Restructuring charges
For the three months ended June 30, 2023, restructuring charges of $7 million primarily related to employee severance costs resulting from a reduction in workforce on account of changes to our internal operating model and accrual of certain contract termination costs related to facility abandonment.
Depreciation and Amortization
For the three months ended June 30, 2023, depreciation and amortization increased by $4 million, or 10%, primarily due to accelerated amortization of property and equipment resulting from abandonment of certain office facilities.
Interest Expense
For the three months ended June 30, 2023, interest expense increased by $11 million, or 51%, primarily due to a higher amount of outstanding term loan debt and higher interest rates during the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2022, partially offset by the benefit resulting from interest rate swaps.
Fair Value Movements on Earnouts and Warrants Derivative Liabilities
During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the fair value movement of our derivative liabilities related to our earnout shares resulted in a charge of $19 million to our consolidated statement of operations compared to a credit of $36 million (which also included fair value movement related to warrant derivative liabilities) during the three months ended June 30, 2022. The increase in fair value of earnout derivative liability was mainly driven by the increase in our stock price as of June 30, 2023.
Other (Loss) Income, net
For the three months ended June 30, 2023, other loss, net, increased by $7 million primarily due to unfavorable changes in foreign exchange rates, and increased costs related to non-service components of net periodic pension cost.
Benefit from Income Taxes
GBT JerseyCo is tax resident in the U.K. and as of June 30, 2023, is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Following the Corporate Simplification transaction, the Up-C Structure was eliminated and the partnership dissolved on July 10, 2023, and as a consequence, GBTG assumed 100% ownership of GBT JerseyCo.
We expect our U.S. income taxes liability to increase; however, this incremental income tax exposure is expected to be partially offset by us no longer having to make compensating tax distribution payments to the Continuing JerseyCo Owners. Therefore, we expect that there will be an immaterial effect on our overall net cash outflows. Any increase in cash outflows from operations due to increased U.S. income tax payments will be partially offset by a decrease in cash outflows from financing activities due to savings of tax distributions that GBT JerseyCo would have otherwise made to the Continuing JerseyCo Owners.
While GBTG’s increased ownership in GBT JerseyCo and the consequent increased exposure to the U.S. income taxes on our international operations can be expected to result in an increase to the amount of U.S. current tax expense that we will report in the future, we also expect an increase in the amount of deferred tax credits that will be available to offset that U.S. current income tax expense. Therefore, we expect the transaction will have an immaterial net impact on our overall effective tax rate.
Prior to July 10, 2023, GBTG, was subject to U.S. income taxes on its proportionate equity interest in GBT JerseyCo. For the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, we had a benefit from income tax of $2 million and $4 million, respectively, and our effective tax rate was 3% and 80%, respectively. Our effective tax rates for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, differ from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% primarily due to the non-taxable fair value movement on earnouts and warrants derivative liabilities and typical items such as return-to-tax provisions, additional state and local taxes and other non-deductible expenses.
We believe we are well positioned to monetize both the historical and additional tax benefits in future periods.