TTV
TTV refers to the sum of the total price paid by travelers for air, hotel, rail, car rental and cruise bookings, including taxes and other charges applied by suppliers at point of sale, less cancellations and refunds.
For the three months ended September 30, 2022, TTV increased by $4,807 million, or 270%, to $6,585 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, TTV increased by $13,405 million, or 367%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in TTV was primarily due to (i) full quarterly inclusion of Egencia’s TTV, which contributed 94% and 121% of TTV for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and (ii) continued recovery of our business from a period of significant COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions, which were introduced by governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in TTV, in part, reflects increasing numbers of companies returning to business travel and reductions in international travel restrictions.
Transaction Growth (Decline)
Transaction Growth (Decline) represents year-over-year growth or decline as a percentage of the total transactions, including air, hotel, car rental, rail or other travel-related transactions, recorded at the time of booking, and is calculated on a gross basis to include cancellations, refunds and exchanges. To calculate year-over-year growth or decline, we compare the total number of transactions in the comparative previous period/ year to the total number of transactions in the current period in percentage terms.
For the three months ended September 30, 2022, Transaction Growth was 207% compared to three months ended September 30, 2021. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, Transaction Growth was 291% compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Transaction Growth during these periods was primarily due to (i) full quarterly inclusion of Egencia’s transaction volume, which contributed 105% and 133% of Transaction Growth for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and (ii) the increase in number of transactions due to continued easing of travel restrictions that were introduced by governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We report our financial results in accordance with GAAP. Our non-GAAP financial measures are provided in addition to, and should not be considered as an alternative to, other performance or liquidity measure derived in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them either in isolation or as a substitute for analyzing our results as reported under GAAP. In addition, because not all companies use identical calculations, the presentations of our non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies and can differ significantly from company to company.
Management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures provide users of our financial information with useful supplemental information that enables a better comparison of our performance or liquidity across periods. In addition, we use certain of these non-GAAP financial measures as performance measures as they are important metrics used by management to evaluate and understand the underlying operations and business trends, forecast future results and determine future capital investment allocations. We use two of our non-GAAP financial measures as indicators of our ability to generate cash to meet our liquidity needs and to assist our management in evaluating our financial flexibility, capital structure and leverage. These non-GAAP financial measures supplement comparable GAAP measures in the evaluation of the effectiveness of our business strategies, to make budgeting decisions, and/or to compare our performance and liquidity against that of other peer companies using similar measures.
EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin and Adjusted Operating Expenses
We define EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest income, interest expense, loss on early extinguishment of debt, benefit from (provision for) income taxes and depreciation and amortization.
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest income, interest expense, loss on early extinguishment of debt, benefit from (provision for) income taxes and depreciation and amortization and as further adjusted to exclude costs that management believes are non-core to the underlying business of the Company, consisting of restructuring costs, integration costs, costs related to mergers and acquisitions, separation costs, non-cash equity-based compensation, long-term incentive plan costs, certain corporate