order that the register be rectified, and the Court may either refuse such application or it may, if satisfied of the justice of the case, make an order for the rectification of the register.

Differences in Corporate Law

The Companies Act is derived, to a large extent, from the older Companies Acts of England but does not follow recent United Kingdom statutory enactments, and accordingly there are significant differences between the Companies Act and the current Companies Act of England. In addition, the Companies Act differs from laws applicable to United States corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and the comparable provisions of the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders.

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Mergers and Similar Arrangements The Companies Act permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. For these purposes, (a) “merger” means the merging of two or more constituent companies and the vesting of their undertaking, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company and (b) a “consolidation” means the combination of two or more constituent companies into a combined company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of such companies to the consolidated company. In order to effect such a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by (a) a special resolution of the shareholders of each constituent company, and (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. The written plan of merger or consolidation must be filed with the Registrar of Companies together with a declaration as to the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company, a statement of the assets and liabilities of each constituent company and an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to the members and creditors of each constituent company and that notification of the merger or consolidation will be published in the Cayman Islands Gazette. Dissenting shareholders have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) if they follow the required procedures, subject to certain exceptions. The exercise of dissenter rights will preclude the exercise by the dissenting shareholder of any other rights to which he or she might otherwise be entitled by virtue of holding shares, save for the right to seek relief on the grounds that the merger or consolidation is void or unlawful. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures.

A merger between a Cayman parent company and its Cayman subsidiary or subsidiaries does not require authorization by a resolution of shareholders of that Cayman subsidiary if a copy of the plan of merger is given to every member of that Cayman subsidiary to be merged unless that member agrees otherwise. For this purpose a company is a “parent” of a subsidiary if it holds issued shares that together represent at least ninety percent (90%) of the votes at a general meeting of the subsidiary.

The consent of each holder of a fixed or floating security interest over a constituent company is required unless this requirement is waived by a court in the Cayman Islands.

In addition, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies by way of schemes of arrangement, provided that the arrangement is approved by (a) 75% in value of the shareholders or class of shareholders, as the case may be, or (b) a majority in number representing 75% in value of the creditors or each class of creditors, as the case may be, with whom the arrangement is to be made, that are, in each case, present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder or creditor has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved, the court would nevertheless be likely to approve the arrangement if it determines that:

• the statutory provisions as to the required majority vote have been met;

• the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question and the statutory majority are acting bona fide without coercion of the minority to promote interests adverse to those of the class;

• the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest man of that class acting in respect of his interest; and

• the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Act.

The Companies Act also contains a statutory power of compulsory acquisition which may facilitate the “squeeze out” of dissentient minority shareholder upon a tender offer. When a tender offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares affected within four months, the offeror may, within a two-month period commencing on the expiration of such four month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed in the case of an offer which has been so approved unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.

If an arrangement and reconstruction by way of scheme of arrangement is thus approved, or if a tender offer is made and accepted, a dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of Delaware corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.

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Shareholders’ Suits. In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff and as a general rule, a derivative action may ordinarily not be brought by a minority shareholder. However, based on English authority, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, the Cayman Islands courts can be expected (and have had occasion) to follow and apply the common law principles (namely the rule in Foss v. Harbottle and the exceptions thereto) which permit a minority shareholder to commence a class action against, or derivative actions in the name of, our company to challenge:

• an act which is ultra vires or illegal and is therefore incapable of ratification by the shareholders,

• an act which constitutes a fraud against the minority where the wrongdoers are themselves in control of the company, and

• an act which requires a resolution with a qualified (or special) majority (i.e. more than a simple majority) which has not been obtained.

Indemnification of Directors and Executive Officers and Limitation of Liability. Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association require us to indemnify our officers and directors against all actions, proceedings, costs, charges, expenses, losses, damages or liabilities incurred or sustained in their capacities as such unless such actions, proceedings, costs, charges, expenses, losses, damages or liabilities arise from dishonesty, willful default or fraud of such director or officer, in or about the conduct of our business or affairs (including as a result of any mistake of judgment) or in the execution or discharge of his duties, powers, authorities or discretions, including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, any costs, expenses, losses or liabilities incurred by such persons in defending (whether successfully or otherwise) any civil proceedings concerning our company or our affairs in any court whether in Cayman Islands or elsewhere. This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation.

In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers that provide such persons with additional indemnification beyond that provided in our Memorandum and Articles of Association.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

Anti-Takeover Provisions in the Memorandum and Articles of Association. Some provisions of our current memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that subject to obtaining the approval of Tencent and JOYY if certain shareholding criteria are met, authorize our board of directors to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preferred shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders.

However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company.

Directors’ Fiduciary Duties. Under Delaware corporate law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director act in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He or she must not use his or her corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, a director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.

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As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company and therefore he owes duties to the company including the following a duty to act in good faith in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a personal profit based on his or her position as director (unless the company permits him to do so), a duty not to put himself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his or her personal interest or his or her duty to a third party and a duty to exercise powers for the purpose for which such powers were intended. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands.

Shareholder Proposals. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. The Delaware General Corporation Law does not provide shareholders an express right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, but in keeping with common law, Delaware corporations generally afford shareholders an opportunity to make proposals and nominations provided that they comply with the notice provisions in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws. A special meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.

The Companies Act provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association allow our shareholders holding not less than one-third of all votes attaching to all issued and outstanding shares of our company entitled to vote at general meetings to requisition a shareholder’s meeting, in which case our directors shall convene an extraordinary general meeting. Other than this right to requisition a shareholders’ meeting, our Memorandum and Articles of Association do not provide our shareholders other right to put proposal before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders. As an exempted Cayman Islands company, we are not obliged by law to call shareholders’ annual general meetings.

Cumulative Voting. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, which increases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director. Cayman Islands law does not prohibit cumulative voting, but our Memorandum and Articles of Association do not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, our shareholders are not afforded any less protections or rights on this issue than shareholders of a Delaware corporation.

Removal of Directors. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation with a classified board may be removed only for cause with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under our Memorandum and Articles of Association, subject to certain restrictions as contained therein, directors may be removed with or without cause, by a special resolution of our shareholders. An appointment of a director may be on terms that the director shall automatically retire from office (unless he has sooner vacated office) at the next or a subsequent annual general meeting or upon any specified event or after any specified period in a written agreement between the Company and the director, if any; but no such term shall be implied in the absence of express provision. In addition, a director’s office shall be vacated if the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) is found to be or becomes of unsound mind or dies; (iii) resigns his office by notice in writing to the company; (iv) without special leave of absence from our board of directors, is absent from three consecutive meetings of the board and the board resolves that his office be vacated; or (v) is removed from office pursuant to any other provisions of our Memorandum and Articles of Association.

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Transactions with Interested Shareholders. The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware public corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute by amendment to its certificate of incorporation or bylaws that is approved by its shareholders, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting stock or who or which is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and owned 15% or more of the corporation’s outstanding voting stock within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.

Cayman Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and for a proper corporate purpose and not with the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders.

Restructuring. A company may present a petition to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for the appointment of a restructuring officer on the grounds that the company:

(a) is or is likely to become unable to pay its debts; and

(b) intends to present a compromise or arrangement to its creditors (or classes thereof) either pursuant to the Companies Act, the law of a foreign country or by way of a consensual restructuring.

The Grand Court may, among other things, make an order appointing a restructuring officer upon hearing of such petition, with such powers and to carry out such functions as the court may order. At any time (i) after the presentation of a petition for the appointment of a restructuring officer but before an order for the appointment of a restructuring officer has been made, and (ii) when an order for the appointment of a restructuring officer is made, until such order has been discharged, no suit, action or other proceedings (other than criminal proceedings) shall be proceeded with or commenced against the company, no resolution to wind up the company shall be passed, and no winding up petition may be presented against the company, except with the leave of the court. However, notwithstanding the presentation of a petition for the appointment of a restructuring officer or the appointment of a restructuring officer, a creditor who has security over the whole or part of the assets of the company is entitled to enforce the security without the leave of the court and without reference to the restructuring officer appointed.

Dissolution; Winding Up. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board.

Under Cayman Islands law, a company may be wound up by either an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands or by a special resolution of its members or, if the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due, by an ordinary resolution of its members. The court has authority to order winding up in a number of specified circumstances including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so. Under the Companies Act and our Memorandum and Articles of Association, our company may be dissolved, liquidated or wound up by a special resolution of our shareholders, or by an ordinary resolution on the basis that our company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due.

Variation of Rights of Shares. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under Cayman Islands law and our Memorandum and Articles of Association, if our share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, we may materially adversely vary the rights attached to any class with the written consent of the holders of two-thirds of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

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Amendment of Governing Documents. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s governing documents may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under Cayman Islands law, our Memorandum and Articles of Association may only be amended with a special resolution of our shareholders.

Rights of Non-Resident or Foreign Shareholders. There are no limitations imposed by our Memorandum and Articles of Association on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our Memorandum and Articles of Association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

Exempted Company. The Companies Act in the Cayman Islands distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except for the exemptions and privileges listed below:

• an exempted company does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;

• an exempted company’s register of members is not required to be open to inspection;

• an exempted company does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

• an exempted company may issue no par value shares;

• an exempted company may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation (such undertakings are usually given for 30 years in the first instance);

• an exempted company may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

• an exempted company may register as a limited duration company; and

• an exempted company may register as a segregated portfolio company.

“Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on that shareholder’s shares of the company (except in exceptional circumstances, such as involving fraud, the establishment of an agency relationship or an illegal or improper purpose or other circumstances in which a court may be prepared to pierce or lift the corporate veil).

C. Material Contracts

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described under this item or “Item 4. Information on the Company,” “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions” or elsewhere in this annual report.

On April 27, 2021, Guangzhou Huya entered into a License Agreement for Broadcasting League of Legends Matches, or the Original License Agreement, with Tengjing Sports & Culture Development (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., an entity affiliated with Tencent Holdings Limited, under which Guangzhou Huya purchased a license for e-sports during the period from 2021 to 2025. On January 12, 2023, Guangzhou Huya entered into a supplemental agreement to the Original License Agreement, with Tengjing Sports & Culture Development (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., pursuant to which certain amendments were made to the Original License Agreement with respect to the license arrangement thereunder for the years 2023 through 2025, including, among others: (i) Guangzhou Huya is granted non-exclusive, instead of exclusive, live broadcasting rights and on-demand broadcasting rights under the Original License Agreement, (ii) the scope of authorized matches for broadcasting in mainland China under the Original License Agreement is expanded, including adding League of Legends World Championship for 2023 to 2025 (S13-S15), among other things, (iii) the license fee payable by Guangzhou Huya under the Original License Agreement is decreased to a total of RMB450 million for these three years, and (iv) Guangzhou Huya does not have sub-licensing rights.

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D. Exchange Controls

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution.”

E. Taxation

The following discussion of Cayman Islands, mainland China and United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change or differing interpretation, possibly with retroactive effect. This summary does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under state, local and other tax laws. To the extent that the discussion relates to matters of Cayman Islands tax law, it represents the opinion of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our Cayman Islands counsel. To the extent that the discussion relates to matters of tax law of mainland China, it represents the opinion of Commerce & Finance Law Offices, our mainland China legal counsel.

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our legal counsel as to Cayman Islands law, has advised us that there are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or, after execution, brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of the Shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

People’s Republic of China Taxation

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of mainland China with a “de facto management body” within mainland China is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its global income. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, SAT issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a mainland China-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in mainland China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by mainland China enterprises or mainland China enterprise groups, not those controlled by mainland China individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a mainland China enterprise or a mainland China enterprise group will be regarded as a mainland China tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in mainland China only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in mainland China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in mainland China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in mainland China; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in mainland China.

We do not believe that HUYA Inc. meets all of the conditions above. HUYA Inc. is a company incorporated outside mainland China. As a holding company, its key assets are its ownership interests in its subsidiaries, and its key assets are located, and its records (including the resolutions of its board of directors and the resolutions of its shareholders) are maintained, outside mainland China. For the same reasons, we believe our other entities outside of mainland China are not mainland China resident enterprises either. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the tax authorities of mainland China and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” There can be no assurance that the government of mainland China will ultimately take a view that is consistent with us.

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Commerce & Finance Law Offices, our legal counsel as to law of mainland China, has advised us that however, if the tax authorities of mainland China determine that HUYA Inc. is a mainland China resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to a 10% mainland China tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within mainland China. It is unclear whether our non-mainland China individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) would be subject to any mainland China tax on dividends or gains obtained by such non-mainland China individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a mainland China resident enterprise. If any mainland China tax were to apply to such dividends or gains, it would generally apply at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. However, it is also unclear whether non-mainland China shareholders of HUYA Inc. would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and mainland China in the event that HUYA Inc. is treated as a mainland China resident enterprise.

Provided that our Cayman Islands holding company, HUYA Inc., is not deemed to be a mainland China resident enterprise, holders of our ADSs and ordinary shares who are not mainland China residents will not be subject to mainland China income tax on dividends distributed by us or gains realized from the sale or other disposition of our shares or ADSs. However, under SAT Circular 7, where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring taxable assets, including, in particular, equity interests in a mainland China resident enterprise, indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, or the transferee or the mainland China entity which directly owned such taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the tax authority of mainland China may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring mainland China tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to enterprise income tax of mainland China, and the transferor obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a mainland China resident enterprise. We and our non-mainland China resident investors may be at risk of being required to file a return and being taxed under SAT Circular 7, and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Circular 7, or to establish that we should not be taxed under this circular. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in Mainland China—Under the enterprise income tax law of mainland China, we may be classified as a mainland China “resident enterprise,” which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.”

United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion is a summary of United States federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares by a U.S. holder (as defined below) that holds our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). This discussion is based upon existing United States federal income tax law, which is subject to differing interpretations and may be changed, possibly with retroactive effect. There can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) or a court will not take a contrary position. This discussion does not address all aspects of United States federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual circumstances, including investors subject to special tax rules (for example, certain financial institutions, insurance companies, broker-dealers, traders in securities that have elected the mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities, partnerships and their partners, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, and tax-exempt organizations (including private foundations)), investors who are not U.S. holders, investors who own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) 10% or more of our stock (by vote or value), investors that will hold their ADSs or Class A ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale, or other integrated transaction for United States federal income tax purposes, or investors that have a functional currency other than the United States dollar, all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those summarized below. In addition, this discussion does not discuss any non-United States, alternative minimum tax, state, or local tax or any non-income tax (such as the U.S. federal gift or estate tax) considerations, or the Medicare tax on net investment income. Each U.S. holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the United States federal, state, local, and non-United States income and other tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

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General

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares that is, for United States federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created in, or organized under the laws of, the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust (A) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a United States court and which has one or more United States persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (B) that has otherwise elected to be treated as a United States person under the Code or applicable United States Treasury regulations.

If a partnership (or other entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and partners in such partnerships are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the particular United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

For United States federal income tax purposes, it is generally expected that a U.S. holder of ADSs will be treated as the beneficial owner of the underlying shares represented by the ADSs. The remainder of this discussion assumes that a U.S. holder of our ADSs will be treated as the beneficial owner of the underlying shares represented by the ADSs. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of Class A ordinary shares for ADSs will generally not be subject to United States federal income tax.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations

A non-United States corporation, such as our company, will be a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC,” for United States federal income tax purposes, if, in any particular taxable year, either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash and assets readily convertible to cash are categorized as a passive asset and the company’s unbooked intangibles associated with active business activities may generally be classified as active assets. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock.

Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat the variable interest entity (including its subsidiaries) as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise effective control over the operation of such entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated financial statements.

Based upon the nature and composition of our assets (in particular, the retention of a substantial amount of cash, deposits and investments), and the market price of our ADSs, we believe that we were a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2022, and we will likely be a PFIC for our current taxable year unless the market price of our ADSs increases and/or we invest a substantial amount of the cash and other passive assets we hold in assets that produce or are held for the production of active income.

If we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. holder holds our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. holder holds our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. However, if we cease to be a PFIC, provided that you have not made a mark-to-market election, as described below, you may avoid some of the adverse effects of the PFIC regime by making a “deemed sale” election with respect to the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, as applicable. If such election is made, you will be deemed to have sold our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares you hold at their fair market value and any gain from such deemed sale would be subject to the rules described below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.” After the deemed sale election, so long as we do not become a PFIC in a subsequent taxable year, your ADSs or Class A ordinary shares with respect to which such election was made will not be treated as shares in a PFIC and you will not be subject to the rules described below with respect to any “excess distribution” you receive from us or any gain from an actual sale or other disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. The rules dealing with deemed sale elections are very complex. Each U.S. holder should consult its tax advisors regarding the possibility and considerations of making a deemed sale election.

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Dividends

Subject to the discussion below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” any cash distributions (including the amount of any tax withheld) paid on our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. holder, in the case of ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of United States federal income tax principles, any distribution paid will generally be reported as a dividend for United States federal income tax purposes. A non-corporate recipient of dividend income from a “qualified foreign corporation” will generally be subject to tax at a reduced United States federal tax rate rather than the marginal tax rates generally applicable to ordinary income provided that certain requirements are met.

A non-United States corporation (other than a corporation that is a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year) will generally be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation (a) if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States which the Secretary of Treasury of the United States determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and which includes an exchange of information program, or (b) with respect to any dividend it pays on stock (or ADSs in respect of such stock) which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Our ADSs (but not our Class A ordinary shares) are listed on the NYSE and is considered readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Since our Class A ordinary shares will not be listed on an established securities markets in the United States, we do not believe that dividends that we pay on our Class A ordinary shares that are not backed by ADSs currently meet the conditions required for the reduced tax rate. We believe that our ADSs will be readily tradable, but there can be no assurance that our ADSs will continue to be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in later years. In the event we are deemed to be a resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be eligible for the benefits of the United States-mainland China income tax treaty (which the U.S. Treasury Department has determined is satisfactory for this purpose) and in that case we would be treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid on our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs. Each non-corporate U.S. holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income for any dividends we pay with respect to our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. Dividends received on the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations.

Dividends will generally be treated as income from foreign sources for United States foreign tax credit purposes and will generally constitute passive category income. In the event that we are deemed to be a mainland China “resident enterprise” under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, a U.S. holder may be subject to mainland China withholding taxes on dividends paid on our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. See “—People’s Republic of China Taxation.” In that case, a U.S. holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. A U.S. holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld may instead claim a deduction, for United States federal income tax purposes, in respect of such withholdings, but only for a year in which such U.S. holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. U.S. holders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

As mentioned above, we believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2022, and we will likely be classified as a PFIC for our current taxable year. U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced tax rate on dividends with respect to the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares in their particular circumstances.

Sale or Other Disposition of ADSs or Class A Ordinary Shares

Subject to the discussion below under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” a U.S. holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. Any capital gain or loss will be long-term if the ADSs or ordinary shares have been held for more than one year and will generally be United States source gain or loss for United States foreign tax credit purposes. Long-term capital gain of non-corporate

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U.S. holders is generally eligible for a reduced rate of taxation. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. In the event that we are treated as a mainland China “resident enterprise” under the Enterprise Income Tax Law and gain from the disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares is subject to tax in mainland China, a U.S. holder that is eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and mainland China may elect to treat the gain as mainland China source income. Pursuant to recently issued Regulations, however, if a U.S. holder is not eligible for the benefits of the Treaty or does not elect to apply the Treaty, then such holder may not be able to claim a foreign tax credit arising from any tax of mainland China imposed on the disposition of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. The rules regarding foreign tax credits and deduction of foreign taxes are complex. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of a foreign tax credit or deduction in light of their particular circumstances, including their eligibility for benefits under the Treaty and the potential impact of the recently issued Regulations.

As mentioned above, we believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2022, and we will likely be classified as a PFIC for our current taxable year. U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax considerations of the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares in their particular circumstances.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

As mentioned above, we believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2022, and we will likely be classified as a PFIC for our current taxable year. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, and unless the U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. holder will generally be subject to special tax rules that have a penalizing effect, regardless of whether we remain a PFIC, for subsequent taxable years, on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. holder that is greater than 125% of the average annual distributions paid in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. holder’s holding period for the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition, including, under certain circumstances, a pledge, of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. Under the PFIC rules:

• such excess distribution and/or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. holder’s holding period for the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares;

• such amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable years in the U.S. holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we are a PFIC, or

• pre-PFIC year, will be taxable as ordinary income;

• such amount allocated to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect for that year; and

• an interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the tax attributable to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder holds our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares and any of our non-United States subsidiaries is also a PFIC, such U.S. holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S. holders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

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As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. holder of “marketable stock” in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election with respect to such stock, provided that such stock is regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in the applicable United States Treasury regulations. For those purposes, our ADSs, but not our Class A ordinary shares, are listed on NYSE, which is a qualified exchange. We anticipate that our ADSs should qualify as being regularly traded, but no assurances may be given in this regard. The mark-to-market election is available only for stock that is regularly traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC, or on a foreign exchange or market that the IRS determines is a qualified exchange that has rules sufficient to ensure that the market price represents a legitimate and sound fair market value. Our ADSs are listed on the NYSE, which is a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC. Consequently, if our ADSs continue to be listed on the NYSE and are being regularly traded, we expect that the mark-to-market election would be available to a U.S. holder that holds our ADSs were we to be or become a PFIC, but no assurances may be given in this regard. If a mark-to-market election is made, the U.S. holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of ADSs held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. holder makes an effective mark-to-market election, in each year that we are a PFIC any gain recognized upon the sale or other disposition of the ADSs will be treated as ordinary income and loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless the ADSs are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election. It should also be noted that only the ADSs and not the Class A ordinary shares are listed on the NYSE. Consequently, if a U.S. holder holds Class A ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs, such holder generally will not be eligible to make a mark-to-market election if we are or were to become a PFIC.

If a U.S. holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of a PFIC and such corporation ceases to be a PFIC, the U.S. holder will not be required to take into account the mark-to-market gain or loss described above during any period that such corporation is not a PFIC.

Because a mark-to-market election cannot technically be made for any lower-tier PFICs that a PFIC may own, a U.S. holder who makes a mark-to-market election with respect to our ADSs will generally continue to be subject to the general PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes.

We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. holders to make qualified electing fund elections, which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from (and generally less adverse than) the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.

If a U.S. holder owns our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, such holder would generally be required to file an annual IRS Form 8621. Each U.S. holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the potential tax consequences to such holder if we are or become a PFIC, including the possibility of making a mark-to-market election.

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not Applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not Applicable.

H. Documents on Display

We previously filed with the SEC our registration statement on Form F-1 (Registration No. 333-224202), as amended, including the prospectus contained therein, to register our Class A ordinary shares in relation to our initial public offering. We have also filed with the SEC related registration statements on Forms F-6 (Registration No. 333-224563 and Registration No. 333-270464) to register the ADSs. We have also filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-4 (Registration No. 333-250016) in relation to the proposed Merger with DouYu, which has been terminated.

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We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year, which is December 31. Copies of reports and other information, when so filed, may be inspected without charge and may be obtained at prescribed rates at the public reference facilities maintained by the Securities and Exchange Commission at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information regarding the Washington, D.C. Public Reference Room by calling the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

We will furnish Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, the depositary of our ADSs, with our annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, and all notices of shareholders’ meetings and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, upon our request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meeting received by the depositary from us.

We will post this annual report on our website https://ir.huya.com. In addition, we will provide hardcopies of our annual report to shareholders, including ADS holders, free of charge upon request.

I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

J. Annual Report to Security Holders

Not applicable.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign Exchange Risk

Our revenues and expenses are generally denominated in RMB. We do not believe that we currently have significant foreign exchange risk and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk.

Although our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited in general, the value of your investment in our ADSs will be affected by the exchange rate between U.S. dollar and Renminbi because the value of our business is effectively denominated in RMB, while our ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or mainland China or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amounts available to us.

As of December 31, 2022, we had U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents, short-term deposits, short-term investments and long-term deposits of US$52.3 million, US$767.0 million, nil and US$154.0 million respectively. A 10% depreciation of U.S. dollar against the Renminbi based on the foreign exchange rate on December 31, 2022 would result in a decrease of RMB36.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and RMB534.2 million in short-term deposits, nil in short-term investments and RMB107.3 million in long-term deposits. A 10% appreciation of U.S. dollar against the Renminbi based on the foreign exchange rate on December 31, 2022 would result in an increase of RMB36.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and RMB534.2 million in short-term deposits, nil in short-term investments and RMB107.3 million in long-term deposits.

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Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to Interest and short-term investments income, which consists of interest earned on bank deposits, short-term wealth management products and money market funds with maturities of less than one year.

We generated interest and short-term investment income of RMB313.4 million, RMB247.0 million and RMB298.2 million (US$43.2 million) in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. We had cash and cash equivalents of RMB655.2 million (US$95.0 million), short-term deposits of RMB9,018.3 million (US$1,307.5 million) and long-term deposits of RMB1,072.5 million (US$155.5 million) as of December 31, 2022. Assuming such amount of cash and cash equivalents and term deposits were held entirely in the form of interest-bearing bank deposits, a hypothetical one percentage point (100 basis-point) decrease in interest rates would decrease our interest income from these interest-bearing bank deposits for one year by approximately RMB107.5 million (US$15.6 million). We have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in market interest rates. However, our future interest income may fall short of expectations due to changes in market interest rates.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

Fees and Charges Our ADS holders May Have to Pay

As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following service fees to the depositary bank and certain taxes and governmental charges (in addition to any applicable fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges payable on the deposited securities represented by any of your ADSs):

Service	Fees
•   To any person to which ADSs are issued or to any person to which a distribution is made in respect of ADS distributions pursuant to stock dividends or other free distributions of stock, bonus distributions, stock splits or other distributions (except where converted to cash)	Up to US$0.05 per ADS issued
•   Cancelation of ADSs, including the case of termination of the deposit agreement	Up to US$0.05 per ADS canceled
•   Distribution of cash dividends	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
•   Distribution of cash entitlements (other than cash dividends) and/or cash proceeds from the sale of rights, securities and other entitlements	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
•   Distribution of ADSs pursuant to exercise of rights	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
•   Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held
•   Depositary services	Up to US$0.05 per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary bank

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As an ADS holder, you will also be responsible for paying certain fees and expenses incurred by the depositary bank and certain taxes and governmental charges (in addition to any applicable fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges payable on the deposited securities represented by any of your ADSs) such as:

• Fees for the transfer and registration of ordinary shares charged by the registrar and transfer agent for the ordinary shares in the Cayman Islands (i.e., upon deposit and withdrawal of ordinary shares).

• Expenses incurred for converting foreign currency into U.S. dollars.

• Expenses for cable, telex and fax transmissions and for delivery of securities.

• Taxes and duties upon the transfer of securities, including any applicable stamp duties, any stock transfer charges or withholding taxes (i.e., when ordinary shares are deposited or withdrawn from deposit).

• Fees and expenses incurred in connection with the delivery or servicing of ordinary shares on deposit.

• Fees and expenses incurred in connection with complying with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to ordinary shares, deposited securities, ADSs and ADRs.

• Any applicable fees and penalties thereon.

The depositary fees payable upon the issuance and cancelation of ADSs are typically paid to the depositary bank by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) receiving the newly issued ADSs from the depositary bank and by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) delivering the ADSs to the depositary bank for cancelation. The brokers in turn charge these fees to their clients. Depositary fees payable in connection with distributions of cash or securities to ADS holders and the depositary services fee are charged by the depositary bank to the holders of record of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date.

The depositary fees payable for cash distributions are generally deducted from the cash being distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. In the case of distributions other than cash (i.e., share dividends, rights), the depositary bank charges the applicable fee to the ADS record date holders concurrent with the distribution. In the case of ADSs registered in the name of the investor (whether certificated or uncertificated in direct registration), the depositary bank sends invoices to the applicable record date ADS holders. In the case of ADSs held in brokerage and custodian accounts (via DTC), the depositary bank generally collects its fees through the systems provided by DTC (whose nominee is the registered holder of the ADSs held in DTC) from the brokers and custodians holding ADSs in their DTC accounts. The brokers and custodians who hold their clients’ ADSs in DTC accounts in turn charge their clients’ accounts the amount of the fees paid to the depositary banks.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary bank may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder.

Fees and Other Payments Made by the Depositary to Us

The depositary has agreed to reimburse us for certain expenses we incur that are related to establishment and maintenance of the ADS program upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary may agree from time to time. In 2022, we recorded US$153.8 thousand received from the depository for expenses incurred in connection with the establishment and maintenance of the ADS program.

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PART II.

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders

See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Ordinary Shares” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged.

Use of Proceeds

The following “Use of Proceeds” information relates to the Registration Statement on Form F-1, as amended (File number: 333-230706) in relation to the public offering of 18,400,000 ADSs representing 18,400,000 of our Class A ordinary shares (including 13,600,000 ADSs sold by us and 4,800,000 ADSs sold by the selling shareholder), at a public offering price of US$24.00 per ADS. The registration statement was declared effective by the SEC on April 9, 2019. Our public offering closed in April 2019. Credit Suisse Security (USA) LLC, Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C., Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Jefferies LLC were the representatives of the underwriters for our public offering. The aggregate price of the offering amount registered and sold by us were US$326.4 million.

We received net proceeds of US$313.8 million from our public offering in April 2019. Our expenses incurred and paid to others in connection with the issuance and distribution of the ADSs in our offering totaled US$12.5 million, which included US$11.4 million for underwriting discounts and commissions and US$1.1 million for other expenses. None of the transaction expenses included payments to directors or officers of our company or their associates, persons owning more than 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. None of the net proceeds we received from the public offering were paid, directly or indirectly, to any of our directors or officers or their associates, persons owning 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates.

In 2020, 2021 and 2022, we used approximately US$0.6 million, approximately US$29.6 million, and approximately US$43.2 million of the net proceeds from the public offering in April 2019. We intend to use the proceeds from the public offering to expand content genres, improve content quality, strengthen technologies and products, support overseas expansion, and expand and enhance product and service offerings, and use the balance of the proceeds for working capital and other general corporate purpose. We currently expect to use up the remaining net proceeds before the end of 2027. The expected timeline and purposes for the use of proceeds are based on the management’s current outlook, and are subject to uncertainties as well as changes in circumstances.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and vice president of finance, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this annual report.

Based upon that evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file and furnish under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and vice president of finance, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

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Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in the United States of America and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of our company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of our company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of the unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules as promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, our management including our Chief Executive Officer and vice president of finance assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 using the criteria set forth in the report “Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013)” published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.

Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Our independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, has audited the effectiveness of our company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, as stated in its report, which appears on page F-2 of this annual report on Form 20-F.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16. [RESERVED]

ITEM 16.A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.”

ITEM 16.B. CODE OF ETHICS

Our board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to all of the directors, officers and employees of us and our subsidiaries, whether they work for us on a full-time, part-time, consultative, or temporary basis. Certain provisions of the code apply specifically to our chief executive officer, senior finance officer, controller, senior vice presidents, vice presidents and any other persons who perform similar functions for us. We have posted a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics on our website at https://ir.huya.com.

148

ITEM 16.C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by the categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, for the periods indicated. We did not pay any other fees to our auditors during the periods indicated below.

	2021		2022
	RMB		RMB
	(in thousands)
Audit fees(1)		11,000		10,100
Tax fees(2)		960		59

Notes:

(1) “Audit fees” represent the aggregate fees billed for each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditor for the audit or review of our annual or quarterly financial statements and other SEC filings.

(2) “Tax fees” mean the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for the professional tax services rendered by our principal auditors associated with certain permitted transfer pricing, tax consulting and other tax advisory services.

The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, including audit services and tax services as described above, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the Audit Committee prior to the completion of the audit.

ITEM 16.D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

See “Item 16G. Corporate Governance.”

ITEM 16.E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

None.

ITEM 16.F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not applicable.

ITEM 16.G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

As a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on the NYSE, we are subject to the NYSE Listed Company Manual corporate governance listing standards. We are a “controlled company” as defined under the NYSE Listed Company Manual because Tencent beneficially owns more than 50% of our total voting power. For so long as we remain a controlled company under that definition, we are permitted to elect to rely, and will rely, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including:

• an exemption from the rule that a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors;

• the requirement that the compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors; and

• the requirement that the nominating committee be composed entirely of independent directors.

Our board of directors is not composed of a majority of independent directors. Furthermore, not all members of our compensation committee and our nominating and corporate governance committee are independent directors. As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

The NYSE Listed Company Manual permits a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NYSE Listed Company Manual. We follow home country practice and have a two-member audit committee, in lieu of the requirement of NYSE Listed Company Manual Section 303A.07 to have an audit committee with at least three members. Additionally, Section 303A.08 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires that shareholders must be given the opportunity to vote on all equity-compensation plans and material revisions thereto, with limited exemptions. Pursuant to the exception granted to foreign private issuers under Section 303A.00 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, we have followed our home country practice in this regard and did not seek shareholders’ approval when we approved the 2021 Share Incentive Plan, effective on June 22, 2021, and the Amended and Restated 2021 Plan, effective on September 8, 2022. Furthermore, Section 303A.12(a) of the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires each listed company’s chief executive officer to certify to the NYSE each year that he or she is not aware of any violation by the company of NYSE corporate governance listing standards. We are a Cayman Islands company, and our chief executive officer is not required under applicable Cayman Islands law to make such a certification. Pursuant to the exception granted to foreign private issuers under Section 303A.00 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, we have followed our home country practice in this regard and have not in the past submitted the certification set forth in Section 303A.12(a) of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. In addition, Section 302.00 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual requires that we must hold an annual general meeting of shareholders during each fiscal year. We have followed our home country practice in lieu of the provisions of Section 302 and did not hold an annual general meeting of shareholders in 2022.

149

ITEM 16.H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 16.I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

In May 2022, HUYA Inc. was conclusively listed by the SEC as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Our auditor, a registered public accounting firm that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely in 2021 because of a position taken by an authority in the foreign jurisdiction, issued the audit report for us for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we do not expect to be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we file this annual report.

To the best of our knowledge, no Cayman Islands governmental entities owns any shares in HUYA Inc. or its subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report.

To the best of our knowledge, no governmental entities of mainland China own any shares in HUYA Inc., its subsidiaries, the VIE or the VIE’s subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report. The governmental entities of mainland China do not have a controlling financial interest in HUYA Inc., its subsidiaries, the VIE or the VIE’s subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report.

As of the date of this annual report, none of the members of the board of directors of HUYA Inc. or its operating entities, including its subsidiaries, the VIE and the VIE’s subsidiaries, is an official of the Chinese Communist Party.

None of the currently effective memorandum and articles of association (or equivalent organizing document) of our company, our subsidiaries, the VIE or the VIE’s subsidiaries contains any charter of the Chinese Communist Party.

ITEM 16.J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES

Not applicable.

PART III.

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The consolidated financial statements of HUYA Inc. and its subsidiaries are included at the end of this annual report.

150

ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number	Description of Document
1.1	Fourth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the registrant’s current report on Form 6-K (File No. 001-38482) filed with the SEC on May 15, 2020)
2.1	Registrant’s Specimen American Depositary Receipt (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-224202), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2018)
2.2	Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Class A ordinary shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-224202), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2018)
2.3	Deposit Agreement dated May 10, 2018, among the Registrant, the depositary and holder of the American Depositary Receipts (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the registration statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-227336 ) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 14, 2018)
2.4	Amended and Restated Shareholders’ Agreement dated as of March 8, 2018 between the registrant and other parties thereto (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-224202), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2018)
2.5	Description of Securities (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.5 of the registrant’s annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2020)
4.1	The Amended and Restated 2021 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Form 6-K (File No. 001-38482) furnished with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 8, 2022)
4.2	The Amended and Restated 2017 Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-224202), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2018)
4.3	Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its directors and executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-224202), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2018)
4.4	Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and its executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333 224202), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2018)
4.5	Termination Agreement, dated July 12, 2021, by and among HUYA Inc., Tiger Company Ltd., DouYu International Holdings Limited and Nectarine Investment Limited (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Form 6-K (File No. 001-38482) furnished with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 12, 2021)
4.6	English translation of the Equity Interest Pledge agreement among Guangzhou Huya Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Huya Information Technology Co., Ltd., and Linzhi Tencent Technology Co., Ltd. dated September 17, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from the registrant’s registration statement on Form F-4 (Registration No. 333-250016) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 10, 2020)
4.7	English translation of the Exclusive Business Operation Agreement between Guangzhou Huya Technology Co., Ltd. and Guangzhou Huya Information Technology Co., Ltd. dated September 17, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from the registrant’s registration statement on Form F-4 (Registration No. 333-250016) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 10, 2020)
4.8	English translation of the Shareholder Voting Rights Proxy Agreement among Guangzhou Huya Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Huya Information Technology Co., Ltd., and Linzhi Tencent Technology Co., Ltd. dated September 17, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 from the registrant’s registration statement on Form F-4 (Registration No. 333-250016) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 10, 2020)

151

Exhibit Number	Description of Document
4.9	English translation of the Exclusive Option Agreement among Guangzhou Huya Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Huya Information Technology Co., Ltd., and Linzhi Tencent Technology Co., Ltd. dated September 17, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 from the registrant’s registration statement on Form F-4 (Registration No. 333-250016) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 10, 2020)
4.10	English translation of Patent License Agreement between Guangzhou Huya and Guangzhou Huaduo dated December 31, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-224202), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2018)
4.11	English translation of Business Cooperation Agreement between Guangzhou Huaduo and Guangzhou Huya dated March 8, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-224202), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2018)
4.12	English translation of Business Cooperation Agreement between Shenzhen Tencent Computer Systems Company Ltd. and Guangzhou Huya dated February 5, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-224202), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2018)
4.13	Registration Rights Agreement by and between HUYA Inc. and JOYY Inc. dated April 3, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.14 from the registrant’s annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38482), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2020)
4.14	Written Acknowledgment to Registration Rights Agreement executed by Linen Investment Limited dated April 3, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.15 from the registrant’s annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38482), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2020)
4.15†	English translation of License Agreement for Broadcasting League of Legends Matches between Tengjing Sports & Culture Development (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. and Guangzhou Huya dated April 27, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 from the registrant’s annual report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-38482), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2021)
4.16*†	English translation of Supplemental Agreement to the License Agreement for Broadcasting League of Legends Matches between Tengjing Sports & Culture Development (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. and Guangzhou Huya dated January 12, 2023
8.1*	List of principal subsidiaries and variable interest entities of the registrant
11.1	Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-224202), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 9, 2018)
12.1*	CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2*	CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1**	CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.2**	CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1*	Consent of Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP
15.2*	Consent of Commerce & Finance Law Offices
15.3*	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document — the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File — the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL document set

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished herewith.

† Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Rule 406 under the Securities Act.

152

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

HUYA Inc.
By:	/s/ Rongjie Dong
	Name:	Rongjie Dong
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer

Date: April 26, 2023

153

HUYA INC.

INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Contents	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 1424)		F-2
Consolidated Financial Statements:
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2022		F-4
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022		F-6
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022		F-8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022		F-11
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		F-13

F - 1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To theBoard of Directors and Shareholders of HUYA Inc.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HUYA Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “

Company

”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in

Internal Control - Integrated Framework

(2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in

Internal

Control - Integrated Framework

(2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 15. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or

F - 2

disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Revenue recognition — identification of distinct performance obligations and estimate of standalone selling price

As described in Note 2(o) to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s sources of revenue include live streaming and other revenues. The Company’s consolidated revenues were RMB9,220 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, of which RMB8,196 million were revenues derived from live streaming. Management identifies multiple distinct performance obligations in certain contracts of its live streaming business. Customers receive a series of services, virtual items and virtual rights by entering into certain contracts with the Company. Management determines the distinct performance obligations and standalone selling price of each identified distinct performance obligation and recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of the promised services in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those services.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the identification of performance obligations and estimate of standalone selling price is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management in identifying the distinct performance obligations and estimating the standalone selling price of each distinct performance obligation due to the complexity of the contracts. Certain services are provided to customers over time and have the same pattern of transfer to customers. Management exercises judgement in determining the number of distinct performance obligations by accounting for services that have the same pattern of transfer to customers as a single performance obligation. Certain distinct performance obligations are not separately sold by the Company that management is required to exercise judgement in determining the standalone selling price of each of these distinct performance obligations. This in turn led to significant auditor subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and in evaluating management’s significant judgment exercised in determining whether the distinct performance obligations were appropriately identified; and whether the standalone selling price of each distinct performance obligation was appropriately estimated.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process, including controls over management’s identification of distinct performance obligations and estimation of standalone selling prices used to allocate transaction price to distinct performance obligations in its contracts with customers. These procedures also included, among others, on a sample basis: (i) testing the completeness and accuracy of management’s identification of the distinct performance obligations by evaluating the customer arrangements; (ii) testing management’s process for estimating standalone selling price which included testing the completeness and accuracy of input data used, and evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used by management, related to principally users’ expected spending and renewal patterns based on historical data and other observable inputs such as historical pricing strategies; and (iii) testing management’s process for determining the appropriate amount and timing of revenue recognition based on the respective performance obligations identified in the relevant revenue contracts.

/s/

PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP

Guangzhou, the People’s Republic of China

April 2

6

, 2023

We have served as the Company’s auditor since2017.

F - 3

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2021 AND 2022

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data)

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022		2022
	RMB		RMB		US$
					(Note 2(e))
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		1,790,784		655,241		95,001
Restricted cash		55,670		4,050		587
Short-term deposits		8,351,945		9,018,298		1,307,530
Short-term investments		816,331		3,117		452
Accounts receivable, net		88,034		75,898		11,004
Amounts due from related parties, net		148,560		59,702		8,656
Prepayments and other current assets, net		664,945		637,225		92,389
Total current assets		11,916,269		10,453,531		1,515,619
Non-current assets
Long-term deposits		—		1,072,548		155,505
Deferred tax assets		20,245		—		—
Investments		608,617		906,215		131,389
Property and equipment, net		79,611		200,893		29,127
Intangible assets, net		83,942		57,810		8,382
Right-of-use assets, net		395,371		345,136		50,040
Prepayments and other non-current assets		150,887		110,874		16,075
Total non-current assets		1,338,673		2,693,476		390,518
Total assets		13,254,942		13,147,007		1,906,137
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Current liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated variable interest entity and its subsidiaries (“VIEs”) without recourse to the Company of RMB1,057,062 and RMB992,531 as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively)
Accounts payable		12,579		22,517		3,265
Advances from customers and deferred revenue		459,509		445,620		64,609
Income taxes payable		5,944		28,924		4,194
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities		1,845,452		1,592,455		230,884
Amounts due to related parties		216,128		81,814		11,862
Lease liabilities due within one year		36,473		29,801		4,321
Total current liabilities		2,576,085		2,201,131		319,135
Non-current liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to the Company of RMB120,329 and RMB89,070 as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively)
Lease liabilities		45,084		8,617		1,249
Deferred tax liabilities		4,597		20,533		2,977
Deferred revenue		118,975		73,354		10,635
Total non-current liabilities		168,656		102,504		14,861
Total liabilities		2,744,741		2,303,635		333,996
Commitments and contingencies (Note 25)

F - 4

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2021 AND 2022 (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data)

	As of December 31,
	2021			2022			2022
	RMB			RMB			US$
							(Note 2(e))
Shareholders’ equity
Class A ordinary shares (US$0.0001 par value; 750,000,000 and 750,000,000 shares authorized, 86,993,764 and 89,401,484 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively)		58			60			9
Class B ordinary shares (US$0.0001 par value; 200,000,000 and 200,000,000 shares authorized, 151,076,517 and 150,386,517 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively)		99			98			14
Additional paid-in capital		11,764,059			11,922,820			1,728,646
Statutory reserves		122,429			122,429			17,751
Accumulated deficit		(1,300,144	)		(1,786,800	)		(259,062	)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income		(76,300	)		584,765			84,783
Total shareholders’ equity		10,510,201			10,843,372			1,572,141
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		13,254,942			13,147,007			1,906,137

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F - 5

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data)

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022			2022
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
										(Note 2(e))
Net revenues
Live streaming		10,311,624			10,186,204			8,195,907			1,188,295
Advertising and others		602,750			1,165,242			1,024,555			148,547
Total net revenues		10,914,374			11,351,446			9,220,462			1,336,842
Cost of revenues (1)		(8,646,308	)		(9,751,160	)		(8,609,594	)		(1,248,274	)
Gross Profit		2,268,066			1,600,286			610,868			88,568
Operating expenses (1)
Research and development expenses		(734,261	)		(818,882	)		(680,383	)		(98,646	)
Sales and marketing expenses		(558,012	)		(759,507	)		(482,871	)		(70,010	)
General and administrative expenses		(445,006	)		(326,772	)		(320,386	)		(46,452	)
Total operating expenses		(1,737,279	)		(1,905,161	)		(1,483,640	)		(215,108	)
Other income		194,169			274,704			166,307			24,112
Operating income (loss)		724,956			(30,171	)		(706,465	)		(102,428	)
Impairment loss of investments		—			—			(55,201	)		(8,003	)
Interest and short-term investments income		313,366			247,009			298,201			43,235
Gain on fair value change of investment		2,160			44,161			7,602			1,102
Other non-operating expenses		(10,010	)		—			—			—
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net		2,056			(1,480	)		(2,402	)		(348	)
Income (loss) before income tax expenses		1,032,528			259,519			(458,265	)		(66,442	)
Income tax expenses		(176,784	)		(55,227	)		(27,871	)		(4,041	)
Income (loss) before share of income (loss) in equity method investments, net of income taxes		855,744			204,292			(486,136	)		(70,483	)
Share of income (loss) in equity method investments, net of income taxes		28,414			379,207			(520	)		(76	)
Net income (loss) attributable to HUYA Inc.		884,158			583,499			(486,656	)		(70,559	)
Net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders		884,158			583,499			(486,656	)		(70,559	)
Net income (loss)		884,158			583,499			(486,656	)		(70,559	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax		(451,873	)		(148,562	)		575,068			83,377
Unrealized securities holding gains, net of tax		—			—			85,997			12,468
Total comprehensive income attributable to HUYA Inc.		432,285			434,937			174,409			25,286

F - 6

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022 (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data)

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022			2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB			US$
								(Note 2(e))
Net income (loss) per ADS*
—Basic		3.89		2.45		(2.02	)		(0.29	)
—Diluted		3.71		2.41		(2.02	)		(0.29	)
Weighted average number of ADSs used in calculating net income (loss) per ADS
—Basic		227,081,238		238,198,117		241,437,842			241,437,842
—Diluted		238,631,613		241,790,445		241,437,842			241,437,842
Net income (loss) per ordinary share*
—Basic		3.89		2.45		(2.02	)		(0.29	)
—Diluted		3.71		2.41		(2.02	)		(0.29	)
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in calculating net income (loss) per ordinary share
—Basic		227,081,238		238,198,117		241,437,842			241,437,842
—Diluted		238,631,613		241,790,445		241,437,842			241,437,842

* Each ADS represents one Class A ordinary share.

(1) Share-based compensation was allocated in cost of revenues and operating expenses as follows:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
							(Note 2(e))
Cost of revenues		64,942		56,629		31,955		4,633
Research and development expenses		150,723		135,316		67,242		9,749
Sales and marketing expenses		9,879		8,318		4,477		649
General and administrative expenses		182,664		89,442		52,804		7,656

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F - 7

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data)

	Class A ordinary shares				Class B ordinary shares				Additional paid-in			Statutory		Accumulated			Accumulated other comprehensive			Total shareholders’
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		capital			reserves		deficit			income (loss)			equity
			RMB				RMB		RMB			RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB
Balance as of December 31, 2019		67,101,314		44		152,357,321		100		10,081,946			64,679		(1,986,054	)		524,135			8,684,850
Cumulative effect of initial adoption of ASC326		—		—		—		—		—			—		(3,067	)		—			(3,067	)
Balance at January 1, 2020		67,101,314		44		152,357,321		100		10,081,946			64,679		(1,989,121	)		524,135			8,681,783
Share-based compensation related to Huya Share-based Awards		—		—		—		—		408,208			—		—			—			408,208
Issuance of ordinary shares for exercised share options		14,440,921		10		—		—		255,505			—		—			—			255,515
Issuance of ordinary shares for restricted share units		1,948,606		1		—		—		(1	)		—		—			—			—
Deemed distribution to JOYY		—		—		—		—		(1,013	)		—		—			—			(1,013	)
Appropriation to statutory reserves		—		—		—		—		—			57,750		(57,750	)		—			—
Increase in VIE’s share capital by transferring VIE’s retained earnings		—		—		—		—		720,930			—		(720,930	)		—			—
Net income		—		—		—		—		—			—		884,158			—			884,158
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of nil tax		—		—		—		—		—			—		—			(451,873	)		(451,873	)
Balance as of December 31, 2020		83,490,841		55		152,357,321		100		11,465,575			122,429		(1,883,643	)		72,262			9,776,778

F - 8

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’

EQUITY FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022 (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data)

	Class A ordinary shares				Class B ordinary shares						Additional paid-in		Statutory		Accumulated			Accumulated other comprehensive			Total shareholders’
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			capital		reserves		deficit			income (loss)			equity
			RMB					RMB			RMB		RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB
Balance as of December 31, 2020		83,490,841		55		152,357,321			100			11,465,575		122,429		(1,883,643	)		72,262			9,776,778
Share-based compensation related to Huya Share-based Awards		—		—		—			—			289,705		—		—			—			289,705
Class B ordinary shares converted to Class A ordinary shares		1,280,804		1		(1,280,804	)		(1	)		—		—		—			—			—
Issuance of ordinary shares for exercised share options		533,425		1		—			—			8,779		—		—			—			8,780
Issuance of ordinary shares for restricted share units		1,688,694		1		—			—			—		—		—			—			1
Net income		—		—		—			—			—		—		583,499			—			583,499
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of nil tax		—		—		—			—			—		—		—			(148,562	)		(148,562	)
Balance as of December 31, 2021		86,993,764		58		151,076,517			99			11,764,059		122,429		(1,300,144	)		(76,300	)		10,510,201

F - 9

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022 (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data)

	Class A ordinary shares				Class B ordinary shares						Additional paid-in			Statutory		Accumulated			Accumulated other comprehensive			Total shareholders’
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			capital			reserves		deficit			income (loss)			equity
			RMB					RMB			RMB			RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB
Balance as of December 31, 2021		86,993,764		58		151,076,517			99			11,764,059			122,429		(1,300,144	)		(76,300	)		10,510,201
Share-based compensation related to Huya Share-based Awards		—		—		—			—			156,478			—		—			—			156,478
Class B ordinary shares converted to Class A ordinary shares		690,000		1		(690,000	)		(1	)		—			—		—			—			—
Issuance of ordinary shares for exercised share options		133,313		—		—			—			2,284			—		—			—			2,284
Issuance of ordinary shares for restricted share units		1,584,407		1		—			—			(1	)		—		—			—			—
Net loss		—		—		—			—			—			—		(486,656	)		—			(486,656	)
Unrealized securities holding gains		—		—		—			—			—			—		—			85,997			85,997
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of nil tax		—		—		—			—			—			—		—			575,068			575,068
Balance as of December 31, 2022		89,401,484		60		150,386,517			98			11,922,820			122,429		(1,786,800	)		584,765			10,843,372

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.    

F - 10

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data)

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022			2022
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
										(Note 2(e))
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income (loss) attributable to HUYA Inc.		884,158			583,499			(486,656	)		(70,559	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation of property and equipment		58,440			49,875			43,413			6,294
Amortization of acquired intangible assets		44,362			39,239			37,968			5,505
Amortization of right-of-use assets		28,376			35,901			41,599			6,031
Allowance for (reversal of) expected credit losses		517			(2,360	)		(107	)		(16	)
Gain (loss) on disposal of property and equipment and other long-term assets		(648	)		(1,504	)		1,388			201
Share-based compensation		408,208			289,705			156,478			22,687
Share of (income) loss in equity method investments, net of income taxes		(28,414	)		(379,207	)		520			76
Other non-cash income		(1,013	)		—			—			—
Deferred income tax expenses		18,608			32,125			21,007			3,046
Gain on fair value changes of investments		(2,160	)		(44,161	)		(7,602	)		(1,102	)
Impairment loss of investments		—			—			55,201			8,003
Short-term investments income		(6,539	)		(16,331	)		(2,081	)		(302	)
Foreign currency exchange (gains) losses, net		(2,056	)		1,480			2,402			348
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(13,058	)		(16,059	)		12,035			1,745
Prepayments and other assets		(59,336	)		(245,555	)		57,900			8,395
Amounts due from related parties		(12,121	)		(83,847	)		88,940			12,895
Accounts payable		4,288			3,839			(3,046	)		(442	)
Amounts due to related parties		16,421			120,675			(134,816	)		(19,546	)
Advances from customers and deferred revenue		(346,857	)		(85,538	)		(59,510	)		(8,628	)
Lease liabilities		(28,623	)		(38,924	)		(34,880	)		(5,057	)
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities		246,511			138,111			(250,342	)		(36,296	)
Income tax payable		30,810			(53,510	)		22,980			3,332
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities		1,239,874			327,453			(437,209	)		(63,390	)
Cash flows from investing activities
Placements of short-term deposits		(7,903,107	)		(7,050,721	)		(8,460,370	)		(1,226,638	)
Maturities of short-term deposits		8,387,957			4,595,849			8,291,399			1,202,140
Placements of short-term investments		(2,200,000	)		(1,950,000	)		—			—
Maturities of short-term investments		3,208,602			2,350,000			815,295			118,207
Placements of long-term deposits		—			—			(1,086,682	)		(157,554	)
Purchase of property and equipment		(54,410	)		(39,483	)		(156,350	)		(22,669	)
Purchase of intangible assets		(63,581	)		(58,583	)		(8,425	)		(1,222	)
Prepayment for purchase of land use right		(310,220	)		—			—			—
Cash paid for long-term investments		(101,964	)		(284,118	)		(244,544	)		(35,456	)
Cash received from an investee due to withdrawal of investment		2,000			—			—			—
Cash received from an investee for its partial disposal of an investment		38,532			—			—			—
Cash received from a disposal of an investment		—			554,889			—			—
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment		971			1,847			1,109			161
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities		1,004,780			(1,880,320	)		(848,568	)		(123,031	)

F - 11

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020, 2021 AND 2022 (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data)

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022			2022
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
										(Note 2(e))
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from exercise of vested share options		265,294			10,723			6,049			877
Net cash provided by financing activities		265,294			10,723			6,049			877
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		2,509,948			(1,542,144	)		(1,279,728	)		(185,544	)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the year		1,114,585			3,458,462			1,846,454			267,711
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		(166,071	)		(69,864	)		92,565			13,421
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year		3,458,462			1,846,454			659,291			95,588

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022			2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB			US$
								(Note 2(e))
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows information:
- Income tax paid (received)		185,888		96,096		(87,890	)		(12,743	)
- Acquisition of property and equipment in form of accounts payable		5,645		4,301		17,787			2,579

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F - 12

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

1. Organization and principal activities

(a) Organization and principal activities

HUYA Inc. (“Huya” or the “Company”,

also refer to Huya’s consolidated operating entities, where appropriate) is a holding company incorporated in Cayman Islands on March 30, 2017 and conducts its business through its subsidiaries, a VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries (collectively refer to “VIEs”) (collectively, the “Group”) in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”). 

The Group is principally engaged in operating its own live streaming platforms, which enable broadcasters and viewers to interact with each other during live streaming. The primary theme of the Group’s platforms is game live streaming. The Group has also extended themes to life and entertainment topics beyond games to cater for the Group’s users’ growing entertainment demands. In providing these services, the Group has cooperated with talent agencies in broadcaster recruitment, live streaming training and support, promotion strategies development and content management and discipline under the Group’s guidance and supervision. Company generates majority of its revenue from sales of virtual items in live streaming platforms as well as other services, which substantially consist of

sub-licensing,

advertising and online game-related services.

Before April 3, 2020, the Company was a subsidiary of JOYY Inc. (“JOYY”, refer to JOYY Inc. or JOYY’s consolidated operating entities, where appropriate). On April 3, 2020, JOYY transferred 16,523,819 Class B ordinary shares of Huya to Linen Investment Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tencent Holdings Limited (the “Parent Company” or “Tencent”). Upon the closing of the shares transfer, Tencent’s voting power in Huya increased to more than 50% and became the controlling shareholder of Huya.

(b) Public offering

The Company completed its IPO in May 2018, issued and sold a total of 17,250,000 American Depositary shares (“ADSs”) for a total consideration of US$176 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Upon the completion of the IPO, the Company’s (1) 17,647,058 outstanding Series

A-1

Preferred Shares were converted into Class A ordinary shares, (2) 4,411,765 outstanding Series

A-2

Preferred Shares were converted into Class B ordinary shares, and (3) 64,488,235 outstanding Series

B-2

Preferred Shares were converted into Class B ordinary shares immediately as of the same date.

In April 2019, the Company completed a

follow-on

public offering, issued and sold 13,600,000 ADSs for a total consideration of US$314 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. JOYY, as a selling shareholder, sold 4,800,000 Huya’s ADSs. These 4,800,000 Class B ordinary shares were converted into Class A ordinary shares automatically.

F - 13

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

1. Organization and principal activities (continued)

(c) Principal subsidiaries and VIE

As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s principal subsidiaries and VIE are as follows:

Name	Place of incorporation		Date of incorporation		% of direct or indirect economic ownership			Principal activities
Principal subsidiaries
Huya Limited		Hong Kong		January 4, 2017		100	%	Investment holding
Guangzhou Huya Technology Co., Ltd. (“Huya Technology”)		PRC		June 16, 2017		100	%	Software development
HUYA PTE. LTD.		Singapore		July 23, 2018		100	%	Internet value added services
Hainan Huya Entertainment Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Hainan Huya”)		PRC		December 4, 2019		100	%	Cultural and Creative services
VIE
Guangzhou Huya Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Guangzhou Huya”)		PRC		August 10, 2016		100	%	Internet value added services

F - 14

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

1. Organization and principal activities (continued)

(d) Variable interest entities

VIE agreements amongst Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and its shareholders

PRC laws and regulations impose restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in internet-based businesses such as distribution of online information, value-added telecommunications services. Huya is a Cayman Islands company and its PRC subsidiary is considered a foreign-invested enterprise. Huya believes the live streaming service offered through its platform constitutes a type of value-added telecommunication service where foreign ownership and investment are restricted; and therefore Huya should operate its platform through contractual arrangements with a variable interest entity and its shareholders to ensure compliance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations. Huya has entered into a series of contractual arrangements, through Huya Technology, with Guangzhou Huya and the shareholders of Guangzhou Huya to obtain

a controlling financial interest (pursuant to ASC 810)

over Guangzhou Huya and its subsidiaries, through which Huya operates its live streaming business.

Huya currently conducts its business through Guangzhou Huya and its subsidiaries based on these contractual arrangements, which allow Huya to:

• exercise effective control over Guangzhou Huya and its subsidiaries;

• receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Guangzhou Huya and its subsidiaries; and

• have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Guangzhou Huya when and to the extent permitted by PRC law.

As a result of these contractual arrangements, Huya Technology is the primary beneficiary of Guangzhou Huya, and Huya treats Guangzhou Huya as the variable interest entity under U.S. GAAP. Huya has consolidated the financial results of Guangzhou Huya and its subsidiaries in Huya’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Refer to Note 2(b) to the consolidated financial statements for the principles of consolidation.

As detailed in Note 1(a), Tencent became the controlling shareholder of Huya starting from April 3, 2020. Subsequently, the shareholders of Guangzhou Huya were changed from Guangzhou Huaduo Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Guangzhou Huaduo”) and Guangzhou Qinlv Investment Consulting Co., Ltd. (“Guangzhou Qinlv”) to Linzhi Tencent Technology Co., Ltd. (“Linzhi Tencent”). Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and Linzhi Tencent, the new shareholder of Guangzhou Huya, entered into a series of contractual arrangements on 17 September 2020. Based on management’s assessment, there is no substantial change in the contractual arrangements and Huya Technology continues to be the primary beneficiary of Guangzhou Huya.

(i) VIE agreements amongst Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya, Guangzhou Huaduo and Guangzhou Qinlv

The following is a summary of the contractual arrangements entered among Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and its shareholders.

• Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement

Huya Technology and Guangzhou Huya entered into exclusive business cooperation agreements under which Guangzhou Huya engages Huya Technology as its exclusive provider of technology support, business support and consulting services. Guangzhou Huya shall pay to Huya Technology service fees, which is determined by Huya Technology at its sole discretion. Huya Technology shall have exclusive and proprietary rights and interests in all rights, ownership, interests and intellectual properties arising from the performance of the agreement. During the term of the agreement, Guangzhou Huya shall not accept any consultations and/or services provided by any third party and shall not cooperate with any third party for the provision of identical or similar services without prior consent of Huya Technology. The term of this agreement is ten years and will be extended for ten years automatically after expiration, unless otherwise agreed by both parties in a written agreement. Huya Technology is entitled to terminate the agreement at any time by providing 30 days’ prior written notice to Guangzhou Huya.

F - 15

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

1. Organization and principal activities (continued)

(d) Variable interest entities (continued)

VIE agreements amongst Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and its shareholders (continued)

(i) VIE agreements amongst Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya, Guangzhou Huaduo and Guangzhou Qinlv (continued)

• Exclusive Purchase Option Agreement

Under the exclusive purchase option agreement, the shareholders of Guangzhou Huya have granted Huya Technology or its designated representative(s) irrevocably an exclusive option to purchase, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of their equity interests in Guangzhou Huya at the lowest price permitted by the laws of the PRC applicable at the time of exercise. Huya Technology or its designated representative(s) have sole discretion as to when to exercise such options, either in part or in full. Without Huya Technology’s prior written consent, the shareholders shall not sell, transfer, mortgage or otherwise dispose their equity interests in Guangzhou Huya. The term of this agreement is ten years and may be extended for another ten years at Huya Technology’s sole discretion. Huya Technology is entitled to terminate the agreement at any time by providing 30 days’ prior written notice to Guangzhou Huya.

• Equity Pledge Agreement

Pursuant to the equity pledge agreement, the shareholders of Guangzhou Huya have pledged all of their equity interests in Guangzhou Huya to Huya Technology to guarantee the performance by Guangzhou Huya and its shareholders’ performance of their respective obligations under the exclusive business cooperati

on agreement, exclusive purchase option agreement, and powers of attorney. The shareholders shall not transfer or assign the equity interests, the rights and obligations in the equity pledge agreement or create or permit t

o create any pledges which may have an adverse effect on the rights or benefits of Huya Technology without Huya Technology’s written consent. If Guangzhou Huya and/or its shareholders breach their contractual obligations under those agreements, Huya Technology, as pledgee, will be entitled to sell the pledged equity interests.

• Power of Attorney

Pursuant to the irrevocable power of attorney, Huya Technology is authorized by each of the shareholders as its

attorney-in-fact

to exercise such shareholders’ rights in Guangzhou Huya, including, without limitation, the power to vote on its behalf on all matters of Guangzhou Huya requiring shareholder approval under PRC laws and regulations and the articles of association of Guangzhou Huya and rights to information relating to all business aspects of Guangzhou Huya. The term of this agreement is

ten

years and will be automatically extended for one more year indefinitely. Huya Technology has sole discretion to terminate the agreement at any time by providing 30 days’ prior written notice to Guangzhou Huya.

(ii) VIE agreements amongst Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and Linzhi Tencent

The following is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements by and among Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and Linzhi Tencent.

• Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement

Under the exclusive business cooperation agreement, Huya Technology has the exclusive right to provide to Guangzhou Huya technology support, business support and consulting services related to Guangzhou Huya’s business, the scope of which is to be determined by Huya Technology from time to time. Huya Technology owns the exclusive intellectual property rights created as a result of the performance of this agreement. The timing and amount of the service fee payments shall be determined at the sole discretion of Huya Technology. The term of this agreement is ten years from the execution date of this agreement and will be automatically extended for another ten years, unless otherwise agreed upon by Huya Technology and Guangzhou Huya.

F - 16

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

1. Organization and principal activities (continued)

(d) Variable interest entities (continued)

VIE agreements amongst Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and its shareholders (continued)

(ii) VIE agreements amongst Huya Technology, Guangzhou Huya and Linzhi Tencent (continued)

• Exclusive Option Agreement

Under the exclusive option agreement, Linzhi Tencent irrevocably granted Huya Technology or its designated representatives an exclusive option to purchase, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of its equity interests in Guangzhou Huya. Huya Technology or its designated representatives have sole discretion as to when to exercise such options, either in part or in full. Without Huya Technology’s prior written consent, Linzhi Tencent shall not sell, transfer, mortgage or otherwise dispose of its equity interests in Guangzhou Huya. The term of this agreement is ten years and may be extended at Huya Technology’s sole discretion.

• Equity Interest Pledge Agreement

Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreement, Linzhi Tencent, as the shareholder of Guangzhou Huya, pledged all of its equity interests in Guangzhou Huya to Huya Technology to guarantee the performance by Guangzhou Huya and Linzhi Tencent of their respective obligations under the exclusive business cooperation agreement, exclusive option agreement and voting rights proxy agreement. If Guangzhou Huya or Linzhi Tencent breaches their respective contractual obligations under those agreements, Huya Technology, as the pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell the pledged equity interests. This pledge will become effective on the date the pledged equity interests are registered with the competent administration for market regulation and will remain effective until the pledgor is no longer the shareholder of Guangzhou Huya. The pledged equity interests were registered with the competent administration for market regulation on September 21, 2020.

• Shareholder Voting Rights Proxy Agreement

Under the voting rights proxy agreement, Linzhi Tencent, as the shareholder of Guangzhou Huya, irrevocably executed a power of attorney and appointed Huya Technology as its

attorney-in-fact

to exercise such shareholder’s rights in Guangzhou Huya, including, without limitation, the power to vote on its behalf on all matters of Guangzhou Huya requiring shareholder approval under PRC laws and regulations and the articles of association of Guangzhou Huya and rights to information relating to all business aspects of Guangzhou Huya. The term of this agreement is ten years from the execution date of this agreement and will be automatically extended for one more year indefinitely. Huya Technology has sole discretion to terminate the agreement at any time by providing 30 days’ prior written notice to Guangzhou Huya.

F - 17

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

1. Organization and principal activities (continued)

(d) Variable interest entities (continued)

Risks in relation to the VIE structure

The Business was primarily conducted through Guangzhou Huya, the VIE, controlled by the Wholly foreign-owned enterprise (“WFOE”) through contractual arrangements. In the opinion of management, the contractual arrangements with the VIE and the shareholders are in compliance with PRC laws and regulations and are legally binding and enforceable. However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations including those that govern the contractual arrangements, which could limit the Group’s ability to enforce these contractual arrangements and if the shareholders of the VIE were to reduce their interests in the Group, their interest may diverge from that of the Group and that may potentially increase the risk that they would seek to act contrary to the contractual arrangements. In March 2019, the National People’s Congress enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law which would be effective starting from January 1, 2020. The Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, but it contains a

catch-all

provision under the definition of “foreign investment”, which includes investments made by foreign investors through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. Existing laws or administrative regulations remain unclear whether the contractual arrangements with variable interest entities will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment under the PRC laws and regulations. However, the possibility that such entities will be deemed as foreign invested enterprise and subject to relevant restrictions in the future shall not be excluded. If variable interest entities fall within the definition of foreign investment entities, the Group’s ability to use the contractual arrangements with the VIE and the Group’s ability to conduct business through the VIE could be severely limited. The Group’s ability to control the VIE also depends on the power of attorney that the wholly owned subsidiary of the Group has to vote on all matters requiring shareholder approval in the VIE. As noted above, the Group believes these powers of attorney are legally enforceable but may not be as effective as direct equity ownership. In addition, if the Group’s corporate structure and the contractual arrangements with the VIE through which the Group conducts its business in the PRC were found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws and regulations, the Group’s relevant PRC regulatory authorities could:

• revoke or refuse to grant or renew the Group’s business and operating licenses;

• restrict or prohibit related party transactions between the wholly owned subsidiary of the Group and the VIE;

• impose fines, confiscate income or other requirements which the Group may find difficult or impossible to comply with;

• require the Group to alter, discontinue or restrict its operations;

• restrict or prohibit the Group’s ability to finance its operations, and;

• take other regulatory or enforcement actions against the Group that could be harmful to the Group’s business.

The imposition of any of these restrictions or actions could result in a material adverse effect on the Group’s ability to conduct its business. In such case, the Group may not be able to operate or control the VIE, which may result in deconsolidation of the VIE in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the likelihood for the Group to lose such ability is remote based on current facts and circumstances. The Group’s operations depend on the VIE to honor their contractual arrangements with the Group. These contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and disputes arising out of these agreements are expected to be decided by arbitration in the PRC. The management believes that each of the contractual arrangements constitutes valid and legally binding obligations of each party to such contractual arrangements under PRC laws. However, the interpretation and implementation of the laws and regulations in the PRC and their application to an effect on the legality, binding effect and enforceability of contracts are subject to the discretion of competent PRC authorities, and therefore there is no assurance that relevant PRC authorities will take the same position as the Group herein in respect of the legality, binding effect and enforceability of each of the contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, since the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to the Group to enforce the contractual arrangements should the VIE or the shareholders of the VIE fail to perform their obligations under those arrangements.

F - 18

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

1. Organization and principal activities (continued)

(d) Variable interest entities (continued)

The following table sets forth the financial data for the VIEs on an aggregated basis. For purposes of this presentation, activity within and between the VIEs have been eliminated, but transactions with other entities within the Consolidated Group have been included without elimination. Presentation of the comparative data for 2020 and 2021 have been expanded to conform to the current year presentation.

Selected Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Data for the VIEs

	As of December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB		RMB
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		474,143		14,259
Restricted cash		45,412		4,050
Short-term deposits		—		490,000
Accounts receivable, net		64,301		55,305
Prepayments and other current assets		216,740		219,716
Amounts due from related parties		129,364		45,127
Amounts due from Group companies (1)		1,379,170		1,098,883
Investments		449,684		724,110
Intangible assets, net		80,010		54,660
Right of use assets		1,701		791
Other assets		14,258		12,075
Total assets		2,854,783		2,718,976
Deferred revenue and advances from customers		563,259		502,682
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities		500,530		504,218
Amount due to related parties		101,247		48,277
Other liabilities		12,355		26,424
Total liabilities		1,177,391		1,081,601
Total shareholders’ equity		1,677,392		1,637,375

These balances have been reflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements with intercompany transactions eliminated.

F - 19

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

1. Organization and principal activities (continued)

(d) Variable interest entities (continued)

Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operation Data for the VIEs

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Third-party revenues		10,738,074			10,897,479			8,937,121
Total cost and expenses (2)		(10,477,605	)		(10,789,307	)		(9,161,422	)
Others, net		82,469			195,202			55,551
Income (loss) before income tax expenses		342,938			303,374			(168,750	)
Income tax expenses		(76,394	)		(50,374	)		(6,801	)
Share of loss from equity method investments		(817	)		(37	)		(520	)
Net income (loss)		265,727			252,963			(176,071	)

Selected Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows Data for the VIEs

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Net cash provided by operating activities (3)		230,204			1,176,397			379,397
Loans and advances to Group companies		(1,300,825	)		(911,916	)		(160,406	)
Other investing activities		1,083,634			(197,261	)		(720,237	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(217,191	)		(1,109,177	)		(880,643	)
Net cash used in financing activities		—			—			—

Note:

(1) Inter-company service fees for technology support, business support and consulting fees (collectively defined as “VIE service fees”) are charged pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement. As of December 31, 2020, 2021, and 2022, the outstanding balance of amounts due from Group companies were inter-company advances. There were no outstanding balances for VIE service fees charged to the VIEs.

(2) For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, VIE service fees were charged by the  WFOE and other subsidiaries to the VIEs amounting to RMB7,543 million, RMB8,664 million and RMB6,863 million, respectively, which were settled as occurred. 

(3) For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, cash paid by the VIEs to the WFOE and other subsidiaries for VIE service fees were RMB7,543 million, RMB8,664 million and RMB6,433.2   million, respectively. In 2022, RMB415.1 million of the VIE service fees were not settled by cash, but netting against the intercompany receivables from the primary beneficiary of VIE .  

F - 20

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies

(a) Basis of presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with the U.S. GAAP to reflect the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Group. Significant accounting policies followed by the Group in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are summarized below.

(b) Consolidation

The Group’s consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries and VIEs for which the Company or its subsidiary is the primary beneficiary. All transactions and balances among the Company, its subsidiaries and VIEs have been eliminated upon consolidation.

A subsidiary is an entity in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting powers; or has the power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors; or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of directors; or has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of the investee under a statute or agreement among the shareholders or equity holders.

A VIE is an entity in which the Company, or its subsidiary, through contractual agreements, bears the risks of, and enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the entity, and therefore the Company or its subsidiary is the primary beneficiary of the entity. In determining whether the Company or its subsidiaries are the primary beneficiary, the Company considered whether it has the power to direct activities that are significant to the VIE’s economic performance, and also the Company’s obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Huya Technology and ultimately the Company hold all the variable interests of the VIE and has been determined to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE.

(c) Use of estimates

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from such estimates. The Company believes that the assessment of whether the Group acts as a principal or an agent in different revenue streams, the determination of estimated selling prices of multiple element revenue contracts, the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets and income tax, subsequent adjustment due to significant observable price change for the equity investments without readily determinable fair values and not accounted for by the equity method, impairment assessment of investments in equity securities without readily determinable fair value, fair value determination for

available-for-

sale debt

investments and allowances for credit losses, represent

significant

accounting policies that reflect significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements.

Management bases the estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

(d) Foreign currency translation

The Group uses Renminbi (“RMB”) as its reporting currency. The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong, Cayman Islands and Singapore is United States dollar (“US$”), while the functional currency of the Group’s entities in PRC is RMB, which is their respective local currency. In the consolidated financial statements, the financial information of the Company and its subsidiaries, which use US$ as their functional currency, have been translated into RMB. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates on the balance sheet date, equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates, and revenues, expenses, gains, and losses are translated using the average exchange rate for the period. Translation adjustments arising from these are reported as foreign currency translation adjustments and are shown as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income in the statement of comprehensive income.

Foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the balance sheet date are remeasured at the applicable rates of exchange in effect at that date. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from remeasurement at

year-end

are recognized in foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

F - 21

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(e) Convenience translation

Translations of amounts from RMB into US$ for the convenience of the reader were calculated at the noon buying rate of US$1.00 =RMB6.8972 on December 30, 2022 as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into US$ at such rate.

(f) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash includes currency on hand and deposits held by financial institutions that can be added to or withdrawn without limitation. Cash equivalents represent short-term and highly liquid investments placed with banks, which have both of the following characteristics:

i) Readily convertible to known amounts of cash throughout the maturity period;

ii) So near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates.

The Group considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less as cash equivalents.

(g) Restricted cash

Cash that is restricted as to withdrawal or for use or pledged as security is reported separately on the face of the consolidated balance sheets, and is included in the total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Group’s restricted cash is substantially cash balance on deposit required by its commercial banks, the court, and government department.

(h) Short-term deposits and long-term deposits

Short-term deposits represent time deposits placed with banks with original maturities of more than three months but less than one year. Interest earned is recorded as interest income in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income during the years presented.

Long-term deposits of the Group represent time deposits placed with banks with original maturities

of

more than one year. Interest earned is recorded as interest income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income during the periods presented. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, substantially all of the Group’s long-term deposits amounting to nil and RMB1,072,548, respectively, had been placed in the PRC and overseas financial institutions.

(i) Short-term investments

For investments in financial instruments with a variable interest rate indexed to the performance of underlying assets, the Company elected the fair value method at the date of initial recognition and carried these investments subsequently at fair value. Changes in fair values are reflected in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

(j) Receivables

Before January 1, 2020, the Group determined the allowance for doubtful accounts based on an assessment of historical collection activity, the current business environment and forecasts that may affect the customers’ ability to pay. From January 1, 2020, the Group adopted ASU

No. 2016-13,

“Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASC Topic 326”), which amends previously issued guidance regarding the impairment of financial instruments by creating an impairment model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. The Group used a modified retrospective approach with a cumulative-effect increase of approximately RMB3,067 recorded in accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2020.

The Group’s accounts receivable

,

 other receivables

, amounts

due from related parties, prepayments and other current assets are within the scope of ASC Topic 326. Accounts receivable consist primarily of receivables from third-party payment platforms and advertising customers.

F - 22

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(j) Receivables (continued)

To estimate expected credit losses, the Group has identified the relevant risk characteristics of its customers and the related receivables and other receivables which include size, type of the services or the products the Group provides, or a combination of these characteristics. Receivables with similar risk characteristics have been grouped into pools. For each pool, the Group considers the historical experience of loss severity and recoveries, current economic conditions, future economic

conditions 

(external data and macroeconomic factors) and changes in the Group’s customer collection trends. Other key factors that influence the expected credit loss analysis include credit rating, payment terms offered in the normal course of business to customers, and industry-specific factors that could impact the Group’s receivables. Additionally, external data and macroeconomic factors are also considered. This is assessed at each quarter based on the Group’s specific facts and circumstances.

There have been no

significant impact of changes in the assumptions since adoption.

(k) Investments

Equity Investments Accounted for Using the Equity Method

The Group accounts for its equity investment over which it has significant influence but does not own a majority equity interest or otherwise control using the equity method. The Group adjusts the carrying amount of the investment and recognizes investment income or loss for share of the earnings or loss of the investee after the date of investment.

The Group assesses its equity investment for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, operating performance of the entities, including current earnings trends and undiscounted cash flows, and other entity-specific information. The fair value determination, particularly for investment in privately held entities, requires judgment to determine appropriate estimates and assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could affect the calculation of the fair value of the investment and determination of whether any identified impairment is other-than-temporary. The Group evaluates its equity method investment for impairment under ASC

323-10.

An impairment loss on the equity method investment is recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary. The Group recognized impairment losses of RMB414 for the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no impairment losses recognized for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021.

Equity Investments without Readily Determinable Fair Values

The Group elected to record equity investments without readily determinable fair values, which are not accounted for using the equity method and do not qualify for the existing practical expedient in ASC 820 to estimate fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) of the investments and, at cost, less impairment, adjusted for subsequent observable price changes, and will report changes in the carrying values of the equity investments in earnings. Changes in the carrying values of the equity investment are made whenever there are impairment or observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer that are known or that can reasonably be known to the Group based on reasonable effort.

For equity investments without readily determinable fair value for which the Group has elected to apply the measurement alternative, the Group makes a qualitative assessment of whether the investment is impaired at each reporting date, applying judgment in considering various factors and events including a) adverse performance of investees; b) adverse industry developments affecting investees; and c) adverse regulatory social, economic or other developments affecting investees. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, the Group estimates the investment’s fair value in accordance with the principles of ASC 820. If the fair value is less than the investment’s carrying value, the Group recognizes an impairment loss of investments equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value. The Group recognized impairment losses of RMB55,201 for the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no impairment losses recognized for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021.

F - 23

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(k) Investments (continued)

Available-for-sale

Debt Investments

The Group has classified its investment in debt securities, other than those the held to maturity debt securities, as

available-for-sale

securities. The Group recorded

available-for-sale

debt investments at estimated fair values with the aggregate unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, being reflected in “accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income” in the consolidated balance sheets. If the amortized cost basis of

an available-for-sale

investment exceeds its fair value and if the Group has the intention to sell the investment or it is more likely than not that the Group will be required to sell the investment before recovery of the amortized cost basis, an impairment is recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. If the Group does not have the intention to sell the investment and it is not more likely than not that the Group will be required to sell the investment before recovery of the amortized cost basis and the Group determines that the decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis of

an available-for-sale

investment is entirely or partially due to credit-related factors, the credit loss is measured and recognized as an allowance for credit losses along with the operating expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The allowance is measured as the amount by which the debt investment’s amortized cost basis exceeds the Group’s best estimate of the present value of cash flows expected to be collected. The Group monitors its investments for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, the operating performance of the companies including current earnings trends and other company-specific information.

F - 24

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(l) Property and equipment

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment loss, if any. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Residual rate is determined based on the economic value of the property and equipment at the end of the estimated useful lives as a percentage of the original cost. Property and equipment mainly consist of servers, computers and equipment, leasehold improvements and others.

	Estimated useful lives	Residual rate
Servers, computers and equipment	3-4 years		0	%
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of lease term or the estimated useful lives of the assets		0	%
Office furnitures and others	3-5 years		0%-5	%

The Company also has certain construction in progress which represents a building under construction, which is stated at actual construction cost less any impairment loss. Construction in progress is transferred to the respective category of property and equipment when completed and ready for its intended use.

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. The gain or loss on the disposal of property and equipment is the difference between the net sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the relevant assets and is recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

(m) Intangible assets

Intangible assets mainly consist of copyrights of video content, license, software, domain names and trademark. Identifiable intangible assets are carried at acquisition cost less accumulated amortization and impairment loss, if

any. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, there are no indefinite lived intangibles.

Finite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment if impairment indicators arise. Amortization of finite-lived intangible assets is computed using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which are as follows:

	Estimated useful lives
Copyrights of video content		1 – 4 years
License		15 years
Software		1 – 10 years
Domain names		15 years
Trademarks		5 years

(n) Impairment of long-lived assets

For long-lived assets other than investments whose impairment policy is discussed elsewhere in the financial statements, the Group evaluates for impairment whenever events or changes (triggering events) indicate that the carrying amount of an asset grouping may no longer be recoverable. The Group assesses the recoverability of the long-lived assets by comparing the carrying value of the long-lived assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to receive from use of the assets and their eventual disposition. Such assets are considered to be impaired if the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset grouping.

Any

impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets.

No impairment of long-lived assets was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

F - 25

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(o) Revenue

On January 1, 2018, the Group adopted ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the Company’s historic accounting under Topic 605. Based on the Company’s assessment, the adoption of ASC 606 did not have any material impact to the Group’s consolidated financial statements and there were no material differences between the Company’s adoption of ASC 606 and its historic accounting under ASC 605.

Revenues are recognized when control of the promised virtual items or services is transferred to the Group’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Group expects to be entitled to in exchange for those virtual items or services. The following table disaggregates the Group’s revenue by major type for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Live streaming		10,311,624		10,186,204		8,195,907
Other revenues (i)		602,750		1,165,242		1,024,555
Total		10,914,374		11,351,446		9,220,462

(i) Other revenues mainly include advertising, sub-licensing and online games revenues.

Revenue recognition and significant judgments

(i) Live streaming

The Group is principally engaged in operating its own live streaming platforms, which enable broadcasters and viewers to interact with each other during live streaming. It generates revenue primarily from sales of virtual items in the platforms. The Group has a recharge system for users to purchase the Group’s virtual currency, which can then be utilised to purchase virtual items for use on the live streaming platforms. Users can recharge via various online payment platforms, including WeChat Pay, AliPay and other payment platforms. Virtual currency is

non-refundable

and without expiry. As the virtual currency is often consumed soon after it is purchased based on history of turnover of the virtual currency, the Group considers it does not expect to be entitled to a breakage amount for the virtual currency. Unconsumed virtual currency is recorded as deferred revenue. Virtual currencies used to purchase virtual items are recognized as revenue according to the prescribed revenue recognition policies of virtual items addressed below unless otherwise stated. The Group shares a portion of the sales proceeds of virtual items (“revenue sharing fee”) with broadcasters and talent agencies which recruit and manage broadcasters in accordance with their revenue sharing arrangements.

The Group evaluates and determines that it is the principal and views users to be its customers in the revenue generating arrangement and the Group reports live streaming revenues on a gross basis. Accordingly, the amounts billed to users are recorded as revenues and revenue sharing fee paid/payable to broadcasters and talent agencies are recorded as cost of revenues. Where the Group is the principal, it controls the virtual items before they are transferred to users. Its control is evidenced by the Group’s sole ability to monetize the virtual items before they are transferred to users, and is further supported by the Group being primarily responsible to users and having a level of discretion in establishing pricing.

F - 26

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(o) Revenue (continued)

Revenue recognition and significant judgments (continued)

(i) Live streaming (continued)

The Group designs, creates and offers various virtual items for sales to users with

pre-determined

standalone selling price. Sales proceeds are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized as revenue based on the consumption of the virtual items. Virtual items are categorized as consumable and time-based items. Consumable items are consumed upon purchase and use, while time-based items could be used for a fixed period of time. Users can purchase and present consumable items to broadcasters to show support for their favorite broadcasters, or purchase time-based virtual items for one or multiple months at a monthly fee, which provide users with recognized status, such as priority speaking rights or special user symbols over a period of time. Revenue related to each consumable

item is recognized

as single performance obligation at the point in time when the virtual item is transferred directly to the users and consumed by them, while revenue related to time-based virtual items provided on a subscription basis is recognized ratably over the contract period. The Group does not have

any

further performance obligations to the user after the virtual items are consume

d

 or after the stated contract period of time for time-based items.

The Group may also enter into contracts that can include various combinations of virtual items, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations, such as Huya Noble Member Program. Determining whether those virtual items are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. The contract of Huya Noble Member Program, which is normally purchased on a monthly basis, includes three major virtual items, a) the noble member status, b) the virtual currency coupons, and c) the right of subsequent renewal at a discounted price, which are considered distinct and accounted for separately under ASC 606. A noble member status itself cannot be purchased on a standalone basis, and it is used for one month but the users can simultaneously purchase multiple months of the package (with effective period of noble member status limited to a maximum of 24

 months from date of purchase) at any point in time. The virtual currency coupons, which have the same purchase power as the Group’s virtual currency but with expiry dates, is valid to purchase virtual items for a fixed period. Judgment is required to determine standalone selling price for each distinct performance obligation. The Group allocates the arrangement consideration to the separate accounting of each distinct performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling prices. For instances where standalone selling price is not directly observable as the Group does not sell the virtual item separately, such as the noble member status and the virtual currency coupons, the Group determines the standalone selling price based on pricing strategies, market factors and strategic objectives. In respect of the right of subsequent renewal at a discounted price, the Group estimates individual user’s times of renewal based on historical data of users’ spending pattern and average times of renewal. The Group recognizes revenue for each of the distinct performance obligations identified in accordance with the applicable revenue recognition method relevant for that obligation. For revenue allocated to noble member status, it’s generally recognized ratably over the contract period as users simultaneously consume and receive a series of services, virtual items and virtual rights. For revenue related to virtual currency coupons provided on a consumption basis, virtual currency coupons used to purchase virtual items are recognized as revenue according to the prescribed revenue recognition policies of virtual items addressed above unless otherwise stated. Although the virtual currency coupons have expiry dates, the Group considers the impact of the breakage amount for virtual currency coupons is insignificant as historical data shows that virtual currency coupons are consumed shortly after they are released to users and the forfeiture rate remains relatively low for the periods reported, therefore, the Group does not expect to be entitled to a breakage amount for the virtual currency coupons. For the right of subsequent renewal at a discounted price, upon each time a subsequent renewal is purchased, the cash received is recorded as deferred revenue and allocated proportionally to the noble member status and virtual currency coupons based on their relative standalone selling price and revenue is then recognized following the revenue recognition method of noble member status and virtual currency coupons as described above. 

F - 27

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(o) Revenue (continued)

Revenue recognition and significant judgments (continued)

(ii) Sub-licensing

The Group generates licensing revenue primarily from

sub-licensing

broadcasting rights of

e-sports

contents, which was purchased from the

e-sports

contents providers, to other livestreaming platforms. The

e-sports

contents consist of a series of matches. As the licensed

e-sports

contents are not available for broadcasting and

sub-licensing

until the

e-sports

contents of each match is delivered and produced, the

sub-licensing

revenue is treated as a point of time type of revenue when the

e-sports

content of each match was broadcasted and

sub-licensed

to the other platforms.

Revenues from barter transactions were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, in which the e-sports contents are

sub-licensed

to other live streaming platforms. Barter transactions in which e-sports contents are received in exchange for other e-sports contents are recorded based on the fair values of the e-sports contents received under ASC 606.

(iii) Advertising

The Group generates advertising revenues primarily from sales of various forms of advertising and promotion campaigns, including (i) display advertisements in various areas of our platform, (ii) native advertisements in cooperation with broadcasters, and (iii) game events advertising and campaigns. Advertisements on the Group’s platforms are generally charged on the basis of duration. Advertising contracts are signed to establish the fixed price and the advertising services to be provided. Where the service is transferred to customers, revenues from advertising contracts are recognized ratably over the contract period of display.

The Group enters into advertising contracts directly with advertisers or third-party advertising agencies that represent advertisers. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 3 months. Both third-party advertising agencies and direct advertisers are generally billed at the end of the display period and payments are due usually within 3 months. In instances where the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of billing, the Group has determined the advertising contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. The primary purpose of the credits terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing the Group’s advertising services, not to receive financing from its customers or to provide customers with financing.

The Group provides sales incentives to certain customers in the forms of discounts and rebates based on purchase volume, which are accounted for as variable consideration. The Group estimates these amounts based on the expected amount to be provided to customers considering the contracted rebate rates and estimated sales volume based on historical experience, and reduce revenues recognized. The Group believes that there will not be significant changes to its estimates of variable consideration.

F - 28

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(o) Revenue (continued)

Revenue recognition and significant judgments (continued)

(iv) Online games revenues

The Group generates revenues from offering virtual items in online games developed by the Group itself or third parties to game users. The Group has a recharge system for game users to purchase game tokens for use. Game users can recharge via various online payment platforms, including WeChat Pay, AliPay and other payment platforms. Game tokens is

non-refundable

and without expiry. As the game token is often consumed soon after it is purchased based on history of turnover of the game token, the Group considers it does not expect to be entitled to a breakage amount for the game token.

Majority of online games revenues were derived from the Group’s self-developed games for the years presented.

With respect to the game operation contracts entered into between the Group and distribution platforms for

co-publishing

or between the Group and users for self-publishing, the Group owns the games’ copyrights and other intellectual property, and takes primary responsibilities of game development and game operation, including designing, development, and updating of the games including the game content, as well as the pricing of virtual items, providing

on-going

updates of new contents and bug fixing, determining the distribution platforms and payment channels, and providing customer services. Therefore, the Group considers itself to be the principal in these contracts and views users to be its customers. Revenues derived from self-developed games are recorded on a gross basis, and fees to be shared with distribution platforms and payment handling costs charged by payment platforms are recorded as cost of revenues.

Users play games free of charge and are charged for purchases of virtual items mainly including consumable and perpetual items, which can be utilized to enhance users’ game-playing experience. Consumable items represent virtual items that can be consumed by a specific user within a specified period of time. Perpetual items represent virtual items that are accessible to the users’ account over the life of the online games. The Group maintains information on consumption details of

in-game

virtual items, therefore, the Group recognizes revenues based on item-based model: (1) for consumable items, the revenue is recognized immediately upon consumption as the Group does not have further performance obligations to the user after the virtual items are consumed immediately; (2) for perpetual items, as the Group has responsibilities to ensure the game users can continue to gain access to the games to get the

in-game

experience and benefit after the sale of the perpetual items and the Group’s service obligations are directly linked to each game user’s engagement, therefore, the revenue from sales of perpetual items is recognized ratably over the user relationship period of a specific game as described below.

The estimated user relationship period is based on data collected from those game users who have purchased game tokens. The Group maintains a system that captures the following information for each game user: (a) the frequency that game users log into each game, and (b) the amount and the timing of when the game users charge his or her game token. The Group estimates the user relationship period for a particular game to be the date a user purchases a game token through the date the Group estimates the game user plays the game for the last time. This computation is completed on a user by user basis. Then, the results for all analyzed users are averaged to determine an estimated end user relationship period for each game. Revenues from

in-game

payments of each month are recognized over the user relationship period estimated for that game.

The determination of user relationship period is based on the Group’s best estimate that takes into account all known and relevant information at the time of assessment. The Group assesses the estimated user relationships on a monthly basis. Any adjustments arising from changes in the user relationship as a result of new information will be accounted as a change in accounting estimate in accordance with ASC 250 Accounting Changes and Error Corrections.

F - 29

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(o) Revenue (continued)

Contract balances

The Group collects accounts receivable from various online payment platforms, advertising customers, distribution platforms and livestreaming platforms. Prior to January 1, 2020, The Group record

ed

 the allowance for specifically identified

non-recoverable

amounts.

The Group determined the allowance based on known troubled accounts, historical experience, and other currently available evidence. Starting from January

 1, 2020, the group adopted ASC Topic 326

using a modified retrospective approach with a cumulative-effect increase of approximately RMB

3,067 recorded

.

The expected credit loss provision for accounts reflects the Group’s best estimate of its expected credit loss in the accounts receivable balance. The Company has established a provision matrix that is based on its historical credit loss experience, adjusted for forward-looking factors specific to the debtors and the economic environment. The activity in the loss allowance for the year ended December 

31, 2022

presented is disclosed and detailed in Note 7, Note 8 and Note

22.

Contract liabilities primarily consist of deferred revenue for unconsumed virtual items and unamortized revenue from virtual items in the Group’s platforms, where there is still an obligation to be provided by the Group, which will be recognized as revenue when all of the revenue recognition criteria are met.

During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the Group recognized revenue amounting to RMB845,966, RMB485,878 and RMB459,509

, respectively, that had been included in the corresponding contract liability balance at the beginning of the years. 

As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligation was RMB518,974 , the Company expects to recognize the remaining performance obligation as revenue as follows. However, the amount and timing of revenue recognition is largely driven by customer usage, which can extend beyond the original contractual term.

	2023		2024 and after		Total
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Revenue expected to be recognized		445,620		73,354		518,974

F - 30

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(p) Cost of revenues

Amounts recorded as cost of revenues relate to direct expenses incurred in order to generate revenue. Such costs are recorded as incurred. Cost of revenues consists primarily of (i) revenue sharing fees to broadcasters and content costs, including payments to

e-sports

content providers and other various content providers, (ii) bandwidth costs, (iii) salaries and welfare, (iv) payment handling costs, (v) share-based compensation, (vi) depreciation and amortization expense for servers and other equipment, and intangibles directly related to operating the platform, (vii) other taxes and surcharges, and (viii) other costs.

(q) Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses primarily consist of (i) salaries and welfare for research and development personnel, and (ii) share-based compensation for research and development personnel. Costs incurred during the research stage are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred in the development stage, prior to the establishment of technological feasibility, which is when a working model is available, are expensed when incurred.

The Company recognizes software development costs in accordance with guidance on intangible assets and internal use software. This requires capitalization of qualifying costs incurred during the software’s application development stage and to expense costs as they are incurred during the preliminary project and post implementation/operation stages. The Company had not capitalized any costs related to internal use software during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

(r) Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of (i) advertising and market promotion expenses, (ii) salaries and welfare for sales and marketing personnel, and (iii) share-based compensation for sales and marketing personnel. The advertising and market promotion expenses amounted to RMB449,042, RMB655,957 and RMB412,529 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

F - 31

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(s) General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of (i) salaries and welfare for management and administrative personnel, and (ii) share-based compensation for management and administrative personnel.

(t) Employee social security and welfare benefits

Employees of the Group in the PRC are entitled to staff welfare benefits including pension, work-related injury benefits, maternity insurance, medical insurance, unemployment benefit and housing fund plans through a PRC government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan. The Group is required to accrue for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government. The Group is required to make contributions to the plans out of the amounts accrued. The PRC government is responsible for the medical benefits and the pension liability to be paid to these employees and the Group’s obligations are limited to the amounts contributed and no legal obligation beyond the contributions made. Employee social security and welfare benefits included as expenses in the accompanying statement of comprehensive income amounted to RMB116,292, RMB187,200 and RMB181,628

 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, a headcount reduction initiative related to the Group’s business optimization plans resulted in a one time employee severance program with a corresponding recorded provision of RMB

53,595

. The charge is primarily reported within research and development expenses in the accompanying statement of comprehensive income. 

(u) Share-based compensation

Share-based compensation expense arises from share-based awards, including share options for the purchase of Huya’s ordinary shares and Huya’s restricted share units, granted by the Group to its management, key employees and

non-employees

.

Huya’s share options

Prior to the IPO date (Note 1(b)), in determining the fair value of share options granted, the binomial option-pricing model was applied. The determination of the fair value was affected by the fair value of the ordinary shares as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables, including risk-free interest rates, exercise multiples, expected forfeiture rates, the expected share price volatility rates, and expected dividends. Following the listing of the Company, the grant date fair value of share options began to be determined based on the stock price of the Company’s ordinary shares listed on the NYSE minus the respective exercise price.

Share-based compensation expense for share options granted to employees is measured based on their grant-date fair values and recognized over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The number of share-based awards for which the service is not expected to be rendered over the requisite period is estimated, and the related compensation expense is not recorded for the number of awards so estimated.

F - 32

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(u) Share-based compensation (continued)

Huya’s restricted share units

Share-based awards with service conditions only are measured at the grant date fair value of the awards and recognized as expenses using the graded-vesting method, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service period. Fair value of restricted share units (“RSUs”) is determined with reference to the fair value of the underlying shares. Forfeiture rate is estimated based on historical forfeiture patterns and adjusted to reflect future change in circumstances and facts, if any. If actual forfeitures differ from those estimates, the Company may need to revise those estimates used in subsequent periods.

F - 33

(v) Leases

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update

No. 2016-02

(Topic 842) “Leases”. Topic 842 supersedes the lease requirements in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 840, “Leases”.

The Company has adopted the new standard, effective January 1, 2019, which requires

lessees to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for most leases and

to

provide enhanced disclosures. 

Leases will continue to be classified as either finance or operating.

The Company categorize leases with contractual terms longer than twelve months as either operating or finance. Finance leases are generally those leases that allow lessee to substantially utilize or pay for the entire asset over its estimated life. Assets acquired under finance leases are recorded in property and equipment, net. All other leases are categorized as operating leases. All the leases recognized by the Company were classified as operating leases for the years presented.

Lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the fixed lease payments using a discount rate based on similarly secured borrowings available to us. Lease assets are recognized based on the initial present value of the fixed lease payments plus any direct costs from executing the leases or lease prepayments reclassified from “Prepayments and other current assets” upon lease commencement. Operating lease expense are recognized on a straight-line basis as cost of sales, sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses over the term of the lease.

(w) Government grants

Government grants, which mainly represent amounts received from central and local governments in connection with the Company’s investments in local business districts and contributions to technology development, are recognized as income in other income, net or as a reduction of specific costs and expenses for which the grants are intended to compensate. Such amounts are recognized in the consolidated income statements upon receipt

or

when all conditions attached to the grants are fulfilled.

(x) Income taxes

Current income taxes are provided on the basis of net income for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for income tax purposes, in accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions. Deferred income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in statement of comprehensive income in the period

enacted

. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the amount of deferred tax assets if it is considered more likely than not that some portion of, or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Uncertain tax positions

The guidance on accounting for uncertainties in income taxes prescribes a more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Guidance was also provided on derecognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, accounting for income taxes in interim periods, and income tax disclosures. Significant judgment is required in evaluating the Group’s uncertain tax positions and determining its provision for income taxes. The Group recognizes interests and penalties, if any, under accrued expenses and other current liabilities on its balance sheet and under other expenses in its statement of comprehensive income. The Group did

no

t recognize any interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions for the years ended December 

31

,

2020

,

2021

and

2022

. As of December 

31

,

2021

and

2022

, the Group did

no

t have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions.

F - 34

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(y) Statutory reserves

The Group’s PRC entities are required to make appropriations to certain

non-distributable

reserve funds.

In accordance with the laws applicable to China’s Foreign Investment Enterprises, the Group’s subsidiaries registered as WFOEs have to make appropriations from its

after-tax

profit (as determined under the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises as promulgated by the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC GAAP”)) to reserve funds including

a

general reserve fund, and

a

staff bonus and welfare fund. The appropriation to the general reserve fund must be at least 10% of the

after-tax

profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the company. Appropriation to the staff bonus and welfare fund is at the company’s discretion.

In addition, in accordance with the Company Laws of the PRC, the Group’s entities registered as PRC domestic companies must make appropriations from its

after-tax

profit as determined under the PRC GAAP to

non-distributable

reserve funds including a statutory surplus fund and a discretionary surplus fund. The appropriation to the statutory surplus fund must be at least 10% of the

after-tax

profits as determined under the PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the surplus fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the company. Appropriation to the discretionary surplus fund is made at the discretion of the company.

The use of the general reserve fund, statutory surplus fund and discretionary surplus fund are restricted to the

off-setting

of losses or increasing capital of the respective company. The staff bonus and welfare fund is a liability in nature and is restricted to fund payments of special bonus to staff and for the collective welfare of employees. All these reserves are not allowed to be transferred to the Company in terms of cash dividends, loans or advances, nor can they be distributed except under liquidation.

During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, appropriations to

the

general reserve and statutory surplus fund

s

amounted to RMB57,750, nil and nil, respectively.

(z) Related parties

Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Parties are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or significant influence, such as a family member or relative, shareholder, or a related corporation.

(aa) Dividends

Dividends are recognized when declared. No dividends were declared for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. The Group does not have any present plan to pay any dividends on ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. The Group currently intends to retain the available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand its business.

F - 35

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(bb) Income (loss) per share

Basic income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shareholders, as adjusted for the effect of dilutive ordinary equivalent shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of share options and the vesting of restrict share units using the treasury stock method. Ordinary equivalent shares are not included in the denominator of the diluted income (loss) per share calculation when inclusion of such share would be anti-dilutive.

(cc) Segment reporting

The Group’s chief operating decision maker has been identified as its CEO, who reviews the consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group as a whole. Therefore, the Group has only one reportable segment. The Group does not distinguish between markets or segments for the purpose of internal reporting. The Company is domiciled in the Cayman Islands while the Group mainly operates its businesses in the PRC and earns majority of the revenues from external customers attributed to the PRC.

(dd) Newly adopted accounting standard updates

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU

No. 2020-04,

Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments in this update are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The amendments in this update provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met.

The

Company adopted this update in the first quarter of 2022 and the adoption did

 not have a material impact

to

the

Company’s 

consolidated financial statements.

In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU

No. 2021-04,

Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt— Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic

470-50),

Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging— Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic

815-40),

which clarifies and reduces diversity in an issuer’s accounting for modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options (for example, warrants) that remain equity classified after modification or exchange. The ASU is effective for public in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities, including adoption in an interim period. The Company adopted this guidance prospectively and the adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU

No.2021-10,

Government Assistance (Topic 832). This ASU requires business entities to disclose information about government assistance they receive if the transactions were accounted for by analogy to either a grant or a contribution accounting model. The disclosure requirements include the nature of the transaction and the related accounting policy used, the line items on the balance sheets and statements of operations that are affected and the amounts applicable to each financial statement line item and the significant terms and conditions of the transactions. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021. The disclosure requirements can be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all transactions in the scope of the amendments that are reflected in the financial statements at the date of initial application and new transactions that are entered into after the date of initial application. The Company adopted this guidance prospectively and the adoption of this guidance did not have impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

F - 36

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

2. Principal accounting policies (continued)

(ee) Recently issued accounting pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU

No. 2020-06,

Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic

470-20)

and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic

815-40):

Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, which simplifies accounting for convertible instruments by removing major separation models required under current GAAP. The ASU removes certain settlement conditions that are required for equity contracts to qualify for the derivative scope exception and it also simplifies the diluted earnings per share calculation in certain areas. The ASU is effective for public in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Group did not early adopt and is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU

2022-03,

“Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”, which clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. This guidance also requires certain disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The new guidance is required to be applied prospectively with any adjustments from the adoption of the amendments recognized in earnings and disclosed on the date of adoption. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

3. Certain risks

(a) Foreign exchange risk

The revenues and expenses of the Group’s entities in the PRC are generally denominated in RMB and their assets and liabilities are denominated in RMB. The RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. Remittances of foreign currencies into the PRC or remittances of RMB out of the PRC as well as exchange between RMB and foreign currencies require approval by foreign exchange administrative authorities and certain supporting documentation. The State Administration for Foreign Exchange, under the authority of the People’s Bank of China, controls the conversion of RMB into other currencies.

(b) Credit risk

The Group’s financial instruments potentially subject to significant concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term deposits, short-term investment, long-term deposits and accounts receivable.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, substantially all of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term deposits, short-term investment and long-term deposits were placed with the PRC financial institutions and international financial institutions. Management chooses these institutions because of their reputations and track records for stability, and their known large cash reserves, and management periodically reviews these institutions’ reputations, track records, and reported reserves. Management expects that any additional institutions that the Group uses for its cash and bank deposits will be chosen with similar criteria for soundness. Nevertheless under the PRC law, it is required that a commercial bank in the PRC that holds third party cash deposits should maintain a certain percentage of total customer deposits taken in a statutory reserve fund for protecting the depositors’ rights over their interests in deposited money. PRC banks are subject to a series of risk control regulatory standards; PRC bank regulatory authorities are empowered to take over the operation and management of any PRC bank that faces a material credit crisis. The Group believes that it is not exposed to unusual risks as these financial institutions are either PRC banks or international banks with high credit quality. The Group had not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents and term deposits for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 and believes that its credit risk to be minimal. Accounts receivable is typically unsecured and is primarily derived from revenue earned from third-party payment platforms, advertising services, third-party distribution platforms and third-party livestreaming platforms.

F - 37

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

4. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents represent cash on hand and demand deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions, and all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less. Cash and cash equivalents balance as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 primarily consist of the following currencies:

	December 31, 2021				December 31, 2022
	Amount		RMB equivalent		Amount		RMB equivalent
RMB		1,341,236		1,341,236		246,786		246,786
US$		66,204		422,096		52,287		364,158
SGD		5,642		26,617		8,426		43,671
Others (i)		N/A		835		N/A		626
Total				1,790,784				655,241

(i) As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the other currencies consist of Hong Kong Dollar and Brazilian Real.

5. Restricted cash

The Group’s restricted cash represents substantially cash balances on deposit required by its commercial banks, the court, and the government. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the Group’s restricted cash balances were RMB55,670 and RMB4,050, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, among the Group’s restricted cash, RMB52,910 and nil had been restricted by the government as part of their ongoing investigations on certain third parties’ activities. The restrictions

have been

removed

as

the investigations

were

closed

 in 2022

.

6. Short-term deposits

Short-term deposits represent time deposits placed with banks with original maturities more than three months but less than one year. Short-term deposits balance as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 primarily consist of the following currencies:

	December 31, 202 1				December 31, 202 2
	Amount		RMB equivalent		Amount		RMB equivalent
RMB		2,460,000		2,460,000		3,676,450		3,676,450
US$		924,125		5,891,945		767,000		5,341,848
Total				8,351,945				9,018,298

F - 38

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

7. Accounts receivable, net

	December 31,
	2021			2022
	RMB			RMB
Accounts receivable, gross		90,330			78,201
Less: expected credit loss provision		(2,296	)		(2,303	)
Accounts receivable, net		88,034			75,898

The following table sets out movements of the expected credit loss provision for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022:

	For the years ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Beginning balance prior to ASC 326		(922	)		—			—
Impact of adoption to ASC 326		(3,122	)		—			—
Balance at beginning of the year		(4,044	)		(4,449	)		(2,296	)
Current year provision		(1,907	)		(715	)		(993	)
Current year reversal		1,502			2,868			986
Balance at end of the year		(4,449	)		(2,296	)		(2,303	)

8. Prepayments and other current assets, net

	December 31,
	2021			2022
	RMB			RMB
Input value-added tax to be deducted		184,061			258,650
Interest receivable		129,989			174,333
Prepayments to vendors and content providers		196,466			154,207
Prepayments to third-party payment platform		8,710			12,522
Loan to a third party		12,850			12,247
Receivables from the exercise of vested share options and individual income tax paid on behalf of employees related to share-based awards		45,217			7,885
Prepayment of income tax		78,101			6,001
Others		9,574			11,380
Less: expected credit loss provision		(23	)		—
Total		664,945			637,225

F - 39

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

9. Investments

	December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB		RMB
Equity investments without readily determinable fair values (i)		450,937		522,139
Debt investments (ii)		157,160		384,076
Equity method investments		520		—
		608,617		906,215

(i) Equity investments without readily determinable fair values include investment in equity securities of private investee companies over which the Group has neither significant influence nor control through investments in common stock or in-substance common stock.

In 2021 and 2022, the Group acquired equity interests in a number of privately-held investee companies at with a total consideration of RMB126,958 and RMB118,801 respectively.

The Group used

the

measurement alternative for recording equity investments without readily determinable fair values at cost, less impairment, adjusted for subsequent observable price changes. Based on ASU

2016-01,

entities that elect the measurement alternative will report changes in the carrying value of the equity investments in current earnings. If

the

measurement alternative is used, changes in the carrying value of the equity investment will be recognized whenever there are observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer, and impairment charges will be recorded when any impairment indicators are noted and the fair value is lower than the carrying value.

The Group, with the assistance of an independent valu

ation expert

, assessed the fair value of certain investments as of the balance sheet date and recognized RMB55,201 (2021: RMB nil

) in impairment charges for investments without readily determinable fair value for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Group’s impairment assessments were triggered as a result of the poor financial performance of certain investees. In the circumstances and as part of management’s assessments, the Group, used unobservable Level 3 inputs including (i) a selection of price-to-sales multiples of comparable companies and multiples, (ii) probability of the different scenarios assumed under the equity allocation model and (iii) a discount for lack of marketability, and with reference to comparable recent transactions (if available) determined, respective fair values for the investees were lower than the related carrying values. Accordingly, the Group recorded a RMB

55,201

 impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2022, reflecting the aggregate carrying value of the investees in excess of the fair value total. 

(ii) In 2021, the Group made an investment in debt securities (i.e. certain preferred shares) of a privately-held investee company at a total cash consideration of RMB157,160 (“Debt Investment”). In 2022, the Group additionally made investments of RMB125,743  in this same investee. Given that the preferred stock will become redeemable simply by the passage of time and the intention of the Group is to hold and consider a future disposal, the investment is accounted for as an available-for-sale debt investment (see Note 2(k)), wherein the investment is carried at fair value with realized or unrealized gains or losses recorded in accumulative other comprehensive (loss) income. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, the unrealized securities holding gain, net of tax of  nil and RMB85,997, was reported in other comprehensive income.

F - 40

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

10. Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment consist of the following:

	December 31,
	2021			2022
	RMB			RMB
Gross carrying amount
Servers, computers and equipment		204,082			271,692
Construction in progress		5,617			97,786
Leasehold improvements		34,653			32,913
Others		13,594			13,700
Total		257,946			416,091
Less: accumulated depreciation		(178,335	)		(215,198	)
Property and equipment, net		79,611			200,893

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2020

, 2

021 and 2022 were RMB58,440, RMB49,875 and RMB43,413, respectively.

11. Intangible assets, net

The following table summarizes the Group’s intangible assets:

	December 31,
	2021			2022
	RMB			RMB
Gross carrying amount
Copyrights of video contents		133,865			136,130
License		32,000			32,000
Software		21,498			31,246
Domain names		5,283			5,283
Trademarks		1,132			1,132
Total		193,778			205,791
Less: accumulated amortization
Copyrights of video contents		(82,312	)		(110,182	)
License		(7,822	)		(9,956	)
Software		(16,125	)		(23,911	)
Domain names		(2,445	)		(2,800	)
Trademarks		(1,132	)		(1,132	)
Total accumulated amortization		(109,836	)		(147,981	)
Intangible assets, net		83,942			57,810

F - 41

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

11. Intangible assets, net (continued)

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 were RMB44,362, RMB39,239 and RMB37,968, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, intangible assets amortization expense for future years is expected to be as follows:

Year ended December 31,	Amortization expense of intangible assets
	RMB
2023		24,097
2024		8,748
2025		2,825
2026		2,748
2027		2,724

The weighted average amortization periods of intangible assets as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 are as below:

	December 31,
	2021		2022
Copyrights of video contents		3 years		3 years
License		15 years		15 years
Software		4 years		2 years
Domain names		15 years		15 years
Trademarks		5 years		5 years

F - 42

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

13. Prepayments and other non-current assets

	December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB		RMB
Prepayments to vendors and content providers		139,968		84,241
Interest receivables		—		10,532
Refundable lease deposits		8,519		7,788
Others		2,400		8,313
Total		150,887		110,874

14. Advances from customers and deferred revenue

	December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB		RMB
Deferred revenue, current		438,309		421,062
Advances from customers		21,200		24,558
Total current advances from customers and deferred revenue		459,509		445,620
Deferred revenue, non-current		118,975		73,354
Total non-current deferred revenue		118,975		73,354

15. Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities

	December 31,
	2021		2022
	RMB		RMB
Revenue sharing fees		1,051,354		928,756
Salaries and welfare		231,465		156,152
License fees and content cost		52,624		122,033
Bandwidth costs		136,444		120,849
Marketing and promotion expenses		175,357		110,159
Deposits from content providers, suppliers and advertising customers		41,941		35,967
Other taxes payable		59,054		24,154
Others		97,213		94,385
Total		1,845,452		1,592,455

F - 43

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

16. Cost of revenues

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Revenue sharing fees and content costs		7,086,832		8,374,555		7,535,690
Bandwidth costs		879,172		713,672		537,243
Salaries and welfare		306,805		322,604		287,687
Payment handling costs		154,538		151,913		100,367
Share-based compensation		64,942		56,629		31,955
Others		154,019		131,787		116,652
Total		8,646,308		9,751,160		8,609,594

17. Other income

Other income is primarily comprised of gains recognized for government grants which represent cash subsidies received from the PRC government. For the years ended December 31,

2020,

2021 and 2022, the Company recognized government grants as other income

amounting

to

RMB173,382, 

RMB191,723 and RMB148,467

, respectively.

18. Taxation

(a) PRC value-added tax and related surcharges

The Group is subject to value-added tax (“VAT”) and related surcharges on the revenues earned for services provided in the PRC. Net revenues are presented after netting off the VAT. The primary applicable rate of VAT is 6% for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. All entities in PRC are also subject to surcharges on value-added tax payments in accordance with PRC law.

(b) Income taxes

(i) Cayman Islands

Under the current tax laws of Cayman Islands, the Company and its subsidiaries are not subject to tax on income or capital gains. Besides, upon payment of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

(ii) Hong Kong

Subsidiaries in Hong Kong are subject to 16.5% income tax on their taxable income generated from operations in Hong Kong. The payments of dividends by these companies to their shareholders are not subject to any withholding tax in Hong Kong. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the first HK$2 million of profits earned by the Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong will be taxed at half the current tax rate (i.e. 8.25%) while the remaining profits will continue to be taxed at the existing 16.5% tax rate.

(iii) Singapore

The income tax provision of the Group in respect of its international operations was calculated at the tax rate of 17% on the assessable profits based on the existing legislation, interpretations and practices in respect thereof.

F - 44

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

18. Taxation (continued)

(b) Income taxes (continued)

(iv) PRC

In accordance with the Enterprise Income Tax Law (“EIT Law”), Foreign Investment Enterprises (“FIEs”) and domestic companies are subject to Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) at a uniform rate of 25%. The Group’s PRC entities are subject to a uniform income tax rate of 25% for years presented.

Certified High and New Technology Enterprises (“HNTE”) are entitled to a preferential tax rate of 15%, but need to

re-apply

every three years. During this three-year period, an HNTE must conduct a qualification self-review each year to ensure it meets the HNTE criteria and is eligible for the 15% preferential tax rate for that year. If an HNTE fails to meet the criteria for qualification as an HNTE in any year, the enterprise cannot enjoy the 15% preferential tax rate in that year, and must instead use the regular 25% EIT rate.

Qualified software enterprises (“Software Enterprise”) are exempt from EIT for two years, followed by a 50% reduction in the applicable tax rates for the next three years, commencing from the first profit making year. An entity that qualifies as a “Key National Software Enterprise” (a “KNSE”) is entitled to a further reduced preferential income tax rate of 10%. Entities must perform a self-assessment each year to ensure they meet the criteria for qualification, pursuant to SAT Public Notice 2018 No.23 (“Circular 23”). If a KNSE fails to meet the criteria for qualification as a KNSE in any year, the entity cannot enjoy the 10% preferential tax rate in that year. The KNSE status is subject to review by the relevant authorities every year and the timing of the annual review and notification by the relevant authorities may vary from year to year.

An entity registered in Hainan Free Trade Port (“FTP”) and operating substantially that qualifies as an “Encouraged Industrial Enterprises” (an “EIE”) is entitled to a preferential income tax rate of 15

% for five years since January 1, 2020. Entities must perform a self-assessment each year to ensure they meet the criteria for qualification, pursuant to SAT Public Notice 2020 No.31 (“Circular 31”). According to Hainan Provincial Tax Bureau Public Notice 2021 No.1 (“Circular 1”), enterprises set up in Hainan FTP without any branches outside shall have substantive operations in Hainan FTP, which means that such enterprises shall maintain actual business operation, human resources, finance management as well as assets solely in Hainan FTP in order to enjoy the preferential tax rate. If an EIE fails to meet the criteria for qualification as an EIE or requirement of substantive VIE operations in any year, the enterprise cannot enjoy the 

15% preferential tax rate in that year and must instead use the regular 25% EIT rate.

The Group’s PRC entities provided for enterprise income tax are as follows:

• Huya Technology was qualified as a Software Enterprise, and enjoyed the zero preferential tax rate starting from 2017 and 12.5% preferential tax rate starting from 2019. In 2019, Huya Technology qualified as a KNSE and applied the income tax rate of 10% for 2019 pursuant to SAT Public Notice [2018] No.23 (“Circular 23”).

The qualification as a KNSE is subject to annual evaluation and approval by the relevant authorities in China and we will only recognize the preferential tax treatment of KNSE status when approval from the relevant authorities is obtained, usually one year in arrears. In 2021, the NDRC, together with several other authorities, jointly published the Circular on the Requirements for the Formulation of the List of Integrated Circuit Enterprises or Project and Software Enterprises Enjoying Tax Preferences, which provides higher requirements on KNSE than before. Huya Technology was not able to maintain its KNSE qualification for the year of 2020 due to the changes in the relevant policies and was notified that it’s not qualified as a KNSE in May, 2021. The impact resulting from not being qualified as a KNSE is not material for the year of 2020.

Huya Technology was also granted the Software Enterprise status and was thereby entitled to an income tax exemption for two years beginning from its first profitable taxation year of 2017, and a 50% reduction for the subsequent three consecutive years starting from the taxation year of 2019. Accordingly, Huya Technology was entitled to an EIT rate of 12.5% (50% reduction in the standard statutory rate) during the taxation years of 2019, 2020 and 2021. Huya Technology is qualified as an HNTE and enjoyed the preferential tax rate of 15

% from 2022 to 2025.

F - 45

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

18. Taxation (continued)

(b) Income taxes (continued)

(iv) PRC (continued)

• Guangzhou Huya applied for the HNTE qualification and obtained approval in November 2018 and it is entitled to enjoy the preferential tax rate of 15% as an HNTE for three years starting from 2018. In 2021, Guangzhou Huya obtained renewal for HNTE qualification for next three years and would   apply for HNTE qualification in 2024.

• Hainan Huya was qualified as an EIE in Hainan free trade port, and enjoyed the preferential tax rate of 15% for five years starting from 2020.

• Most of the remaining PRC subsidiaries and VIEs were subject to 25% EIT for the years presented .

According to a new tax incentives policy promulgated by the State Tax Bureau of the PRC in September 2018 (“Super Deduction”), the additional tax deduction amount for qualified research and development expenses was increased from 50% to 75%, effective from 2018.

The EIT Law also provides that an enterprise established under the laws of a foreign country or region but whose “de facto management body” is located in the PRC be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes and consequently be subject to the PRC income tax at the rate of 25% for its global income. The Implementing Rules of the EIT Law merely define the location of the “de facto management body” as “the place where the exercising, in substance, of the overall management and control of the production and business operation, personnel, accounting, properties, etc., of a

non-PRC

company is located.” Based on a review of surrounding facts and circumstances, the Group does not believe that it is likely that its entities registered outside of the PRC should be considered as resident enterprises for the PRC tax purposes.

The EIT Law also imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by a FIE to its immediate holding company outside of China, if such immediate holding company is considered as a

non-resident

enterprise without any establishment or place within China or if the received dividends have no connection with the establishment or place of such immediate holding company within China, unless such immediate holding company’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. The Cayman Islands, where the Company incorporated, does not have such tax treaty with China. According to the arrangement between the mainland China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion in August 2006, dividends paid by an FIE in China to its immediate holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate of no more than 5% (if the immediate holding company in Hong Kong is the beneficial owner of the FIE and owns directly at least 25% of the shares of the FIE). In accordance with accounting guidance, all undistributed earnings are presumed to be transferred to the parent company and withholding taxes should be accrued accordingly. All FIEs are subject to the withholding tax from January 1, 2008. The presumption may be overcome if the Group has sufficient evidence to demonstrate that the undistributed dividends will be

re-invested

and the remittance of the dividends will be postponed indefinitely.

Aggregate undistributed earnings and reserves of the Group entities located in the PRC that are available for distribution to the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 are approximately RMB3,214,868 and RMB2,858,529, respectively. The undistributed earnings and reserves of the Group entities located in the PRC are considered to be indefinitely reinvested, because the Group does not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on its ordinary shares in the foreseeable future and intends to retainits available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of its business. Accordingly, no deferred tax liability on 10% WHT of aggregate undistributed earnings and reserves of the Company’s entities located in the PRC had been accrued that would be payable upon the distribution of those amounts to the Company as of December 31, 2022.

F - 46

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

18. Taxation (continued)

(b) Income taxes (continued)

Composition of income tax expenses

Income (loss) before income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 were taxed within the following jurisdictions:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021			2022
	RMB		RMB			RMB
PRC entities		994,163		360,160			(492,143	)
Non-PRC entities		38,365		(100,641	)		33,878
Total		1,032,528		259,519			(458,265	)

The current and deferred portion of income tax expenses included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 are as follows:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020			2021		2022
	RMB			RMB		RMB
Income tax expenses applicable to China operations
Current income tax expenses		142,710			16,046		—
Deferred income tax expenses		18,818			28,119		19,987
Subtotal income tax expenses applicable to China operations		161,528			44,165		19,987
Income tax expenses applicable to Non-PRC operations
Current income tax expenses		15,466			7,056		6,864
Deferred income tax expenses		(210	)		4,006		1,020
Subtotal income tax expenses applicable to Non-PRC operations		15,256			11,062		7,884
Total income tax expenses		176,784			55,227		27,871

F - 47

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

18. Taxation (continued)

(b) Income taxes (continued)

Composition of income tax expenses (benefits) (continued)

Reconciliation of the differences between statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate

The reconciliation between the statutory income tax rate and the effective tax rate is as follows:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022
PRC Statutory income tax rate		25.0	%		25.0	%		25.0	%
Effect of tax holiday and preferential tax benefits		(12.3	)%		(15.6	)%		(9.6	)%
Effect of varying tax rates available in different jurisdictions (i)		(1.6	)%		(0.7	)%		3.4	%
Permanent differences (ii)		6.1	%		19.0	%		(5.9	)%
Change in valuation allowance		4.8	%		10.7	%		(31.3	)%
Effect of Super Deduction available to the Group		(4.9	)%		(17.1	)%		12.3	%
Effective income tax rate		17.1	%		21.3	%		(6.1	)%
Effect of tax holidays inside the PRC on basic earnings per share/ADS (RMB)		(0.56	)		(0.11	)		0.28

(i) For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the effect of varying tax rates in different jurisdictions is mainly driven by the interest income derived from short-term deposits and long-term deposits which are subject to an income tax rate of 0% under the tax laws of Cayman Islands, partially offset by the losses arising from overseas business which is subject to an income tax rate of 17% under the tax laws of Singapore.

(ii) Permanent differences mainly arise from expenses not deductible for tax purposes including primarily share-based compensation costs and expenses incurred by subsidiaries and VIEs.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities

Deferred taxes are measured using the enacted tax rates for the years in which they are expected to be reversed. The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the deferred tax asset balances as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 are as follows:

	December 31,
	2021			2022
	RMB			RMB
Deferred tax assets
Tax loss carried forward		181,860			295,414
Impairment loss of investments		—			7,271
Unrealized profit arising from elimination of inter-company transactions		5,420			5,424
Deferred revenue		2,435			2,408
Others		1,766			4,379
		191,481			314,896
Less: Valuation allowance (i)		(171,236	)		(314,896	)
Total deferred tax assets		20,245			—
Deferred tax liabilities
Unrealized gains on investments		(4,597	)		(20,533	)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(4,597	)		(20,533	)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)		15,648			(20,533	)

F - 48

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

18. Taxation (continued)

(b) Income taxes (continued)

(i) Valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets when the Group determines that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be utilized in the future. In making such determination, the Group considered factors including future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and tax loss carry forwards. Valuation allowances as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 were provided for net operating loss carry forwards, because such deferred tax assets are not more likely than not to be realized based on the Group’s estimate of the future taxable income to be derived by the subsidiaries. If events including (i) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences; (ii) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carry forwards; and (iii) tax planning strategies occur in the future that allow the Group to realize more of its deferred income tax than the presently recorded amounts, an adjustment to the valuation allowances will result in a decrease in tax expense when those events occur.

Movement of valuation allowance

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Balance at beginning of the year		94,637			143,431			171,236
Additions		61,069			42,252			145,176
Reversals/write-off		(12,275	)		(14,447	)		(1,516	)
Balance at end of the year		143,431			171,236			314,896

Tax loss carry forwards

As of December 31, 2022, total tax losses carried forward of the Company’s subsidiaries and VIEs in the PRC amounted to RMB864,801, which were expected to expire if not utilized between

2023

and

2032

. The accumulated tax losses of

subsidiary

incorporated in Singapore of RMB892,447, subject to the agreement of the relevant tax authorities, is allowed to be carried forward to offset against future taxable profits. Such carried forward tax losses in Singapore have no time

limit.

In accordance with Singapore Tax Administration Law, the Singapore tax authorities generally have up to four years to claw back underpaid tax if the year of assessment is 2008 onwards. Accordingly, tax filings of the Group’s Singapore subsidiary for tax years 2019 through 2022 remain subject to the review by the relevant Singapore tax authorities. There were no ongoing tax examinations as of December 31, 2022 by Singapore tax authorities.

In accordance with PRC Tax Administration Law on the Levying and Collection of Taxes, the PRC tax authorities generally have up to five years to claw back underpaid tax plus penalties and interest for PRC entities’ tax filings. In the case of tax evasion, which is not clearly defined in the law, there is no limitation on the tax years open for investigation. Accordingly, the PRC entities’ tax filings from 2018 through 2022 remain open to examination by the respective tax authorities.

Uncertain tax positions

The Group evaluates the level of authority for each uncertain tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and measures the unrecognized benefits associated with the tax positions. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the Group did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions.

F - 49

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

19. Ordinary shares

During the year ended December 31, 2020, 16,389,527 Class A ordinary shares were issued for the exercised share options and vested restricted share units.

As of December 31, 2020, 83,490,841 Class A ordinary shares and 152,357,321 Class B ordinary shares had been issued and outstanding, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, 2,222,119 Class A ordinary shares were issued for the exercised share options and vested restricted share units. Besides, 1,280,804 Class B ordinary shares were converted to Class A ordinary shares.

As of December 31, 2021, 86,993,764 Class A ordinary shares and 151,076,517 Class B ordinary shares had been issued and outstanding, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, 1,717,720 Class A ordinary shares were issued for the exercised share options and vested restricted share units. Besides, 690,000 Class B ordinary shares were converted to Class A ordinary shares.

As of December 31, 2022, 89,401,484 Class A ordinary shares and 150,386,517 Class B ordinary shares had been issued and outstanding, respectively.

20. Share-based compensation

Compensation expense recognized for share-based awards granted by Huya was RMB408,208, RMB289,705 and RMB156,478 respectively during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

There was no capitalized share-based compensation expense for the years presented.

Huya 2017 Share Incentive Plan

On July 10, 2017, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the establishment of the Huya 2017 Share Incentive Plan for the purpose of providing incentives for employees contributing to the Group. The plan shall be valid and effective for 10 years from the establishment date. The maximum number of shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards under the plan shall be 17,647,058 shares. On March 31, 2018, the Board of Directors approved to increase the maximum number of shares, that may be issued, from 17,647,058 shares to 28,394,117 shares, including incentive share options and restricted share units.

Huya 2021 Share Incentive Plan

On June 10, 2021, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the establishment of the Huya 2021 Share Incentive Plan for the purpose of providing incentives for employees with outstanding performance to generate superior returns to the Group. The plan shall be valid and effective for 10 years from the establishment date. The maximum number of shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards under the plan shall be 3,530,111 shares, which shall be solely in the form of restricted share units.

On August 11, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the amendment and restatement in its previously adopted 2021 Share Incentive Plan. The maximum aggregate number of Class A ordinary shares of the Company available for grant of awards was increased from 3,530,111 under the original 2021 Share Incentive Plan to 8,018,111 under the Amended and Restated 2021 Share Incentive Plan. Other terms of the original 2021 Share Incentive Plan remain substantially the same. 

F - 50

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

20. Share-based compensation (continued)

(i) Options

Grant of options

During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, no share option

s

had been granted to employees or

non-employees.

Vesting of options

There are mainly three types of vesting schedule, which are: i) 50% of the options will be vested after 24 months of the grant date and the remaining 50% will be vested in two equal installments over the following 24 months, ii) options will be vested in four equal installments over the following 48 months, and iii) options will be vested in four equal installments over the following 24 months.

These options shall (i) be exercisable during its term cumulatively according to the vesting schedule set out in the grant notice and with the applicable provisions of Huya 2017 Share Incentive Plan, provided that the performance conditions otherwise agreed by the parties (if any) to which the option is subject have been fulfilled upon each corresponding vesting date; (ii) be deemed vested and exercisable immediately in the event of a change of control, regardless of the vesting schedule; (iii) be exercisable upon any arrangement as otherwise agreed by the parties based on their discussion in good faith.

Movements in the number of share options granted and their related weighted average exercise prices are as follows:

	Number of options			Weighted average exercise price (US$)		Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)		Aggregate intrinsic value (US$)
As of December 31, 2019		15,251,661			2.5458		7.84		234,939
Forfeited		(18,000	)		2.5500
Exercised		(14,440,921	)		2.5456
As of December 31, 2020		792,740			2.5500		6.61		13,778
Forfeited		—
Exercised		(533,425	)		2.5500
As of December 31, 2021		259,315			2.5500		5.60		1,138
Forfeited		—
Exercised		(133,313	)		2.5500
As of December 31, 2022		126,002			2.5500		4.60		176
Expected to vest at December 31, 2022		—
Exercisable as of December 31, 2022		126,002			2.5500		4.60		176

Prior to the completion of the IPO, the Company has used the binomial option-pricing model to determine the fair value of the share options as of the grant dates. Key assumptions used were as follows:    

	2018
Weighted average fair value per option granted	US$	5.2130
Weighted average exercise price	US$	2.47
Risk-free interest rate (1)		2.83	%
Expected term (in year) (2)		10
Expected volatility (3)		55	%
Dividend yield (4)		—

F - 51

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

20. Share-based compensation (continued)

(i) Options (continued)

(1) The risk-free interest rate of periods within the contractual life of the share option is based on the China Government Bond yield as at the valuation dates.

(2) The expected term is the contract life of the option.

(3) Expected volatility is estimated based on the average of historical volatilities of the comparable companies in the same industry as at the valuation dates.

(4) The Company has no history or expectation of paying dividend on its ordinary shares. The expected dividend yield was estimated based on the Company’s expected dividend policy over the expected term of the option.

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the Group recorded share-based compensation in general and administrative expenses of RMB191, nil and nil for the share options granted to

non-employees.

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the Group recorded share-based compensation of RMB75,699, nil and nil, using the graded-vesting attribution method, including accelerated compensation cost amounted to RMB1,869 due to that 262,503 share options were canceled during the year ended December 31, 2018 without concurrent grant of replacement awards, which is treated as a settlement for no consideration at the time of cancelation under ASC 718.

As of December 31, 2022, there was no unrecognized share-based compensation expense of options relating to Huya 2017 Share Incentive Plan.

(ii) Restricted share units

Grant of restricted share units

During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the Company granted 3,144,152, 3,550,617 and 5,084,817 restricted share units to employees respectively

.

Vesting of restricted share units

There are mainly three types of vesting schedule for employees, which are: i) 50% of the restricted share units will be vested after 24 months of the grant date and the remaining 50% will be vested in two equal installments over the following 24 months, ii) restricted share units will be vested in four equal installments over the following 48 months, and iii) restricted share units will be vested in two equal installments over the following 24 months.

F - 52

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

20. Share-based compensation (continued)

(ii) Restricted share units (continued)

The following table summarizes the activity of all restricted share units for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022:

	Number of restricted share units			Weighted average grant-date fair value (US$)
Outstanding, December 31, 2019		6,279,848			15.4350
Granted		3,144,152			18.6180
Forfeited		(603,929	)		17.9943
Vested		(2,175,765	)		13.6528
Outstanding, December 31, 2020		6,644,306			17.1506
Granted		3,550,617			13.9339
Forfeited		(806,435	)		17.9309
Vested		(2,547,290	)		16.6645
Outstanding, December 31, 2021		6,841,198			15.5702
Granted		5,084,817			3.1233
Forfeited		(1,731,659	)		13.4427
Vested		(2,921,887	)		14.4987
Outstanding, December 31, 2022		7,272,469			7.8046
Expected to vest at December 31, 2022		6,978,994			7.8593

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the Company recorded share-based compensation of RMB332,509, RMB289,705 and RMB156,478 using the graded vesting attribution method.

As of December 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation expense relating to the restricted share units was RMB146,013. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.78 year using the graded-vesting attribution method.

F - 53

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

21. Net income (loss) per share

Basic and diluted net income per share for the year ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 are calculated as follow:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Numerator:
Net income (loss)		884,158		583,499		(486,656	)
Numerator for basic and diluted net income (loss) per share		884,158		583,499		(486,656	)
Denominator:
Denominator for basic calculation—weighted average number of Class A and Class B ordinary shares outstanding		227,081,238		238,198,117		241,437,842
—Diluted effect of share options		8,076,339		497,861		—
—Diluted effect of restricted share units		3,474,036		3,094,467		—
Denominator for diluted calculation		238,631,613		241,790,445		241,437,842
Net income (loss) per ordinary share
—Basic		3.89		2.45		(2.02	)
—Diluted		3.71		2.41		(2.02	)
Net income (loss) per ADS*
—Basic		3.89		2.45		(2.02	)
—Diluted		3.71		2.41		(2.02	)

* Each ADS represents one Class A ordinary share.

F - 54

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

22. Related party transactions

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, significant related party transactions were as follows:

Transactions with Tencent

On February 5, 2018, Tencent and the Company, through their respective PRC affiliated entities, entered into a business cooperation agreement, which became effective on March 8, 2018. Pursuant to the agreement, both parties agreed to establish a strategic cooperation relationship in various areas, including game publishing and operation, live game streaming contents provision and broadcaster management. This agreement has a term of three years, which will be automatically renewed of another three years until terminated.

Upon the completion of the issuance of Series

B-2

Preferred Shares on March 8, 2018, Tencent became a related party of the Company as its major shareholder. As detailed in Note 1(a), as of April 3, 2020, Tencent’s voting power in Huya was increased to over 50%, and Tencent became the parent company of the Company from then onwards.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Content costs charged by Tencent (i)		127,224		485,988		539,451
Operation support services provided by Tencent		342,487		370,393		174,158
Advertising, sub-licensing and other revenues from Tencent		14,349		80,302		22,073
Disposal gain of an investment (ii)		—		360,589		—
Others		30,540		14,617		12,867

(i) In April 2021, the Group entered into a related party transaction with a fellow subsidiary of Tencent to purchase an exclusive license for broadcasting League of Legends matches during the period from 2021 to 2025, with a total consideration of RMB2,013 million. In January 2023, the Group has entered into a supplemental agreement to the above-mentioned  agreement with Tencent to update the authorised right, licensed scope and total consideration ( N ote 26).

(ii) In 2018, the Group invested as one of the limited partners with significant influence in an investment fund (the “Fund”) which owns an equity interest in an online game company, which was accounted for as an equity investment. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group disposed of its interest (through sales to two separate parties) in the Fund with a disposal gain of RMB378,679 recognized, of which RMB360,589 was related to the transaction with an entity owned by Tencent.

F - 55

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

22. Related party transactions (continued)

Transactions with JOYY

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Purchase of services by JOYY on behalf of Huya		18,945		268		502
Operation support services provided by JOYY		4,187		2,543		351
Others		1,054		—		—

Transactions with entities over which Tencent and/or Huya have significant influence (“Tencent and Huya’s related parties”)

As detailed in Note 1(a), Tencent’s voting power in Huya has been over 50% since April 3, 2020. The entities over which Tencent has significant influence (“Tencent’s related parties”) also became related parties of the Company. The transactions with Tencent’s related parties prior to April 3, 2020 were not disclosed as related party transactions.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Content costs and revenue sharing fees charged by Tencent and Huya’s related parties		85,361		102,311		100,627
Advertising, sub-licensing and other revenues from Tencent and Huya’s related parties		8,197		188,209		13,072
Others		34,044		21,013		18,213

F - 56

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

22. Related party transactions (continued)

As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the amounts due from/to related parties are as follows:

	December 31,
	2021			2022
	RMB			RMB
Amounts due from related parties
Tencent		108,686			44,168
JOYY		27,817			195
Others		12,450			15,641
Less: expected credit loss provision		(393	)		(302	)
Total		148,560			59,702
Amounts due to related parties
Tencent		177,452			41,742
Others		38,676			40,072
Total		216,128			81,814

The following table presents the activity in the expected credit loss provision related to amounts due from related parties for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022:

	For the years ended December 31,
	2020			2021			2022
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Beginning balance prior to ASC 326		—			—			—
Impact of adoption to ASC 326		(203	)		—			—
Balance at beginning of the year		(203	)		(299	)		(393	)
Current year provision		(180	)		(387	)		(139	)
Current year reversal		84			293			230
Balance at end of the year		(299	)		(393	)		(302	)

The other receivables/payables from/to related parties are unsecured, interest-free and payable on demand.

F - 57

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

23. Fair value measurements

Fair value reflects the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the assets or liabilities.

The Group applies a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. This guidance specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques, which is based on whether the inputs into the valuation technique are observable or unobservable. The hierarchy is as follows:

Level 1—Valuation techniques in which all significant inputs are unadjusted quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are identical to the assets or liabilities being measured.

Level 2—Valuation techniques in which significant inputs include quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are similar to the assets or liabilities being measured and/or quoted prices for assets or liabilities that are identical or similar to the assets or liabilities being measured from markets that are not active. Also, model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets are Level 2 valuation techniques.

Level 3—Valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. Unobservable inputs are valuation technique inputs that reflect the Group’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The fair value guidance describes three main approaches to measure the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.

When available, the Group uses quoted market prices to determine the fair value of an asset or liability. If quoted market prices are not available, the Group will measure fair value using valuation techniques that use, when possible, current market-based or independently sourced market parameters, such as interest rates and currency rates.

The following table sets forth the financial instruments measured or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2021 and 2022:

	As of December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB
Assets
Cash equivalents (i)		401,291		—		—		401,291
Short-term investments (ii)		—		816,331		—		816,331
Available-for-sale debt investments (iii)		—		—		157,160		157,160

	As of December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB
Assets
Short-term investments (ii)		—		3,117		—		3,117
Available-for-sale debt investments (iii)		—		—		384,076		384,076

F - 58

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

23. Fair value measurements (continued)

(i) Cash equivalents mainly consist of time deposits with original maturities of three months or less and highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash. The fair values of cash equivalents are determined based on the pervasive interest rates in the market. The Company classifies the valuation techniques that use the pervasive interest rates input as Level 1 of fair value measurements.

(ii) Short-term investments represented the investments issued by commercial banks and financial institution with a variable interest rate indexed to the performance of underlying assets within one year. For the instruments whose fair values are estimated based on quoted prices of similar products provided by banks at the end of each period, the Company classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 2 of fair value measurements.

(iii) Available-for-sale debt investments were investments made by the Group without readily determinable fair values as set out in Note 9 , which were categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. These investments were valued based on a model utilizing unobservable inputs requiring significant management judgment and estimation. The Company uses a combination of valuation methodologies, including income approaches based on the Company’s best estimate, which is determined by using information including but not limited to the pricing of recent rounds of financing of the investees, future cash flow forecasts, liquidity factors and multiples of a selection of comparable companies.

Management determined the fair value of Level 3 investments based on income approach using various unobservable inputs. The determination of the fair value required significant judgement by management with respect to the assumptions and estimates for risk-free rate, weighted average cost of capital and probability in equity allocation.

Fair value measurement on

a non-recurring basis

The Group measures investments without readily determinable fair value on a nonrecurring basis when impairment charges and fair value change due to observable price change are recognized. An observable price change is usually resulting from new rounds of financing of the investees. The Group determines whether the securities offered in new rounds of financing are similar to the equity securities held by the Group by comparing the rights and obligations of the securities. When the securities offered in new rounds of financing are determined to be similar to the securities held by the Group, the Group adjusts the observable price of the similar security to determine the amount that should be recorded as an adjustment in the carrying value of the security to reflect the current fair value of the security held by the Group by using the back-solve method based on the equity allocation model with adoption of some key parameters such as risk-free rate and equity volatility or market approach by using the selection of comparable companies operating in similar businesses and etc. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, gain on fair value changes of investment of RMB2,160, RMB44,161 and RMB7,602 were recognized due to the observable price

change of the investments without readily determinable fair value. These non-recurring fair value measurements use similar identifiable transaction prices as Level 2 of fair value measurements.

Certain privately held investments accounted for using the measurement alternative election were measured using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) and written down from their respective carrying values to fair values, considering factors including, but not limited to, (i) adverse performance and cash flow forecasts of investees; (ii) adverse industry developments affecting investees; and (iii) adverse regulatory, social, economic or other developments affecting investees. For the year ended December 31, 2022 an impairment charge of RMB

55,201

 was recognized as an impairment loss, for these equity investments without readily determinable fair values. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, the carrying value of these impaired investments measured at Level 3 inputs were RMB

137,341 and RMB82,140, respectively. The fair value of the privately held investments was measured based on significant inputs as detailed in Note 9.

Apart from the short-term investments, equity investment measured at fair value through earnings and derivatives, the Group’s other financial instruments principally consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term deposits, long-term deposits, accounts receivable, other receivables, amounts due to/from related parties, accounts payable, certain accrued expenses. These financial instruments are recorded at cost which approximates fair value.

F - 59

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

24. Leases

The Company entered into operating lease agreements primarily for offices and land.

The following table summarizes the lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Operating lease expense		32,781		40,001		44,754
Short-term lease expense		17,113		16,438		13,543
Total lease expense		49,894		56,439		58,297
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) – operating leases						1.5
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases						4.8	%

As of December 31, 2022, future minimum lease payments under

non-cancellable

operating lease agreements for which the Group has recognized operating lease

right-of-use

assets and liabilities were as follows:

For the year ending December 31,	Future minimum payments
	RMB
2023		30,476
2024		6,603
2025		2,756
Total undiscounted cash flows		39,835
Less: imputed interest		(1,417	)
Total		38,418

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 are as follows:

	For the year end December 31,
	2020		2021		2022
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Cash paid for operating leases		33,028		43,024		38,035
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets		21,024		26,077		13,567

F - 60

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

25. Commitments and contingencies

(a) Operating commitments

As of December 31, 2022, future minimum payments under

non-cancelable

agreements consist of the following,

	Operating commitments
	RMB
2023		3,824
2024		533
2025		196
		4,553

The commitments presented above mainly consist of property management fees, short-term lease commitments and leases that have not yet commenced but that create significant rights and obligations for the Company, which are not included in operating lease

right-of-use

assets and lease liabilities.

(b) Purchase obligations

In 2021, the Group signed a contract to purchase an exclusive license for broadcasting League of Legends matches from a fellow subsidiary of Tencent during the period from 2021 to 2025 at an aggregate purchase price of RMB2,013 million. In January 2023, as

with

a

 supplemental agreement entered into by the Group, the aggregate purchase price is decreased to RMB450 million during the period from 2023 to 2025, as further detailed in Note 26.

(c) Capital and other commitments

As of December 31, 2022, capital expenditures contracted for are analyzed as follows:

	Capital commitments
	RMB
Construction in progress		140,022
Investments		24,332
		164,354

F - 61

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data, unless otherwise stated)

25. Commitments and contingencies (continued)

(d) Legal proceedings

As of December 31, 2021, the Group involved in a few cases related to unfair competition in live streaming broadcasters recruitment. In 2022, these cases were all withdrawn.

26. Subsequent events

In April 2021, the Group entered into a related party transaction with a fellow subsidiary of Tencent to purchase an exclusive license

for

League of Legends

 

e-sports

during the period from 2021 to 2025, with a total consideration of RMB2,013 million. In January 2023, the Group has entered into a supplemental agreement to the above mentioned agreement with Tencent, pursuant to which certain amendments were made with respect to the license thereunder for the years 2023 through 2025, including, among others: (1) the Group is granted

non-exclusive,

instead of exclusive, live broadcasting rights and

on-demand

broadcasting rights under the

a

greement;(2) the scope of authorized matches for broadcasting in China under the agreement is expanded,

including adding League of Legends World Championship for 2023 to 2025 (S13-S15), 

(3) the license fee under the license agreement is decreased to a total of RMB450 million

from RMB1,260 million under the original agreement 

for these three years, and (4) the Group does not have

sub-licensing

rights.

According to the amendments, the content cost of such e-sports matches for 2023 through 2025 are expected to decline significantly compared to that in 2022, due to the increased scope of license and the decrease in price. In addition, Huya no longer owns sub-licensing rights for such authorized e-sports matches and, there will be no sub-licensing revenue generated from these matches for 2023 through 2025 while over RMB

500 million sub-licensing revenue was recognized in 2022. As a result of the combined effect of these change in terms, the Group currently estimates a related increase of gross profit between RMB200 million to RMB300 million in 2023 as compared to that in 2022.

27. Restricted net assets

Relevant PRC laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the entities incorporated in the PRC only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, the Group’s entities in the PRC are required to annually appropriate

10%

of their net

after-tax

income to the statutory general reserve fund prior to payment of any dividends, unless such reserve funds have

reached 50% of their respective registered capital. As a

result of these and other restrictions under PRC laws and regulations, the Group’s entities incorporated in the PRC are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Company either in the form of dividends, loans or advances, which restricted portion as calculated under U.S. GAAP amounted to

RMB763,460

and

 RMB

763,960 

as of December 31, 2021 and 2022. Even though the Company currently does not require any such dividends, loans or advances from the PRC entities for working capital and other funding purposes, the Company may in the future require additional cash resources from them due to changes in business conditions, to fund future acquisitions and development, or merely to declare and pay dividends or distributions to its shareholders. Except for the above, there is no other restriction on use of proceeds generated by the Group’s subsidiaries and VIE to satisfy any obligations of the Company.

Furthermore, cash transfers from the Company’s PRC subsidiaries to their parent companies outside of China are subject to PRC government control of currency conversion. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency at the time of requesting such conversion may temporarily delay the ability of the PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to the Company, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company performed a test on the restricted net assets of subsidiaries and VIE in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation

S-X

Rule

4-08

(e) (3), “General Notes to Financial Statements” and concluded that the restricted net assets do not exceed

25

% of the consolidated net assets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and the condensed financial information of the Company are not required to be presented

F - 62