Joby Aviation (JOBY) 10-Q 2024 Q2 Quarterly report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

_____________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

_____________________________________________

(Mark One)

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024

OR

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to ____________

Commission File Number: 001-39524

_____________________________________________

Joby Aviation, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

_____________________________________________

Delaware	98-1548118
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
333 Encinal Street, Santa Cruz, CA	95060
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (831) 201-6700

_____________________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001	JOBY	New York Stock Exchange
Warrants to purchase common stock	JOBY WS	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.(Check one):

Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	o
Non-accelerated filer	o	Smaller reporting company	o
Emerging growth company	o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

The registrant had 716,142,677 shares of common stock outstanding as of August 5, 2024.

Table of Contents

		Page
	Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	2
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	29
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	29
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	30
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	30
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	30
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	30
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	30
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	30
Item 5.	Other Information	30
Item 6.	Exhibits	31
	Signatures	32

i

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q which are not historical facts are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements regarding the future financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management of Joby Aviation, Inc. (the “Company,” “Joby,” “we,” “us” or “our”). These statements constitute projections and forecasts and are not guarantees of performance. Such statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. When used in this Quarterly Report, words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “strive,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this Quarterly Report and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. While we believe these expectations, forecasts, assumptions and judgments are reasonable, our forward-looking statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. Our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and the price of our common stock may be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those discussed in this Quarterly Report in Part I., Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the section titled “Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2024 . Any one or more of these factors could, directly or indirectly, cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

As a result of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

2

PART 1. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

JOBY AVIATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	175,100	$	204,017
Short-term investments	649,933		828,233
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments	825,033		1,032,250
Other receivables	13,266		4,659
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	19,363		18,842
Total current assets	857,662		1,055,751
Property and equipment, net	105,846		103,430
Operating lease right-of-use assets	27,631		28,286
Restricted cash	762		762
Intangible assets	10,975		6,585
Goodwill	14,322		14,011
Other non-current assets	60,616		60,610
Total assets	$	1,077,814	$	1,269,435
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	5,314	$	3,006
Operating lease liabilities, current portion	4,699		4,312
Accrued and other current liabilities	33,144		37,818
Total current liabilities	43,157		45,136
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	25,397		26,349
Warrant liability	40,871		62,936
Earnout shares liability	69,281		95,969
Other non-current liabilities	4,524		4,683
Total liabilities	183,230		235,073
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock: $0.0001 par value - 100,000,000 shares authorized. No shares issued and outstanding.	—		—
Common stock: $0.0001 par value - 1,400,000,000 shares authorized; 713,879,586 and 698,262,025 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.	71		70
Additional paid-in capital	2,362,128		2,282,475
Accumulated deficit	(1,465,582)		(1,247,703)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(2,033)		(480)
Total stockholders’ equity	894,584		1,034,362
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,077,814	$	1,269,435

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

JOBY AVIATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenue:
Flight services	$	28	$	—	$	53	$	—
Operating expenses:
Flight services	15		—		30		—
Research and development (including related party purchases of $325 and $786 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, $548 and $914 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.)	112,996		88,849		228,632		164,367
Selling, general and administrative (including related party purchases of $49 and $139 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, $85 and $163 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.)	31,304		27,120		61,575		51,318
Total operating expenses	144,315		115,969		290,237		215,685
Loss from operations	(144,287)		(115,969)		(290,184)		(215,685)
Interest and other income, net	11,191		10,683		23,510		19,083
Gain (Loss) from change in fair value of warrants and earnout shares	9,814		(180,737)		48,841		(202,780)
Total other income (loss), net	21,005		(170,054)		72,351		(183,697)
Loss before income taxes	(123,282)		(286,023)		(217,833)		(399,382)
Income tax expense	10		56		46		90
Net loss	$	(123,292)	$	(286,079)	$	(217,879)	$	(399,472)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.18)	$	(0.45)	$	(0.32)	$	(0.64)
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic and diluted	689,324,227		636,679,165		685,536,805		621,018,919

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

JOBY AVIATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(unaudited)

(In thousands)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net loss	$	(123,292)	$	(286,079)	$	(217,879)	$	(399,472)
Other comprehensive gain (loss):
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities	(290)		1,403		(1,162)		4,648
Foreign currency translation loss	(162)		(268)		(391)		(241)
Total other comprehensive gain (loss)	(452)		1,135		(1,553)		4,407
Comprehensive loss	$	(123,744)	$	(284,944)	$	(219,432)	$	(395,065)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

JOBY AVIATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

(In thousands, except share data)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at January 1, 2024	698,262,025	$	70	$	2,282,475	$	(1,247,703)	$	(480)	$	1,034,362
Net loss	—	—		—		(94,587)		—		(94,587)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		35,328		—		—		35,328
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	1,016,414	—		943		—		—		943
Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units	6,034,056	—		—		—		—		—
Vesting of early exercised stock options and common stock issued in private placement	—	—		186		—		—		186
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		(1,101)		(1,101)
Balance at March 31, 2024	705,312,495	$	70	$	2,318,932	$	(1,342,290)	$	(1,581)	$	975,131
Net loss	—	—		—		(123,292)		—		(123,292)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		28,441		—		—		28,441
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	424,313	1		311		—		—		312
Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units	3,594,727	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan	1,227,816			4,942						4,942
Issuance of common stock in acquisition	3,320,235	—		9,472						9,472
Vesting of early exercised stock options	—	—		30		—		—		30
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—		(452)		(452)
Balance at June 30, 2024	713,879,586	$	71	$	2,362,128	$	(1,465,582)	$	(2,033)	$	894,584

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

JOBY AVIATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (CONTINUED)

(unaudited)

(In thousands, except share data)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at January 1, 2023	622,602,815	$	61	$	1,908,179	$	(734,653)	$	(8,846)	$	1,164,741
Net loss	—	—		—		(113,393)		—		(113,393)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		14,157		—		—		14,157
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	945,803	—		614		—		—		614
Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units	5,836,813	—		—		—		—		—
Vesting of early exercised stock options and common stock issued in private placement	—	—		104		—		—		104
Issuance of common stock in private placement	137,174			—						—
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		3,272		3,272
Balance at March 31, 2023	629,522,605	$	61	$	1,923,054	$	(848,046)	$	(5,574)	$	1,069,495
Net loss	—	—		—		(286,079)		—		(286,079)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		15,232		—		—		15,232
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	914,077	—		679		—		—		679
Issuance of common stock upon release of restricted stock units	2,053,991	—		—		—		—		—
Vesting of early exercised stock options and common stock issued in private placement	—	—		93		—		—		93
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—		—		1,135		1,135
Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan	1,047,001			3,801						3,801
Issuance of common stock in private placement	59,023,275	6		280,190						280,196
Balance at June 30, 2023	692,560,949	$	67	$	2,223,049	$	(1,134,125)	$	(4,439)	$	1,084,552

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

JOBY AVIATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

(In thousands)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(217,879)	$	(399,472)
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization expense	17,192		14,525
Stock-based compensation expense	55,387		42,480
(Gain)/Loss from change in the fair value of warrants and earnout shares	(48,841)		202,780
Net accretion of investments in marketable debt securities	(9,472)		(9,690)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Other receivables and prepaid expenses and other current assets	(7,579)		(5,929)
Other non-current assets	795		4,480
Accounts payable and accrued and other current liabilities	5,878		2,137
Non-current liabilities	(952)		(1,623)
Net cash used in operating activities	(205,471)		(150,312)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of marketable securities	(169,931)		(281,019)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities	356,541		393,956
Purchases of property and equipment	(15,339)		(14,140)
Net cash provided by investing activities	171,271		98,797
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock in private placement, net	—		280,196
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan	4,942		3,801
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options and warrants issuance	1,291		1,346
Repayments of tenant improvement loan and obligations under finance lease	(950)		(460)
Net cash provided by financing activities	5,283		284,883
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(28,917)		233,368
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, at the beginning of the period	204,779		150,067
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, at the end of the period	$	175,862	$	383,435
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to balance sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	175,100	382,673
Restricted cash	762		762
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	175,862	$	383,435
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Net assets acquired in exchange for stock issuance	$	9,472	$	—
Unpaid property and equipment purchases	$	2,179	$	1,171
Property and equipment purchased through finance leases	$	1,365	$	—
Right of use assets acquired through operating leases	$	1,550	$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

JOBY AVIATION, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)

Note 1. Company and Nature of Business

Description of Business

Joby Aviation, Inc. (“Joby Aviation” or the “Company”) is a vertically integrated air mobility company that is building a clean, quiet, fully-electric vertical takeoff and landing (“eVTOL”) aircraft to be used by the Company to deliver air transportation as a service. The Company is headquartered in Santa Cruz, California.

Merger with RTP

On August 10, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), Reinvent Technology Partners, a Cayman Islands exempted company and special purpose acquisition company (“RTP”), completed the transactions contemplated by that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”), dated as of February 23, 2021, by and among RTP, RTP Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of RTP (“RTP Merger Sub”), and Joby Aero, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Legacy Joby”). On the Closing Date, RTP was domesticated as a Delaware corporation, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Joby and the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub ceased (the “Merger”), and Legacy Joby survived as a wholly-owned subsidiary of RTP, which changed its name to Joby Aviation, Inc.

In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, RTP entered into separate subscription agreements with a number of investors (each a “PIPE Investor”), pursuant to which the PIPE Investors agreed to purchase, and RTP agreed to sell to the PIPE Investors, shares of Common Stock, in a private placement (“PIPE Financing”). The PIPE Financing closed substantially concurrently with the consummation of the Merger.

The Merger, together with the other transactions described in the Merger Agreement and the PIPE Financing, are referred to herein as the (“Reverse Recapitalization”). The number of Legacy Joby common shares and redeemable convertible preferred shares for all periods prior to the Closing Date have been retrospectively increased using the exchange ratio that was established in accordance with the Merger Agreement. Please refer to Note 3, “Reverse Recapitalization,” in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are unaudited and have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include all adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

There have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies described in Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, that have had a material impact on the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the Company’s annual audited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes have been condensed or omitted in these accompanying interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and footnotes. Accordingly, the accompanying interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The results of operations presented in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024, any other interim periods, or any future year or period. In the opinion of management, these unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include all adjustments and accruals, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments that are necessary for a fair statement of the results of all interim periods reported herein.

9

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with remaining original maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash and cash equivalents. The recorded carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximates their fair value. At June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, restricted cash primarily related to a security deposit for a lease obligation of approximately $0.8 million.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires public business entities to disclose in their rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and to provide more details about the reconciling items in some categories if the items meet a quantitative threshold. The guidance also requires all entities to disclose annually income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), state and foreign taxes and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold. For public business entities, the guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after 15 December 2024. The Company expects the adoption to have a disclosure only impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires public entities to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. The guidance also requires all public entities with a single reportable segment have to provide all the disclosures required by ASC 280, including the significant segment expense disclosures. The guidance applies to all public entities and is effective for fiscal years beginning after 15 December 2023, and for interim periods beginning after 15 December 2024. The Company expects the adoption to have a disclosure only impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Note 3. Fair Value Measurements

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the condensed consolidated balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair values. Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows:

•Level 1 - Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

•Level 2 - Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and

•Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability.

The Company’s financial assets consist of Level 1 and 2 assets. The Company classifies its cash equivalents and marketable debt securities within Level 1 or Level 2 because they are valued using either quoted market prices or inputs other than quoted prices which are directly or indirectly observable in the market, including readily-available pricing sources for the identical underlying security which may not be actively traded. The Company’s fixed income available-for-sale securities consist of high quality, investment grade securities from diverse issuers. The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of the Company’s marketable debt securities were derived from non-binding market consensus prices that are corroborated by observable market data and quoted market prices for similar instruments.

The Company’s financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 liabilities. The Company’s Public Warrants (as defined in Note 7) are classified as Level 1 because they are directly observable in the market. The Company classifies the Private Placement Warrants (as defined in Note 7) within Level 2, because they were valued using inputs other than quoted prices which are directly observable in the market, including readily available pricing for the Company’s Public Warrants. The Company classifies Delta Warrant and Earnout Shares Liability (as defined in Note 7) within Level 3, because they were valued using unobservable inputs that are significant to

10

the fair value measurement. The Delta Warrant and Earnout Shares Liability are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Changes in fair value of Level 3 liabilities are recorded in total other income (loss), net, in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The following tables set forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

	June 30, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets measured at fair value
Money market funds	$	167,711	$	—	$	—	$	167,711
Cash equivalents	$	167,711	$	—	$	—	$	167,711
Term deposits	$	—	$	30,351	$	—	$	30,351
Asset backed securities	—		50,769		—		50,769
Government debt securities	—		194,906		—		194,906
Corporate debt securities	—		373,907		—		373,907
Available-for-sale investments	—		649,933		—		649,933
Total fair value of assets	$	167,711	$	649,933	$	—	$	817,644
Liabilities measured at fair value
Common stock warrant liabilities (Public)	$	9,833	$	—	$	—	$	9,833
Common stock warrant liabilities (Private)	—		6,573		—		6,573
Common stock warrant liabilities (Delta)	—		—		24,465		24,465
Warrant liability	9,833		6,573		24,465		40,871
Earnout Shares Liability	—		—		69,281		69,281
Total fair value of liabilities	$	9,833	$	6,573	$	93,746	$	110,152

	December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets measured at fair value
Money market funds	$	197,543	$	—	$	—	$	197,543
Cash equivalents	$	197,543	$	—	$	—	$	197,543
Term deposits	$	—	$	42,538	$	—	$	42,538
Asset backed securities	—		27,469		—		27,469
Government debt securities	—		265,681		—		265,681
Corporate debt securities	—		492,545		—		492,545
Available-for-sale investments	—		828,233		—		828,233
Total fair value of assets	$	197,543	$	828,233	$	—	$	1,025,776
Liabilities measured at fair value
Common stock warrant liabilities (Public)	$	21,097	$	—	$	—	$	21,097
Common stock warrant liabilities (Private Placement)	—		14,105		—		14,105
Common stock warrant liabilities (Delta)	—		—		27,734		27,734
Warrant liabilities	21,097		14,105		27,734		62,936
Earnout Shares Liability	—		—		95,969		95,969
Total fair value of liabilities	$	21,097	$	14,105	$	123,703	$	158,905

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The following is a summary of the Company’s available-for-sale securities (in thousands):

	June 30, 2024
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Allowance for credit losses		Fair value
Assets measured at fair value
Term deposits	$	30,351	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	30,351
Asset backed securities	50,897		—		(128)		—		50,769
Government debt securities	195,223		—		(317)		—		194,906
Corporate debt securities	374,595		1		(689)		—		373,907
Total	$	651,066	$	1	$	(1,134)	$	—	$	649,933

	December 31, 2023
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Allowance for credit losses		Fair value
Assets measured at fair value
Term deposits	$	42,538	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	42,538
Asset backed securities	27,465		21		(17)		—		27,469
Government debt securities	265,439		269		(27)		—		265,681
Corporate debt securities	492,761		299		(515)		—		492,545
Total	$	828,203	$	589	$	(559)	$	—	$	828,233

There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 financial instruments in the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

The following table sets forth a summary of the change in the fair value, which is recognized as a component of total other income (loss), net within the condensed consolidated statement of operations, of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities (in thousands):

	Earnout Shares Liability		Common Stock Warrant Liabilities Delta
Fair value as of January 1, 2024	$	95,969	$	27,734
Change in fair value	(26,688)		(3,269)
Fair value as of June 30, 2024	$	69,281	$	24,465

The fair value of the Earnout Shares Liability and Common stock warrant liabilities (Delta) (see Note 7) are based on significant unobservable inputs, which represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy.

Note 4. Acquisitions

2024 Acquisitions

On May 31, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of certain assets of an aerospace company that develops modular autonomy technology for aviation in exchange for 1,944,990 shares of the Company’s common stock with an aggregate acquisition date fair value of $9.5 million. The transaction is expected to contribute to development of autonomous capabilities of the Company’s aircraft and to accelerate the execution of the Company’s contract deliverables with the U.S. Department of Defense. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination as the assets acquired constituted a business in accordance with ASC 805 Business Combinations.

As part of the acquisition, the Company also issued 1,375,245 shares of the Company common stock subject to lock-up period of twelve month following the acquisition date (“Holdback Equity”). The number of shares of Holdback Equity to be released at the end of the lock-up period depends on the continuing employment of selected employees of the aerospace company, whose employment transitioned to the Company as a result of the acquisition, and the weighted volume average price of the Company’s common stock at the end of the lock-up period. The number of shares of Holdback Equity to be

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released may additionally be reduced to satisfy certain indemnification obligations, if any, of the seller. The Company accounted for the Holdback Equity under ASC 718 Compensation — Stock Compensation as a compensation arrangement separate from the business combination and will recognize $8.7 million as stock-based compensation expense over the lock-up period, commencing on the acquisition date.

The purchase consideration of $9.5 million was preliminarily allocated to $7.4 million of total intangible assets comprising of $6.9 million of acquired developed technology and $0.5 million of contractual assets, $1.6 million of acquired fixed assets comprising of aircraft, related equipment and other long lived assets, $0.3 million of acquired goodwill, and $0.2 million of acquired current assets.

The acquired goodwill is not tax deductible. It represents the excess of the purchase consideration over the aggregate preliminary fair value of identifiable assets acquired at the acquisition date and is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce and expected synergies at the time of the acquisition.

The fair values of the acquired assets are still provisional and subject to change within the measurement period. The final determination of the fair values of the acquired assets is expected to be completed as soon as practicable, but no later than one year from the acquisition date.

Note 5. Balance Sheet Components

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Equipment	$	94,133	$	84,639
Buildings	22,186		21,384
Leasehold improvements	20,016		18,771
Computer software	16,327		15,114
Molds and tooling	17,734		16,306
Land	6,270		6,270
Vehicles and aircraft	2,476		1,617
Furniture and fixtures	880		640
Construction in-progress	7,080		6,055
Gross property and equipment	187,102		170,796
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(81,256)		(67,366)
Property and equipment, net	$	105,846	$	103,430

Depreciation and amortization expense of property and equipment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was $7.2 million and $14.2 million, respectively and $5.9 million and $11.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. Vehicles and aircraft includes utility automobiles used at the Company’s various facilities and purchased aircraft to support the Company’s air operations and training.

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Intangible Assets, Net

The intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Automation platform software	$	7,200	$	7,200
Multimodal software technology	—		4,900
System simulation software technology	4,600		4,600
Developed Technology	6,900		—
Other intangibles	3,056		5,328
Gross intangible assets	21,756		22,028
Accumulated amortization	(10,781)		(15,443)
Intangible assets, net	$	10,975	$	6,585

Amortization expense related to intangible assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was $1.5 million and $3.0 million, respectively and $1.5 million and $3.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. As of June 30, 2024 the weighted-average amortization period of intangible assets was 2.4 years

The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense of acquired amortizable intangible assets as of June 30, 2024 (in thousands):

Fiscal Year	Amount
2024 (remainder)	$	2,931
2025	4,633
2026	2,467
2027	944
	$	10,975

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Prepaid equipment	$	4,945	$	3,471
Prepaid software	6,190		3,809
Prepaid taxes	1,043		1,603
Prepaid insurance	1,478		6,192
Other	5,707		3,767
Total	$	19,363	$	18,842

Other non-current assets

Other non-current assets consist of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Contractual agreement asset	$	59,611	$	59,611
Long term prepaid insurance	333		413
Other non-current assets	672		586
Total	$	60,616	$	60,610

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Accrued and other current liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Vendor related accruals	$	13,619	$	11,391
Payroll accruals	10,028		16,265
Contract liabilities under contracts with customers	3,592		2,534
Deferred research and development credits	1,469		3,633
Other accruals and current liabilities	4,436		3,995
Total	$	33,144	$	37,818

Note 6. Commitments and Contingencies

Contingencies

As of June 30, 2024, the Company had $13 million of unconditional purchase obligations with remaining terms in excess of one year. These obligations primarily relate to the Company’s purchase agreements for certain aircraft parts through 2028.

The Company is subject to claims and assessments from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Accruals for litigation and contingencies are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements based on management’s assessment, including the advice of legal counsel, of the expected outcome of litigation or other dispute resolution proceedings and/or the expected resolution of contingencies. Liabilities for estimated losses are accrued if the potential losses from any claims or legal proceedings are considered probable and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability of loss and the determination as to whether the amount can be reasonably estimated. Accruals are based only on information available at the time of the assessment due to the uncertain nature of such matters. As additional information becomes available, management reassesses potential liabilities related to pending claims and litigation and may revise its previous estimates, which could materially affect the Company’s condensed consolidated results of operations in a given period. As of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the Company was not involved in any material legal proceedings.

Indemnifications

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but that have not yet been made. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. However, the Company may record charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations.

The Company has indemnified its Board of Directors and officers, to the extent legally permissible, against all liabilities reasonably incurred in connection with any action in which such individual may be involved by reason of such individual being or having been a director or officer, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of the individual. The Company currently has directors’ and officers’ insurance. The Company believes the estimated fair value of these obligations is minimal. The Company did not record any liabilities in connection with these possible obligations as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Note 7. Stock Warrants and Earnout Shares

Private Placement and Public Warrants

In connection with the Merger, each of the 17,250,000 publicly-traded warrants (“Public Warrants”) and 11,533,333 private placement warrants (“Private Placement Warrants” and, together with the Public Warrants, the “Common Stock Warrants”) issued to Reinvent Sponsor, LLC (the “Sponsor”) in connection with RTP’s initial public offering and subsequent overallotment were converted into an equal number of warrants that entitle the holder to purchase one share of the Company’s Common stock, par value $0.0001 (“Common Stock”) at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustments, and will expire five years after the completion of the Merger or earlier upon redemption or the Company’s

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liquidation. Once the Common Stock Warrants become exercisable, the Company may redeem the outstanding Common Stock Warrants subject to certain Common Stock price and other conditions as defined in the Warrant Agreement between RTP and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (“Warrant Agreement”) and the Sponsor Agreement by and among the Company, Sponsor and RTP (“Sponsor Agreement”). During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, no Common Stock Warrants were exercised.

The Private Placement Warrants were initially recognized as a liability on August 10, 2021, at a fair value of $21.9 million. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Private Placement Warrant liability was remeasured to fair value as of June 30, 2024, resulting in a gain of $2.4 million and $7.5 million, respectively, which is included within the gain (loss) from change in the fair value of warrants and earnout shares in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the loss from change in the fair value of private warrants was $23.1 million and $25.0 million, respectively.

The Public Warrants were initially recognized as a liability on August 10, 2021 at a fair value of $32.8 million. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the public warrant liability was remeasured to fair value based upon the market price as of June 30, 2024, resulting in a gain of $3.6 million and $11.3 million, respectively, classified within the gain (loss) from change in the fair value of warrants and earnout shares in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the loss from change in the fair value of public warrants was $34.5 million and $37.4 million, respectively.

Earnout Shares Liability

In connection with the Reverse Recapitalization and pursuant to the Sponsor Agreement, Sponsor agreed to certain terms of vesting, lock-up and transfer with respect to the 17,130,000 common shares held by it (“Earnout Shares”). The terms of the Sponsor Agreement specify that the Earnout Shares will vest upon achieving certain specified release events. In accordance with ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging, the Earnout Shares are not indexed to the Common Stock and therefore are accounted for as a liability (“Earnout Shares Liability”) as of the Closing Date and subsequently remeasured at each reporting date with changes in fair value recorded as a component of total other income (loss), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Under the vesting schedule, 20% of the Earnout Shares vest in tranches when the volume-weighted average price of the Company’s common stock quoted on the NYSE is greater than $12.00, $18.00, $24.00, $32.00 and $50.00 for any 20 trading days within a period of 30 trading days (each such occurrence a “Triggering Event”). After ten years following the consummation of the Merger (the “Earnout Period”), any Earnout Shares which have not yet vested are forfeited. No Earnout Shares vested as of June 30, 2024.

Earnout Shares Liability at the closing of the Merger on August 10, 2021, was $149.9 million based on a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using a distribution of potential outcomes on a monthly basis over the Earnout Period using the most reliable information available.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized a gain related to the change in the fair value of the Earnout Shares Liability of $3.7 million and $26.7 million, respectively, included within the gain (loss) from change in fair value of warrants and earnout shares in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized a loss related to the change in the fair value of the Earnout Shares Liability of $104.2 million and $117.2 million, respectively.

Assumptions used in the valuation are as follows:

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Expected volatility	76.30	%	75.30	%
Risk-free interest rate	4.33	%	3.90	%
Dividend rate	—	%	—	%
Expected term (in years)	7.11		7.61

Delta Warrant

In connection with the umbrella agreement that the Company entered with Delta Air Lines, Inc. (“Delta”) on October 7, 2022, the Company sold and issued to Delta, in private placement, 11,044,232 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, at the per-share purchase price of $5.4327, for an aggregate cash consideration of $60.0 million. In addition, the Company issued a warrant for Delta to purchase up to 12,833,333 shares of the Company's common stock in two tranches, subject to certain milestone achievement conditions (“Delta Warrant”).

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The first and the second tranches of the warrant permit Delta to purchase up to 7,000,000 and 5,833,333 shares of Common Stock at exercise prices of $10 and $12, respectively, starting from the date the applicable milestones are satisfied and ending on the ten year anniversary of the warrant issuance date. The number of shares and exercise price for both tranches is subject to value cap adjustment if the 30 day volume weighted average price per share of the Company’s stock exceeds 150% of each respective tranche’s exercise price, but disregarding any price increases occurring within 10 business days after a public announcement of the achievement of an applicable milestone, if any.

The Company concluded that no assets or liabilities were transferred by either party beyond the Company’s issuance of common stock and warrants in exchange for the total cash consideration from Delta, that the umbrella agreement does not constitute a funded research and development agreement in the scope of ASC 730 “Research and Development” or a collaborative agreement in the scope of ASC 808 “Collaborative Agreements”, and that the Delta Warrant is a freestanding financial instrument not indexed to the Company’s own stock. Accordingly, the Company recognized the issuance of Common Stock as equity in additional paid-in capital on condensed consolidated balance sheets and the Delta Warrant as liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at fair value.

The Delta Warrant issuance was initially recognized as a liability on October 7, 2022, at a fair value of $16.1 million based on a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using the most reliable information available. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Delta Warrant’s liability was remeasured to fair value as of June 30, 2024, resulting in a gain of $0.1 million and $3.3 million, respectively, which is included within the gain (loss) from change in the fair value of warrants and earnout shares in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized a loss related to the change in the fair value of the Delta Warrant liability of $18.4 million and $22.6 million, respectively.

Assumptions used in the valuation of Delta Warrants are as follows:

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Expected volatility	76.30	%	75.30	%
Risk-free interest rate	4.33	%	3.90	%
Dividend rate	—	%	—	%
Expected term (in years)	8.3		8.8

Note 8. Stock-based Compensation

Equity Compensation Plans

In November 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the 2016 Stock Option and Grant Plan (“2016 Plan”) under which officers, employees, directors, consultants and other key persons of the Company or its affiliates may be granted incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and restricted stock units. On August 10, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors amended the 2016 Plan to provide that no new awards could be granted under the 2016 Plan.

Under the 2016 Plan, stock options were generally granted with an exercise price equal to the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock, as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors on the date of grant. Options generally have contractual terms of ten years.

Outstanding options generally vest over six years, contain a one year cliff, are exercisable immediately and, upon early exercise, are subject to repurchase by the Company at the original exercise price. If an ISO is granted to an optionee who, at the time of grant, owns more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of capital stock, the term of the ISO is five years. Options issued under the 2016 Plan must be priced at no less than the fair value of the shares on the date of the grant provided, however, that the exercise price of an option granted to a 10% stockholder is not less than 110% of the fair value of the shares on the date of grant. The Board of Directors determines the exercisability provisions of a stock option agreement at its sole discretion.

The fair value of the RSU’s granted under the 2016 Plan was determined by the Company’s Board of Directors on the date of grant. Generally, RSUs granted under the 2016 Plan have a six years vesting period.

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On August 10, 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (“2021 Plan”). Under the 2021 Plan, the Company can grant incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance awards to employees, directors and consultants. The number of shares available for issuance under the 2021 Plan will be increased on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning on January 1, 2022, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) a number of shares equal to four percent (4%) of the total number of shares of all classes of common stock of the Company outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or (ii) such number of shares determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. On January 1, 2024, the number of shares available for issuance under 2021 plan increased by 27,930,481 shares.

The fair value of the RSU’s granted under the 2021 Plan was determined by the Company’s Board of Directors on the date of grant. Generally, RSUs granted under the 2021 Plan have a four year vesting period.

Restricted Stock Units

A summary of RSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2024 is as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

	Number of Units	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Balances—December 31, 2023	31,076,699	$	6.41	$	206,660
Granted	23,521,204	$	5.51
Vested	(9,634,661)	$	6.32
Forfeited	(1,100,025)	$	5.86
Balances—June 30, 2024	43,863,217	$	5.96	$	223,702

The total fair value of RSUs vested for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $60.9 million and $38.4 million, respectively.

On February 27, 2023, the Company’s Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (“Compensation Committee”) approved a performance-based bonus program under which RSUs were awarded in connection with the achievement of specified goals in 2023 (“2023 Bonus Plan”). The RSU awards were granted when the achievement of each goal was approved by the Compensation Committee in 2023, and the RSUs vested in equal installments in each of January, February, March and April 2024 provided the employee or consultant continued to be a service provider through the relevant vesting dates. The target bonus opportunity was equal to 30% of the employee’s base salary as of the applicable grant date, with stretch bonus goals that are one-third higher than the target amounts unless otherwise established by the Compensation Committee. In accordance with ASC 718 Compensation - Stock Compensation, awards under 2023 Bonus Plan were classified as a liability until such time that the respective milestones were met, at which point the liability was reclassified to equity. If it was determined that the milestone could not be met, the liability was reversed.

On February 12, 2024, the Compensation Committee approved a performance-based program under which RSUs are awarded. Each RSU represents the right to receive, upon vesting, up to 1.25 shares of the Company’s common stock, based on the achievement of certain specified objectives tied to five goals during 2024 (“2024 Bonus Plan”). Each goal has criteria for achievement of a minimum, target or maximum achievement level, expressed as a percentage, and the amount of the awards that will vest is calculated by summing the actual achievement percentages as of December 31, 2024. The maximum possible amount that will vest is 125%. If exactly the minimum or target levels are achieved, 45% and 100% of the awards, respectively, will vest. The RSUs awarded under the 2024 Bonus Plan will vest in equal installments on each of January 14, 2025, February 10, 2025, March 4, 2025 and April 7, 2025, subject in each case to the participant’s continued status as a service provider through respective vesting date. In accordance with ASC 718 Compensation - Stock Compensation, the Company has determined that 2024 Bonus Plan awards are equity awards with performance condition, and classified them as an equity.

In June 2023, the Compensation Committee approved long-term incentive performance-based RSU awards (“LTI Awards”) to certain employees of the Company. The LTI Awards vest in a single installment on June 21, 2026, provided that (i) certain performance conditions are met on or prior to that date and (ii) the employee continues to be a service provider through the vesting date. The Company considers the probability of achieving each of the performance goals at the end of each reporting period and recognizes expense over the requisite service period when achievement of the goal is determined to be probable, and adjusts the expense if the probability of achieving the goal later changes.

On February 12, 2024, the Compensation Committee approved a long-term performance-based RSU awards (“LPA Awards”) to certain employees of the Company. The LPA Awards have the same performance conditions as the awards granted under the 2024 Bonus Plan and will vest in three equal annual installments on the anniversary of the grant date,

18

provided that performance conditions are satisfied and the employee continues to be a service provider through the respective vesting dates. In accordance with ASC 718 Compensation - Stock Compensation, Management has determined that these LPA awards are equity awards with performance and service conditions, and classified them as an equity.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On August 10, 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2021 ESPP”). Under the 2021 ESPP, participating employees may be offered the option to purchase shares of the Company’s Common Stock at a purchase price which equals 85% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the enrollment date or on the exercise date, whichever is lower. Under the terms of 2021 ESPP, if the closing price of the Company’s shares on the exercise date falls below the closing price of the Company’s shares on the enrollment date for an ongoing offering, the ongoing offering will terminate immediately following the purchase of ESPP shares on the exercise date and participants in the terminated offering would automatically be enrolled in the new offering (“ESPP Reset”), potentially resulting in an additional modification to stock-based compensation expense to be recognized over the new offering period.

Due to the changes in the Company’s stock price, an ESPP Reset occurred in May 2024, resulting in incremental stock-based compensation expense to be recognized over the offering period ending May 2025.

The number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2021 ESPP will be increased on the first day of each fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2022, in an amount equal to the lesser of (i) a number of shares of common stock equal to half percent (0.5%) of the total number of shares of all classes of common stock of the Company on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or (ii) such number of shares determined by the Company’s Board of Directors, On January 1, 2024, the number of shares available for issuance under 2021 ESPP increased by 3,491,310 shares.

Stock-based Compensation Expense

The following sets forth the total stock-based compensation expense for the Company’s stock awards included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development expenses	$	22,444	$	20,158	$	43,114	$	33,202
Selling, general and administrative expenses	5,926		5,064		12,273		9,278
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	28,370	$	25,222	$	55,387	$	42,480

Shares subject to repurchase

The Company allows certain option holders to exercise unvested options to purchase shares of common stock. Common shares received from such early exercises are subject to a right of repurchase at the original issuance price. The Company’s repurchase right with respect to these shares lapses as the shares vest. These awards are typically subject to a vesting period of six years. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, 1,512,364 and 1,988,511 shares, respectively, were subject to repurchase at a weighted average price of $0.07 per share and $0.09 per share, respectively, and $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, was recorded within the other non-current liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In addition, upon completion of the Reverse Recapitalization 2,677,200 Series C Preferred shares which were subject to time-based vesting conditions were converted to restricted common shares. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the number of such shares that were subject to repurchase was 1,337,990 and 1,561,599, respectively.

Note 9. Related Party Transactions

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and founder has ownership interests in certain vendors providing services to the Company. The services purchased from these vendors include rent of office space and certain utilities and maintenance services related to the property on which the rented premises are located. Expenses and related payments to these vendors totaled $0.2 million and $0.3 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively and $0.2 million and $0.3 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

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Toyota Motor Corporation (“Toyota”) is a beneficial owner of more than 10% of the voting interests of the Company and has the right to designate a director for election to the Company’s Board of Directors. Toyota is developing prototypes and supplying parts and materials for some of the Company’s manufactured subassembly components. The Company made payments to Toyota for these parts and materials totaling $0.2 million and $0.3 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively and $0.8 million during each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. Additionally, the Company identified an embedded finance lease within the Company’s purchase and sale agreement with Toyota for subassembly components in the amount of $3.9 million and $3.8 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Note 10. Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Because the Company reported a net loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the number of shares used to calculate diluted net loss per common share is the same as the number of shares used to calculate basic net loss per common share for those periods presented because the potentially dilutive shares would have been antidilutive if included in the calculation.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in thousands, except share and per share data):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(123,292)	$	(286,079)	$	(217,879)	$	(399,472)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding	689,324,227		636,679,165		685,536,805		621,018,919
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	(0.18)	$	(0.45)	$	(0.32)	$	(0.64)

The following outstanding shares of potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive:

	June 30, 2024	June 30, 2023
Common stock warrants	28,783,333	28,783,333
Unvested restricted stock units	43,863,217	29,616,730
Unvested early exercised common stock options	1,512,364	2,779,501
Options to purchase common stock and unvested restricted stock awards	13,352,618	16,615,520
Total	87,511,532	77,795,084

Note 11. Subsequent Events

The Company evaluated subsequent events and transactions that occurred up to the date financial statements were issued. The Company did not identify any subsequent events or transactions that would have required adjustment or disclosure in the financial statements.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis provides information that our management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our condensed consolidated results of operations and financial condition. The discussion should be read together with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion and analysis includes forward looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see the section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We have spent more than a decade designing and testing a piloted all-electric, vertical take-off and landing (“eVTOL”) aircraft that we intend to operate as part of a fast, quiet and convenient service in cities around the world. The aircraft is quiet when taking off, near silent when flying overhead and is designed to transport a pilot and four passengers at speeds of up to 200 mph, with a range optimized for urban markets of 100 miles on a single charge. The low noise enabled by the all-electric powertrain will allow the aircraft to operate around dense, urban areas while blending into the background noise of cities. With more than 1,000 successful test flights already completed, and as the first eVTOL aircraft developer to receive a signed, stage 4 G-1 certification basis which was subsequently published in final form in the Federal Register, we believe we are well positioned to be the first eVTOL manufacturer to earn airworthiness certification from the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”).

We do not currently intend to sell these aircraft to independent third parties or individual consumers as a primary business model. Instead, we plan to manufacture, own and operate our aircraft, building a vertically integrated transportation company that will deliver transportation services to our customers, including government agencies such as the U.S. Air Force (“USAF”) through sales or contracted operations, and to individual end-users through a convenient app-based aerial ridesharing service. We delivered our first aircraft for initial service operations with the U.S Department of Defense (“DOD”) in September 2023 and are targeting commercial passenger operations in 2025. We believe this vertically-integrated business model will generate the greatest economic returns, while providing us with end-to-end control over the customer experience to optimize for customer safety, comfort and value. There may be circumstances in which it is either required (for example, due to operating restrictions on foreign ownership in other countries) or otherwise desirable to sell aircraft in the future. We do not expect this would change our core focus on building a vertically integrated transportation company.

Since our inception in 2009, we have been primarily engaged in research and development of eVTOL aircraft. We have incurred net operating losses and negative cash flows from operations in every year since our inception. As of June 30, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $1,465.6 million. We have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the issuance of stock, convertible notes and the proceeds from our merger in August 2021 with Reinvent Technology Partners (“RTP”), a special purpose acquisition company, through which we became a publicly-traded company.

Key Factors Affecting Operating Results

For a more comprehensive discussion of the risks and uncertainties that could impact the Company’s business, please see the section entitled “Risk Factors” in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Development of the Urban Air Mobility (“UAM”) market

Our revenue will be directly tied to the continued development of short distance aerial transportation. While we believe the market for UAM will be large, it remains undeveloped and there is no guarantee of future demand. We delivered our first aircraft for initial service operations with the DOD in September 2023 and are targeting commercial passenger operations in 2025. Our business will require significant investment leading up to launching these services, including, but not limited to, final engineering designs, prototyping and testing, manufacturing, software development, certification, pilot training, infrastructure and commercialization.

We believe one of the primary drivers for adoption of our aerial ridesharing service is the value proposition and time savings offered by aerial mobility relative to traditional ground-based transportation. Additional factors impacting the pace of adoption of our aerial ridesharing service may include but are not limited to: perceptions about eVTOL quality, safety, performance and cost; perceptions about the limited range over which eVTOL may be flown on a single battery charge; volatility in the cost of oil and gasoline; availability of competing forms of transportation, such as ground, air taxi or ride-hailing services; the development of adequate infrastructure; consumers’ perception about the safety, convenience and cost of transportation using eVTOL relative to ground-based alternatives; and increases in fuel efficiency, autonomy, or electrification of cars. In addition, macroeconomic factors could impact demand for UAM services, particularly if end-user pricing is at a premium to ground-based transportation alternatives or more permanent work-from-home behaviors persist.

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We anticipate initial operations with our U.S. government customers to be followed by operations in selected high-density metropolitan areas where traffic congestion is particularly acute and operating conditions are suitable for early eVTOL operations.

Competition

We believe that the primary sources of competition for our service are ground-based mobility solutions, other eVTOL developers/operators and local/regional incumbent aircraft charter services. While we expect to be first to market with an eVTOL facilitated aerial ridesharing service, we expect this industry to be dynamic and increasingly competitive; and our competitors could get to market before us, either generally or in specific markets. Even if we are first to market, we may not receive any competitive advantage or may be overtaken by other competitors. If new or existing aerospace companies launch competing solutions in the markets in which we intend to operate or obtain large-scale capital investment, we may face increased competition. Additionally, our competitors may benefit from our efforts in developing consumer and community acceptance for eVTOL aircraft and aerial ridesharing, making it easier for them to obtain the permits and authorizations required to operate an aerial ridesharing service in the markets in which we intend to launch or in other markets. If we do not capture the first mover advantage that we anticipate, it may harm our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects. For a more comprehensive discussion, please see the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Government Certification

We signed a revised, stage 4 “G-1” certification basis for our aircraft with the FAA in July 2022, which was published in final form in the Federal Register in March 2024. This agreement lays out the specific requirements that need to be met by our aircraft for it to be certified for commercial operations. Reaching this milestone marks a key step towards certifying any new aircraft in the U.S.

In 2022, we received our Part 135 operating certificate, which is required for us to operate an on-demand air service. While that currently allows us to operate the service with conventional aircraft, the FAA will need to publish operational regulations related to eVTOLs before we add our aircraft to our Part 135 operating certificate. The FAA has indicated that they do not expect the relevant operational regulations, or Special Federal Aviation Regulations (“SFARs”), for eVTOL aircraft to be finalized until late 2024. If the publication of the SFARs is further delayed, if the FAA requires further modifications to our existing G-1 certification basis, or if there are other regulatory changes or revisions, this could delay our ability to obtain type certification, and could delay our ability to launch our commercial passenger service.

In addition to certifying our aircraft, we will also need to obtain authorizations and certifications related to the production of our aircraft and the deployment of our aerial ridesharing service. We anticipate being able to meet the requirements of such authorizations and certifications. If we fail to obtain any of the required authorizations or certifications, or do so in a timely manner, or if any of these authorizations or certifications are modified, suspended or revoked after we obtain them, we may be unable to launch our commercial service or do so on the timelines we project, which would have adverse effects on our business, prospects, financial condition and/or results of operations.

U.S. Government Contracts

In December 2020, we became the first company to receive airworthiness approval for an eVTOL aircraft for a flight clearance from the USAF to conduct a government test, and in the first quarter of 2021 we officially began on-base operations under contract pursuant to the USAF’s Agility Prime program. Our multi-year relationship with the DOD and other U.S. government agencies provides us with a compelling opportunity to more thoroughly understand the operational capabilities and maintenance profiles of our aircraft in advance of commercial launch. In addition to the operational learnings and advanced research support, our contracts, which we expanded in July 2022 and again in April 2023, have a total potential value of more than $131 million through 2026. We are actively pursuing additional contracts and relationships that would further secure these on-base operations going forward. Our U.S. government contracting parties may modify, curtail or terminate its contracts with us without prior notice, either at its convenience or for default based on performance, or may decline to accept performance or exercise subsequent option years. We may also be unable to secure additional contracts or continue to grow our relationship with the U.S. government and/or DOD.

Vertically-Integrated Business Model

Our business model is to serve as a vertically-integrated eVTOL transportation service provider. Present projections indicate that payback periods on aircraft will result in a viable business model over the long-term as production volumes scale and unit economics improve to support sufficient market adoption. As with any new industry and business model, numerous risks and uncertainties exist. Our projections are dependent on certifying and delivering aircraft on time and at a

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cost that will allow us to offer our service at prices that a sufficient number of customers will be willing to pay for the time and efficiency savings they receive from utilizing our eVTOL services. Our aircraft include parts and manufacturing processes unique to eVTOL aircraft, in general, and our product design, in particular. We have used our best efforts to estimate costs in our planning projections; however, the variable cost associated with assembling our aircraft at scale remains uncertain at this stage of development. Our vertically-integrated business model also relies, in part, on developing and certifying component parts rather than sourcing already certified parts from third-party suppliers. While we believe this model will ultimately result in a more performant aircraft and better operating economics, the increased time and effort required to develop and certify these components may result in delays compared to alternative approaches. Our vertically-integrated approach is also dependent on recruiting, developing and retaining the right talent at the right time to support engineering, certification, manufacturing, and go-to-market operations. As we progress through the certification process, we will have an increasing need to accelerate hiring in selected areas. If we are unable to add sufficient headcount it could impact our ability to meet our expected timelines for certification and entry into service.

The success of our business is also dependent, in part, on the utilization rate of our aircraft, which is the amount of time our aircraft spend in the air carrying passengers. We intend to maintain a high daily aircraft utilization rate, and reductions in utilization will adversely impact our financial performance. High daily aircraft utilization is achieved in part by reducing turnaround times at skyports. Aircraft utilization is reduced by delays and cancellations from various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including adverse weather conditions, security requirements, air traffic congestion and unscheduled maintenance events.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

Flight services

Flight services revenue primarily includes consideration received for our performance of customer-directed flights and on-base operations for various DOD agencies. We recognize revenue as we fulfill our performance obligations in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive.

Operating expenses

Flight services

Flight services expenses consist primarily of costs related to flight, flight support, and maintenance personnel, expenses associated with support aircraft such as rent and fuel, depreciation of capitalized ground support equipment, and our aircraft electricity cost, as directly attributed to our performance of the flight services. Flight services expenses do not include the costs of manufacturing our aircraft and aircraft parts as such costs are expensed when incurred as Research and Development Expenses (see below).

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses, including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation, costs of consulting, equipment and materials, depreciation and amortization and allocations of overhead, including rent, information technology costs and utilities. Research and development expenses are partially offset by payments we received in the form of government grants, including those received under the Agility Prime program.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we increase staffing to support aircraft engineering and software development, build aircraft, and continue to explore and develop next generation aircraft and technologies.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of personnel expenses, including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation, related to executive management, finance, legal, and human resource functions. Other costs include business development, contractor and professional services fees, audit and compliance expenses, insurance costs and general corporate expenses, including allocated depreciation, rent, information technology costs and utilities.

We expect our selling, general and administrative expenses to increase as we hire additional personnel and consultants to support our operations and comply with applicable regulations, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“SOX”) and other SEC rules and regulations.

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Gain (Loss) from changes in Fair Value of Warrants and Earnout Shares Liabilities

Publicly-traded warrants (“Public Warrants”), private placement warrants issued to Sponsor (“Private Placement Warrants”) and warrants issued to Delta Air Lines, Inc. (“Delta Warrants”) and shares of common stock owned by Sponsor subject to certain terms on vesting, lock-up and transfer (“Earnout Shares”) are recorded as liabilities and subject to remeasurement to fair value at each balance sheet date. We expect to incur an incremental income (expense) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the fair value adjustments for these outstanding liabilities at the end of each reporting period.

2024 Acquisitions

On May 31, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of certain assets of an aerospace company that develops modular autonomy technology for aviation in exchange for 1,944,990 shares of the Company’s common stock with an aggregate acquisition date fair value of $9.5 million. The transaction is expected to contribute to development of autonomous capabilities of the Company’s aircraft and to accelerate the execution of the Company’s contract deliverables with the U.S. Department of Defense. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination as the assets acquired constituted a business in accordance with ASC 805 Business Combinations.

As part of the acquisition, the Company also issued 1,375,245 shares of the Company common stock subject to lock-up period of twelve month following the acquisition date (“Holdback Equity”). The number of shares of Holdback Equity to be released at the end of the lock-up period depends on the continuing employment of selected employees of the aerospace company, whose employment transitioned to the Company as a result of the acquisition, and the weighted volume average price of the Company’s common stock at the end of the lock-up period. The number of shares of Holdback Equity to be released may additionally be reduced to satisfy certain indemnification obligations, if any, of the seller. The Company accounted for the Holdback Equity under ASC 718 Compensation — Stock Compensation as a compensation arrangement separate from the business combination and will recognize $8.7 million as stock-based compensation expense over the lock-up period, commencing on the acquisition date.

The purchase consideration of $9.5 million was preliminarily allocated to $7.4 million of total intangible assets comprising of $6.9 million of acquired developed technology and $0.5 million of contract assets, $1.6 million of acquired fixed assets comprising of aircraft, related equipment and other long lived assets, $0.3 million of acquired goodwill, and $0.2 million of acquired current assets.

The acquired goodwill is not tax deductible. It represents the excess of the acquisition price over the preliminary fair value of identifiable assets acquired at the acquisition date and is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce and expected synergies at the time of the acquisition.

The fair values of the acquired assets are still provisional and subject to change within the measurement period. The final determination of the fair values of the acquired assets is expected to be completed as soon as practicable, but no later than one year from the acquisition date.

Interest and Other Income, Net

Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and investments in marketable securities.

Provision for Income Taxes

Our provision for income taxes consists of an estimate of federal, state, and foreign income taxes based on enacted federal, state, and foreign tax rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in tax law. Due to the level of historical losses, we maintain a valuation allowance against U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets as it has been concluded it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will not be realized.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 to the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023

The following table summarizes our historical results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentage):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change
	2024		2023		($)	(%)
Revenue:
Flight services	$	28	$	—
Operating expenses:
Flight services	15		—
Research and development	112,996		88,849		24,147	27	%
Selling, general and administrative	31,304		27,120		4,184	15	%
Total operating expenses	144,315		115,969		28,346	24	%
Loss from operations	(144,287)		(115,969)		(28,318)	24	%
Interest and other income, net	11,191		10,683		508	5	%
Gain (Loss) from change in fair value of warrants and earnout shares	9,814		(180,737)		190,551	(105)	%
Total other income, net	21,005		(170,054)		191,059	(112)	%
Loss before income taxes	(123,282)		(286,023)		162,741	(57)	%
Income tax expenses	10		56		(46)	(82)	%
Net loss	$	(123,292)	$	(286,079)	162,787	(57)	%

Revenue

Flight Services

Flight services revenue primarily includes consideration for our performance of customer-directed flights and on-base operations for various DOD agencies. We recognize revenue as we fulfill our performance obligations in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive.

Operating expenses

Flight services

Flight services expenses consist primarily of costs related to flight, flight support, and maintenance personnel, expenses associated with support aircraft such as rent and fuel, depreciation of capitalized ground support equipment, and our aircraft electricity cost, as directly attributed to our performance of the flight services. Flight services expenses do not include the costs of manufacturing our aircraft and aircraft parts as such costs are expensed when incurred as Research and Development Expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses increased by $24.1 million, or 27%, to $113.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024 from $88.8 million during the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in personnel to support aircraft engineering, software development, prototype manufacturing, and certification, as well as increased quantity of materials used in prototype development and testing, partially offset by increase in expense reduction due to higher grants earned as part of our government contracts.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $4.2 million, or 15%, to $31.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024 from $27.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily

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attributable to increased headcount to support operations growth, including IT, legal, facilities, HR, and finance, as well as an increase in professional services cost related to legal, accounting and recruiting support.

Total Other Income, Net

Total other income, net increased by $191.1 million or 112% , to a gain of $21.0 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024 from a loss of $170.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by a $190.6 million change in the fair value of warrants and earnout shares from a loss of $180.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2023 to a gain of $9.8 million during the three months ended June 30, 2024.

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023

The following table summarizes our historical results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentage):

	Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
	2024		2023		($)	(%)
Revenue:
Flight services	$	53	$	—	53	100%
Operating expenses:
Flight services	30		—		30	100%
Research and development	228,632		164,367		64,265	39	%
Selling, general and administrative	61,575		51,318		10,257	20	%
Total operating expenses	290,237		215,685		74,552	35	%
Loss from operations	(290,184)		(215,685)		(74,499)	35	%
Interest and other income, net	23,510		19,083		4,427	23	%
Gain (loss) from change in fair value of warrants and earnout shares	48,841		(202,780)		251,621	(124)	%
Total other income, net	72,351		(183,697)		256,048	(139)	%
Loss before income taxes	(217,833)		(399,382)		181,549	(45)	%
Income tax expenses	46		90		(44)	(49)	%
Net loss	$	(217,879)	$	(399,472)	181,593	(45)	%

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses increased by $64.3 million, or 39%, to $228.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $164.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in personnel to support aircraft engineering, software development, prototype manufacturing, and certification, as well as increased quantity of materials used in prototype development and testing.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $10.3 million, or 20%, to $61.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $51.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to increased headcount to support operations growth, including IT, legal, facilities, HR, and finance, as well as an increase in professional services cost related to legal, accounting and recruiting support.

Total Other Income, Net

Total other income, net decreased by $256.0 million, or 139%, to a gain of $72.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024 from a loss of $183.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by a $251.6 million change in the fair value of warrants and earnout shares from a loss of $202.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 to a gain of $48.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024, and a $4.4 million increase in interest and other income due to increased interest rates on invested funds.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

We have incurred net losses and negative operating cash flows from operations since inception, and we expect to continue to incur losses and negative operating cash flows for the foreseeable future until we successfully commence sustainable commercial operations. To date, we have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the Merger and issuance of stock and convertible notes. From inception through June 30, 2023, we raised net proceeds of $1,067.9 million from the Merger, $843.3 million from the issuances of Legacy Joby’s redeemable convertible preferred stock and convertible notes prior to the Merger, $60.0 million from issuance of shares and warrants to Delta Air Lines, Inc., $180.2 million in net proceeds from our registered direct offering to certain institutional investors and net proceeds of $99.9 million from our issuance of shares to SKT. As of June 30, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $175.9 million and short-term investment in marketable securities of $649.9 million. Restricted cash, totaling $0.8 million, reflects cash temporarily retained for security deposit on leased facilities. We believe that our cash, cash equivalent and short-term investments will satisfy our working capital and capital requirements for at least the next twelve months.

Long-Term Liquidity Requirements

We expect our cash and cash equivalents on hand together with the cash we expect to generate from future operations will provide sufficient funding to support us through the initial launch of our commercial service operations in 2025. Until we generate sufficient operating cash flow to fully cover our operating expenses, working capital needs and planned capital expenditures, or if circumstances evolve differently than anticipated, we expect to utilize a combination of equity and debt financing to fund any future remaining capital needs. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to stockholders may result. Any equity securities issued may also provide for rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of holders of common stock. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of preferred and common stockholders. The terms of debt securities or borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations. The capital markets have in the past, and may in the future, experience periods of upheaval that could impact the availability and cost of equity and debt financing.

Our principal uses of cash in recent periods were to fund our research and development activities, personnel cost and support services. Near-term cash requirements will also include spending on manufacturing facilities, ramping up production and supporting production certification, scaled manufacturing operations for commercialization, infrastructure and skyport development, pilot training facilities, software development and production of aircraft. We do not have material cash requirements related to current contractual obligations. As such, our cash requirements are highly dependent upon management’s decisions about the pace and focus of both our short and long-term spending.

Cash requirements can fluctuate based on business decisions that could accelerate or defer spending, including the timing or pace of investments, infrastructure and production of aircraft. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our revenue growth rate, the timing and the amount of cash received from our customers, the expansion of sales and marketing activities and the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts. In the future, we may enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, products, and technologies, which could require us to seek additional equity or debt financing. If we require additional financing we may not be able to raise such financing on acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to continue our research and development and invest in continued innovation, we may not be able to compete successfully, which would harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. If adequate funds are not available, we may need to reconsider our investments in production operations, the pace of our production ramp-up, infrastructure investments in skyports, expansion plans or limit our research and development activities, which could have a material adverse impact on our business prospects and results of operations.

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Cash Flows

The following tables set forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentage):

	Six Months Ended June 30,					Change
	2024		2023			($)	(%)
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(205,471)	$	(150,312)		(55,159)	37	%
Investing activities	171,271		98,797			72,474	73	%
Financing activities	5,283		284,883			(279,600)	(98)	%
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	(28,917)	$	233,368	$233,368	(262,285)	(112)	%

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $205.5 million, consisting primarily of a net loss of $217.9 million, adjusted for non-cash items and statement of operations impact from investing and financing activities which includes a $55.4 million stock-based compensation expense and $17.2 million depreciation and amortization expense, partially offset by a $48.8 million gain from change in the fair value of warrants and earnout shares and a $9.5 million net accretion and amortization of our investments in marketable securities.

Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $150.3 million, consisting primarily of a net loss of $399.5 million, adjusted for non-cash items and statement of operations impact from investing and financing activities which includes a $202.8 million loss from change in the fair value of warrants and earnout shares, $42.5 million stock-based compensation expense and $14.5 million depreciation and amortization expense, partially offset by a $9.7 million net accretion and amortization of our investments in marketable securities.

Net Cash Provided by Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $171.3 million, primarily due to proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities of $356.5 million, partially offset by purchases of marketable securities of $169.9 million and purchases of property and equipment of $15.3 million.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $98.8 million, primarily due to proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities of $394.0 million, partially offset by purchases of marketable securities of $281.0 million and purchases of property and equipment of $14.1 million.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $5.3 million, primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of common stock under the 2021 ESPP of $4.9 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $284.9 million, primarily due to net proceeds of $180.2 million from our registered direct offering to certain institutional investors and net proceeds of $99.9 from our issuance of common shares to SK Telecom, proceeds from the issuance of common stock under the 2021 ESPP of $3.8 million and $1.3 million proceeds from exercise of stock options and issuance of common stock warrants.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions for the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions and any such differences may be material.

The significant accounting policies of the Company are described in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section of the audited Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to market risk for changes in interest rates applicable to our short-term investments. We had cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments in short-term marketable securities totaling $825.8 million as of June 30, 2024. Cash equivalents and short-term investments were invested primarily in money market funds, U.S. treasury bills and government and corporate bonds. Our investment policy is focused on the preservation of capital and supporting our liquidity needs. Under the policy, we invest in highly rated securities, issued by the U.S. government and corporations or liquid money market funds. We do not invest in financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes, nor do we use leveraged financial instruments. We utilize external investment managers who adhere to the guidelines of their investment policies. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates would not have a material impact on the value of our cash, cash equivalents or short-term investments or our interest income.

Foreign Currency Risk

We are not exposed to significant foreign currency risks related to our operating expenses as our foreign operations are not material to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures at the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Based upon this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

During the most recently completed fiscal quarter, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to

materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

We are subject to a variety of claims that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. While management currently believes that resolving claims against us, individually or in aggregate, will not have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or statement of cash flows, these matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and management’s view of these matters may change in the future. If an unfavorable final outcome were to occur, it may have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows for the period in which the effect becomes reasonably estimable.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and the price of our common stock may be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described as risk factors, any one or more of which could, directly or indirectly, cause our actual operating results and financial condition to vary materially from past, or anticipated future, operating results and financial condition. For a more comprehensive discussion of the risks and uncertainties that could impact the Company’s business, please see the section entitled “Risk Factors” in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2024. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider material, could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and the price of our common stock.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

On May 31, 2024, we issued 3,320,235 shares of common stock to an accredited investor in connection with the acquisition of certain assets of an aerospace company as described in Note 4 “Acquisitions”. The issuance was conducted in a private placement that was exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) and/or Regulation D. The issuance did not involve a public offering nor any general solicitation or general advertising.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Trading Plans

On June 4, 2024, Gregory Bowles, the Company’s Head of Government Policy, adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c) to sell, subject to certain conditions, up to 220,497 of shares of Company common stock beginning November 23, 2024 and ending September 19, 2025. This includes up to 171,592 shares to be issued upon the vesting of RSUs granted to Mr. Bowles. The actual number of shares that will be released to Mr. Bowles and may be sold under the Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement will be net of the number of shares sold by the Company to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of the RSUs and is not yet determinable.

On June 6, 2024, Kate DeHoff, the Company’s General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c) to sell, subject to certain conditions, up to 230,242 of shares of Company common stock beginning September 23, 2024 and ending September 19, 2025. This includes up to 200,242 shares to be issued upon the vesting of RSUs granted to Ms. DeHoff. The actual number of shares that will be released to Ms. DeHoff and may be sold under the Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement will be net of the number of shares sold by the Company to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of the RSUs and is not yet determinable.

On June 27, 2024, Paul Sciarra, Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors, adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy Rule 10b5-1(c) to sell, subject to certain conditions, up to 6,000,000 shares of Company common stock held by Sciarra Asset Management, beginning September 30, 2024 and ending September 19, 2025.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

The following exhibits are filed or furnished as a part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Exhibit Number	Description	Form	Exhibit	Filing Date	Filed Herewith
3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Joby Aviation, Inc.	S-4	3.2	7/6/2021
3.2	Bylaws of Joby Aviation, Inc.	8-K	3.1	9/21/2023
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X
32.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X
32.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

*These certifications are furnished to the SEC pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	Joby Aviation, Inc.
Date: August 7, 2024	By:	/s/ JoeBen Bevirt
		JoeBen Bevirt
		Chief Executive Officer, Chief Architect and Director
Date: August 7, 2024	By:	/s/ Matthew Field
		Matthew Field
		Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

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