UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
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FORM 10-K
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(Mark One)
| x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
OR
| o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
For the transition period from ________ to ________
Commission file number 001-04321
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AMPRIUS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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| Delaware | 98-1591811 | |||||||
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |||||||
| 1180 Page Avenue, Fremont, California | 94538 | |||||||
| (Address of Principal Executive Offices) | (Zip Code) | |||||||
(800) 425-8803
Registrant's telephone number, including area code
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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
| Common stock, $0.0001 par value | AMPX | The New York Stock Exchange | ||||||
| Redeemable warrants, each exercisable for one share of common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 | AMPX.W | The New York Stock Exchange | ||||||
Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | o | Accelerated filer | o | ||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | x | Smaller reporting company | x | ||||||||
| Emerging growth company | x | ||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. o
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, as of June 30, 2022 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), was approximately $183.9 million. Solely for purposes of this disclosure, shares of common stock held by executive officers and directors and by each person who owns 5% or more of the outstanding common stock as of such date have been excluded because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
The registrant had 84,630,114 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 16, 2023.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or Proxy Statement, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are incorporated by reference in Part III where indicated. Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference in this Annual Report, the Proxy Statement shall not be deemed to be filed as part hereof.
Table of Contents
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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Amprius Technologies, Inc. (formerly known as Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp. IV, “Amprius,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) and in documents incorporated herein by reference may constitute “forward-looking statements” for purposes of the federal securities laws. Such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future. In addition, any statements that refer to forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may include, for example, statements about:
•our financial and business performance, including financial and business metrics;
•changes in our strategy, future operations, financial position, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects and plans;
•our ability to develop a high-volume manufacturing line and otherwise scale in a cost-effective manner;
•our ability to add manufacturing capacity and the costs and timing to add such capacity;
•the expected addressable market for our products;
•developments relating to our competitors and industry;
•our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection and not infringe on the rights of others;
•our future capital requirements and sources and uses of cash;
•our ability to obtain funding for our operations;
•our business, expansion plans and opportunities; and
•the outcome of any known and unknown litigation and regulatory proceedings.
These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.
As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Some factors that could cause actual results to differ include:
•our ability to execute our business model, including scaling production and increasing the addressable market for our products and services;
•our ability to raise capital;
•the outcome of any legal proceedings that may be instituted against us;
•the ability to maintain the listing of our securities on the New York Stock Exchange;
•the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other economic, business or competitive factors, including supply chain interruptions, and may not be able to manage other risks and uncertainties;
•changes in applicable laws or regulations;
•the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and/or the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, or other macroeconomic factors, on our business;
•the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors; and
•other risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A under the Heading, "Risk Factors".
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Part I
Item 1. Business
Overview
Amprius has developed and, since 2018, been in commercial production of an ultra-high energy density lithium-ion battery for mobility applications leveraging disruptive silicon anodes. Our silicon anode technology enables batteries with higher energy density, higher power density, and extreme fast charging capabilities over a wide range of operating temperatures, which results in our batteries providing superior performance compared to conventional graphite lithium-ion batteries. Our silicon anodes are a direct drop-in replacement of the graphite anode in traditional lithium-ion batteries, and our manufacturing process leverages the manufacturing process for conventional lithium-ion batteries and the related supply chain.
Today, our batteries are primarily used for existing and emerging aviation applications, including unmanned aerial systems (“UAS”), such as drones and high-altitude pseudo satellites (“HAPS”). We believe our proprietary technology has the potential for broad application in electric transportation.
Our batteries and their performance specifications have been tested and validated for application by over 40 customers, including Airbus, AeroVironment, BAE Systems, the U.S. Army and Teledyne FLIR, and we have shipped over 10,000 batteries to date, which have enabled mission critical applications. Our proprietary silicon anode structures, battery cell designs and manufacturing processes are defended by our portfolio of patents, trade secrets and know-how developed over 10 years of research and development.
We currently manufacture batteries on a kWh-scale manufacturing line at our headquarters in Fremont, California, where we believe demand for our batteries exceeds our manufacturing capacity. We are working to meet the expected demand in several rapidly growing addressable markets, including by designing and building a large-scale manufacturing facility that can produce batteries at GWh+ scale.
Our principal executive offices are located at 1180 Page Avenue, Fremont, California 94538, and our telephone number is (800) 425-8803. Our website is www.amprius.com. We make available free of charge through our website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). These reports and other information are also available, free of charge, at www.sec.gov. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, the websites referenced in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not a part of, and are not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Corporate Background and Liquidity
On September 14, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), Amprius completed a business combination pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, dated May 11, 2022 (the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among Amprius, Kensington Capital Merger Sub Corp., a wholly owned subsidiary of Amprius (“Merger Sub”), and Amprius Technologies Operating, Inc. (formerly known as Amprius Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation incorporated in March 2015) (“Legacy Amprius”). Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, Amprius changed its jurisdiction of incorporation by domesticating as a corporation incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware (the “Domestication”), upon which Amprius changed its name to “Amprius Technologies, Inc.,” and a business combination between Amprius and Legacy Amprius was effected through the merger of Merger Sub with and into Legacy Amprius, with Legacy Amprius surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of Amprius (together with the Domestication and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”).
Unless the context otherwise provides, "Amprius", the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer (i) prior to the Closing Date, to Legacy Amprius and (ii) after the Closing Date, to Amprius Technologies, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Legacy Amprius. Prior to the Business Combination, Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp. IV is referred to herein as “Kensington.”
Prior to the Business Combination, we financed our operations primarily through capital contributions from Amprius, Inc. ("Amprius Holdings"), our former parent company and current majority stockholder, and revenue generated from operations. We expect to rely on cash on hand, which was $69.7 million as of December 31, 2022, as well as any
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proceeds from the Committed Equity Financing (as defined below) and government grants to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months. However, to the extent that our resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may need to seek additional equity or debt financing. Additional capital may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Further, the likelihood that our warrant holders will exercise warrants and any cash proceeds that we would receive is dependent upon the market price of our common stock. To the extent we are unable to raise additional capital and we are unable to install the larger scale manufacturing process, discussed below, our ability to grow will be adversely affected. For more information, see "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Technology, Products and Manufacturing" and "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" below.
Industry Background
Traditional transportation has been powered by fossil fuel-based engines which have led to significant greenhouse gas emissions. A rising focus on sustainable energy use in transportation is leading to increased investments in technology, government incentives and consumer demand for the electrification of passenger and payload mobility. Among the mobility mediums experiencing a shift to electrification due to these trends are aircraft such as UAS, which includes drones and HAPS, and electric vertical take-off and landing ("eVTOL") planes, as well as ground-based electric vehicles ("EVs"). Critical and breakthrough battery technologies can facilitate and, in certain cases, enable the mass adoption of these electric transportation mediums by improving energy density, accelerating fast charging capabilities, extending battery life, and improving safety.
Aviation Industry
Unmanned Aerial Systems: UAS are aircraft that operate with no crew or passengers onboard and are guided by remote control or autonomously. Examples of UAS include drones and HAPS. UAS are the next generation aerial transportation technology utilized for surveillance, assessment, logistics, delivery, communications, and imaging, among other uses. Emerging technologies, such as Amprius’ silicon anode battery, offer lighter weight and/or more energy dense batteries, potentially overcoming current battery technology barriers and enabling faster adoption of UAS. Based on an Insider Intelligence article from April 2022, a Stratistics report from March 2022 and management estimates, the total addressable market for UAS batteries is expected to reach approximately $38.2 billion by 2025.
Drones: Drones are the most common type of UAS that are increasingly being utilized in various industries, including military and defense, agricultural, construction and logistics. One of the key barriers to wider adoption is the existing battery technology, which limits the flight range and payload capacity. Our batteries offer higher energy density, which enables longer range endurance, and, depending on customer specifications, lighter weight, which facilitates higher payload capacity.
High Altitude Pseudo Satellites: HAPS are alternatives for traditional satellites. When deployed, HAPS typically operate at stratospheric altitudes, approximately 12 miles (approximately 65,000 feet) above sea level. HAPS are being increasingly utilized to provide high-quality broadcast features, particularly in remote regions, which have limited terrestrial network coverage. HAPS generally use solar energy and battery storage as the power source to operate for long durations of time. As a result, lightweight, higher energy density batteries with the ability to operate in extreme temperature and pressure conditions are critical enablers. Amprius offers advanced battery technology suitable for application in HAPS, which is currently in use by prominent aerospace companies, like Airbus.
Electric Air Transportation: Population growth and urbanization are key megatrends that are stretching ground transportation infrastructure to its limits and resulting in significant greenhouse gas emissions. A potential mitigation strategy is expanding travel into the air, which is offered by eVTOL vehicles, a passenger aircraft that uses electric power to hover, takeoff, and land vertically. Historically, the electrification of passenger and cargo aircraft has lagged the adoption of electric automobiles in part because of the greater technical challenges. However, over the last few years there have been significant advancements in the key enabling technologies for eVTOL aircraft, such as the high energy density and robust performance batteries offered by Amprius. Continued improvements in battery energy density could allow eVTOL aircraft to increase their range, speed and payload, dramatically expanding the range of trips and further accelerating the adoption of electric air mobility. Based on Morgan Stanley’s May 2021 report and management estimates, the total global addressable electric air mobility battery market is forecasted to reach approximately $11.1 billion by 2025.
EV Industry
The electrification of ground transportation is being accelerated by regulatory pressure to meet sustainability benchmarks and growing consumer preference. Some of the largest global automotive OEMs expect to be 100% EV by
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2035. Market and Market’s February 2021 report estimates that the global electric vehicle battery market is expected to reach $67.2 billion by 2025. McKinsey & Company estimated in October 2021 that EV battery requirements will be 3,900 GWh in 2030, of which 2,400 GWh will be needed for passenger cars alone. While multiple battery chemistries exist today that meet current EV specifications, there is room for significant improvement. According to a recent Deloitte survey, two of the key consumer concerns with EV adoption are driving range and lack of charging infrastructure. Our batteries, which have been tested and validated by the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium (“USABC”), as further described below, have the potential to help address both these concerns. As such, while our EV capable battery needs to be improved with respect to cycle life, form factor, cost and production quantity for us to compete with existing commercially available EV batteries, we believe that, as we grow and improve, we may be able to compete in the EV battery market.
Battery Requirements for Electric Transportation
Current battery technology creates a barrier in the near-term for the electric transportation market, especially for electric air mobility applications, as battery weight, size and recharging times would need to be improved for these operations to become commercial. The battery system must fulfill several key requirements:
•high energy density and specific energy in order to achieve long range endurance while enabling lighter weight;
•high power density to provide sufficient power at a specific instance, such as during aircraft take-off or landing;
•fast charging capabilities to enable high infrastructure throughput;
•operational in wide temperature and pressure ranges;
•safe to operate in a wide variety of conditions;
•a long calendar life and cycle life; and
•acceptable cost, which varies by application.
Our Solution
Today’s batteries typically utilize graphite as the anode material. Based on management’s estimates, we believe that graphite anodes have reached their theoretical limits for energy storage. We estimate that graphite anodes can only provide up to 355 mAh/g capacity for lithium storage, which can further degrade in extreme environments. We believe additional increases in the energy density for lithium-ion batteries are possible only by using active anode materials that have a higher capacity for lithium storage. Among such active materials, silicon is known to have the highest lithium storage capacity per unit mass or volume over any other element besides lithium itself.
In our batteries, we have replaced the graphite anode with a highly engineered silicon material that has a lithium storage capacity of approximately 3,400 mAh/g—nearly 10 times the highest capacity of known graphite anodes. By replacing graphite with silicon in the anode, we have significantly enhanced performance in batteries across energy density, power, charging time, safety and ability to operate in extreme environments.
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Our Competitive Strengths
Performance greatly exceeds conventional lithium-ion batteries commercially available today. The battery cells that we ship to our customers today significantly outperform commercially available conventional graphite battery cells. In particular, as shown in the table below, our batteries have approximately double the specific energy and energy density of graphite battery cells, and enable significantly faster charging time. We believe other next-generation battery technologies will require significant additional research, development and investment prior to being commercially viable.
| Performance Metric | Graphite Anode Battery Cells (1) |  (3) | ||||||
Anode Capacity (mAh/g) (1)(2) | 335-355 | 1,500-2,500 | ||||||
| Specific Energy (Wh/kg) | ~215-285 | 360-450 | ||||||
| Energy Density (Wh/L) | ~530-715 | 890-1,150 | ||||||
| Charging Time to 80% | 30 minutes | <6 minutes (4) | ||||||
| Rate Capability/Power | Up to 10C | Up to 10C | ||||||
| Cycle Life | 500-1,000 cycles | 200-1,200 cycles | ||||||
| Operating Temperature | -20 to 60oC | -30 to 55oC | ||||||
(1) Other than cycle life, based on a survey of 18650 technical datasheets (ex. Panasonic NCR18650G) and iFixit reports on iPhone and Samsung batteries. For cycle life, based on Shmuel De-Leon: Li-Ion NCA / NMC Cylindrical Hard Case Cells Market 2021.
(2) Anode capacity for Graphite Anode Battery (full cells) uses typical N/P ratio of 1.05 – 1.10.
(3) Includes released Amprius products with energy and power cell designs.
(4) Based on Amprius’ High Power battery cells.
Unique suitability for aviation markets that require high power, specific energy and energy density. We believe the increased performance of our batteries enable certain electric aviation applications. Specifically, our batteries have high specific energy and energy density, to maximize payload and reduce weight, thereby extending flight radius; high power density, to enable vertical take-off and landing functionality; fast charge, to minimize the time required to recharge a battery; wide operating temperature, for high altitude applications operating in extremely low temperatures; and cycle life parity with graphite batteries, depending on customer specifications.
In March 2023, our new prototype battery cells were verified to deliver energy density >504 WH/kg and >1321 WH/L at 25°C. The performance was verified by a leading testing house offering comprehensive battery regulatory compliance, safety and performance testing. We believe our next-generation cells, when commercially available, will have the potential to expand boundaries for our customers and provide a tailored solution for applications that require heightened discharge times without compromising key features, such as aircraft payload, and without having to increase vehicle weight.
First mover advantage in emerging aviation markets. As a result of our success with Airbus and other tier-one customers, we have become an established market pioneer in providing high performance batteries to the aviation industry. Our reputation and commitment to delivering ultra-high performance batteries have enabled us to enter into several development and master supply arrangements with our customers. Over 40 of our customers have tested and confirmed that our batteries exceed the technical requirements for their applications, and we believe our market leadership in aviation will enable us to continue to grow our customer base.
Proven performance in demanding and abuse-tested environments. Safety is recognized as one of the most important factors of lithium-ion battery technology. Our silicon anodes operate at a voltage that is at least 100 mV higher than that of graphite anodes, which not only enables faster charging but also cell operation at lower temperatures, thereby improving cell safety and mitigating the risk of overcharging. Our batteries are also designed to be ultra-resilient and undergo rigorous abuse testing, including air cargo certification and specific tests for defense applications.
In December 2022, an independent third-party testing lab validated our 390Wh/kg polymer electrolyte cell by successfully passing the nail penetration test per the requirements of section 4.7.4.4. of the MIL-PRF-32383 (Military Performance Specification). The test is used to determine the feasibility of a specific product in combat scenarios. Cells
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tested in accordance with 4.7.4.4. shall not burn or explode, and the external temperature of each test sample shall not be greater than 338 degrees Fahrenheit (170 degrees Celsius) when penetrated by sharp objects. When conducting the test, a 0.113-inch diameter stainless steel nail is driven through a fully charged cell at a prescribed speed. The cell is deemed to have passed if there is no smoke or flame following the nail penetration.
Robust IP portfolio and know-how related to our silicon nanowire ecosystem. Our silicon anode technology has been refined and improved upon for over 10 years, and is protected by over 80 issued patents and pending applications. Core aspects of our technologies and processes are also protected by know-how and trade secrets developed by our team for more than 10 years.
Our Products and Customers
As evidenced by customer validation, design wins and recurring orders with Airbus, AeroVironment, Teledyne FLIR, among others, our battery technology is well positioned to address the rapidly growing markets within the aviation industry, specifically UAS and eVTOL. UAS and eVTOL applications have historically used conventional lithium-ion batteries as a means to promote product prototypes, but market participants are seeking advancements in battery technology. We believe that our silicon anode technology can be part of the solution, as we currently offer three product platforms: High Energy, High Power, and Balanced Energy/Power.
High Energy Products. Our High Energy products are designed to maximize specific energy for applications that do not have high power requirements. For applications that have a continuous discharge rate of less than C/2, our High Energy battery cells deliver a specific energy of over 425 Wh/kg, and at C/10, up to 450 Wh/kg. This product has been most frequently used by HAPS, which are frequently designed to carry a payload at high altitudes for extended periods, typically for weeks or months at a time, as they rely on solar power for operations during the day and need to store sufficient energy in the battery to keep the aircraft aloft during the night.
For example, our battery is the energy storage technology aboard the Zephyr S, a HAPS by Airbus. The Zephyr S is a stratospheric vehicle that is designed to fly for months at a time, at an altitude of approximately 70,000 feet. In 2018, after integrating our battery cells into the Zephyr S, Airbus set an endurance and altitude record by flying continuously for over 25 days. We continue to support the Zephyr S program and were presented the 2021 Innovative Supplier of the Year Award by Airbus.
High Power Products. Our High Power products are designed for applications that place a premium on high power capabilities. For conventional high power lithium-ion batteries, specific energy typically ranges between 100-200 Wh/kg at 1C. In comparison, our High Power battery cells offer 350 Wh/kg at 1C and over 300 Wh/kg at 5C. In addition, these High Power cells are capable of fast charging such that they can charge from 0% to 80% in less than 6 minutes without performance degradation to cycle life or energy density. This level of power capability, energy density, and fast charge capability is optimal for the air transportation industry. The air transportation industry consists of either fixed-wing or eVTOL solutions, both of which require high power capabilities to lift the craft from the ground into the air. After the craft has reached “cruising altitude,” the requirements shift from power to energy, which determines the range the aircraft can travel. Once the vehicle has landed, the turnaround time to get the vehicle back into the air becomes critical, which is why we have designed our High Power products with fast charge capabilities.
In 2020, we began design and verification discussions with potential eVTOL customers. In 2021, we began a technical evaluation engagement with a tier-one eVTOL provider to develop an eVTOL-optimized battery system to support the development and commercialization of their eVTOL fleet. In 2022, we expanded our technical engagements with four additional eVTOL OEMs.
Balanced Energy/Power Products. Our Balanced Energy/Power products are designed for applications that desire a balance between power and energy. Rated for up to 3C continuous discharge, our balanced cell gravimetric energy ranges between 410 Wh/kg at 0.2C discharge rate and 320 Wh/kg at 3C discharge rate. This range of power capability is important to our UAS customers and our products typically meet UAS devices high initial power requirements (between 1-3C for takeoff and landing), as well as operational requirements at C/2 for cruise or hover states.
Since 2021, our Balanced Energy/Power products have been designed into programs at AeroVironment and Teledyne FLIR, with commercial shipments beginning in 2022.
EV-Capable Products in Development. We are currently developing an EV capable cell. Competition in the EV industry is intense, with high production volume requirements, low pricing, and balanced performance criteria, creating a
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high barrier to entry against the incumbent solutions. Prior to us being able to effectively compete in the EV space, we will need to further improve cycle life, increase cell form factors, increase production quantity and reduce our costs.
Since 2017, we have been sampling our batteries with USABC, which has independently verified that we have met or exceeded the majority of their 2025 EV cell performance goals, including usable energy density, usable specific energy, power density and charge time. In 2022, we were awarded a contract from USABC in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE") to develop a low-cost, fast-charge silicon anode battery that meets all of their 2025 EV cell characteristic targets. This program is scheduled to conclude in 2024 when we intend to deliver cells with a 99mm x 300mm (W x L) footprint and a capacity of at least 80Ah, having a beginning-of-life specific energy of no less than 400 Wh/kg, energy density of no less than 950 Wh/L, and a cycle life of 1,000 cycles.
Our Technology
Our proprietary silicon anode technologies solve for the inherent limitations of silicon anodes in lithium-ion cells. Silicon has historically been investigated as an anode material due to its intrinsic capability to store larger quantities of lithium per unit mass and volume compared to graphite. The main barrier preventing silicon from becoming more widely adopted across the battery industry is that the silicon material expands during charging as it absorbs lithium ions. For example, silicon particles may expand up to 300% during charging. After multiple charge and discharge cycles, silicon particles will crack, causing anode degradation and device breakdown.
Our proprietary silicon anode technology solves for the material expansion inherent with silicon. Our nanowire anodes start with a metal foil that is layered with a nanowire template and metallurgically attached to the metal foil substrate by a growth process. The nanowire template is coated with a low-density silicon and then encased by a thin layer of high-density silicon.
Our silicon anode generally contains more than 1,000,000 nanowires per square centimeter.
The nano-porosity of the low-density layer of silicon on each nanowire and the micro-porosity between the wires in our technology allows the silicon to expand at nano- and micro- meter levels when the anode is charged, with little to no damage to the anode.
Our anode structure also enables ions and electrons to travel in a straight path between and through the nanowires. In contrast, a particle structure results in ions and electrons traveling in a nonlinear, tortuous path. The straight path of our anode facilitates high electric and ionic conductivity, enabling high power and fast charging. Nanowires are always in electrical contact with the metal foil due to their growth rooted fabrication, while particles have to rely on particle-to-particle contact for electron transfer, which can easily be broken during cycling.
Our silicon anodes are considered 100% silicon based on the actual percentage of silicon of 99.5% to 99.9% which is within the range of acceptable purity levels that are considered 100%.
Manufacturing and Supply
We invented the proprietary silicon anode and its fabrication process. Our silicon anode is fabricated using chemical vapor deposition ("CVD") technology, and consists of three sequential steps. First, the nanowire template is grown by a thermally activated chemical reaction. Second, a low-density silicon coating is deposited by plasma enhanced CVD. Third, a high-density thin silicon surface layer is deposited by a thermally activated CVD process. These three steps replace all powder processing steps typically used in making graphite anodes, including powder mixing, slurry mixing, slurry coating, electrode drying and electrode calendaring. After fabrication, our product is the fully processed anode. This anode can then be assembled in cells with cathodes produced by manufacturing lines similar to those used in graphite anode cells. This fabrication process has been in commercial operation since 2018 with a kWh-scale manufacturing line at our headquarters in Fremont, California.
To develop the high volume anode fabrication tool needed for a GWh-scale manufacturing line, we have partnered with centrotherm international AG ("centrotherm"), a leading global supplier of tools used to produce wafers for solar cells. In October 2022, we received the first large-scale anode production machine, which is expected to increase our capacity for silicon anode production at our Fremont headquarters to approximately 2 MWh by the end of 2023. We have successfully fabricated silicon anodes with a solar wafer production tool made by centrotherm, but we will need to make certain modifications to the equipment for our needs. One modification is that we will replace wafers with large format foils, which we use in our kWh-scale production. This requires design and development of automated material handling for the
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foils. This is one of the principal engineering tasks in adapting the solar cell production equipment to our needs and will be undertaken in collaboration with an engineering design firm.
Completing design and development of the tool as well as the automated material handling and high volume production processes requires significant engineering. The ability to do so successfully and the timing of this effort may be subject to unforeseen complexities, component supply delays and other risks. Moreover, our manufacturing costs will depend not only on the cost of the tools but also on throughput, yield, efficiency of silane gas utilization and other factors. For more information, see Item 1A. Risk Factors including the risks described under “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Technology, Products and Manufacturing."
Although our anode processes differ from traditional anode manufacturing, the cathode and the rest of the cell—including electrolytes and separators—use conventional lithium-ion battery manufacturing tools and materials. Our silicon anodes are a direct drop-in replacement of the graphite anode in traditional lithium-ion batteries.
On January 20, 2023, we entered into a nonbinding letter of intent to lease premises consisting of approximately 774,000 square feet of space located in Brighton, Colorado. Subject to the finalization of the lease, we plan to build our GWh-scale manufacturing facility at this facility and procure manufacturing equipment for anode and cathode fabrication, cell assembly, and cell testing from established equipment suppliers. We have received commitments of state and local incentive packages providing approximately $10.0 million in tax incentives that are contingent on certain performance goals.
The dominant raw materials for our silicon anode include silane gas, which is used in making the silicon anodes, and electrodeposited nickel foil, which is used for the anode current collector substrate. As we increase manufacturing capacity, we expect to procure the silane gas from a global supplier of silane and silicon materials and will procure nickel foil from global suppliers of electrodeposited metals. Both silane gas and nickel foil are available commodity materials.
Due to its high capacity to store lithium relative to cathode materials, and to further increase the available lithium in the cell, the silicon anode can be prelithiated to a certain level (i.e., 10-20%) of its capacity before cell assembly. Prelithiation can be done electrochemically at low scale and by physical vapor deposition for large manufacturing volume. Equipment vendors have scaled-up or are scaling lithium evaporation equipment to GWh+ manufacturing volumes. We use electrochemical prelithiation in our current production and will integrate lithium evaporation steps in the anode manufacturing line.
Our Growth Strategy
Our goal is to become the market leader in high performance lithium-ion batteries for the transportation industry. In order to achieve that goal, we are pursuing the following growth strategies:
Complete large-scale manufacturing facility to meet customer demand and optimize costs. We operate a kWh-scale manufacturing line at our headquarters in Fremont, California. In January 2023, we entered into an amendment to the lease agreement of our Fremont headquarters, pursuant to which we will lease approximately 25,000 square feet of additional space located in the same building as our current headquarters, where we are working to achieve production on a MWh-scale. To meet the demand for our batteries, we are also in the process of negotiating a lease for a facility in Brighton, Colorado, where we expect we will build a GWh-scale manufacturing facility. We plan to operate a MWh-scale manufacturing line at our Fremont headquarters as we design and build a GWh-scale manufacturing line in a modular form in Brighton. We expect that the initial phase of the Brighton facility will result in manufacturing capacity of 500 MWh and be operational in 2025. Thereafter, we expect to further expand as needed through a Copy Exact methodology. Our ability to grow depends on the successful establishment of our GWh-scale manufacturing facility, which, in turn, will depend on, among other things, our ability to raise additional capital.
Reduce our costs. We believe our ability to reduce the costs of our batteries on a $/kWh basis will accelerate the adoption of our batteries and allow us to further broaden our customer base. As we scale, we believe we will benefit from reduced per-unit costs, including overhead, labor and capital expenditures, improved tool utilization and volume pricing for equipment and materials. We will also seek to reduce costs by optimizing material utilization, throughput and yield. However, until we are able to complete our optimization process, including designing and implementing our silicon anode production process, we cannot accurately forecast our manufacturing costs. Based on our current expectations, we estimate that our capital equipment expenditures will range between $120.0 million and $150.0 million to achieve 1.0 GWh per year of manufacturing capacity. Because our silicon anode process requires different equipment than traditional anode manufacturing, our capital equipment costs are likely to be higher than equipment used for production of graphite anodes.
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Extend first-mover advantage to become the market leader in lithium-ion batteries for aviation. We believe we are the leading company in the market today with a high-performance battery that can meet the requirements of aviation applications. We have built a strong reputation in the industry by delivering ultra-high performance batteries with high safety standards that meet or exceed industry standards and customer requirements. We expect to extend our presence in the aviation market, while also serving other transportation-related markets that require improvements in their electrification solutions. We are engaged with over 80 interested potential customers, 40 of which have tested and validated that our batteries exceed the technical requirements for their applications.
Further improve performance characteristics of our anode and battery cells. We believe we have the highest-performing commercially available batteries in the market. We intend to maintain our performance advantage by continuing to invest in our anode and cathode chemistries. We expect to continue to work to increase the performance characteristics of our batteries, particularly around power, energy density and cycle life. For example, in March 2023, our new prototype battery cells were verified to deliver energy density >504 WH/kg and >1321 WH/L at 25°C. The performance was verified by a leading testing house offering comprehensive battery regulatory compliance, safety and performance testing. We believe our next-generation cells, when commercially available, will have the potential to expand boundaries for our customers and provide a tailored solution for applications that require heightened discharge times without compromising key features, such as aircraft payload, and without having to increase vehicle weight. We will continue to invest in optimizing combinations of these performance characteristics as well as the requisite form factors to meet the specific needs of our customers and drive adoption of our battery cells in other areas of electrified transportation. As a result of these efforts, our goal is to fully realize the benefits of our silicon anode technology and develop the highest performing product in the market.
Expand our end markets and applications. As we increase our production capabilities, we will be able to supply our batteries in larger volumes to fulfill our customers’ battery prototyping and procurement requirements. Our current customer base consists primarily of aviation and other air transportation companies. We believe the batteries we have developed for the aviation industries can be adapted for larger form factors to meet the energy density and fast-charge requirements of the EV market once we are able to improve the cycle life, increase form factors, reduce cost and improve production quantity for our EV capable battery cells.
Research and Development
Our original silicon anode technology was developed at Stanford University in 2008, and for more than 10 years, we have refined and improved upon the technology for use in commercial applications. We have conducted research and development initiatives focused on improving certain performance characteristics and expanding the applications of our silicon anode battery technology. We expect to continue our research and development efforts in the following areas:
•Improving battery life: we are working with chemical compounds as potential additives to the silane gas we use to produce our silicon anodes which have demonstrated the potential to improve cycle life without negatively impacting other performance characteristics such as energy density.
•Further improvements to energy density: we are engaged in ongoing development activities to explore different cathode materials, including a conversion cathode, to further improve the energy density of our batteries.
•Larger cell form factors: the batteries we have developed and are developing for our customers are typically approximately 1.4-15Ah for small-sized aircraft. As we expand our customer base, we are in the process of developing larger form factor batteries for broader aviation applications and for EV customers.
We utilize our research and development capabilities not only to improve existing products but also to build custom-designed batteries for our customers. We have generated revenue from these design services. However, as we grow our manufacturing capacity, we expect that the relative percentage of our revenue from these activities will decrease.
Intellectual Property
Our proprietary silicon anode technologies, including the related processes, design and manufacturing, are protected by our patent portfolio and know-how and trade secrets. As of March 15, 2023, 64 patents had been issued (30 in the U.S. and 34 in the EU, Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan and Israel), 20 patents are applications pending (7 in the U.S. and 13 in the EU, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China) and 2 issued U.S. patents are licensed from Stanford University. Our issued patents
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expire between 2027 and 2040. As of March 15, 2023, we also held 11 registered trademarks (2 in the U.S. and 9 in Europe, Great Britain, Japan, Korea and China). Our patents cover:
•silicon structures—rooted nanowire template, tapered morphology, silicon dopants and multi-layered structure;
•materials technologies—solid electrolyte interphase formation, electrolyte formulations and scalable prelithiation; and
•silicon anode manufacturing processes, design and equipment.
In addition, we rely on non-disclosure agreements with employees, independent contractors, customers and other third parties to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights.
Circumstances outside our control could pose a threat to our intellectual property rights. For more information, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Intellectual Property.”
Competition
We compete directly and indirectly with current battery manufacturers and with an increasing number of companies that are developing new battery technologies and chemistries to address the growing market for electrified mobility solutions. Specifically, within the aviation markets, we primarily compete with conventional graphite anode batteries and silicon composite anode batteries. Silicon composites are graphite-based anodes that incorporate some silicon, typically in the form of particles of silicon or silicon monoxide.
Graphite anode battery companies include tier-one manufacturers such as Amperex Technology Limited (ATL), Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), LG Chem Ltd., Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Panasonic Industry Co., Ltd., and Samsung SDI Co., Ltd., which provide higher quality and higher performance solutions, and tier-two manufacturers which provide lower cost solutions. We expect the manufacturers of those batteries will continue to invest in improving the capabilities of their batteries.
While we are currently the only known battery manufacturer making approximately 100% silicon anodes, there are many companies making or developing silicon composite batteries or anode materials and companies seeking to develop 100% silicon anodes. Companies making or developing silicon composite anodes or materials include both large manufacturers as well as many well-funded new technology companies. These include BTR New Energy Material Ltd., Enevate Corporation, Enovix Corporation, Group 14 Technologies, Inc., Nexeon Ltd., Sila Nanotechnologies Inc., Shanshan Corporation, Storedot Ltd., and Berzelius (Nanjing) Co. Ltd. (formerly known as Amprius (Nanjing) Co., Ltd., “Berzelius”), a former subsidiary of Amprius Holdings, among others. Dr. Sun, our Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Amprius Board, serves on the board of Berzelius and its holding company. Silicon composite anodes may offer higher energy density and other improvements over conventional graphite anodes, and may be less expensive to manufacture than our silicon anodes.
For aviation applications, we believe that the defining characteristics of our battery cells (e.g., industry-leading specific energy and energy density, high power density, low operating temperature and fast charge capability), in addition to commercial validation, significantly differentiates us from graphite anode and silicon composite anode alternatives, thus making our silicon anode technologies the only battery solutions currently available and suitable for broad aviation adoption. However, we expect additional competitors to enter the market as their battery technologies continue to improve.
The EV battery industry is fast-growing and highly competitive. Unlike the aviation industry, where there are a limited number of commercially available batteries that meet the minimum performance specifications, there are many battery manufacturers in the EV industry that can produce commercially acceptable batteries, and they can produce those batteries at lower cost and higher volumes than we are currently able to. Future entrants may include companies developing different technologies, such as lithium metal anodes, which are not yet in commercial production. In order to compete in the EV industry, we would need to improve cycle life, increase form factors, improve production quantity and reduce our manufacturing costs.
Many of our competitors and potential future entrants, both in the aviation and EV industries, may be better capitalized and have greater resources to commercialize and expand their production capacities. These competitors may have greater access to customers and may be able to establish cooperative or strategic relationships amongst themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources and competitive positioning. If there are significant advances in battery chemistries that we cannot adapt, or if competitors are able to scale their production capacities before we are able
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to, our business may be materially impacted. For more information, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry" below.
Government Regulation and Compliance
Our business activities are global and are subject to various federal, state, local, and foreign laws, rules and regulations. For example, there are various government regulations pertaining to battery safety, transportation of batteries, use of batteries in cars, factory safety, and disposal of hazardous materials.
In many cases, our products are or may in the future be subject to trade and export control laws and regulations in the United States and other jurisdictions where we do business. Such laws may include the Export Administration Regulations, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, trade and economic sanctions maintained by the Office of Foreign Asset Control as well as foreign direct investment rules and regulations, tariffs and quotas, and other related regulations in jurisdictions in which we operate. In particular, an export license may be required to export or re-export our products and technology to certain countries or end-users or for certain end-uses or may be prohibited. Additionally, we may be required to register with the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls in order to conduct some aspects of our future business activities and we may be required to obtain licenses in order to conduct development activities. Obtaining the necessary export license for a particular sale or offering or business activity may not be possible or may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Any failure to adequately address these legal obligations could result in civil fines or suspension or loss of our export privileges, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In addition, our business may be subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-money laundering laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we have offices or do business, both domestic and abroad. Any failure to adequately comply with any of these obligations, or future changes with respect to any of these legal regimes, could cause us to incur significant costs, including the potential for new overhead costs, fines, sanctions, and third-party claims.
As a government contractor and/or subcontractor, we must comply with laws, regulations, and contractual provisions relating to the formation, administration, and performance of government contracts and grants, which affect how we and our partners do business with government agencies. Government contracts often contain provisions and are subject to laws and regulations that provide government customers with additional rights and remedies not typically found in commercial contracts. Ensuring compliance with government contracting laws, regulations, or contractual provisions may impose other added costs on our business, and failure to comply with these or other applicable regulations and requirements could lead to claims for damages, civil or criminal penalties, termination of contracts and/or suspension or debarment from obtaining government contracts and grants. Any such damages, penalties, disruption, or limitation in our ability to do business with a government could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, public perception and growth prospects.
Human Capital
We believe that our success is driven by our team of technology innovators and experienced business leaders. Many on our leadership team have been with Amprius over a decade. We seek to hire and develop employees who are dedicated to our strategic mission. As of December 31, 2022, we employed 58 full time employees, 4 temporary employees and 2 contractors based in our headquarters in Fremont, California and 1 full time employee and 1 contractor working remotely.
Our employees are the foundation of developing and commercializing our silicon anode technology. Ten of our employees are engaged in engineering, research and development and 43 are involved with battery manufacturing and production. Of our technical and operations staff, approximately 20% hold a Ph.D. or advanced degrees across material science, chemical, aerospace, structural and nanoscale engineering as well as physics and chemistry. We are committed to maintaining equitable compensation programs including equity participation. We offer market-competitive salaries and strong equity compensation aimed at attracting and retaining team members capable of making exceptional contributions to our success. Our compensation decisions are guided by the external market, role criticality and the contributions of each team member.
To date, we have not experienced any work stoppages and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good. None of our employees are either represented by a labor union or subject to a collective bargaining agreement.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.
Summary of Risk Factors
Some of the material risks that we face include:
•If our batteries fail to perform as expected, our ability to develop, market and sell our batteries would be adversely affected.
•We may not succeed in developing a new high-volume manufacturing line that meets our requirements for cell quality, yield, throughput and other performance metrics.
•We may not meet our manufacturing cost targets, which would limit the size of our market opportunities.
•Our establishment of a volume manufacturing facility is subject to many risks, including, among others, risks relating to executing a definitive lease agreement, re-zoning, construction, permitting, delays, cost overruns, supply chain constraints, and operating in a new geographic area away from our current headquarters.
•We may not succeed in retaining and attracting key employees, particularly technical talent, needed to operate and build our business successfully.
•We may encounter delays and technical obstacles in developing new battery products such as different cell formats to meet varied market requirements.
•Certain components of our batteries are hazardous and pose safety risks that may cause accidents in our manufacturing facility.
•We may be subject to financial and reputational risks due to product recalls and product liability claims, and we could face substantial liabilities that exceed our resources.
•We may not be able to accurately estimate the future supply and demand for our batteries, which could result in a variety of inefficiencies in our business and hinder our ability to generate revenue. If we fail to accurately predict our manufacturing requirements, we could incur additional costs or experience delays.
•The battery market is intensely competitive. Competitors include new entrants and established companies, many of which have significantly greater resources than us.
•Our future sales opportunities depend in part on the growth of markets for battery-powered aviation applications. These applications may develop slower or at a size that is less than expected, to the extent they develop at all.
•Developments in alternative technology or other fossil fuel alternatives may adversely affect the demand for our battery products.
•We have pursued and may continue to pursue development agreements and other strategic alliances, which could have an adverse impact on our business if they are unsuccessful.
•We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.
•We are an early stage company with a history of financial losses and expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future.
•We have previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to develop and maintain an effective system of internal controls and procedures required by Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and materially and adversely affect our stock price, business and operating results.
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•A significant portion of our business depends on sales to the public sector, and our failure to receive and maintain government contracts or changes in the contracting or fiscal policies of the public sector could have a material adverse effect on our business.
•We rely heavily on our intellectual property portfolio. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our business and competitive position would be harmed.
•We may need to defend ourselves against intellectual property infringement claims, which may be time-consuming and could cause us to incur substantial costs.
•Our operations expose us to litigation, environmental and other legal compliance risks. Compliance with laws and regulations can be expensive, and our failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in monetary damages and fines, adverse publicity and a material adverse effect on our business.
•We are or will be subject to anti-corruption and anti-bribery and anti-money laundering and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to administrative, civil and criminal fines and penalties, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation.
•Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.
•There is no guarantee that our warrants will be in the money at the time they become exercisable, and they may expire worthless.
Risks Related to Our Technology, Products and Manufacturing
If our batteries fail to perform as expected, our ability to develop, market and sell our batteries would be adversely affected.
Our batteries may contain defects in design and manufacture that may cause them to not perform as expected or that may require repairs, recalls and design changes. Our batteries are inherently complex and incorporate technology and components that have not been used for certain applications and that may contain defects and errors, particularly when first introduced to such applications. Although our batteries undergo quality control testing prior to release for shipment, there can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix all defects prior to shipment, and nonconformances, defects or errors could occur or be present in batteries that we release for shipment to customers. If our batteries fail to perform as expected, our customers may delay deliveries, our customer may terminate orders or we may initiate product recalls, each of which could adversely affect our sales and brand and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
Our battery architecture is different from our peers’ and may behave differently in customer use applications, certain applications of which we have not yet evaluated. This could limit our ability to deliver to certain applications. In addition, our historical data on the performance and reliability of our batteries is limited, and therefore our batteries could fail unexpectedly in the field resulting in significant warranty costs or brand damage in the market. Further, the silicon anode structure of our battery is different from traditional lithium-ion batteries and therefore our batteries could be susceptible to different and unknown failure modes leading our batteries to fail and cause a safety event in the field. Such an event could result in the failure of our end customers’ product as well as the loss of life or property, resulting in severe financial penalties for us, including the loss of revenue, cancellation of supply contracts and the inability to win new business due to reputational damage in the market. In addition, some of our supply agreements require us to bear certain costs relating to recalls and replacements of end products when such recalls and replacements are due to defects of our battery products that are incorporated in such end products.
We may not succeed in developing a new high-volume manufacturing line that meets our requirements for cell quality, yield, throughput and other performance metrics. Additionally, assuming we are able to develop a high-volume manufacturing line, it may be unreliable, require regular and significant maintenance and could be capital and resource intensive to operate.
To date, we have manufactured on a kWh-scale capacity. Our ability to manufacture our batteries at scale depends on the successful development of an automated, high-volume manufacturing line for our silicon anode that meets our requirements for cell quality, throughput, yield, and other performance metrics. Currently, we do not have a manufacturing line capable of producing our silicon anode batteries at scale. As part of our manufacturing expansion plans, in addition to
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designing and building a GWh-scale manufacturing facility, we are in the process of developing an automated, high-volume manufacturing line.
Although we have received our first large-scale anode production machine, we are customizing the machine for our production processes and must then complete tuning and testing before the machine goes online for production purposes. There is no guarantee that the customization, development and implementation of this manufacturing line will be successful. In addition, there is no guarantee that we will be able to correspondingly expand our manufacturing capacity for other battery components following the installation and implementation of such large-scale anode production machine. We and our potential suppliers and other equipment vendors may encounter significant engineering challenges, performance issues, delays, unforeseen development costs and other obstacles in building the high-volume manufacturing line, and if we are not successful, or if we encounter significant delays, our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations would be adversely affected.
In addition, in order for us to produce our batteries at scale and at a cost advantage, we must achieve levels of quality, throughput, and yield demonstrated for mature battery production. As we have not produced our batteries at scale, our ability to achieve such rates is untested and subject to significant constraints and uncertainties. Operational performance and costs can be difficult to predict and are often influenced by factors outside of our control, such as, but not limited to, failures by suppliers to deliver necessary components of our batteries in a timely manner and at prices and volumes acceptable to us, environmental hazards and remediation costs, costs associated with commissioning of machines, difficulty or delays in obtaining governmental permits, damages or defects in electronic systems, industrial accidents, fires, seismic activity and natural disasters, and problems with equipment vendors. Should operational risks materialize, they may result in lower yield, which would negatively affect our revenue growth and profitability.
Additionally, the development of the manufacturing line will require us to make intensive capital expenditures before we are able to benefit from such development. The manufacturing line may also suffer unexpected malfunctions from time to time and will depend on repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed. Further, unexpected equipment malfunctions may significantly affect the intended operational efficiency, thus materially and adversely affecting our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
We may not meet our manufacturing cost targets, which would limit the size of our market opportunities.
We will require significant capital to develop and grow our business and expect to incur significant expenses, including those relating to the expansion of our manufacturing capacity, development of our high-volume manufacturing line, raw material procurement, leases, sales and distribution as we build our brand and market our batteries, and general and administrative costs. Our profitability will not only depend on our ability to successfully market our batteries, but also our ability to control our costs. Some of the processes in the manufacturing of our silicon anodes require chemical vapor deposition, or CVD, for which equipment is more costly than those involved in standard anode production techniques. If we are unable to cost efficiently design, manufacture, market, sell and distribute our batteries, our margins, profitability and prospects would be materially and adversely affected. We have not yet commenced high-volume production of our batteries, and any cost advantage for the production of our batteries at scale, compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries, will require us to manufacture at rates of cell quality, throughput, and yield demonstrated for mature batteries and battery material that we have not yet achieved. If we are unable to achieve these targeted rates, our business will be adversely impacted.
We rely on, and will continue to rely on, complex equipment for our operations, and production involves a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.
We rely heavily on, and will continue to rely heavily on, complex equipment for our operations and the production of our batteries, which involves a significant degree of uncertainty and risk in terms of operational performance and costs. Our manufacturing equipment consists of many components, which may suffer unexpected malfunctions from time to time and may depend on repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed. Problems with our manufacturing processes could result in the loss of manufacturing equipment, damage to manufacturing facilities, monetary losses, delays, unanticipated fluctuations in production and personal injury to or death of workers. Should these precautions be inadequate or an event be larger than expected, we could have significant equipment or facility damage that would impact our ability to deliver our battery products and require additional cash to recover. In addition, in some cases, operational problems may result in environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities. Any of these operational problems, or a combination of them could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, business, financial condition, prospects or results of operations.
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Furthermore, manufacturing technology may evolve rapidly, and we may decide to update our manufacturing processes more quickly than expected. Moreover, as we scale the commercial production of our batteries, our experience may cause us to discontinue the use of already installed equipment in favor of different or additional equipment. The useful life of any equipment that would be retired early as a result would be shortened, causing the depreciation on such equipment to be accelerated, and our results of operations could be negatively impacted.
Our establishment of a volume manufacturing facility is subject to many risks, including, among others, risks relating to executing a definitive lease agreement, re-zoning, construction, permitting, delays, cost overruns, supply chain constraints, and operating in a new geographic area away from our current headquarters.
We currently operate only at a kWh-scale manufacturing capacity. As part of our manufacturing expansion plans, we are in the process of designing a GWh-scale manufacturing facility for our batteries, concurrently with the development of our high-volume manufacturing line for our silicon anode. We may not be successful in establishing our GWh-scale manufacturing facility. On January 20, 2023, we entered into a nonbinding letter of intent to lease premises consisting of approximately 774,000 square feet of space located in Brighton, Colorado, and we are in the process of designing and building our GWh-scale manufacturing facility on these premises. We have no assurances that we will be able to enter into a lease for this site on acceptable terms or at all and that the execution of such a lease would occur on an acceptable timeline. Additionally, to the extent we are able to execute a lease, the current zoning for this site does not allow for manufacturing our batteries. As such, the landlord is in the process of applying to re-zone the site for our planned development and use. While we expect the re-zoning to be completed by September 2023, the re-zoning application may not be approved and we may not be able to obtain the necessary licenses or permits for the manufacturing facility, which will delay the expected timing for our GWh-scale manufacturing facility. Until the re-zoning is complete, we will not be able to apply for permits required to repurpose the facility for manufacturing. Furthermore, if the re-zoning process is unsuccessful, we expect that we would terminate the lease in accordance with its terms and recommence our search for an alternate location for our expansion efforts, which will delay our operational timeline.
In addition, we will need to operate the manufacturing facility in a new geographic area away from our current headquarters. Our potential suppliers and other equipment vendors may also encounter delays, additional costs, and other obstacles in building our manufacturing line, which are currently unknown. Additionally, although we have tested and validated the performance of our products on one supplier’s platform, there is uncertainty as to whether our planned manufacturing line will be successful. If we fail to complete the construction in an efficient manner, or fail to recruit the required personnel and generally manage our growth effectively, large-scale production of our batteries could be curtailed or delayed.
Achieving capacity at commercial scale of high energy density lithium-ion batteries will require us to make significant and increasing capital expenditures to scale our production capacity and improve our supply chain processes. Further, because our silicon anode process requires different equipment than traditional anode manufacturing, our capital equipment costs are likely to be higher than equipment used for production of graphite anodes. Based on our current expectations, we estimate that our capital equipment expenditures will range between $120.0 million and $150.0 million to achieve 1.0 GWh per year of manufacturing capacity. The actual costs and time to complete our silicon anode process may materially exceed such estimates, if we are able to at all. Even if we are successful in the establishment of the new facility, our manufacturing capabilities could be affected by cost-overruns, unexpected delays, equipment failures, supply chain constraints, natural disasters, including earthquakes, fire, floods and typhoons, power failures, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks and numerous other factors that could prevent us from realizing the intended benefits of our manufacturing strategy, or cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware, and have a material adverse effect on our business.
We may not succeed in retaining and attracting key employees, particularly technical talent, needed to operate and build our business successfully.
Our success depends on our ability to attract and retain our executive officers, key employees and other qualified personnel, particularly technical talent, and as a relatively small company with key talent residing in a limited number of employees, our operations may be severely disrupted if we lost their services. In particular, we are highly dependent on the services of Dr. Kang Sun, our Chief Executive Officer, and other senior technical and management personnel, including our executive officers, who would be difficult to replace.
If Dr. Sun or any other key personnel were to depart, we may not be able to successfully attract and retain senior leadership necessary to grow our business. As we build our brand and become better known, there is increased risk that
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competitors or other companies will seek to hire our personnel. The failure to attract, integrate, train, motivate and retain these personnel could seriously harm our business and prospects.
In addition, designing, building and operating our new manufacturing facility and large-scale production tools will require us to hire highly skilled personnel, including battery factory design and operations experts. There are currently a limited number of people with this experience in the United States. Recruiting and training skilled engineers, workers and other laborers will take significant cost and time, and an inability to do so timely or at all would inhibit the successful design, build-out and operation of the new manufacturing facility, thus negatively affecting our business and our results of operations.
Certain of our officers and Board of Directors provide services to Amprius Holdings and other entities formerly affiliated with Amprius Holdings.
Certain of our officers and Board of Directors provide services to Amprius Holdings. Also, Dr. Kang Sun, our Chief Executive Officer, serves on the boards of certain entities that were formerly affiliated with Amprius Holdings. As a result, there could be competition for the time and effort of these individuals. If such officers and directors do not devote sufficient attention to the management and operation of our business, our financial results may suffer.
We may encounter delays and technical obstacles in developing new battery products such as different cell formats to meet varied market requirements.
Our customers often require unique battery configurations or custom designs for their products. Once we enter into contracts with customers to produce batteries for their products, we expect to tailor the design of our batteries specifically to the products that these customers manufacture. This development process requires not only substantial lead time between the commencement of design efforts for customized batteries and the commencement of volume shipments of the battery cells to the customer, but also the cooperation and assistance of the customer in order to determine the requirements for each specific application. Technical problems may arise that affect the acceptance of our battery products by the customers. Our ability to tailor our batteries to meet the needs of our customers is affected by whether we can, amongst other things:
•receive and maintain necessary intellectual property protections;
•obtain governmental approvals and registrations;
•comply with governmental regulations;
•further develop and refine our technology; and
•anticipate customer needs and preferences successfully.
If we are unable to design and develop new battery products that meet our customers’ requirements, we may lose opportunities to obtain purchase orders, and our reputation and prospects may be damaged.
Certain components of our batteries are hazardous and pose safety risks that may cause accidents in our manufacturing facility. We may be subject to financial and reputational risks due to product recalls and product liability claims, and we could face substantial liabilities that exceed our resources.
Due to the high energy density inherent in lithium-ion batteries, our batteries can pose certain safety risks, including the risk of fire. Accidents causing death or personal injury or property damage, can occur, and no high energy density battery will ever be 100% safe. For example, under certain abuse conditions, lithium-ion batteries can go into thermal runaway, which can result in fire. Although we incorporate safety procedures in the research, development, manufacture and transportation of batteries that are designed to minimize safety risks, the manufacture or use of our battery products may still cause accidents. Any accident, whether occurring at our manufacturing facilities or from the use of our battery products, may result in significant production interruption, delays or claims for substantial damages caused by personal injuries or property damage.
In addition, due to the harsh environments in which batteries are used—extremely low temperature and pressure, and combat for military applications—our batteries go through rigorous testing to ensure safe behavior under abuse-case conditions. Although such tests have been successful to date, we cannot assure you such tests will be successful in the future. If we have to make design changes to address any safety issues, we may have to delay or suspend our planned production, which could materially damage our brand, business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
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Product liability claims, even those without merit or those that do not involve our battery products, could harm our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
A successful product liability claim against us, resulting from safety issues or otherwise, could require us to pay a substantial monetary award. We may not be able to cover any substantial monetary judgment against us. Moreover, a product liability claim against us or our competitors could generate substantial negative publicity about our battery products and could have a material adverse effect on our brand, business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
We may not be able to accurately estimate the future supply and demand for our batteries, which could result in a variety of inefficiencies in our business and hinder our ability to generate revenue. If we fail to accurately predict our manufacturing requirements, we could incur additional costs or experience delays.
We anticipate being required to provide forecasts of our demand to our current and future suppliers prior to the scheduled delivery of products to potential customers. Currently, there is limited historical basis for making judgments on the demand for our batteries and our ability to develop, manufacture, and deliver our battery products. Our customers’ final purchase orders may not be consistent with our estimates. If we overestimate our requirements, our suppliers may deliver excess inventory, which indirectly would increase our costs and result in unprofitable sales or write-offs. Given that our batteries are often customized to meet our customers’ specifications, they are susceptible to obsolescence due to their limited shelf life. Because we have no history of large-scale production, we may also be unable to forecast accurately the pace of manufacturing or the take-up of our battery products by our customers.
If we underestimate our requirements, our suppliers may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt manufacturing of our battery products and result in delays in shipments and revenues. In addition, lead times for materials and components that our suppliers order may vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for each component at a given time. If we fail to order sufficient quantities of battery components in a timely manner, the delivery of our batteries to our potential customers could be delayed, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Producing additional battery products to make up for any shortages within a short time frame may be difficult, making us unable to fulfill the purchase orders, especially due to the customized nature of our batteries. In either case, our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We may not be able to establish supply relationships for necessary materials, components or equipment or may be required to pay more than anticipated for components or equipment, which could negatively impact our business.
We rely on third-party suppliers for components necessary to develop and manufacture our batteries, including key supplies such as our silane gas, substrate foil, electrolytes, separators, and cathode materials. We face risks relating to the availability of these materials and components, including that we will be subject to demand shortages and supply chain challenges and generally may not have sufficient purchasing power to eliminate the risk of price increases for the raw materials and lines we need. For example, we expect to procure the silane gas needed for our manufacturing from one vendor, a global supplier of silane and silicon materials; however, we expect that they may not be able to supply the volume required for highly scaled production. We are also in the process of collaborating with other key suppliers but have not yet entered into agreements for the supply of scaled production quantities of these materials. To the extent that we are unable to enter into commercial agreements with these suppliers on beneficial terms, or these suppliers experience difficulties ramping up their supply of materials to meet our requirements, high-volume production of our batteries will be delayed and we will not be able to meet our production timelines.
Separately, we may be subject to various supply chain requirements regarding, among other things, conflict minerals and labor practices. We may be required to incur substantial costs to comply with these requirements, which may include locating new suppliers to replace existing ones. We may not be able to find any new suppliers for certain raw materials or components required for our operations, or such suppliers may be unwilling or unable to provide us with products.
We expect to incur significant costs related to procuring materials required to manufacture and assemble our batteries. We expect to use various materials in our batteries that will require us to negotiate purchase agreements and delivery lead-times on advantageous terms. We may not be able to control fluctuation in the prices for these materials or negotiate agreements with suppliers on terms that are beneficial to us. Substantial increases in the prices for our raw materials, or our inability to reduce our raw material costs as we scale, would negatively impact our prospects.
Any disruption in the supply of components or materials could temporarily disrupt research and development activities or production of our batteries until an alternative supplier is able to supply the required material. Changes in
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business conditions, unforeseen circumstances, governmental changes, and other factors beyond our control or which we do not presently anticipate, could also affect our suppliers’ ability to deliver components to us on a timely basis. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
We are actively monitoring the impacts of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and continuing to assess its potential to adversely affect our business. Our business has not been directly impacted by this ongoing military conflict, as we have no assets or operations, and we have not purchased materials from, Russia, Belarus or Ukraine. To date, we have not experienced any material disruption in our business. Accordingly, we have not yet taken measures to mitigate potential adverse effects of such conflict. However, the length and outcome of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is highly unpredictable. The conflict may continue to cause significant market and other disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, supply of components and supply chain interruptions, which could adversely and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
Currency fluctuations, geopolitics, trade barriers, embargoes, tariffs or shortages and other general economic or political conditions may limit our ability to obtain key components for our batteries or significantly increase freight charges, raw material costs and other expenses associated with our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
The battery market is intensely competitive. Competitors include new entrants and established companies, many of which have significantly greater resources than us. Our battery products must compete with advances in new battery chemistries and manufacturing methods as well as continued improvements in conventional batteries and battery anodes.
The battery market in which we compete continues to evolve rapidly and is highly competitive. To date, we have focused our efforts on our silicon anode technology, which is designed to outperform conventional lithium-ion battery technology and other battery technologies. However, lithium-ion battery technology has been widely adopted and our current competitors have, and future competitors may have, greater resources than us and may also be able to devote greater resources to the development of their current and future technologies. These competitors also may have greater access to customers and may be able to establish cooperative or strategic relationships amongst themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources and competitive positioning. In addition, lithium-ion battery manufacturers may make improvements in energy density faster than they have historically, continue to reduce cost and expand supply of conventional batteries and therefore reduce our energy density advantage and price premium, which would negatively impact the prospects for our business or negatively impact our ability to sell our battery products at a market-competitive price and with sufficient margins.
There are a number of companies seeking to develop alternative approaches to lithium-ion battery technology. We expect competition in battery technology to intensify. Developments in alternative technologies or improvements in batteries technology made by competitors may materially adversely affect the sales, pricing and gross margins of our batteries. If a competing technology is developed that has superior operational or price performance, our business will be harmed. If we fail to accurately predict and ensure that our battery technology can address customers’ changing needs or emerging technological trends, or if our customers fail to achieve the benefits expected from our silicon anode technology, our business will be harmed.
We expect to commit significant resources to scale our battery manufacturing capacity and maintain a competitive position, and these commitments may be made without knowing whether such investments will result in products potential customers will accept. There is no assurance we will successfully identify new customer requirements, develop and bring our batteries to market on a timely basis, or that products and technologies developed by others will not render our batteries obsolete or noncompetitive, any of which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Customers will be less likely to purchase our batteries if they are not convinced that our business will succeed in the long term. Similarly, suppliers and other third parties will be less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with us if they are not convinced that our business will succeed in the long term. Accordingly, in order to build and maintain our business, we must maintain confidence among current and future partners, customers, suppliers, analysts, ratings agencies and other parties in our long-term financial viability and business prospects. Maintaining such confidence may be particularly complicated by certain factors including those that are largely outside of our control, such as our limited operating history, market unfamiliarity with our battery products, any delays in scaling manufacturing, delivery and service operations to meet demand, competition and uncertainty regarding our production and sales performance compared with market expectations.
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Our future sales opportunities depend in part on the growth of markets for battery-powered aviation applications. These applications may develop slower or at a size that is less than expected, to the extent they develop at all.
Our growth and future demand for our battery products is dependent in part upon the adoption by consumers of alternative fuel vehicles in general and battery-powered aviation applications in particular. The market for new energy vehicles is still evolving, characterized by changing technologies, competitive pricing and competitive factors, evolving government regulation and industry standards, and changing consumer demands and behaviors.
Market estimates and growth forecasts are also subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may prove to be inaccurate. For example, if the assumptions that we base our market forecasts on, including the continued development and availability of high performance batteries at a competitive price point, OEM investment in aircraft and software, consumer preference and, with respect to electric air transportation, regulatory approval and the requisite infrastructure, are incorrect, this expected growth may occur slower than expected, if it occurs at all. If the market for battery-powered applications in general does not develop as expected, or develops more slowly than expected, our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations could be harmed.
Developments in alternative technology or other fossil fuel alternatives may adversely affect the demand for our battery products.
Significant developments in alternative technologies, such as fuel cell technology, advanced diesel, ethanol or natural gas, or breathing batteries, may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations in ways that we may not currently anticipate. Existing and other battery technologies, fuels or sources of energy may emerge as customers’ preferred alternatives to our battery products. Any failure by us to develop new or enhanced technologies or processes, or to react to changes in existing technologies, could materially delay our development and introduction of new and enhanced alternative products, which could result in decreased revenue and adversely affect our prospects.
Our research and development efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in alternative fuels or aviation and EV technology. As technologies evolve, we plan to develop more efficient manufacturing processes, and advanced battery chemistry, which may also negatively impact the adoption of our other battery products. However, we may not compete effectively with alternative systems if we are not able to develop, source and integrate the latest technology into our battery products.
We have pursued and may continue to pursue development agreements and other strategic alliances, which could have an adverse impact on our business if they are unsuccessful.
We have entered into development agreements and master supply agreements with certain of our customers, and may in the future enter into similar arrangements and development agreements with our customers, including with Airbus and the U.S. Army. While offering potential benefits, these strategic alliances with OEMs and others could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance by our partners and costs of establishing and maintaining new strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. We may have limited ability to monitor or control the actions of our partners and, to the extent any of them suffers negative publicity or harm to their reputation from events relating to their business, we may also suffer negative publicity or harm to our reputation by virtue of our association with them. For example, if we rely on our partners’ manufacturing facilities, those operations would be outside of our control. We could experience delays if our partners do not meet agreed-upon timelines or experience capacity constraints, and in turn, we could lose customers and face reputational harm.
Our ability to grow will depend, in part, on our ability to contract with aviation and EV OEMs to incorporate our batteries in their products, which will require significant time and expense, and may not come to fruition.
Our success, and our ability to increase revenue and operate profitably, depends in part on our ability to contract with aviation and EV OEMs. This process will require significant time and resources, especially for incorporation into EVs. For example, EV manufacturers frequently require several years of evaluation prior to incorporating new products, like our batteries, into their EVs. This evaluation process includes, among other things, extensive safety and abuse tests, performance tests and cost modeling. We have not begun this process with any EV manufacturers. Thus, our efforts to expand our manufacturing and sales to OEMs may not be successful, and may never result in products that achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or become profitable, thus harming our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
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Our research and development efforts strive to create products that are on the cutting edge of technology and meeting the evolving requirements of our customers, but competition in our industry is high. To secure acceptance of our battery products, we must also constantly develop and introduce cost-effective, increasingly more scalable silicon anode batteries with enhanced functionality and performance to meet evolving industry standards. If we are unable to retain and grow our existing customer relationships, or convert early trial deployments into meaningful orders, our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
If existing customers do not make subsequent purchases from us or renew their contracts with us, our revenue could decline, and our results of operations would be adversely impacted.
We derive a significant portion of our revenue from existing customers that expand their relationships with us. Increasing the size and number of the deployments of our existing customers is an important part of our growth strategy. We may not be effective in executing this or any other aspect of our growth strategy.
For our customers who individually represent 10% or more of our revenue, four customers together accounted for 73% of our revenue during the year ended December 31, 2022 and two customers together accounted for 80% of our revenue during the year ended December 31, 2021. Certain of our customers, including customers that represent a significant portion of our business, have in the past reduced their spend with us or terminated their agreements with us, which has reduced our anticipated future cash receipts or revenue from these customers. It is not possible for us to predict the future level of demand from our larger customers for our battery products, and there can be no assurance that our existing customers will continue to purchase from us.
Achieving renewal or expansion of deployments may require us to increasingly engage in sophisticated and costly sales efforts that may not result in additional sales. In addition, our customers’ decisions to expand the use of our battery products depends on a number of factors, including general economic conditions, the functioning of our batteries, and our customers’ satisfaction with our battery products. If our efforts to expand within our existing customer base are not successful, our business may suffer.
We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.
We may need additional capital before we commence production at scale, and it may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. For example, our capital budget assumes, among other things, that our development timeline progresses as planned and our corresponding expenditures are consistent with current expectations, both of which are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described herein, and, as needed, that we are able to utilize the Committed Equity Financing.
More specifically, we expect our capital expenditures and working capital requirements to increase materially in the near future, as we design our automated, high-volume manufacturing line and scale up production. Through this process, we expect our operating expenses will increase substantially on account of increased headcount and other general and administrative expenses necessary to support a rapidly growing company.
As a result, we may need to access the debt and equity capital markets, including through the Committed Equity Financing, to obtain additional financing in the future. However, these sources of financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Our ability to obtain additional financing will be subject to a number of factors, including:
•market conditions;
•the level of success with our current manufacturing capabilities;
•our operating performance;
•investor sentiment; and
•our ability to incur additional debt in compliance with any agreements governing our then-outstanding debt.
Additionally, the sale of a substantial number of securities under our Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on September 30, 2022 or to B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC ("BRPC II") in the Committed Equity Financing, or the anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.
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Further, the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which began in February 2022, has had an adverse impact on the global economy and financial markets. Although our business has not been directly impacted by this ongoing military conflict, as we have no assets or operations, and we have not purchased materials from, Russia, Belarus or Ukraine, it is impossible to predict the extent to which our operations, or those of our customers, suppliers and manufacturers, will be impacted in the short and long term, or the ways in which the conflict may impact our business. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be material.
These factors may make the timing, amount, terms or conditions of additional financings unattractive to us. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, references or privileges senior to the rights of our currently issued and outstanding equity or debt, and our existing stockholders may experience dilution. If we are unable to generate sufficient funds from operations or raise additional capital, we may be forced to take actions to reduce our capital or operating expenditures, including by eliminating redundancies, or reducing or delaying our production facility expansions, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares we will sell under the Purchase Agreement to BRPC II, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales.
On September 27, 2022, we entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement with BRPC II ("Purchase Agreement"), pursuant to which BRPC II committed to purchase up to $200.0 million of shares of our common stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement (the “Committed Equity Financing”). The shares of our common stock that may be issued under the Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to BRPC II at our discretion from time to time until January 1, 2025.
We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our shares of common stock to BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement. Sales of our common stock, if any, to BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to BRPC II all, some or none of the shares of our common stock that may be available for us to sell to BRPC II pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.
As consideration for BRPC II’s commitment to purchase shares of common stock at our direction upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, upon execution of the Purchase Agreement, we issued 84,793 shares of common stock (the “Initial Commitment Shares”) to BRPC II. Upon our receipt of total aggregate gross cash proceeds equal to $100.0 million from BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement, we will issue 84,793 additional shares of common stock (collectively with the Initial Commitment Shares, the “Commitment Shares”) to BRPC II. Any shares of common stock issued in the Committed Equity Financing to BRPC II other than the Commitment Shares will be purchased by BRPC II at current market prices less a 3.0% fixed discount. Because the purchase price per share to be paid by BRPC II for the shares of common stock that we may elect to sell to BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our common stock at the time we elect to sell shares to BRPC II pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, it is not possible for us to predict, prior to any such sales, the number of shares of common stock that we will sell to BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement, the purchase price per share that BRPC II will pay for shares purchased from us under the Purchase Agreement, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement.
Although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to an aggregate of $200.0 million of our common stock to BRPC II, only 16,825,366 shares of our common stock were registered for resale under a registration statement on Form S-1 (the “Committed Equity Registration Statement”) filed with the SEC on September 30, 2022 and declared effective by the SEC on December 27, 2022. If it becomes necessary for us to issue and sell to BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement more than the 16,825,366 shares being registered for resale under the Committed Equity Registration Statement in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to $200.0 million under the Purchase Agreement, we must first file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act the resale by BRPC II of any such additional shares of our common stock we wish to sell from time to time under the Purchase Agreement, which the SEC must declare effective before we may elect to sell any additional shares of our common stock to BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement.
Under the applicable rules of the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE"), in no event may we issue to BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement more than the Exchange Cap, unless we obtain stockholder approval to issue shares of common stock in excess of the Exchange Cap in accordance with the applicable NYSE rules. The Exchange Cap is not
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applicable to issuances and sales of common stock pursuant to VWAP Purchases and Intraday VWAP Purchases that we may effect pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, to the extent such shares of common stock are sold in such VWAP Purchases and Intraday VWAP Purchases (as applicable) at a price equal to or in excess of the applicable “minimum price” (as defined in the applicable listing rules of the NYSE) of the common stock, calculated at the time such VWAP Purchases and Intraday VWAP Purchases (as applicable) are effected by us under the Purchase Agreement, if any, as adjusted to take into account our issuance of the Commitment Shares to BRPC II and our reimbursement of a certain amount of BRPC II’s legal fees and expenses. Moreover, we may not issue or sell any shares of common stock to BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement which, when aggregated with all other shares of common stock then beneficially owned by BRPC II and its affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and Rule 13d-3 thereunder), would result in BRPC II beneficially owning more than 4.99% of the outstanding shares of common stock.
Any issuance and sale by us under the Purchase Agreement of a substantial number of shares of common stock in addition to the 16,825,366 shares of common stock that were registered for resale by BRPC II under the Committed Equity Registration Statement could cause additional substantial dilution to our stockholders. The number of shares of our common stock ultimately offered for sale by BRPC II is dependent upon the number of shares of common stock, if any, we ultimately elect to sell to BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement.
Our future growth and success depend in part on our ability to grow our customer base and effectively sell to a wide variety of customers.
Our potential customers are manufacturers of products that tend to be large enterprises or governmental agencies. Therefore, our future success will depend on our ability to grow our customer base and effectively sell to a wide variety of customers. Sales to these end-customers involve risks that may not be present (or that are present to a lesser extent) with sales to smaller customers. These risks include, but are not limited to, (i) increased purchasing power and leverage held by large customers in negotiating contractual arrangements with us and (ii) longer sales cycles and the associated risk that substantial time and resources may be spent on a potential end-customer that elects not to purchase our solutions.
Large organizations often undertake a significant evaluation process that results in a lengthy sales cycle. In addition, product purchases by large organizations are frequently subject to budget constraints, multiple approvals and unanticipated administrative, processing and other delays. Finally, large organizations typically have longer implementation cycles, require greater product functionality and scalability, require a broader range of services, demand that vendors take on a larger share of risks, require acceptance provisions that can lead to a delay in revenue recognition and expect greater payment flexibility. All of these factors can add further risk to business conducted with these potential customers.
In addition, if we were unable to maintain or increase our customer retention rates or generate new customers in a cost-effective manner, our business, financial condition and results of operations would likely be adversely affected. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain or grow our customer base in a cost-effective way. If we are unable to develop high quality products at scale, or introduce new products, we may fail to attract new customers or lose our existing customers, which could adversely affect our growth and profitability.
Our business model has yet to be tested and any failure to realize our strategic plans would have an adverse effect on our operating results and business, harm our reputation and could result in substantial liabilities that exceed our resources.
There is additional risk associated with new enterprises like Amprius, that are encountering new challenges and issues for the first time, many of which are beyond our control, including substantial risks and expenses in the course of establishing or entering new markets, organizing operations and undertaking marketing activities. The likelihood of our success must be considered in light of these risks, expenses, complications, delays and the competitive environment in which we operate. There is, therefore, nothing at this time upon which to base an assumption that our business plan will prove successful, and we may not be able to generate significant revenue, raise additional capital or operate profitably. We will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by early commercial stage companies, including scaling up our infrastructure and headcount, and may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties or delays in connection with our growth. In addition, as a result of the capital requirements of our business, we can be expected to continue to sustain substantial operating expenses without generating sufficient revenue to cover expenditures. Any investment in our company is therefore highly speculative and could result in the loss of your entire investment.
It is difficult to predict our future revenues and appropriately budget for our expenses, and we have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. In the event that actual results differ from our estimates or we adjust
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our estimates in future periods, our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations could be materially affected.
We are an early stage company with a history of financial losses and expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future.
We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. We incurred net losses of $17.3 million and $9.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We believe that we will continue to incur operating and net losses each quarter until at least the time we begin scaled production of our batteries.
We expect the rate at which we will incur losses to be significantly higher in future periods as we, among other things: continue to incur significant expenses in connection with building out our high-volume manufacturing facility and manufacturing line; endeavor to hire the experienced scientific, quality-control, and manufacturing personnel needed to operate our scaled manufacturing processes; build up inventories of components for our batteries; increase our sales and marketing activities; develop our distribution infrastructure; and increase our general and administrative functions to support our growing operations. We may find that these efforts are more expensive than we currently anticipate or that these efforts may not result in revenues, which would further increase our losses.
If we fail to effectively manage our future personnel growth, we may not be able to market and sell our batteries successfully.
Our future success depends upon our ability to grow, and if we are unable to manage our personnel growth effectively, we may incur unexpected expenses and be unable to meet our eventual customers’ requirements, all of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. To manage our current and anticipated future growth effectively, we must continue to maintain and enhance our infrastructure, financial and accounting systems, and controls. We must also attract, train and retain a significant number of scientists, engineers, sales and marketing personnel, technical and manufacturing personnel, and management personnel, and the availability of such personnel may be constrained. For more information, see “—We may not succeed in retaining and attracting key employees, particularly technical talent, needed to operate and build our business successfully.”
As we continue to grow, including from the integration of employees and businesses acquired in connection with future acquisitions, we may find it difficult to maintain important aspects of our corporate culture, which could negatively affect our profitability and our ability to retain and recruit qualified personnel who are essential for our future success. If we do not effectively manage our growth, we may not be able to execute on our growth plan, respond to competitive pressures, take advantage of market opportunities, satisfy customer requirements or manufacture high-quality battery products. Additionally, we may not be able to expand and upgrade our infrastructure to accommodate future growth.
Failure to effectively manage our growth could also lead us to over-invest or under-invest in development and operations; result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, systems or controls; give rise to operational mistakes, financial losses, loss of productivity or business opportunities; and result in loss of employees and reduced productivity of remaining employees. Our growth is expected to require significant capital expenditures, which may lower our earnings, and may divert financial resources from other projects such as the development of new products and services. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, our expenses may increase more than expected, our revenue may not increase or may grow more slowly than expected and we may be unable to implement our business strategy.
We have been, and may in the future be, adversely affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic and/or any other pandemic.
We face various risks related to epidemics, pandemics and other outbreaks, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of COVID-19, including changes in consumer and business behavior, pandemic fears and market downturns, and restrictions on business and individual activities, has created significant volatility in the global economy and led to reduced economic activity. If a significant portion of our workforce is unable to work due to COVID-19 illness, quarantine or other government restrictions in connection with COVID-19, our operations may be negatively impacted. The spread of COVID-19 has also impacted our potential customers and suppliers by disrupting the manufacturing, delivery and overall supply chain of battery and device manufacturers. As a result, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic could impact the availability of materials and resources necessary for our operations.
The pandemic has resulted in government authorities implementing numerous measures to try to contain the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, stay-at-home or shelter-in-place orders, and business shutdowns. For example, some employees at our headquarters located in Fremont, California were subject to a stay-at-home order from the
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state government for a period of time. These measures have and may continue to adversely impact our employees and operations and the operations of our suppliers, vendors and business partners, and may negatively impact our sales and marketing activities. In addition, various aspects of our business cannot be conducted remotely. These measures by government authorities may remain in place for a significant period of time and could adversely affect our future manufacturing plans, sales and marketing activities, business and results of operations. We may take further actions as may be required by government authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, suppliers, vendors and business partners.
The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, its severity, the actions to contain the virus or treat its impact, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating activities can resume. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may continue to experience an adverse impact to our business as a result of its global economic impact, including any economic recession that has occurred or may occur in the future.
There are no comparable recent events that may provide guidance as to the effect of the spread of COVID-19 and a pandemic, and, as a result, the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain.
Certain members of our management do not have experience in operating a public company.
Certain of our executive officers do not have experience in the management of a publicly traded company. Our management team may not successfully or effectively manage our recent transition to being a public company due to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. We may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience and training in the policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies in the United States. As a result, we may be required to pay higher outside legal, accounting or consulting costs than our competitors, and our management team members may have to devote a higher proportion of their time to issues relating to compliance with the laws applicable to public companies, both of which might put us at a disadvantage relative to competitors.
Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to protect us from all business risks.
We may be subject, in the ordinary course of business, to losses resulting from product liability, accidents, acts of God, and other claims against us, for which we may have no insurance coverage. As a general matter, the policies that we do have may include significant deductibles or self-insured retentions, and we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be sufficient to cover all future losses or claims against us. A loss that is uninsured or which exceeds policy limits may require us to pay substantial amounts, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our cash and cash equivalents could be adversely affected if the financial institutions in which we hold our cash and cash equivalents fail.
We regularly maintain cash balances at third-party financial institutions, including Silicon Valley Bank, in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limit. Silicon Valley Bank’s temporary failure to return certain of our deposits briefly impacted access to our invested cash or cash equivalents, and a similar failure of a depository institution to return these deposits, or if a depository institution is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets, could further impact access to our invested cash or cash equivalents and could adversely impact our operating liquidity and financial performance.
We have previously identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting. If we are unable to develop and maintain an effective system of internal controls and procedures required by Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and materially and adversely affect our stock price, business and operating results.
Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports in a timely manner. In connection with the audit of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, we identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that have not been remediated as of December 31, 2022. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such
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that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
The first material weakness was related to not designing or maintaining an effective control environment specific to the areas of our financial reporting and close process, including ineffective review, analysis and approval of journal entries and ineffective review of monthly financial statements. The second material weakness was related to inadequate segregation of incompatible duties due to the small size of our accounting and finance team.
In order to address these identified material weaknesses, we are in the process of increasing resources within our finance department, including the expansion of our accounting, control and compliance functions to develop and implement continued improvements and enhancements to address the overall deficiencies that led to the material weaknesses. Our management believes that these actions will enable us to address the material weaknesses that were identified in a timely manner and maintain a properly designed and effective system of internal control over financial reporting and provide appropriate segregation of duties. However, these remediation measures may be time consuming and costly and there is no assurance that these initiatives will ultimately have the intended effects.
We plan to continue to assess our internal controls and procedures and intend to take further action as necessary or appropriate to address any other matters we identify. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date and may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting or that it will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the possibility of human error and the risk of fraud. If we are unable to remediate our current material weaknesses or any material weaknesses in the future, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within the time periods specified by the forms of the SEC, could be adversely affected which, in turn, may adversely affect our reputation and business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, any such failures could result in litigation or regulatory actions by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, loss of investor confidence, delisting of our securities and harm to our reputation and financial condition, or diversion of financial and management resources from the operation of our business.
In addition, it is possible that control deficiencies could be identified by our management, by our independent registered public accounting firm in the future or may occur without being identified. Such a failure could result in regulatory scrutiny and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial condition, lead to a default under future indebtedness and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flow or results of operations.
As a public company, we are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting for annual reports on Form 10-K that we file with the SEC. As discussed in “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures,” our design of internal control over financial reporting following the Business Combination has required and will require significant time and resources from management and other personnel. Therefore, management was unable, without incurring unreasonable effort and expense, to conduct an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting, and accordingly, in compliance with SEC guidance, we have not included a management report on internal control over financial reporting in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Future assessments will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. Eventually, it is possible that our independent registered public accounting firm will also be required to audit the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in future annual reports on Form 10-K to be filed with the SEC. We are required to disclose changes made in our internal control over financial reporting on a quarterly basis. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, the applicable stock exchange or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources. We have begun the process of compiling the system and processing documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404 in the future, but we may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion.
Our ability to utilize our net operating losses, tax credit carryforwards, and certain other tax attributes to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.
In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, to offset future taxable income. The limitations apply if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in its equity ownership by certain stockholders over a three-year period. If
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Legacy Amprius experienced an ownership change at any time since its incorporation, we may already be subject to limitations on our ability to utilize Legacy Amprius’ existing NOLs and other tax attributes to offset taxable income or tax liability. In addition, future changes in our stock ownership, which may be outside of our control, may trigger an ownership change. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit our use of accumulated state tax attributes. As a result, even if we earn net taxable income in the future, our ability to use our or Legacy Amprius’ pre-change NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset such taxable income or tax liability may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future income tax liability to us. Further, because Legacy Amprius and Amprius Holdings were members of a consolidated group for U.S. federal income tax purposes up to the Closing Date, NOLs and other tax attributes of Legacy Amprius are available to be utilized by any member of the consolidated group. Accordingly, our existing NOLs and other tax attributes may not be available to offset future income tax liabilities.
There is also a risk that changes in law or regulatory changes made in response to the need for some jurisdictions to raise additional revenue to help counter the fiscal impact from the COVID-19 pandemic or for other unforeseen reasons, including suspensions on the use of net operating losses, tax credits, and other tax attributes, possibly with retroactive effect, may result in our and Legacy Amprius’ existing net operating losses, tax credits, or other tax attributes expiring or otherwise being unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. Also, starting in fiscal year 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act requires taxpayers to capitalize research and development expenditures and to amortize domestic expenditures over five years and foreign expenditures over 15 years. If Congress does not modify or repeal this provision, it may result in the acceleration of future taxable income (and associated income tax liabilities) for us, beginning in fiscal year 2022. Any resulting income tax liabilities may reduce our cash flows beginning in fiscal year 2023.
The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or other taxing authority could assert income tax liability against us, notwithstanding the provisions of the Tax Sharing Agreement.
Under the Tax Sharing Agreement with Amprius Holdings, Amprius Holdings generally would be required to indemnify us for the U.S. federal income tax liabilities of the U.S. federal consolidated group of which Amprius Holdings and Legacy Amprius were members (and any similar consolidated, combined or unitary tax group for state tax purposes) for taxable periods prior to (and including) the Closing Date (a “Consolidated Return Year”). The Tax Sharing Agreement also provides that Amprius Holdings will generally control any tax returns and any tax audits or other proceedings for the taxes addressed by the Tax Sharing Agreement. However, the Tax Sharing Agreement is not binding on the IRS or other state taxing authority, and does not prevent the IRS or other state taxing authority from asserting a tax claim against us or Legacy Amprius for any unpaid income tax liabilities of Legacy Amprius or Amprius Holdings for any Consolidated Return Year. If that were to occur, we would be required to seek indemnification against Amprius Holdings for payment of any amounts on such claims, and Amprius Holdings’ ability to satisfy such claims may depend on whether Amprius Holdings is able to sell sufficient shares of our common stock to satisfy the tax liability.
The unavailability, reduction or elimination of government and economic incentives could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
We currently, and expect to continue to, benefit from certain government subsidies and economic incentives including tax credits, rebates and other incentives that support the development and adoption of clean energy technology. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 introduces or extends a number of tax credits to promote clean energy development. We cannot assure you that we will be able to benefit from such programs or that these subsidies and incentive programs will be available to us at the same or comparable levels in the future.
Specifically, in October 2022, we were awarded a $50.0 million cost sharing grant from the U.S. DOE. The cost sharing grant is dependent on the successful negotiation of a final contract, and among the terms to be finalized are the portion of relevant costs that will be covered by the grant. Even if we are able to successfully negotiate a final contract, we may not receive any funding if we are not able to satisfy the terms of the grant, including any matching requirements. In addition, such funding may still be insufficient to complete the project.
In addition, we have received commitments of state and local incentive packages providing approximately $10.0 million in tax incentives relating to our design and buildout of a GWh-scale facility in Brighton, Colorado. Specifically, the Colorado Economic Development Commission approved up to an approximately $5.5 million in Job Growth Incentive Tax Credits for us, over an eight-year period, which are contingent upon us meeting net new job creation and salary requirements. The City of Brighton also approved incentives with a total estimated value of $0.9 million, including a five-year property tax rebate of 100% and a 50% rebate on the city’s use tax collected on construction materials. In addition, the Adams County Regional Economic Partnership approved incentives in the form of tax abatement with performance-based contingencies. If we are not able to enter into a lease agreement on reasonably acceptable terms, our development timeline
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is delayed or we are not able to achieve the performance-based goals set for the incentives, we may not receive any funding or benefits from the state and local governments of Colorado.
Any reduction, elimination or discriminatory application of government subsidies and economic incentives because of policy changes, or the reduced need for such subsidies and incentives due to the perceived success of clean and renewable energy products or other reasons, may require us to seek additional financing, which may not be obtainable on commercially attractive terms or at all, and may result in the diminished competitiveness of the battery cell industry generally or our silicon anode battery cells in particular. Any change in the level of subsidies and incentives from which we benefit could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
A significant portion of our business depends on sales to the public sector, and our failure to receive and maintain government contracts or changes in the contracting or fiscal policies of the public sector could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We currently rely on U.S. government contracts (as a prime contractor or subcontractor) for a material portion of our revenue and to partially fund our research and development activities, and we believe that the success and growth of our business will continue to depend on our successful procurement of government contracts.
Sales to government agencies are subject to a number of challenges and risks. Selling to government agencies can be highly competitive, expensive, and time-consuming, often requiring significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that these efforts will generate a sale. We also must comply with laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration, and performance of contracts, which provide public sector customers rights, many of which are not typically found in commercial contracts.
Accordingly, our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations may be adversely affected by certain events or activities, including, but not limited to:
•changes in fiscal or contracting policies or decreases in available government funding;
•changes in government programs or applicable requirements;
•changes in the political environment, including before or after a change to the leadership within the government administration, and any resulting uncertainty or changes in policy or priorities and resultant funding;
•appeals, disputes, or litigation relating to government procurement, including but not limited to bid protests by unsuccessful bidders on potential or actual awards of contracts to us or our partners by the government;
•the adoption of new laws or regulations or changes to existing laws or regulations;
•influence by, or competition from, third parties with respect to pending, new, or existing contracts with government customers; and
•increased or unexpected costs or unanticipated delays caused by other factors outside of our control, such as performance failures of our subcontractors.
Any such event or activity, among others, could cause governments and governmental agencies to delay or refrain from purchasing our battery products in the future, reduce the size or payment amounts of purchases from existing or new government customers, or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
Government contracts often also contain provisions and are subject to laws and regulations that provide government customers with additional rights and remedies not typically found in commercial contracts. These rights and remedies allow government customers, among other things, to:
•terminate existing contracts for convenience;
•reduce orders under or otherwise modify contracts;
•for contracts subject to the Truth in Negotiations Act, reduce the contract price or cost where it was increased because a contractor or subcontractor furnished cost or pricing data during negotiations that was not complete, accurate, and current;
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•for some contracts, (i) demand a refund, make a forward price adjustment, or terminate a contract for default if a contractor provided inaccurate or incomplete data during the contract negotiation process and (ii) reduce the contract price under triggering circumstances, including the revision of price lists or other documents upon which the contract award was predicated;
•decline to exercise an option to renew a multi-year contract;
•claim rights in solutions, systems, or technology produced by us, appropriate such work-product for their continued use without continuing to contract for our services, and disclose such work-product to third parties, including other government agencies and our competitors, which could harm our competitive position;
•prohibit future procurement awards with a particular agency due to a finding of organizational conflicts of interest;
•suspend or debar us from doing business with the applicable government; and
•control or prohibit the export of our battery products and technology.
Government contracts are also generally subject to greater scrutiny by the government, which can initiate reviews, audits and investigations regarding our compliance with government contract requirements. Current and new regulations or procurement requirements (including, for example regulations regarding counterfeit and corrupt parts, supply chain diligence, mandatory socioeconomic compliance requirements and cybersecurity) or changes to current requirements could increase our costs and risk of non-compliance. Failure to comply with government contracting laws, regulations and contract requirements, or adverse findings from a government audit or investigation can lead to criminal, civil or administrative proceedings (including pursuant to the False Claims Act), termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, adverse media coverage, fines and suspension or debarment from doing business with U.S. government agencies, all of which may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
Our technology and our website, systems, and data we maintain may be subject to intentional disruption, security breaches and other security incidents, or alleged violations of laws, regulations, or other obligations relating to data handling that could result in liability and adversely impact our reputation and future sales. We may be required to expend significant resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures to detect, investigate and remediate vulnerabilities to security breaches and incidents. Any actual or alleged failure to comply with applicable cybersecurity or data privacy legislation or regulation could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations or financial condition.
We expect to face significant challenges with respect to information security and maintaining the security and integrity of our systems and other systems used in our business, as well as with respect to the data stored on or processed by these systems. We also anticipate receiving and storing confidential business information of our partners and customers. Advances in technology, an increased level of sophistication and expertise of hackers, and new discoveries in the field of cryptography can result in a compromise or breach of the systems used in our business or of security measures used in our business to protect confidential information, personal information, and other data. We may be a target for attacks designed to disrupt our operations or to attempt to gain access to our systems or to data that we possess, including proprietary information that we obtain from our partners pursuant to our agreements with them. We also are at risk for interruptions, outages and breaches of our and our outsourced service providers’ operational systems and security systems, our integrated software and technology, and data that we or our third-party service providers process or possess. These may be caused by, among other causes, physical theft, viruses, or other malicious code, denial or degradation of service attacks, ransomware, social engineering schemes, and insider theft or misuse. We have suffered security incidents in the past. In December 2021, we experienced a ransomware incident and notified certain employees of such incident. The security risks we and our outsourced service providers face could also be elevated in connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine, as we and our outsourced service providers are vulnerable to a heightened risk of cyberattacks from or affiliated with nation-state actors, including retaliatory attacks from Chinese or Russian actors against U.S.-based companies.
The availability and effectiveness of our silicon anode technology and our ability to conduct our business and operations depend on the continued operation of information technology and communications systems, some of which we have yet to develop or otherwise obtain the ability to use. Systems we currently use or may use in the future in conducting our business, including data centers and other information technology systems, will be vulnerable to damage or interruption. Such systems could also be subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism, as well as disruptions and security breaches and security incidents as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or
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inadvertent acts or omissions by employees, service providers, or others. We currently use, and may use in the future, outsourced service providers to help provide certain services, and any such outsourced service providers face similar security and system disruption risks as us. Our ability to monitor our outsourced service providers’ security measures is limited, and, in any event, third parties may be able to circumvent those security measures, resulting in the unauthorized access to, misuse, acquisition, disclosure, loss, alteration, or destruction of personal, confidential, or other data, including data relating to individuals. Some of the systems used in our business will not be fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Any data security incidents or other disruptions to any data centers or other systems used in our business could result in lengthy interruptions in our service and may adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
Significant capital and other resources may be required in efforts to protect against information security breaches, security incidents, and system disruptions, or to alleviate problems caused by actual or suspected information security breaches and other data security incidents and system disruptions. The resources required may increase over time as the methods used by hackers and others engaged in online criminal activities and otherwise seeking to obtain unauthorized access to systems or data, and to disrupt systems, are increasingly sophisticated and constantly evolving. In particular, ransomware attacks have become more prevalent in the industrial sector, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to operate and may result in significant expense.
In addition, we may face increased compliance burdens regarding such requirements with regulators and customers regarding our battery products and also incur additional costs for oversight and monitoring of our supply chain. These additional compliance and logistical burdens are attenuated through our international partnerships. We also cannot be certain that these systems, networks, and other infrastructure or technology upon which we rely, including those of our third-party suppliers or service providers, will be effectively implemented, maintained or expanded as planned, or will be free from bugs, defects, errors, vulnerabilities, viruses, ransomware, or other malicious code. We may be required to expend significant resources to make corrections or to remediate issues that are identified or to find alternative sources.
Any failure or perceived failure by us or our service providers to prevent information security breaches or other security incidents or system disruptions, or any compromise of security that results in or is perceived or reported to result in unauthorized access to, or loss, theft, alteration, release or transfer of, our information, or any personal information, confidential information, or other data could result in loss or theft of proprietary or sensitive data and intellectual property, could harm our reputation and competitive position and could expose us to legal claims, regulatory investigations and proceedings, and fines, penalties, and other liability. Any such actual or perceived security breach, security incident or disruption could also divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel and could require us to incur significant costs and operational consequences in connection with investigating, remediating, eliminating and putting in place additional tools, devices, policies, and other measures designed to prevent actual or perceived security breaches and other incidents and system disruptions. Moreover, we could be required or otherwise find it appropriate to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to, notify third parties of, and otherwise address the incident or breach and its root cause, and most jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities and others of security breaches involving certain types of data.
Further, we cannot assure that any limitations of liability provisions in our current or future contracts that may be applicable would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim relating to a security breach or other security-related matter. We also cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover claims related to a security breach or incident, or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our reputation, financial condition, and results of operations.
Additionally, laws, regulations, and other actual and potential obligations relating to privacy, data hosting and other processing of data, data protection, and data security are evolving rapidly, and we expect to potentially be subject to new laws and regulations, or new interpretations of laws and regulations, in the future in various jurisdictions. These laws, regulations, and other obligations, and changes in their interpretation, could require us to modify our operations and practices, restrict our activities, and increase our costs. Further, these laws, regulations, and other obligations are complex and evolving rapidly, and we cannot provide assurance that we will not be subject to claims, allegations, or other proceedings related to actual or alleged obligations relating to privacy, data protection, or data security. It is possible that these laws, regulations, and other obligations may be inconsistent with one another or be interpreted or asserted to be inconsistent with our business or practices. We anticipate needing to dedicate substantial resources to comply with laws, regulations, and other obligations relating to privacy and data security in order to comply. Any failure or alleged or
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perceived failure to comply with any applicable laws, regulations, or other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, or data security could also result in regulatory investigations and proceedings, and misuse of or failure to secure data relating to individuals could also result in claims and proceedings against us by governmental entities or others, penalties and other liability, and damage to our reputation and credibility, and could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
Risks Related to Intellectual Property
We rely heavily on our intellectual property portfolio. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our business and competitive position would be harmed.
We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position. We rely upon a combination of various intellectual property protections afforded by patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as contractual protections afforded by license agreements and other agreements, to establish, maintain and enforce rights in our proprietary technologies. In addition, we seek to protect our intellectual property rights through nondisclosure and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants, and through non-disclosure agreements with business partners and other third parties. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, third parties may, without proper authorization, attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property or be able to design around our intellectual property. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and the steps we have taken or will take to prevent misappropriation may not be adequate, sufficient, or effective. Any enforcement efforts we undertake, including litigation, could be time-consuming and expensive and could divert management’s attention, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, certain proprietary technology that is stored on computer systems could be penetrated by intruders and potentially misappropriated. There is no guarantee that our efforts to protect our computer systems will be effective. In addition, existing intellectual property laws and contractual remedies may afford less protection than needed to safeguard our intellectual property portfolio.
Patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws vary significantly throughout the world. A number of foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. Therefore, our intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as easily enforced outside of the United States and efforts to protect against the unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights, technology and other proprietary rights may be more expensive and difficult outside of the United States. Further, we have not established our intellectual property rights in all countries in the world, and competitors may copy our designs and technology and operate in countries in which it has not prosecuted our intellectual property. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could result in our competitors using our intellectual property to offer products, and competitors’ ability to design around our intellectual property would enable competitors to offer similar or better batteries, in each case potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantage and a decrease in our revenue which, would adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
We may need to defend ourselves against intellectual property infringement claims, which may be time-consuming and could cause us to incur substantial costs.
Companies, organizations or individuals, including our current and future competitors, may hold or obtain patents, trademarks or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, use, develop, distribute, or sell our battery products, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. From time to time, we may receive inquiries from holders of patents or trademarks inquiring whether we are infringing their proprietary rights and/or seek court declarations that they do not infringe upon our intellectual property rights. Companies holding patents or other intellectual property rights relating to batteries, electric motors or electronic power management systems may bring suits alleging infringement by our battery products of such rights or otherwise asserting their rights and seeking licenses. In addition, if we are determined to have infringed upon a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following:
•cease selling, incorporating or using products that incorporate the challenged intellectual property;
•pay substantial damages;
•obtain a license from the holder of the infringed intellectual property right, which license may not be available on reasonable terms or at all; or
•redesign our batteries.
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We have in the past experienced infringement claims from non-practicing organizations (sometimes referred to as “patent trolls”) filing lawsuits for patent infringement. For example, in December 2020, we settled a patent infringement case against us and agreed to make licensing payments in connection with such settlement. We may be subject to additional infringement claims in the future, and even if we believe such claims are without merit, such claims are time-consuming, expensive to litigate or settle and can divert management’s resources and attention. An adverse determination could require that we pay damages, which could be substantial, or stop using technologies found to be in violation of a third-party’s rights and could prevent us from selling our batteries. In order to avoid these restrictions, we may have to seek a license for the technology. Any such license may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, could require us to pay significant royalties and may significantly increase our operating expenses or otherwise seriously harm our business or operating results.
In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us and our failure or inability to obtain a license to the infringed technology, our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, any litigation or claims, whether or not valid, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management’s attention.
We also license patents and other intellectual property from third parties, and we may face claims that our use of this intellectual property infringes the rights of others. In such cases, we may seek indemnification from our licensors under our license contracts with them. However, our rights to indemnification may be unavailable or insufficient to cover our costs and losses, depending on our use of the technology, whether we choose to retain control over conduct of the litigation, and other factors.
Our patent applications may not result in issued patents or our patent rights may be contested, circumvented, invalidated or limited in scope, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from interfering with our commercialization of our batteries.
Our patent applications may not result in issued patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours. The status of patents involves complex legal and factual questions and the breadth of claims allowed is uncertain. As a result, we cannot be certain that the patent applications that we file will result in patents being issued, or that our patents and any patents that may be issued to us will afford protection against competitors with similar technology. Numerous patents and pending patent applications owned by others exist in the fields in which we have developed and is and will be developing our technology. In addition to those who may claim priority, any of our existing or pending patents may also be challenged by others on the basis that they are otherwise invalid or unenforceable. Furthermore, patent applications filed in foreign countries are subject to laws, rules and procedures that differ from those of the United States, and thus we cannot be certain that foreign patent applications related to issued U.S. patents will be issued.
Even if our patent applications succeed and we are issued patents in accordance with them, it is still uncertain whether these patents will be contested, circumvented, invalidated or limited in scope in the future. The rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with meaningful protection or competitive advantages, and some foreign countries provide significantly less effective patent enforcement than what the United States provides. In addition, the claims under any patents that issued to us may not be broad enough to prevent others from developing technologies that are similar or that achieve results similar to ours. The intellectual property rights of others could also bar or limit us from licensing, exploiting, or enforcing any patents issued to us. In addition, patents issued to us may be infringed upon or designed around by others and others may obtain patents that it needs to license or design around, either of which would increase costs and may adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.
We may obtain licenses on technology that has not been commercialized or has been commercialized only to a limited extent, and the success of our business may be adversely affected if such technology does not perform as expected.
From time to time, we may license from third parties, technologies that have not been commercialized or which have been commercialized only to a limited extent. These technologies may not perform as expected within our silicon anode battery cells and related products. If the cost, performance characteristics, manufacturing process or other specifications of these licensed technologies fall short of our targets, our expected sales, costs, time to market, competitive advantage, future product pricing and potential operating margins may be adversely affected.
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Risks Related to Litigation and Regulatory Compliance
Our operations expose us to litigation, environmental and other legal compliance risks. Compliance with laws and regulations can be expensive, and our failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in monetary damages and fines, adverse publicity and a material adverse effect on our business.
We are subject to a variety of litigation, environmental, health and safety, investment screening and national security laws, and other legal compliance risks. These risks include, among other things, possible liability relating to product liability matters, personal injuries, intellectual property rights, contract-related claims, health and safety liabilities, employment-related liabilities, environmental matters, investment screening and national security laws, and compliance with U.S. and foreign laws, competition laws and laws governing improper business practices.
Our operations in the United States are subject to numerous environmental laws and regulations, including federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to, among other things: water; natural resources; discharges; emissions; chemicals; solid and hazardous waste storage, treatment and disposal; remediation of releases of hazardous materials; and contamination. Compliance with these laws can be difficult and costly. For example, battery life cycle management regulations and regulations governing the transport of batteries may impose substantial requirements on our operations in the United States. Our operations may be required to obtain and comply with environmental permits, many of which may be difficult and expensive to obtain and must be renewed on a periodic basis. A failure to comply with these laws, regulations or permits could result in substantial liabilities, including fines, penalties, the suspension or loss of permits, and possibly orders to cease the non-compliant operations. Our manufacturing process will have hazards such as, but not limited to, hazardous materials, machines with moving parts, and high voltage and/or high current electrical systems typical of large manufacturing equipment and related safety incidents. There may be safety incidents that damage machinery or manufacturing components, slow or stop production, or harm employees. Consequences may include litigation, regulation, fines, increased insurance premiums, mandates to temporarily halt production, workers’ compensation claims, or other actions that impact our brand, finances or ability to operate.
As a business with international reach, we are subject to complex laws and regulations, including investment screening laws, in jurisdictions in which we operate. Those laws and regulations may be interpreted in different ways. They may also change from time to time, as may related interpretations and other guidance. Changes in laws or regulations could result in higher expenses and payments, and uncertainty relating to laws or regulations may also affect how we conduct our operations and structure our investments and could limit our ability to enforce our rights.
Changes in environmental and climate laws or regulations, including laws relating to greenhouse gas emissions, could lead to new or additional investment in manufacturing designs, subject us to additional costs and restrictions, including increased energy and raw materials costs, and could increase environmental compliance expenditures. We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations on air emission, waste water discharge, solid waste, noise and the disposal of hazardous materials. Cobalt and lithium are toxic materials that are important raw materials in our batteries. We also use, generate and discharge other toxic, volatile and hazardous chemicals and wastes in our research, development and manufacturing activities. Under U.S. environmental regulations, we are required to maintain the pollutant emission levels at the facility within the levels prescribed by the relevant governmental authorities and obtain a pollution discharge permit for water and air emissions. Future changes to environmental laws or permit requirements could require us to install new control equipment or otherwise change operations in order to comply with any such change in laws or permit requirements. In addition, certain laws and regulations require enterprises like us that generate hazardous wastes to engage companies which are licensed and qualified to process the hazardous wastes, and to collect, store, dispose of and transfer the hazardous waste.
If we fail to comply with national and local environmental protection laws and regulations, the relevant governmental authorities may impose fines or deadlines to cure instances of noncompliance, and may even order us to cease operations if we fail to comply with their requirements. In particular, any breach by us in connection with requirements relating to the handling of hazardous wastes may subject us to monetary damages and fines. In addition, if any third party suffers any loss as a result of our pollutant emission practices, our improper handling of hazardous wastes or our noncompliance with environmental regulations, such third parties may seek damages from us.
We cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with all environmental laws and regulations at all times as the environmental legal regime is evolving and becoming more stringent, especially in the United States. Therefore, if these or other governments where we do business impose more stringent regulations in the future, we will have to incur additional substantial costs and expenses in order to comply with new regulations, which may negatively affect our results of operations. If we fail to comply with any of the present or future environmental regulations in any material aspect or cause
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any loss to any third parties due to our pollutant emission practices, improper handling of hazardous wastes or other environmental noncompliance, we may suffer from negative publicity and may be required to pay substantial fines, pay damages to such third parties, or suspend or even cease operations, all of which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. Environmental laws and regulations may become more stringent in the future, which could increase costs of compliance or require us to manufacture with alternative technologies and materials.
We may be subject to review and enforcement actions under domestic and foreign laws that screen investments and to other national-security-related laws and regulations. In certain jurisdictions, these legal and regulatory requirements may be more stringent than in the United States and may impact battery companies more specifically. As a result of these laws and regulations, investments by particular investors may need to be filed with local regulators, which in turn may impose added costs on our business, impact our operations, and/or limit our ability to engage in strategic transactions that might otherwise be beneficial to us and our investors.
We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations related to the safety and transportation of our batteries. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Many federal, state and local authorities require certification by Underwriters Laboratory, Inc., an independent, not-for-profit corporation engaged in the testing of products for compliance with certain public safety standards, or other safety regulation certification prior to marketing battery cells. Foreign jurisdictions also have regulatory authorities overseeing the safety of consumer products. Our batteries may not meet the specifications required by these authorities. A determination that any of our battery products are not in compliance with these rules and regulations could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants.
In addition, lithium batteries have been identified as a Class 9 dangerous good during transport. To be safely transported (by air, sea, rail or roadways), they must meet various international, national, state and local regulations, including, for example, the provisions laid out in United Nations standard UN 38.3. This standard applies to batteries transported either on their own or installed in a device. UN 38.3 has been adopted by regulators and competent authorities around the world, thus making it a requirement for global market access. Our failure to manage the transportation of our batteries could subject us to increased costs or future liabilities.
Failure to comply with certain health and production safety laws and regulations governing hazardous materials could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.
In the sourcing of our battery products throughout the world, we process, store, dispose of and otherwise use large amounts of hazardous materials. As a result, we are subject to extensive and evolving health and production safety laws and regulations governing, among other things: the health of our employees and safety production requirements regarding the generation, handling, storage, use and transportation of hazardous materials. Compliance with these laws and regulations results in ongoing costs. Failure to comply with these laws or regulations, or to obtain or comply with the relevant permits, could result in fines, criminal charges or other sanctions by regulators. Furthermore, we may be ordered to rectify a noncompliance within a stipulated deadline; and if we fail to do so, we may be ordered to cease operations. Our ongoing compliance with health and safety laws, regulations and permits could require us to incur significant expenses, limit our ability to modify or expand our facilities or continue manufacturing and make other capital improvements. In addition, private parties, including current or former employees, could bring personal injury or other claims against us due to the presence of, or exposure to, hazardous substances used, stored or disposed of by us or contained in our batteries.
We are or will be subject to anti-corruption and anti-bribery and anti-money laundering and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to administrative, civil and criminal fines and penalties, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation.
We are subject to the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, and possibly other anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws in various jurisdictions in which we conduct, or in the future may conduct, activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly to generally prohibit us and our officers, directors, employees, business partners agents, representatives and third-party intermediaries from corruptly offering, promising, authorizing or providing, directly or indirectly anything of value to recipients in the public or private sector.
We may leverage third parties to sell our battery products and conduct our business abroad. We, our officers, directors, employees, business partners agents, representatives and third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect
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interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and we may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. We cannot assure you that all of our officers, directors, employees, business partners agents, representatives and third-party intermediaries will not take actions in violation of applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. As our international activities and sales expand, our risks under these laws may increase.
These laws also require companies to make and keep books, records and accounts that accurately reflect transactions and dispositions of assets and to maintain a system of adequate internal accounting controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions. While we have certain policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, we cannot assure you that none of our officers, directors, employees, business partners agents, representatives and third-party intermediaries will take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible.
Any allegations or violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, settlements, prosecutions, enforcement actions, fines, damages, loss of export privileges, and severe administrative, civil and criminal sanctions, suspension or debarment from government contracts, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. Responding to any investigation or action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.
We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate these controls.
Our battery products may be subject to U.S. export control laws and regulations including the Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”), the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”), and trade and economic sanctions maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). As such, an export license may be required to export, reexport, or transfer our battery products to certain countries, end-users, and end-uses. If we were to fail to comply with such U.S. export controls laws and regulations, U.S. economic sanctions, or other similar laws, we could be subject to both civil and criminal penalties, including substantial fines, possible incarceration for employees and managers for willful violations, and the possible loss of our export or import privileges. Obtaining the necessary export license for a particular sale or offering may not be possible and may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the export of products to certain U.S. embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments, and persons, as well as for prohibited end-uses. Even though we take precautions to ensure that we and our partners comply with all relevant export control laws and regulations, any failure by us or our partners to comply with such laws and regulations could have negative consequences for us, including reputational harm, government investigations and penalties.
Changes in our battery products or changes in export and import regulations in such countries may create delays in the introduction of our products into international markets, prevent our end-customers with international operations from deploying our battery products globally or, in some cases, prevent or delay the export or import of our battery products to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any change in export or import laws or regulations, economic sanctions or related legislation, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing export, import or sanctions laws or regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons, or technologies targeted by such export, import or sanctions laws or regulations, could result in decreased use of our battery products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our battery products to, existing or potential end-customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our battery products or limitation on our ability to export to or sell our battery products in international markets could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We may be subject to U.S. foreign investment regulations which may impose conditions on or limit certain investors’ ability to purchase our stock, potentially making the stock less attractive to investors. Our future investments in U.S. companies may also be subject to U.S. foreign investment regulations.
Certain investments that involve the acquisition of, or investment in, a U.S. business by a non-U.S. investor may be subject to review and approval by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”). Whether CFIUS has jurisdiction to review an acquisition or investment transaction depends on, among other factors, the nature and structure of the transaction, including the level of beneficial ownership interest and the nature of any information or governance rights involved. For example, investments that result in “control” of a U.S. business by a foreign person always are subject
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to CFIUS jurisdiction. Significant CFIUS reform legislation, which was fully implemented through regulations that became effective on February 13, 2020, expanded the scope of CFIUS’s jurisdiction to investments that do not result in control of a U.S. business by a foreign person but afford certain foreign investors certain information or governance rights in a U.S. business that has a nexus to “critical technologies,” “critical infrastructure” and/or “sensitive personal data.” Based on its export control classification, our battery technology is considered a “critical technology.”
CFIUS could choose to review past or proposed transactions involving new or existing foreign investors in us or in Amprius Holdings even if a filing with CFIUS is or was not required at the time of the transaction. Any review and approval of an investment or transaction by CFIUS may have outsized impacts on transaction certainty, timing, feasibility, and cost, among other things. CFIUS policies and practices are rapidly evolving, and in the event that CFIUS reviews one or more proposed or existing investment by investors, there can be no assurances that such investors will be able to maintain, or proceed with, such investments on terms acceptable to such investors. CFIUS could seek to impose limitations or restrictions on, or prohibit, investments by such investors (including, but not limited to, limits on purchasing our stock, limits on information sharing with such investors, requiring a voting trust, governance modifications, or forced divestiture, among other things).
Recent and potential tariffs imposed by the U.S. government or a global trade war could increase the cost of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The U.S. government has and continues to make significant changes in U.S. trade policy and has taken certain actions that could negatively impact U.S. trade, including imposing tariffs on certain goods imported into the United States. In retaliation, China has implemented, and continues to evaluate imposing additional tariffs on a wide range of American products. There is also a concern that the imposition of additional tariffs by the United States could result in the adoption of tariffs by other countries as well, leading to a global trade war. More specifically, the U.S. government has from time to time imposed significant tariffs on certain product categories imported from China. Such tariffs, if expanded to other categories, could have a significant impact on our business, particularly the importation of parts of our batteries and certain production equipment that are manufactured in China. If we attempt to renegotiate prices with suppliers or diversify our supply chain in response to tariffs, such efforts may not yield immediate results or may be ineffective. We might also consider increasing prices to the end consumer; however, this could reduce the competitiveness of our products and adversely affect net sales. If we fail to manage these dynamics successfully, gross margins and profitability could be adversely affected. As of the date of this report, tariffs have not had a material impact on our business, but increased tariffs or trade restrictions implemented by the United States or other countries in connection with a global trade war could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot predict what actions may ultimately be taken with respect to tariffs or trade relations between the United States and China or other countries, what products may be subject to such actions, or what actions may be taken by the other countries in retaliation. Any further deterioration in the relations between the United States and China could exacerbate these actions and other governmental intervention. For example, a future event that created additional U.S.-China tensions could potentially increase the risks associated with the business and operations of U.S.-based technology companies in China.
The U.S. or foreign governments may take additional administrative, legislative, or regulatory action that could materially interfere with our ability to sell products in certain countries. Sustained uncertainty about, or worsening of, current global economic conditions and further escalation of trade tensions between the United States and its trading partners, especially China, could result in a global economic slowdown and long-term changes to global trade, including retaliatory trade restrictions that restrict our ability to operate in China. Any alterations to our business strategy or operations made in order to adapt to or comply with any such changes would be time-consuming and expensive, and certain of our competitors may be better suited to withstand or react to these changes.
From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings and commercial or contractual disputes, which could have an adverse impact on our profitability and financial position.
We may be involved in legal proceedings and commercial or contractual disputes that, from time to time, are significant. These are typically claims that arise in the normal course of business including, without limitation, commercial or contractual disputes, including warranty claims and other disputes with potential customers and suppliers, intellectual property matters, personal injury claims, environmental issues, tax matters and employment matters.
Furthermore, our predecessor, Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp. IV, was a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”). SPACs have been subject to increased regulatory oversight and scrutiny, including from the SEC. Any governmental or regulatory investigation or inquiry related to the Business Combination or otherwise could have a material adverse effect on our business and negatively affect our reputation.
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It is difficult to predict the outcome or ultimate financial exposure, if any, represented by these matters, and there can be no assurance that any such exposure will not be material. Such claims may also negatively affect our reputation.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock
There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of the NYSE.
Our common stock and public warrants are listed on the NYSE under the symbols “AMPX” and “AMPX.W,” respectively. If the NYSE delists our securities from trading on its exchange for failure to meet the listing standards and we are not able to list such securities on another national securities exchange, we expect such securities could be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:
•a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;
•reduced liquidity for our securities;
•a determination that our common stock is a “penny stock,” which will require brokers trading our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules, possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for shares of our common stock;
•a limited amount of analyst coverage; and
•a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.
Anti-takeover provisions in our certificate of incorporation, Bylaws and Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by stockholders to replace or remove our management and limit the market price of our common stock.
Our certificate of incorporation (the “Certificate of Incorporation”), Bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our Board. These provisions include:
•authorizing “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by our Board without stockholder approval and may contain voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock;
•limiting the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers;
•prohibiting cumulative voting in the election of directors;
•providing that vacancies on our Board may be filled only by majority of directors then in office of the Board, even though less than a quorum;
•prohibiting the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings;
•establishing an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting, including proposed nominations of persons for election to the Board;
•dividing directorships of our Board into three classes, each to be elected for a term of three years, so that only one class of directorships is up for election at each annual meeting of the stockholders; and
•specifying that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by a majority of the Board, the chair of the Board, or our Chief Executive Officer.
These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, it is governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder.
Our Bylaws provide, subject to limited exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States will be the sole and exclusive forum for certain stockholder litigation matters, which
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could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a chosen judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or stockholders.
Our Bylaws provide that, unless otherwise consented to by us in writing, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by, or otherwise wrongdoing by, any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our Certificate of Incorporation or our Bylaws; (iv) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our Certificate of Incorporation or our Bylaws; or (v) any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in all cases subject to the court having jurisdiction over indispensable parties named as defendants. This provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. The Bylaws further provide that, unless otherwise consented to by us in writing, the federal district courts of the United States will be the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.
Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to this provision. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions, and the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings. It is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in the Bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
Concentration of ownership among our executive officers, directors and affiliates may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.
As of December 31, 2022, our executive officers and directors as a group beneficially own approximately 15.5% of the common stock outstanding. Additionally, certain of our executive officers and directors own interests in Amprius Holdings, which owns approximately 77.4% of our common stock outstanding, and certain of our directors are members of Amprius Holdings’ board of directors. As a result, these stockholders are able to exercise a significant level of control over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, any amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation and approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management and will make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of these stockholders and of their votes.
We will incur significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
As a public company, we face increased legal, accounting, insurance, administrative and other costs and expenses that Legacy Amprius did not face as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), including the requirements of Section 404, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the PCAOB and the securities exchanges, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for us to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the United States may require costs greater than expected. It is likely that we will expand our employee base and hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company, which will increase our operating costs in future periods.
Compliance with public company requirements has increased costs and made certain activities more time-consuming. A number of these requirements require us to carry out activities Legacy Amprius had not done previously. For example, our Board has committees that did not exist on the Legacy Amprius board of directors, and we have adopted new internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, we are incurring expenses associated with SEC reporting requirements. Furthermore, if any issues in complying with those requirements are identified (for example, if the auditors identify a material weakness or significant deficiency in the internal control over financial reporting), we could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, and the existence of those issues could adversely affect our reputation or
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investor perceptions of us. As a public company, it is also more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance. The additional reporting and other obligations imposed by these rules and regulations have and will continue to increase legal and financial compliance costs and the costs of related legal, accounting and administrative activities. These increased costs will require us to spend money that could otherwise be used on our research and development programs and to achieve strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by stockholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.
We do not expect to declare any dividends in the foreseeable future.
We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. Consequently, investors may need to rely on sales of their shares after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business, or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our securities adversely, the price and trading volume of our securities could decline.
The trading market for our securities will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, market or competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover us change their recommendation regarding our common stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our common stock and warrants would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” and a “smaller reporting company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, and if we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies or smaller reporting companies, this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.
We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, we are eligible for and intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies for as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, including (i) the exemption from the auditor attestation requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) the exemptions from say-on-pay, say-on-frequency and say-on-golden parachute voting requirements and (iii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which the market value of our common stock that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of June 30 of that fiscal year, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.235 billion or more during such fiscal year (as indexed for inflation), (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt in the prior three-year period or (iv) December 31, 2027. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the exemption from complying with new or revised accounting standards provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act as long as we are an emerging growth company. An emerging growth company can therefore delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period and, therefore, we may not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Investors may find our common stock less attractive because we rely on these exemptions, which may result in a less active trading market for our common stock and its price may be more volatile.
Additionally, we qualify as a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements. We expect to remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $250,000,000 as of the prior June 30, or (ii) our annual revenues exceeded $100,000,000 during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700,000,000 as of the prior June 30. To the extent we take advantage of such reduced disclosure obligations, comparison of our financial statements with other public companies may be difficult or impossible.
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Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our securities in the public market could occur at any time. For example, we have certain registration right obligations with respect to 105,680,194 shares of our common stock constituting approximately 96.4% of our issued and outstanding Common Stock as of December 31, 2022 (assuming the exercise in full of all of the warrants registered thereunder), as well as the shares underlying the remainder of our public warrants.
These sales, any future sales of a substantial number of shares of our securities in the public market or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our securities. Despite such a decline in the public trading price, certain securityholders may still experience a positive rate of return on the securities they purchased due to the lower price that they purchased their shares compared to other public investors and be incentivized to sell securities when others are not.
Additionally, we have filed a registration statement to register shares served for future issuance under our equity compensation plans and the 14,216,131 shares issuable upon exercise of the options outstanding under the 2016 Plan. Subject to applicable securities laws, the satisfaction of any vesting restrictions and the expiration or waiver of the lock-up restrictions contained in our bylaws, the shares issued thereunder will be available for immediate resale in the public market.
Further, we have filed a resale registration statement covering the resale by BRPC II of shares of our common stock that we may issue to BRPC II from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement. The purchase price for the shares that we may sell to BRPC II in the Committed Equity Financing will fluctuate based on the price of our common stock. Depending on market liquidity at the time, sales of such shares may cause the trading price of our common stock to fall. If and when we do sell shares to BRPC II, after BRPC II has acquired the shares, BRPC II may resell all, some, or none of those shares at any time or from time to time in its discretion. Therefore, sales to BRPC II by us could result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our common stock. Additionally, the sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock to BRPC II, or the anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales.
As of December 31, 2022, approximately 89.1% of our outstanding shares of common stock are subject to lock-up restrictions. Sales of our common stock following the expiration of these lock-up restrictions or pursuant to the exercise of registration rights may make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. These sales could also cause the market price of our common stock to decline if such equity holders sell or are perceived by the market as intending to sell any such securities, and make it more difficult for you to sell your shares of common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate.
We may issue additional shares of common stock under an employee incentive plan (including the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan and the Employee Stock Purchase Plan), or may issue preferred stock. Any such issuances would dilute the interest of our stockholders and likely present other risks.
We may issue a substantial number of additional shares of common stock under our employee incentive plan (including the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2022 Plan") and the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP")) or we may issue preferred stock. The issuance of additional securities:
•may significantly dilute the equity interests of our investors;
•may subordinate the rights of our stockholders if preferred stock is issued with rights senior to those afforded our common stock;
•could cause a change in control if a substantial number of securities are issued, which may affect, among other things, our ability to use our net operating loss carry forwards, if any, and could result in the resignation or removal of our present officers and directors; and
•may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock and/or warrants.
Risks Related to Our Warrants
There is no guarantee that our warrants will be in the money at the time they become exercisable, and they may expire worthless.
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The likelihood that warrant holders will exercise the warrants and any cash proceeds that we would receive is dependent upon the market price of our common stock. If the market price for our common stock is less than $11.50 per share, in the case of our private warrants and public warrants, or $12.50 per share, in the case of our PIPE warrants, we believe warrant holders will be unlikely to exercise their warrants. There is no guarantee that the warrants will be in the money following the time they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, and as such, the warrants may expire worthless.
We may redeem unexpired public warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to the warrant holders, thereby making the public warrants worthless.
We have the ability to redeem outstanding public warrants or PIPE warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant, provided that the last reported sales price of our common stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as may be adjusted), in the case of the public warrants, or $20.00 per share (as may be adjusted), in the case of the PIPE warrants, for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which we send the notice of redemption to public warrant or PIPE warrant holders and provided certain other conditions are met. If and when the public warrants or PIPE warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. As a result, we may redeem the public warrants or PIPE warrants as set forth above even if the holders are otherwise unable to exercise the public warrants or PIPE warrants. Redemption of the outstanding public warrants or PIPE warrants could force holders (i) to exercise public warrants or PIPE warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous, (ii) to sell public warrants or PIPE warrants at the then-current market price when holders might otherwise wish to hold public warrants or PIPE warrants or (iii) to accept the nominal redemption price that, at the time the outstanding public warrants or PIPE warrants are called for redemption, may be substantially less than the market value of the public warrants or PIPE warrants.
We may amend the terms of the warrants in a manner that may be adverse to holders of warrants with the approval by the holders of at least 50% of the then outstanding warrants. As a result, the exercise price of warrants could be increased, the exercise period could be shortened and the number of shares of common stock purchasable upon exercise of a warrant could be decreased, all without warrant holder approval.
The public warrants and private warrants were issued in registered form under the respective warrant agreements. The Warrant Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2022 (the “Warrant Agreement”), by and among us and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, provides that the terms of the public warrants and private warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision but requires the approval by the holders of at least 50% of the then outstanding public warrants to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders of public warrants and, solely with respect to any amendment to the terms of the private warrants or any provision of the Warrant Agreement with respect to the private warrants, 50% of the number of the then outstanding private warrants. The Warrant Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2022 (the “PIPE Warrant Agreement”), by and among us and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, provides that the terms of the PIPE warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision but requires the approval by the holders of at least 50% of the then outstanding PIPE warrants to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders of PIPE warrants. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 50% of such then-outstanding warrants approve of such amendment. Although our ability to amend the terms of the warrants with the consent of at least 50% of such then-outstanding warrants is unlimited, examples of such amendments could be amendments to, among other things, increase the exercise price of the warrants, convert the warrants into cash or shares, shorten the exercise period or decrease the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of a warrant.
The warrants are exercisable for common stock, which would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.
As of December 31, 2022, outstanding warrants to purchase an aggregate of 47,720,836 shares of common stock are exercisable in accordance with the terms of the warrant agreement governing those securities. The exercise price of the private warrants and public warrants is $11.50 per share, and the exercise price of the PIPE warrants is $12.50 per share. To the extent the warrants are exercised, additional shares of common stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of common stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Shares of common stock issuable pursuant to the warrants are not subject to lock-up restrictions. As such, once the warrants are exercised, the holder of such shares issuable upon the exercise of the warrants will be able to resell the shares to the market, subject to other applicable laws. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such warrants may
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be exercised could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Further, there is no guarantee that the warrants will ever be in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, such warrants may expire worthless.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
Our corporate headquarters is located in Fremont, California, where we leased approximately 26,000 square feet of space as of December 31, 2022. In January 2023, we expanded our corporate headquarters by leasing approximately 25,000 square feet of additional space in the same building and extending the lease term through June 2027. Our headquarters facility is used for research and development, manufacturing and production, sales and administrative functions.
On January 20, 2023, we entered into a nonbinding letter of intent to lease premises consisting of approximately 774,000 square feet of space located in Brighton, Colorado. Execution of the lease agreement remains subject to ongoing negotiations. In order to meet increased demand for our products, we plan to design and build our GWh-scale manufacturing facility on these premises.
We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future, and that, should it be needed, suitable additional space will be available to accommodate any such expansion of our operations.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we may become involved in litigation or other legal proceedings. We are not currently a party to any litigation or legal proceedings that are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None
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Part II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our common stock and public warrants began trading on The New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “AMPX” and “AMPX.W”, respectively, on September 15, 2022. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock and warrants.
Holders
As of March 16, 2023, there were 58 holders of record of our common stock and 29 holders of record of our public warrants. The actual number of stockholders of our common stock is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares of common stock are held in street name by banks, brokers and other nominees.
Dividends
We have not declared or paid any dividends, or authorized or made any distribution upon or with respect to any class or series of our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not anticipate paying any dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities
None.
Item 6. Reserved
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Form 10-K, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this section to the “Company,” “Amprius,” “we,” “us,” “our” and other similar terms refer (i) prior to the Closing Date, to Legacy Amprius and (ii) after the Closing Date, to Amprius Technologies, Inc.
Overview
Amprius Technologies, Inc. has developed and, since 2018, been in commercial production of ultra-high energy density lithium-ion batteries for mobility applications leveraging a disruptive silicon anode. Our silicon anode technology enables batteries with higher energy density, higher power density, and extreme fast charging capabilities over a wide range of operating temperatures, which results in our batteries providing superior performance compared to conventional graphite lithium-ion batteries. Our silicon anode is a direct drop-in replacement of the graphite anode in traditional lithium-ion batteries, and our manufacturing process leverages the manufacturing process for conventional lithium-ion batteries and the related supply chain.
Currently, our batteries are primarily used for existing and emerging aviation applications, including unmanned aerial systems, such as drones and high-altitude pseudo satellites. We believe our proprietary technology has the potential for broad application in electric transportation. Our batteries and their performance specifications have been tested and validated for application by over 40 customers, including Airbus, AeroVironment, BAE Systems, the U.S. Army and Teledyne FLIR, and from inception, we have shipped over 10,000 batteries as of December 31, 2022, which have enabled
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mission critical applications. Our proprietary silicon anode structures, battery designs and manufacturing processes are defended by our portfolio of patents, trade secrets and know-how developed over 10 years of research and development.
We currently manufacture batteries on a kWh-scale manufacturing line at our headquarters in Fremont, California, where we believe demand for our batteries exceeds our manufacturing capacity. We are working to meet the expected demand in several rapidly growing addressable markets, including by expanding our production capacity in Fremont and by designing and building a large-scale manufacturing facility, which we expect will be in Brighton Colorado and manufacture at a GWh+ scale through an automated, high-volume manufacturing line for our silicon anode.
Business Combination
As further described in "Business" in Part I, Item 1 above, we completed the Business Combination on September 14, 2022, which we accounted for as a reverse recapitalization, with Legacy Amprius deemed to be the acquirer and Kensington deemed to be the acquiree for financial statement reporting purposes. As a result, the assets, liabilities and results of operations of Legacy Amprius became the historical financial statements after the Business Combination. Our assets and liabilities continued to be stated at historical cost and there were no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Immediately prior to the closing of the Business Combination, a number of investors (the “PIPE Investors”) purchased from us an aggregate of 2,052,000 units at a price of $10.00 per share (such transaction, the “PIPE”), pursuant to separate subscription agreements. Each PIPE unit consisted of (i) one share of common stock and (ii) one warrant (each, a “PIPE warrant”) to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $12.50 per share. Our net proceeds from the Business Combination and the PIPE were $70.9 million, after deducting transaction and issuance costs.
Committed Equity Financing
As further described in "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry" in Part I, Item 1A above, we entered into a Committed Equity Financing with BRPC II on September 27, 2022, whereby we have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to BRPC II up to $200.0 million of newly issued shares of common stock, subject to certain conditions and limitations, from time to time until January 1, 2025. Under the Purchase Agreement, we may direct BRPC II to purchase a specified maximum number of shares of common stock, not to exceed certain limitations.
As consideration for BRPC II’s commitment to purchase shares of common stock, we issued 84,793 shares of common stock to BRPC II upon execution of the Purchase Agreement and we will issue 84,793 additional shares of common stock to BRPC II upon receipt of total aggregate gross cash proceeds equal to $100.0 million. Any shares of common stock issued under the Committed Equity Financing to BRPC II other than the Commitment Shares will be purchased by BRPC II at current market prices less a 3.0% fixed discount.
Although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to an aggregate of $200.0 million of our common stock to BRPC II, only 16,825,366 shares of our common stock were registered for resale under a registration statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC. If it becomes necessary for us to issue and sell more than 16,825,366 shares to BRPC II in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to $200.0 million, we must first file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register the resale by BRPC II of any such additional shares of our common stock.
U.S. Department of Energy Cost Sharing Grant
In October 2022, we were awarded a $50.0 million cost sharing grant from the U.S. DOE under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. This cost sharing grant is dependent on the successful negotiation of a final contract, and among the terms to be finalized are the portion of relevant costs that will be covered by the grant.
Known Trends, Demands, Commitments, Events, or Uncertainties Impacting Our Business
We believe that our performance and future success depends on several factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below and in the section titled “Risk Factors.”
Establishing Manufacturing Capacity
While we have manufactured on a kWh-scale capacity to date, we have started our phased build out of capacity with parallel paths. In January 2023, we entered into an amendment to the lease agreement of our Fremont headquarters, pursuant to which we will lease approximately 25,000 square feet of additional space located in the same building as our current headquarters. We have received the first large-scale anode production machine from centrotherm at our current facility in Fremont. We are customizing the machine for our production processes and must then complete tuning and testing before the machine goes online for production purposes. We expect this machine to increase our capacity for silicon
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anode production to approximately 2 MWh by the end of 2023. This is expected to accelerate our development of technological processes for building batteries at a GWh-scale as we prepare, in parallel, for the design and build of our high volume manufacturing facility.
On January 20, 2023, we entered into a nonbinding letter of intent to lease premises consisting of approximately 774,000 square feet of space located in Brighton, Colorado. Execution of the lease agreement remains subject to ongoing negotiations. In order to meet increased demand for our products, we plan to build and design our GWh-scale manufacturing facility on these premises. We plan to procure manufacturing equipment that allows for anode and cathode fabrication, battery assembly, and battery testing from equipment suppliers. To achieve capacity at commercial scale, we need to establish supply relationships for necessary materials, components and equipment to mass produce the silicon technology for our prospective markets, which will allow us to develop an automated, high-volume manufacturing line to increase production volume. The capacity and timing of our future manufacturing requirements, and related capital expenditures, remain uncertain and will depend on a variety of factors, including our ability to design and construct new manufacturing sites and develop an automated, high-volume manufacturing line for our silicon anode, to mitigate supply chain constraints and manage a new labor force, to utilize planned capacity in our existing facilities, to obtain the required regulatory and zoning permits and approvals, to realize the benefits of any government incentives, and to operate in new geographic areas apart from our current headquarters. Our potential suppliers and other equipment vendors may also encounter delays, including to our expected initial production capacity of 500 MWh, which is expected to be operational in 2025, additional costs, and other obstacles in building our manufacturing line, which are currently unknown. To the extent we are unable to develop an automated, high-volume manufacturing line for our silicon anode, our ability to grow will be adversely affected. Additionally, although we have tested and validated the performance of our products on one supplier’s platform, there is uncertainty as to whether our planned manufacturing line will be successful. We expect our capital expenditures to increase each as we ramp up our manufacturing capacity and expand operations.
Achieving capacity at commercial scale of high energy density lithium-ion batteries will require us to make significant and increasing capital expenditures to scale our production capacity and improve our supply chain processes. Based on our current expectations, we estimate that our capital equipment expenditures will range between $120.0 million and $150.0 million to achieve 1.0 GWh per year of manufacturing capacity. Because our silicon anode process requires different equipment than traditional anode manufacturing, our capital equipment costs are likely to be higher than equipment used for production of graphite anodes
Reducing Costs of Manufacturing
We believe the focus on reducing the manufacturing costs of our batteries on a $/kWh basis is an important factor to accelerate the demand for our batteries and the expansion of our customer base. As a result, we will continue to work to develop further and validate our manufacturing processes to enable high volume manufacturing and reduce manufacturing costs. The production of our silicon anode requires different equipment than traditional graphite anode manufacturing. Therefore, our capital equipment costs are likely to be initially higher than equipment used for the production of graphite anodes. As we scale, we believe we will benefit from reduced per-unit fixed costs, such as overhead, labor and capital expenditures, tool utilization improvements and volume pricing for equipment and materials. We will also seek to reduce costs by optimizing material utilization, throughput and yield. This is complemented by further intentions to continue to invest in research and development to improve both battery performance and manufacturing processes. However, until we are able to successfully design and implement an automated, high-volume manufacturing line for our silicon anode and manufacture our batteries at scale, we cannot accurately forecast our manufacturing costs, which may adversely affect our ability to achieve reduced costs in our manufacturing processes.
Highly Competitive Market
Our competition includes both established manufacturers and new entrants that are developing new battery technologies and chemistries to address the growing market for electrified transportation solutions. We believe the manufacturers of these batteries will continue to invest funds, time and effort to improve the capabilities of their batteries with the recent developments of silicon anode batteries as a potential alternative to conventional graphite batteries. Currently, we are the only known manufacturer using a 100% silicon anode that is free of any inactive additives. We believe we are the leading company in the market that has a high-performance battery that can meet the requirements of aviation applications. We are not currently producing batteries for electric vehicles (“EVs”). The EV battery industry has a limited number of commercially available batteries that meet the minimum performance specifications. This creates a fast-growing and highly competitive industry for many battery manufacturers to claim market share for commercially acceptable batteries. We believe that there is significant room for improvement in the EV industry in driving range and fast charging capabilities that our silicon technology can address. To compete in the EV industry, we expect that we will need
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to significantly reduce our manufacturing costs, improve cycle life, increase form factors and increase production quantity. One or more of our competitors and potential future entrants may be better capitalized to expand production capacities, have greater resources to commercialize and have greater access to customers in either or both the aviation and EV markets. As such, we may be at a competitive disadvantage and be unable to retain or grow our market share.
Product Development
We expect to continue investing in the development of battery technology with the goal of enabling commercial production after the completion of our new GWh-scale manufacturing facility. We continue to develop customized battery solutions and deliver standardized samples (i.e., prototypes) of batteries to industry leading manufacturers as well as the federal government. We plan to focus our research and development on the following key areas:
•Improving battery life: To continue to meet the specific needs of our customers and drive adoption of our batteries in new areas of electrified transportation, including the EV space. We are working with chemical compounds as potential additives to the silane gas we use to produce our silicon anodes, which have demonstrated the potential to improve cycle life without negatively impacting other performance characteristics such as energy density.
•Further improvements to energy density: We are engaged in ongoing development activities to explore different cathode materials, including a conversion cathode, to further improve the energy density of our batteries.
•Larger cell form factors: The batteries we have developed and are developing for our customers are typically approximately 2-15Ah for small-sized aircraft. As we expand our customer base, we expect to develop larger form factor batteries for broader electrified transportation applications.
As a result of these efforts, our goal is to fully realize the benefits of our silicon anode technology and develop the highest performing products in the market.
Regulatory Landscape
We operate in an industry that is subject to many established environmental regulations, which have generally become more stringent over time. As we process, store, dispose of, transport, and use large amounts of hazardous materials, we are subject to laws and regulations surrounding battery safety and transportation, as well as health and production safety laws and regulations governing hazardous materials. We expect that environmental regulations under the Biden administration could, if adopted, facilitate market demand and revenue growth, while other potential regulations, if adopted, could result in additional operating costs. If we fail to comply with existing and future laws and regulations, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected, such as the imposition of fines, litigation, criminal charges, sanctions by regulators, or other liabilities. As future regulatory changes are uncertain, we are unable to measure the impact of such changes on our business and our results of operations.
Global Risks
The COVID-19 pandemic (or epidemics) has been unpredictable and unprecedented and may continue to result in significant national and global economic disruption, which may adversely affect our business. The magnitude of its impact on our supply chain, productivity, results of operations and financial position, and its disruption to our business and battery development and timeline, will depend in part, on the length and severity of COVID-related restrictions and delays, on our ability to conduct business in the ordinary course and on the phasing out of government support measures.
Additionally, the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which began in February 2022, has had an adverse impact on the global economy and financial markets. Although our business has not been directly impacted by this ongoing military conflict, as we have no assets or operations, and we have not purchased materials from, Russia, Belarus or Ukraine, it is impossible to predict the extent to which our operations, or those of our customers, suppliers and manufacturers, will be impacted in the short and long term, or the ways in which the conflict may impact our business. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions and inflationary pressures, and the impact of such changes on our business and our results of operations are impossible to predict, but could be material.
Comparability of Financial Information
Our future results of operations and financial position may not be comparable to historical results as a result of the Business Combination. Since the Business Combination close, we have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, higher
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capital expenditures related to both the design and build out of our new GWh-scale manufacturing facility and the development of an automated, high-volume manufacturing line for our silicon anode, as well as higher costs for continued research and development efforts, compliance with regulatory matters and other general and administrative expenses, including those related to being a public company.
Basis of Presentation
Our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). We carry on our business through one operating segment. Given that Amprius Holdings, which held approximately 99.6% of the Legacy Amprius common stock prior to the Business Combination, has not historically prepared financial statements for Legacy Amprius, the historical results for Legacy Amprius have been prepared from the financial records of Amprius Holdings on a carve-out basis derived from the accounting records of Amprius Holdings using the historical results of operations and the historical basis of assets and liabilities of our business, adjusted as necessary to conform to U.S. GAAP.
Components of Our Results of Operations
We currently operate a kWh-scale manufacturing line at our headquarters in Fremont, California. To meet the demand for our batteries, we are in the process of designing and then building a GWh-scale manufacturing facility, designing our automated, high-volume manufacturing line, and scaling up production. As a result, we expect our capital expenditures and working capital requirements to increase materially in the near future. Our ability in the future to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend largely on our ability to scale production to meet the expected market demand for our products. Accordingly, the drivers of our future financial results, as well as the components of such results, may not be comparable to our historical results of operations.
Revenue
We have historically generated revenue from providing both design services for the development of customized silicon-anode lithium-ion battery technology and selling our batteries to our customers. Our contracts typically contain a single performance obligation. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when a final milestone is met, generally when a final working prototype is delivered that meets required specifications, or when the customer obtains control of the product, which is generally upon shipment. We also generate revenue from U.S. federal government expense reimbursement grants that is recognized in the period in which the qualifying costs have been incurred.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue, which includes the cost of finished goods sold and the cost of customization development services, consist mainly of the costs of raw materials, labor costs, and the allocation of overhead costs incurred in producing batteries or performing the customization work. Labor costs consist of personnel-related expenses such as salaries, employee benefits and stock-based compensation expense. Overhead costs consist primarily of utilities, rent, depreciation expense and other facilities-related costs. Costs related to batteries and design services are recognized in the same period as the associated revenue. In addition, we expect that our cost of revenue will increase as we ramp up manufacturing in our existing facility and by building a GWh-scale manufacturing facility.
Research and Development (“R&D”) Expense
R&D expenses consist mainly of personnel-related expenses such as salaries, employee benefits and stock-based compensation expense of our R&D personnel, outside contractors, materials, R&D equipment, and allocation of overhead costs, which include utilities, rent, depreciation expense and other facilities-related costs. Our R&D expenses relate to the conceptual formulation and design of preproduction experimental prototypes and models, including the cost of equipment and material for which there is no alternative future use. R&D expenses are expensed as incurred. We expect that our R&D expenses will increase for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in activities to develop and enhance product capabilities, as well as build and test battery prototypes to meet the expected market demand.
Selling, General and Administrative Expense
Selling, general and administrative expenses consist mainly of personnel-related expenses such as salaries, employee benefits and stock-based compensation expense of our executive and administrative employees, as well as fees for professional and advisory services such as legal, accounting and audit. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include corporate insurance expense including directors and officers insurance costs, and allocation of overhead costs,
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which include utilities, rent, depreciation expense and other facilities-related costs. We expect that our selling, general and administrative expenses will increase due to the additional costs for compliance-related requirements resulting from being a public company and investment in additional general and administrative personnel to support the growth of our business.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net consists mainly of interest income and the one-time gain on the forgiveness of a PPP loan.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our provision for income tax consists of an estimate for U.S. federal and state income taxes based on enacted rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in tax law. We maintain a valuation allowance against the full value of our U.S. federal and state net deferred tax assets because it is not more likely that our deferred tax assets will be recoverable.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
The following table summarizes our results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 4,409 | $ | 2,772 | $ | 1,637 | 59 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | 9,848 | 7,101 | 2,747 | 39 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gross loss | (5,439) | (4,329) | (1,110) | 26 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 2,030 | 1,450 | 580 | 40 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 10,572 | 4,844 | 5,728 | 118 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 12,602 | 6,294 | 6,308 | 100 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | (18,041) | (10,623) | (7,418) | 70 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | 709 | 727 | (18) | (2) | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (17,332) | $ | (9,896) | $ | (7,436) | 75 | % | |||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue and operating expenses reported above include stock-based compensation as follows (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | $ | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | $ | 516 | $ | 693 | $ | (177) | (26) | % | |||||||||||||||
| Research and development expense | 27 | 233 | (206) | (88) | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 2,166 | 1,547 | 619 | 40 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total stock-based compensation | $ | 2,709 | $ | 2,473 | $ | 236 | 10 | % | |||||||||||||||
Revenue
Revenue increased by $1.6 million, or 59%, to $4.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 from $2.8 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to a $1.2 million increase in sales of batteries resulting from an increase in volume of orders from existing and new customers; a $0.2 million increase due to the completion of customization design services for certain customers; and a $0.2 million increase from a government grant.
Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenues increased by $2.7 million, or 39%, to $9.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 from $7.1 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily due the increase in production of battery cells and service costs, driven by the increase in sales volume and completion of customization design services. Our direct labor costs, which
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contributed a significant portion of our cost of revenue, increased by $1.8 million due to the hiring of additional personnel, while our cost of materials and other overhead costs increased by $1.0 million.
Research and Development Expense
Research and development expense increased by $0.6 million, or 40%, to $2.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 from $1.5 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to a $0.6 million increase in personnel-related costs due to the hiring of additional personnel involved in research and development activities, offset by a $0.2 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense due to the grant of fully vested stock-based awards in the prior year that did not recur during the current year. Overhead and other costs also increased by $0.2 million due to the overall increase in our research and development activities.
Selling, General and Administrative Expense
Selling, general and administrative expense increased by $5.7 million, or 118%, to $10.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 from $4.8 million in the prior year, primarily due to the transition to being a public company. Drivers of this increase were a $2.3 million increase in personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, due to the hiring of additional executive and administrative personnel, a $2.2 million increase in professional and consulting fees as we obtained additional assistance before and after we became a public company, a $0.7 million increase in corporate insurance costs, including director and officer insurance costs, and a $0.5 million increase in other general and administrative spend resulting from operating as a public company.
Other Income, Net
The change in other income, net during the year ended December 31, 2022 consisted primarily of a $0.7 million increase in interest income attributed to the funds that we received from the Business Combination and the PIPE, offset by a $0.7 million decrease resulting from a one-time gain on forgiveness of PPP loan which was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources and Uses of Liquidity
Liquidity describes the ability of a company to generate sufficient cash flows to meet the cash requirements of its business operations, including working capital needs, debt service, acquisitions, contractual obligations and other commitments. We assess liquidity in terms of our cash flows from operations and their sufficiency to fund our operating and investing activities. To meet our contractual obligations, we must continually have sufficient liquid assets.
Prior to the Business Combination, we financed our operations primarily through capital contributions from Amprius Holdings and revenue generated from operations. We expect to rely on our cash on hand, which was $69.7 million as of December 31, 2022, and cash flows from operations to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months from the date our financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are issued. In addition, we may receive additional funds from the following sources: (i) all or a portion of the $200.0 million Committed Equity Financing with BRPC II if we decide to issue shares of common stock to BRPC II under the Purchase Agreement, (ii) $50.0 million grant from the U.S. DOE if we successfully finalize a contract and perform under such contract, and (iii) exercise of outstanding stock warrants.
Actual sales, if any, of shares of common stock under the Committed Equity Financing will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us from time to time, including, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and determinations by us as to appropriate sources of funding for our business and operations. We cannot guarantee the extent to which we may utilize the Committed Equity Financing.
The $50.0 million cost sharing grant from DOE is dependent on the successful negotiation of a final contract, and among the terms to be finalized are the portion of relevant costs that will be covered by the grant. The contract was not yet finalized as of December 31, 2022. There can be no assurance that such negotiation will be successful and, if successful, that we will be able to perform under such contract.
We may receive up to approximately $550.8 million from the exercise in full of all outstanding warrants. The exercise price of our public warrants and private warrants is $11.50 per share, and the exercise price of the PIPE warrants is $12.50 per share. As of March 16, 2023, we had an aggregate of 45,668,336 public warrants and private warrants and
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2,052,500 PIPE warrants outstanding. The likelihood that warrant holders will exercise the warrants and any cash proceeds that we would receive is dependent upon the market price of our common stock. If the market price for our common stock is less than $11.50 per share, in the case of the public warrants or private warrants, or $12.50 per share, in the case of the PIPE warrants, we believe warrant holders will be unlikely to exercise their warrants.
Our ability to become profitable is dependent upon future events, including obtaining adequate financing to fund our business plan, completing the design and build out of our GWh-scale manufacturing facility, obtaining adequate supplier relationships, building our customer base, successfully executing our business and marketing strategy and hiring appropriate personnel.
We expect our capital expenditures and working capital requirements to increase materially in the near future. At our headquarters in Fremont, California, we currently operate a kWh-scale manufacturing line that we are expanding in order to achieve production on a MWh-scale. To meet the demand for our batteries, we are in the process of designing and then building a new GWh-scale manufacturing facility. Based on our current expectations, we estimate that our capital equipment expenditures will range between $120.0 million and $150.0 million to achieve 1.0 GWh per year of manufacturing capacity, with the build-out to be completed over phases. The initial phase of 500 MWh is expected to be operational in 2025.
We have incurred net losses to date. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we incurred a net loss of $17.3 million. We expect to incur additional losses and increased expenses in future periods, including those associated with the design and build out of our GWh-scale manufacturing facility, continued research and development efforts and increased employee headcount.
As of December 31, 2022, our contractual obligations consisted primarily of our noncancellable operating lease agreement for our corporate headquarters in Fremont, California. The total future lease payments under this operating lease was $3.9 million as of December 31, 2022, of which a total of $0.5 million is due in 2023. In January 2023, we amended this lease to include the lease of additional space within the same building and extend the lease term to expire in June 2027, with an option to extend for an additional five-year term. The total future lease payments after amending this lease was approximately $11.7 million, of which a total of $1.0 million is payable in 2023. Additionally, in January 2023, we entered into a nonbiding letter of intent to lease a space for our GWh-scale manufacturing facility in Brighton, Colorado. The execution of the lease agreement remains subject to ongoing negotiations. Under the letter of intent, the expected lease payments over the estimated lease term of 15 years total to approximately $63.0 million. For additional discussion about our leases, refer to Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
To the extent that our resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may need to seek additional equity or debt financing. If the financing is not available, or if the terms of financing are less desirable than we expect, we may be forced to take actions to reduce our capital or operating expenditures, including by reducing or delaying our production facility expansion, which may adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects. For example, because we expect to expand through a Copy Exact methodology, to the extent we have less cash than expected and additional financing is unavailable on acceptable terms, we expect that we would reduce the initial production capacity of our large-scale facility and thereafter add capacity as appropriate. Any such reduction or delay may have an adverse impact on our business plan and our results of operations.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the periods presented (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (13,882) | $ | (8,016) | |||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (1,481) | (609) | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 73,626 | 20,112 | |||||||||
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 58,263 | $ | 11,487 | |||||||
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Net Cash Used in Operating Activities
Our primary source of cash provided by operations is revenue from customized design services and sale of batteries. Our uses of cash in our operating activities primarily include payments for personnel-related costs, procurement of materials used to produce batteries and to conduct research, professional fees and other general corporate expenses.
Net cash used in operating activities increased to $13.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 from $8.0 million in the prior year due primarily to an increase in personnel-related costs as we hired additional employees, an increase in professional and consulting fees as we obtained additional assistance before and after we became a public company, and an increase in corporate insurance costs, including directors' and officers' insurance costs.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
Our primary use of cash in investing activities is for purchases of property, plant and equipment.
Net cash used in investing activities increased to $1.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 from $0.6 million in the prior year due primarily to purchases of pilot production equipment as we continue to expand our manufacturing activities.
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities
Our primary source of cash provided by financing activities consist of proceeds from issuance of common stock, exercise of stock warrants and capital contributions from Amprius Holdings. Our cash usage for our financing activities consists primarily of payments of costs related to the issuance of common stock.
Net cash provided by financing activities increased to $73.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 from $20.1 million in the prior year due primarily to the proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with the Business Combination, the PIPE investment and proceeds from the exercise of stock warrants, reduced by costs paid in connection with the Business Combination and PIPE investment transactions. Our cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021 consisted primarily of capital contributions from Amprius Holdings.
Related Party Transactions
We had a service agreement with Amprius Holdings, which was terminated upon the closing of the Business Combination. Prior to its termination, the service agreement required Amprius Holdings to provide us certain services such as administration, management service, information technology and engineering services to support the Company's operations. The administrative costs, including allocation of stock-based compensation, incurred by Amprius Holdings up to the termination of the service agreement were allocated to us and were treated as capital contributions. We also previously received cash advances and capital contributions from Amprius Holdings to support our working capital requirements. Those cash advances were forgiven and were treated as capital contributions.
Additionally, we purchased raw materials and development materials from two previous related parties that were owned and controlled by Amprius Holdings. We do not have purchase commitments with these previous related parties.
For more information regarding our related party transactions, see Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company Status
We are an emerging growth company as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”) and may take advantage of reduced reporting requirements that are otherwise applicable to public companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with those standards. This means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public and nonpublic companies, we have the option to adopt the new or revised standard at the time nonpublic companies adopt the new or revised standard and can do so until such time that we either (i) irrevocably elect to “opt out” of such extended transition period or (ii) no longer qualify as an emerging growth company. We have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards unless we otherwise early adopt select standards.
We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only
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two years of audited financial statements. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $250.0 million as of the prior June 30 or (ii) our annual revenue exceeds $100.0 million during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior June 30.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenue generated, and reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods.
Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions and any such differences may be material.
While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that the accounting estimates discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance.
Revenue Recognition
Our revenue from customers consists mainly of customized design services arrangements and sale of battery products. We account for a contract with a customer when there is a legally enforceable contract, such as a customers' purchase order, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of the consideration is probable. Revenue from a contract with a customer is recognized at a point in time when control is transferred to the customer, which is generally upon the completion of the battery design and delivery of the final prototype batteries for customized design services or upon shipment of the batteries. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation, which do not require us to do a transaction price allocation. The transaction price set in the contract is fixed, with payment terms for a customized design service contract generally based on the achievement of agreed upon milestones specified in the contract. We do not accept returns unless the batteries are defective as manufactured. We also generate revenue from U.S. federal government expense reimbursement grants that is recognized in the period in which the qualifying costs have been incurred.
Leases
We determine if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, by evaluating whether there is an identified asset and whether the Company controls the use of the identified asset throughout the period of use. We determine the classification of the lease, whether operating or finance lease, at the lease commencement date, which is the date the Company obtains control of the leased asset.
We recognize a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and a lease liability on the lease commencement date based upon the present value of the fixed lease payments over the non-cancelable lease term using an incremental borrowing rate. We include in the calculation of the present value of the lease payments amounts attributable to the renewal period if we have the option to renew and if, based on present facts and circumstances, we believe that it is reasonably certain that the renewal will be exercised.
We do not recognize an ROU asset on a lease arrangement with a term of 12 months or less. When there are modifications to our lease, we assess the terms of the modification to determine whether incremental differences result in new contract terms, which would be accounted for as a new lease or whether the additional right of use should be included in the original lease and continue to be accounted with the remaining ROU asset.
Stock-Based Compensation
We measure stock-based compensation for stock options at fair value on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires the use of the following highly subjective assumptions.
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•Expected Term — This is the estimated period that the stock options are expected to be outstanding. Since we do not have sufficient historical experience for determining the expected term, we derived the expected term based on the simplified method for awards that qualify as plain-vanilla options.
•Expected Volatility — Prior to the Business Combination, we estimated volatility for stock option grants by evaluating the average historical volatility of a peer group of companies for the period immediately preceding the option grant for a term that is approximately equal to the option grant’s expected term.
•Risk-Free Interest Rate — We base the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield available on the U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues with a remaining term equivalent to the expected term of the option.
•Expected Dividend — We estimate expected dividend yield to be zero because we have not paid dividends in the past and have no plans to pay dividends on our common stock.
The Black-Scholes option-pricing model also requires us to input the fair value of the underlying common stock. Prior to becoming a public company, we estimated the fair value of our common stock based on the determination of the board of directors, with input from management and contemporaneous valuations from a third-party. We discuss in further detail below the valuation of our common stock prior to becoming a public company.
We recognize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the period from the date of the grant to the date the award is fully vested, which is generally over four years. We elected to account for forfeitures as they occur.
Common Stock Valuations
Since there was no public market for Legacy Amprius' common stock and Amprius Holdings’ common stock prior to the Business Combination, we estimated the fair value of Legacy Amprius common stock and Amprius Holdings’ common stock based on the determination of their respective board of directors at the date of the stock option grant, with input from their respective management and third-party valuations.
The third-party valuations were performed in accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Accounting and Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation (the “Practice Aid”). The Practice Aid identifies various available methods for allocating the enterprise value across classes of capital stock in determining the fair value of Legacy Amprius' common stock at each valuation date. The probability-weighed expected return method (“PWERM”) and the Option Pricing Method (“OPM”) were the most appropriate methods for determining the fair value of Legacy Amprius common stock and Amprius Holdings’ common stock based on their respective stage of development and other relevant factors.
In addition to the third-party valuations, the respective board of directors considered various objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of such common as of each grant date, including:
•the rights, preferences, and privileges of Amprius Holdings’ preferred securities as compared to those of Legacy Amprius common stock and Amprius Holdings’ common stock, including liquidation preferences of Amprius Holdings’ preferred stock;
•stage of development;
•external market conditions affecting the industry and trends within the industry, including a review of the performance and metrics of guideline public companies;
•the respective company’s financial position, including cash on hand, and historical and forecasted performance and operating results;
•the lack of an active public market for such common stock and Amprius Holdings’ preferred stock;
•the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as a Special Purpose Acquisition Company (“SPAC”) transaction or sale of our company in light of prevailing market conditions; and
•an analysis of initial public offerings and the market performance of similar companies in the industry.
Valuation of Legacy Amprius' common stock
•Valuation as of March 29, 2022
The valuation as of March 29, 2022 was determined by applying the Hybrid Method, whereby the implied equity value was determined using various scenarios based in part on the latest round of financing of Amprius
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Holdings at that time (i.e., Series E-2 convertible preferred stock). In addition, the following scenarios were also considered at that time:
•Two SPAC term sheet values that we received;
•Backsolve OPM based on Amprius Holdings’ Series E-2 convertible preferred stock financing completed in June 2021; and
•A discounted cash flow analysis as of the March 2022 valuation date.
The relative probability of each type of future-event scenario was determined based on management’s best estimate as of the date of valuation, including then-current expectations as to the timing and likely prospects of the future event scenarios. The two SPAC scenarios were weighted 12.5% each, the Backsolve analysis based on the Series E-2 financing was weighted 25%, and the discounted cash flow analysis was weighted 50%. The weighted average implied equity value was then used to determine the common stock value based on an OPM.
Valuation of Amprius Holdings' common stock
•Valuation as of June 30, 2021
The valuation as of June 30, 2021 was determined based on both a market approach and an income approach, applying weightings to each value to arrive at an equity value estimate. In addition, consideration was given to the implied equity value from the Backsolve analysis based on Amprius Holdings’ Series E-2 financing at that time. The two market approaches were weighted a combined 37.5%, the discounted cash flow analysis was weighted 12.5%, and the Backsolve analysis based on the Series E-2 financing was weighted 50%. The weighted average implied equity value was then used to determine the common stock value based on an OPM.
•Valuation as of March 29, 2022
Subsequent to Amprius Holdings’ divestiture of its subsidiaries in early 2022, its only assets were the shares of Legacy Amprius common stock it owned and cash. As such, the estimated fair value of Amprius Holdings common stock was adjusted based on the analysis performed for Legacy Amprius, making an adjustment for cash to value the equity based on an asset-based approach. This value was then allocated to the securities in the capital structure based on an OPM, in order to estimate the value of the common stock in Amprius Holdings as of the valuation date. For purposes of determining the fair value of stock option grants in December 2021, Amprius Holdings adjusted the March 29, 2022 in order to derive an interpolated value by taking into consideration that its three subsidiaries had not been divested at that time.
After becoming a public company, our Board of Directors determines the fair value of our common stock based upon the closing market price as reported on the NYSE.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information about recent accounting pronouncements, the timing of their adoption, and our assessment, to the extent we have made one, of their potential impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are subject to a variety of market-related risks, which broadly includes interest rate risk, credit risk, and inflation risk. These risks may affect our results of operations and cash flows.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest-rate risk related to our interest-bearing bank deposits and money market funds. Adverse changes in interest rates may affect our results of operations. Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2022 was $69.7 million. Hypothetically, if our cash and cash equivalents remain the same and if the interest rate changes by 100 basis points, our interest income may change by approximately $0.7 million on a per annum basis.
We have no interest-bearing borrowings as of December 31, 2022.
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Credit Risk
We are exposed to credit risk from our customers. Our customers may default on their obligations to us due to bankruptcy, lack of liquidity or other reasons. Although we regularly review our credit exposure to our customers, default risk may arise from events or circumstances that are difficult to foresee. We rely primarily on the creditworthiness of our customers and have limited recourse for collection. Our inability to assess creditworthiness of our customers could adversely affect our operating results and cash flows.
Inflation Risk
High inflation may affect our operating results and cash flows. However, we do not believe that inflation had a materially impact on our operating results and cash flows during the year ended December 31, 2022. If our costs become subjected to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs through the increase in prices of products we sell.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
| Page Number | |||||
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Shareholders and Board of Directors
Amprius Technologies, Inc.
Fremont, California
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Amprius Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ BDO USA, LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2022.
Houston, Texas
March 30, 2023
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Amprius Technologies, Inc. (a carve-out of Amprius, Inc.)
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of Amprius Technologies, Inc. (a carve-out of Amprius, Inc.) (the Company) as of December 31, 2021, the related statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes to the financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB and in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ SingerLewak LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor from 2021 to 2022.
San Jose, CA
June 21, 2022, except for the reverse recapitalization described in Note 1 as to which the date is November 16, 2022.
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AMPRIUS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In thousands, except share and par value data) | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||
| ASSETS | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 69,696 | $ | 11,489 | |||||||
| Accounts receivable | 686 | 262 | |||||||||
| Inventories | 500 | 500 | |||||||||
| Deferred costs | 1,897 | 1,769 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 2,394 | 156 | |||||||||
| Total current assets | 75,173 | 14,176 | |||||||||
| Non-current assets: | |||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 4,236 | 4,210 | |||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 2,751 | — | |||||||||
| Deferred costs | 367 | 141 | |||||||||
| Other assets | 644 | — | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 83,171 | $ | 18,527 | |||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 1,028 | $ | 359 | |||||||
| Accrued and other current liabilities | 2,708 | 1,446 | |||||||||
| Deferred revenue | 2,660 | 2,363 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 521 | — | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 6,917 | 4,168 | |||||||||
| Non-current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | 720 | 501 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 2,501 | — | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 10,138 | 4,669 | |||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) | |||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
Preferred stock; $0.0001 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding | — | — | |||||||||
Common stock; $0.0001 par value; 950,000,000 shares authorized; 84,610,114 and 65,772,001 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively | 8 | 7 | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 165,912 | 89,252 | |||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (92,887) | (75,401) | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 73,033 | 13,858 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 83,171 | $ | 18,527 | |||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AMPRIUS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In thousands, except share and per share data) | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 4,409 | $ | 2,772 | |||||||
| Cost of revenue | 9,848 | 7,101 | |||||||||
| Gross loss | (5,439) | (4,329) | |||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||
| Research and development | 2,030 | 1,450 | |||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 10,572 | 4,844 | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 12,602 | 6,294 | |||||||||
| Loss from operations | (18,041) | (10,623) | |||||||||
| Other income (expense), net: | |||||||||||
| Interest income and other | 709 | (16) | |||||||||
| Gain on forgiveness of PPP loan | — | 743 | |||||||||
| Total other income, net | 709 | 727 | |||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (17,332) | $ | (9,896) | |||||||
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding: | |||||||||||
| Basic and diluted | 71,342,720 | 65,764,450 | |||||||||
| Net loss per share of common stock: | |||||||||||
| Basic and diluted | $ | (0.24) | $ | (0.15) | |||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AMPRIUS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
| Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Total Stockholders’ Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except share data) | Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of January 1, 2021 | 45,156,145 | $ | 1 | $ | 66,673 | $ | (65,505) | $ | 1,169 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Retroactive conversion of common stock due to Business Combination | 20,586,738 | 6 | (6) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of January 1, 2021, as adjusted | 65,742,883 | 7 | 66,667 | (65,505) | 1,169 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital contribution from Amprius Holdings | — | — | 20,111 | — | 20,111 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of stock options | 29,118 | — | 1 | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | 1,000 | — | 1,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contribution from Amprius Holdings related to stock-based compensation | — | — | 1,473 | — | 1,473 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | (9,896) | (9,896) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 65,772,001 | 7 | 89,252 | (75,401) | 13,858 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cumulative effect adjustment from the adoption of ASC 842 | — | — | — | (154) | (154) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock in connection with Business Combination and PIPE investment, net of issuance costs | 18,392,366 | 1 | 70,937 | — | 70,938 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock in connection with a stock purchase agreement | 84,793 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital contribution from Amprius Holdings | — | — | 505 | — | 505 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of stock options, net of repurchased shares | 146,566 | — | 44 | — | 44 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of stock warrants | 214,388 | — | 2,465 | — | 2,465 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | 2,329 | — | 2,329 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contribution from Amprius Holdings related to stock-based compensation | — | — | 380 | — | 380 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | (17,332) | (17,332) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 84,610,114 | $ | 8 | $ | 165,912 | $ | (92,887) | $ | 73,033 | ||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AMPRIUS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (17,332) | $ | (9,896) | |||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | 2,709 | 2,473 | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 1,539 | 1,441 | |||||||||
| Amortization of deferred costs | 1,585 | 548 | |||||||||
| Non-cash operating lease expense | 556 | — | |||||||||
| Loss from disposal of property, plant and equipment | — | 158 | |||||||||
| Gain on forgiveness of PPP loan | — | (743) | |||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | (424) | 86 | |||||||||
| Inventories | — | 17 | |||||||||
| Deferred costs | (1,939) | (2,003) | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (2,282) | (70) | |||||||||
| Accounts payable | 517 | (1,804) | |||||||||
| Accrued and other current liabilities | 1,155 | 574 | |||||||||
| Deferred revenue | 516 | 1,203 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | (482) | — | |||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | (13,882) | (8,016) | |||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | |||||||||||
| Purchase of property, plant and equipment | (1,481) | (609) | |||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (1,481) | (609) | |||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with Business Combination and PIPE investment | 77,884 | — | |||||||||
| Payment of transaction and issuance costs in connection with Business Combination and PIPE investment | (6,946) | — | |||||||||
| Payment of financing costs in connection with a stock purchase agreement | (326) | — | |||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 44 | 1 | |||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of warrants | 2,465 | — | |||||||||
| Capital contributions from Amprius Holdings | 505 | 20,111 | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 73,626 | 20,112 | |||||||||
| Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 58,263 | 11,487 | |||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year | 11,489 | 2 | |||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of year | $ | 69,752 | $ | 11,489 | |||||||
| Components of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 69,696 | $ | 11,489 | |||||||
| Restricted cash included in other assets | 56 | — | |||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 69,752 | $ | 11,489 | |||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing information: | |||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities and right-of-use assets upon adoption of ASC 842 | $ | 3,256 | $ | — | |||||||
| Unpaid purchases of property, plant and equipment | $ | 83 | $ | 51 | |||||||
| Unpaid financing costs in connection with a stock purchase agreement | $ | 263 | $ | — | |||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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AMPRIUS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Nature of Operations and Organization
Nature of Operations
Amprius Technologies, Inc. (the "Company") has developed, and since 2018, been in commercial production of lithium-ion batteries for mobility applications leveraging a disruptive silicon anode. The Company’s silicon anode technology is intended to enable batteries with higher energy density, higher power density and fast charging capabilities over a wide range of operating temperatures. The Company's headquarters is located in Fremont, California.
The Company previously had an intercompany agreement with a majority shareholder, Amprius, Inc. (“Amprius Holdings”), to license intellectual property rights to continue to develop silicon nanowire technology. Under this agreement, Amprius Holdings provided resources and rights to use its assets to the Company, such as rights to the use of intellectual property, cash, equipment, manufacturing and office facilities, personnel, and management oversight. Beginning in 2020, Amprius Holdings assigned or contributed those assets to the Company and the Company treated them as contributions from Amprius Holdings. The intercompany agreement was terminated in May 2022.
Business Combination
On September 14, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), the Company completed a business combination pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, dated May 11, 2022 (the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among the Company, Amprius Technologies Operating, Inc. (formerly known as Amprius Technologies, Inc. or "Legacy Amprius"), Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp. IV, and Kensington Capital Merger Sub Corp. (“Merger Sub”). Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp. IV changed its jurisdiction of incorporation by domesticating as a corporation incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware (the “Domestication”), upon which it changed its name to “Amprius Technologies, Inc.,” and a business combination between Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp. IV and Legacy Amprius was effected through the merger of Merger Sub with and into Legacy Amprius, with Legacy Amprius surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (together with the Domestication and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”).
Unless the context otherwise provides, the “Company” refers (i) prior to the Closing Date, to Legacy Amprius and (ii) on and after the Closing Date, to Amprius Technologies, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Legacy Amprius. Prior to the Business Combination, Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp. IV is referred to herein as “Kensington.”
The Business Combination was treated as a reverse recapitalization. Legacy Amprius was determined as the accounting acquirer and Kensington as the accounting acquiree for financial reporting purposes based on evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:
•the stockholders of Legacy Amprius owned a majority of the shares of the Company following the Business Combination;
•the board of directors of the Company following the Business Combination was comprised of all of the board members of Legacy Amprius;
•the senior management of the Company following the Business Combination was the senior management of Legacy Amprius; and
•Legacy Amprius is larger than Kensington in terms of existing operations and number of employees.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since its inception, the Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company's net loss was $17.3 million and at December 31, 2022, the accumulated deficit was $92.9 million. The Company expects to incur additional losses in the future as it scales its business and increases its operating expenditures, such as increasing its research and development spend and headcount. Additionally, the Company expects to increase its capital expenditures as it plans to build a GWh-scale manufacturing facility in the future. The Company may need to raise funds in order to meet its future operating and capital expenditure requirements. If
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sufficient funding is not raised, the Company may need to reduce its spending activities, which may negatively affect its ability to achieve its operating goals.
At December 31, 2022, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $69.7 million. The Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund its working capital requirements over twelve months from the date these financial statements are issued.
On September 27, 2022, the Company entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (“Purchase Agreement”) with B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (“BRPC II”), pursuant to which BRPC II committed to purchase up to $200.0 million of its common stock until January 1, 2025, subject to certain contractual terms (the “Committed Equity Financing”). There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to raise $200.0 million over such period as the Committed Equity Financing contains certain limitations and conditions.
On October 19, 2022, the U.S. Department of Energy (“DOE”) under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law awarded the Company a cost-sharing grant of $50.0 million. The grant is dependent upon the successful negotiation of a final contract. There can be no assurance that such negotiation will be successful.
Other Risk and Uncertainties
The Company faces risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has created significant volatility in the global economy, led to business disruptions, reduced economic activities, and imposition of travel restrictions. Although the COVID-19 pandemic did not have an adverse impact on the Company to-date, its future development is highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, the Company and its customers may continue to experience its negative effect, which may adversely affect the Company's future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The Company also faces risks related to the war between Russia and Ukraine, which has also led to significant volatility in the global economy resulting in higher inflation, volatility in the credit and capital markets, and interruption in the supply chain. Although this war did not have an adverse impact to the Company to-date, its future outcome is highly unpredictable and uncertain, which may also adversely affect the Company's future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, whereby Legacy Amprius was determined as the accounting acquirer for accounting and reporting purposes, the historical financial statements of Legacy Amprius became the historical financial statements of the combined company and no goodwill or other intangible assets were recorded. As a result, the accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect (i) the assets and liabilities of Legacy Amprius at their historical cost; (ii) the historical operating results of Legacy Amprius prior to the Business Combination; and (iii) Legacy Amprius’ equity structure, which has been retroactively restated in the comparative period up to the Closing Date to reflect the number of shares of the Company’s common stock issued to Legacy Amprius stockholders. As such, the shares, corresponding capital amounts, and net loss per share related to Legacy Amprius common stock have been retroactively restated to reflect the effect of the exchange ratio of 1.45590 (the “Exchange Ratio”) established in the Business Combination.
Prior to the Business Combination, the financial statements of the Company were presented on a carve-out basis using its historical results of operations and historical basis of assets and liabilities derived from the accounting records of Amprius Holdings, adjusted as necessary to conform with U.S. GAAP. The underlying assumptions in the Company's presentation of its financial statements prior to the Business Combination include:
•Balance sheets include all of the Company’s owned assets, assets assigned or contributed by Amprius Holdings, and liabilities incurred by Amprius Holdings on behalf of the Company.
•Statements of operations reflect all activities directly attributable to the Company, which include an allocation of certain general and administrative expenses of Amprius Holdings.
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•Certain general and administrative expenses of Amprius Holdings, such as the payroll-related expenses for two executive employees, legal, tax, insurance and accounting fees, were shared between the Company, Amprius Holdings and its other subsidiaries. Since those two executive employees provided the Company and Amprius Holdings' other subsidiaries with governance and management oversight, those shared expenses were allocated between the Company and Amprius Holdings' other subsidiaries. The level of effort spent by Amprius Holdings' executives was not correlated with the level of activity, revenue or other financial operating metrics of the Company and Amprius Holdings' other subsidiaries. As a result, those shared expenses were allocated equally between the Company and Amprius Holdings' other subsidiaries.
•Prior to the distribution of Amprius Holdings' other subsidiaries in January 2022 and February 2022, the shared expenses of Amprius Holdings were allocated equally between the Company and Amprius Holdings' other subsidiaries. After February 2022, those expenses were fully allocated to the Company.
Management believes that the assumptions described above, including the allocation of certain shared expenses, are reasonable and consistently applied for all periods presented prior to the Business Combination. However, the financial statements of the Company that were presented prior to the Business Combination may not be indicative of the Company’s future performance and do not necessarily reflect what the financial position, results of operations and cash flows would have been had the Company operated as a separate and standalone entity.
The significant accounting policies described below, together with other notes that follow, are an integral part of the consolidate financial statements.
Reclassification
Certain accounts in the prior year financial statements were reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.
Emerging Growth Company
The Company is an emerging growth company as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 (as amended), and it may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with such standards. The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected to not opt out of such extended transition period. This means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt such new or revised standard unless the Company is no longer deemed an emerging growth company. As a result, the accompanying consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances; the results of which form the basis for making judgements that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could materially differ from management estimates using different assumptions or under different conditions.
Significant accounting estimates made by the Company include useful lives of property, plant and equipment, valuation of deferred taxes, lower of cost or net realizable adjustment of inventory, carve-out of financial statements including the allocation of assets, liabilities and expenses prior to the Business Combination, incremental borrowing rate used in calculating lease obligations and right-of-use assets, and fair value of common stock prior to the Business Combination and other inputs used to value stock-based compensation awards.
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Fair Value Measurement
Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the financial statements are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels, which are directly related to the amount of subjectivity, associated with the inputs to the valuation of these assets or liabilities are as follows:
Level 1 – Inputs that are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.
Level 2 – Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) that are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.
Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities, and which reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.
In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible as well as considers counterparty credit risk in its assessment of fair value.
The Company had a money market fund amounting to $69.4 million as of December 31, 2022, which was measured at Level 1 fair value based on the active market price of such instrument.
The Company did not have assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 2 or Level 3 inputs as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
There were no transfers of financial instruments between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash consists of bank deposits and cash equivalent consists of a money market fund with original maturity of less than 90 days from the date of purchase.
Restricted cash pertains to cash collateral required by the Company’s lessor to satisfy a letter of credit requirement under its lease agreement. As of December 31, 2022, restricted cash was $56 thousand and is included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash with major financial institutions that may at times exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced losses on its financial assets held in these financial institutions. Management believes that these financial institutions are financially sound with minimal credit risk.
Accounts receivable consist mainly of amounts due from U.S. government agencies or sponsored entities and large public entities which limits the Company’s credit risk. Through December 31, 2022, the Company has not experienced any credit losses.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, four customers individually represented 24%, 20%, 18% and 11% of the Company’s revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2021, two customers individually represented 56% and 24% of the Company’s revenue.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, three and five customers represented 88% and 96%, respectively, of the Company’s total accounts receivable.
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Segment Reporting
The Company has determined that the Chief Executive Officer is its Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM). The CODM reviews financial information presented on an aggregate basis for the purposes of assessing the Company’s performance and making decisions on how to allocate resources. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates in a single operating and reportable segment. All of the Company’s revenues are geographically earned in the United States and all property, plant and equipment is located in the United States.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.
The Company generates revenue from both its arrangements for customization design services for the development of silicon-anode lithium-ion battery technology and delivery of prototypes and providing finished battery products to its customers.
The customization design services generally provide design and development efforts to configure the Company’s existing battery technology towards a customer’s required specifications, including the delivery of the prototypes. The development and delivery of these battery prototypes is a single performance obligation as the individual customization activities performed through delivery of the prototype batteries are not distinct. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when control transfers to the customer upon final delivery of prototype batteries or completion of the defined service.
The Company recognizes revenue from follow-on orders and standalone sales of battery products to customers at the point in time that control of the product has been transferred to the customer which is generally upon shipment.
To achieve the core principle of revenue recognition, the Company applies the following steps:
1.Identify the contract with the customer. A contract is defined as an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights and obligations. The Company generally enters into fixed-price agreements with its customers which outline the terms of the business relationship between the customer and the Company. Additionally, the Company may receive purchase orders from customers or enter into statements of work that indicate pricing, performance and delivery obligations, progress payments (if any) and the timing for each transaction. The Company accounts for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of the consideration is probable. At contract inception, the Company also evaluates prior incomplete contracts to determine whether the contract with the customer should be combined and accounted for as a single contract with any prior contract.
2.Identify the performance obligations in the contract. The promises within each contract for customization design services may vary depending on the customer requirements; however, those contracts contain promises which generally include (i) custom battery design to conform with customer’s requirements, (ii) design progress reporting, (iii) development of preliminary batteries, (iv) testing of battery design and performance, and (v) delivery of final battery prototypes that meet pre-defined customer specifications along with test results of the delivered batteries. Those promises are generally inputs to a combined output to deliver a single final prototype battery and are accounted for as a single performance obligation. Contracts for standard batteries for commercial sales are generally ready-made with no customization. Within these contracts, each battery is a distinct performance obligation.
3.Determine the transaction price. Payment terms for the Company’s development contracts are generally based on the achievement of defined milestones. Since revenue is generally recognized at the point in time when control transfers to the customer upon final delivery of prototype battery or completion of the service at the end of the contract as discussed below in Step 5, Recognize revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied, the variable consideration is not considered to be constrained at the inception of the contract and the transaction price equals the cumulative payments to which the Company is entitled to at the end of the contract. The Company elected to use the practical expedient to disregard the effect of the time value of money in a significant financing component when its payment terms are less than one year. In cases when there is a period
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of more than one year, the Company only adjusts the transaction price when the financing component is significant and beyond the mitigating effect of the progress payments.
4.Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract. The transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations. The Company’s revenue contracts contain a single performance obligation; therefore, allocation is not necessary.
5.Recognize revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. Under the Company’s customized design services arrangements, control generally transfers upon the completion of the battery design and delivery of the final prototype batteries. For follow-on orders and standalone sales of battery products to customers, control generally transfers upon shipment of the product. In some instances, customers may request that the Company bill them for a product but the Company retains physical possession of the product until later delivery, commonly known as “bill-and-hold” arrangements. The Company has a customer that has requested an arrangement whereby the Company may store finished product until the customer’s employees arrive at a specific site for a customer flight test. The finished products for such customer are stored in a storage area that are identified separately as belonging to such customer and are ready for immediate shipment upon the customer’s request. Additionally, title and risk of loss has passed to the customer. As such, the Company does not have the ability to use the finished products or direct them to other customers. In these “bill-and-hold” arrangements, the Company recognizes revenue when the product is identified separately as belonging to the customer and the product is ready for delivery to the customer.
Grant Revenue
The Company receives payments from the U.S. federal government under a nonrefundable expense reimbursement grant in support of its product development programs. Expense reimbursement grants entitle the Company to claim from a government entity reimbursement of certain qualified expenses incurred to date. The nature and amount of such expenses are determined by each respective grant.
The Company has concluded that government grants received are outside the scope of ASC Topic 606 because such grants do not involve a reciprocal transfer in which each party receives and sacrifices approximately commensurate value. Therefore, the grants meet the definition of a contribution and are non-exchange transactions.
In absence of explicit US GAAP guidance on contributions received by business entities, the Company made a policy decision to apply by analogy recognition and measurement guidance in International Accounting Standard 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. Under this approach the Company recognizes grants at fair value only when there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attaching to them, and that the grants will be received. The Company recognizes as revenue the amounts received or receivable from expense reimbursement grants to the extent, and in the period in which, the qualifying costs have been incurred.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount less any estimated allowance for doubtful accounts. An allowance for doubtful accounts is based on the Company’s assessment of the collectability of accounts by considering the age of outstanding invoices and the collection history of the customer, as well as an evaluation of potential risk of loss. A receivable deemed to be uncollectible is written off against a previously established allowance and recoveries are recognized when the cash is received. The Company does not accrue interest on past due balances and requires no collateral. The Company has not experienced any significant losses from accounts receivable. The Company had no allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Inventories
Inventories, which consist of raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in-first-out method. Net realizable value is determined based upon the estimated selling price of the inventory in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion or disposal and transportation. The cost of raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods generally exceeds their respective realizable value. When an inventory is adjusted to its net realizable value, a new cost basis is established and such cost is not adjusted for any potential recovery or increase in cost. Obsolete inventories are written off to cost of goods sold.
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Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets as shown below.
| Pilot production equipment | 4 to 7 years | ||||
| Lab equipment | 4 years | ||||
| Furniture, fixtures and other equipment | 3 to 5 years | ||||
| Leasehold improvements | Lesser of their useful lives or the term of the lease | ||||
Custom assets that are being constructed are recorded as construction in progress. Depreciation for those assets begins when the construction is completed and the assets are ready for their intended use.
Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Upon disposition, the cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews the valuation of long-lived assets, which consisted mainly of property, plant and equipment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. The recoverability of long-lived assets or asset groups is calculated based on the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. An impairment loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the asset. Fair value is determined using the estimated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. Based on management's assessment, there were no impairment losses recorded during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, by evaluating whether there is an identified asset and whether the Company controls the use of the identified asset throughout the period of use. The Company determines the classification of the lease, whether operating or finance lease, at the lease commencement date, which is the date the Company obtains control of the leased asset.
The Company recognizes the right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities on the lease commencement date based upon the present value of the fixed lease payments over the non-cancelable lease term, unless it is reasonably certain that any renewal or termination option will be exercised. Variable costs, such as common area maintenance fees, property insurance and property taxes, are not included in the measurement of the ROU assets and lease liabilities, but are expensed as incurred. As the implicit rate of the leases is not determinable, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of the lease payments. The Company does not recognize ROU assets on lease arrangements with a term of 12 months or less. Lease expense for such arrangements is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The Company accounts for lease components and non-lease components as a single lease component. Modifications are assessed to determine whether incremental differences result in new contract terms and accounted for as a new lease or whether the additional right of use should be included in the original lease and continue to be accounted with the remaining ROU asset.
Lease liabilities are increased by interest and reduced by payments each period, and the right of use asset is amortized over the lease term. For operating leases, interest on the lease liability and the amortization of the right-of-use asset result in straight-line rent expense over the lease term. For finance leases, interest on the lease liability and the amortization of the right-of-use asset results in front-loaded expense over the lease term.
Warranty Liability
The Company warrants that battery cells sold to customers will meet the published or agreed upon specification. Battery cells that do not meet specification are replaced at no charge to the customer. The Company had no significant warranty claims based on its historical experience. In addition, the Company is not aware of pending warranty claims or returns of battery cells from customers as of December 31, 2022. Based on management's assessment, the Company had not recorded a warranty liability as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
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Loss Contingencies
In the normal course of business, the Company may be involved in claims and legal proceedings. The Company records a liability for such matters when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued. Legal costs associated with these loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.
Deferred Costs
Certain costs, which consist primarily of payroll-related costs, are initially deferred when (i) the costs relate directly to a customer contract, (ii) generate or enhance resources of the Company that will be used in satisfying future performance obligations, and (iii) are expected to be recovered. If these three criteria are not met, the costs are expensed into cost of revenue in the period incurred. Deferred costs are recognized as cost of revenues in the period when the related revenue is recognized, except when such costs incurred are in excess of the amount expected to be recoverable, in which case they are expensed as incurred into cost of revenues. The recoverable amount equals the total of the amount of consideration that the Company expects to receive in the future and that the Company has received but has not recognized as revenue, in exchange for the goods or services to which the asset relates, less the costs that relate directly to providing those goods or services and that have not been recognized as expenses.
Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenue, which includes the cost of finished goods sold and the cost of customization development services, consist mainly of the costs of raw materials, labor costs, and the allocation of overhead costs incurred in producing batteries or performing the customization work. Labor costs consist of personnel-related expenses such as salaries, employee benefits and stock-based compensation expense. Overhead costs consist primarily of utilities, rent, depreciation expense and other facilities-related costs. Costs related to batteries and design services are recognized in the same period as the associated revenue.
Research and Development Costs
Research and development ("R&D") costs are expensed as incurred. These costs consist mainly of personnel-related costs such as salaries, employee benefits and stock-based compensation expense of R&D personnel, outside contractors, materials, R&D equipment, and allocation of overhead costs, which include utilities, rent, depreciation expense and other facilities-related costs. R&D costs relate to the conceptual formulation and design of preproduction experimental prototypes and models, including the cost of equipment and material for which there is no alternative future use.
Advertising Costs
Advertising costs, which were not material during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, are expensed as incurred.
Stock-Based Compensation
Amprius Holdings, a major shareholder, granted certain of its employees, directors and contract workers stock-based awards under its Equity Incentive Plan ("Amprius Holdings Plan"). When the Company was formed, certain employees and contract workers of Amprius Holdings were transferred, or provided services, to the Company. The stock-based compensation costs associated with the outstanding stock-based awards granted to those employees and contract workers were recorded by the Company with a corresponding increase in additional paid-in capital.
In 2016, the Company adopted the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan ("2016 Plan"), which was separate from the Amprius Holdings Plan. The Company granted stock-based awards under the 2016 Plan to certain employees, directors and contract workers of Amprius Holdings who provided services to the Company. The stock-based compensation costs associated with those awards were recorded by the Company. In September 2022, the Company adopted the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan ("2022 Plan") and terminated the 2016 Plan.
The Company measures stock-based compensation for stock options at fair value on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company measures stock-based compensation for restricted stock units ("RSUs") based on the closing price of the Company’s stock. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a
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straight-line basis over the period from the date of the grant to the date the award is fully vested, which is generally four years. The Company has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur.
The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of highly subjective assumptions which determine the fair value of stock option awards. These assumptions include:
•Expected Term — The expected term of stock options represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. As the Company does not have sufficient historical experience for determining the expected term, the expected term has been derived based on the simplified method for awards that qualify as plain-vanilla options.
•Expected Volatility — Since the Company did not have trading history for its common stock, the Company estimated volatility for option grants through December 31, 2022 by evaluating the average historical volatility of a peer group of companies for the period immediately preceding the option grant for a term that is approximately equal to the option’s expected term.
•Risk-Free Interest Rate — The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield available on the U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues with a remaining term equivalent to the expected term of the option.
•Expected Dividend — The Company has not paid dividends and has no plans to pay dividends on its common stock. Therefore, the Company used an expected dividend yield of zero.
The Black-Scholes option-pricing model also requires input on the fair value of the underlying common stock. There is no public market for Amprius Holdings' common stock and prior to the Business Combination, there was no public market for Legacy Amprius’ common stock. As such, the fair value of the shares of common stock underlying stock option grants had been determined by the Company’s board of directors at the time of grant by considering a number of objective and subjective factors including important developments in the Company’s operations, valuations performed by an independent third party, the rights, preferences, and privileges of Amprius Holdings’ preferred securities as compared to those of Legacy Amprius' and Amprius Holdings’ common stock, including liquidation preferences of Amprius Holdings’ preferred stock, the Company's stage of development and financial position, the market conditions affecting the industry, the stock price performance and volatility of comparable public companies, and the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, among other factors. The third-party valuations were performed in accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Accounting and Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation (the “Practice Aid”). The Practice Aid identifies various available methods for allocating the enterprise value across classes of capital stock in determining the fair value of the Company's common stock at each valuation date. The valuations for Amprius Holdings’ common stock were prepared using the Option Pricing Method ("OPM"), and the valuations for Legacy Amprius' common stock were prepared using the probability-weighed expected return method ("PWERM"), both of which used market approaches to estimate the Company's enterprise value. PWERM is a hybrid method where the equity value in one or more of the scenarios is calculated using an OPM. The PWERM is a scenario-based methodology that estimates the fair value of common stock based upon an analysis of future values for the company, assuming various outcomes. The common stock value is based on the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns considering each of the possible outcomes available as well as the rights of each class of stock. The future value of the common stock under each outcome is discounted back to the valuation date at an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate and probability weighted to arrive at an indication of value for the common stock. A discount for lack of marketability of the common stock is then applied to arrive at an indication of value for the common stock. The OPM treats common stock and preferred stock as call options on the total equity value of a company, with exercise prices based on the value thresholds at which the allocation among the various holders of a company’s securities changes. Under this method, the common stock has value only if the funds available for distribution to stockholders exceeded the value of the preferred stock liquidation preferences at the time of the liquidity event, such as a strategic sale or a merger.
After the Business Combination, the fair value of the shares of common stock underlying stock option grants is determined based on the closing price of the Company’s stock.
Common Stock Warrants
The Company has freestanding common stock warrants, which are classified as equity in accordance with the applicable guidance in ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity. Accordingly, a
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freestanding instrument, such as a stock warrant, is classified as equity when (i) the instrument is considered indexed to an entity's own stock and (ii) when certain criteria for equity classification are met.
When assessing whether the Company's stock warrants are indexed to its own stock, the Company evaluated the stock warrants' exercise contingencies and adjustment features. The stock warrants' exercise contingencies, which are not based on observable market or index, include restriction to exercise a portion of the stock warrants if the holder exceeds specified beneficial ownership limitations and the holder being required to exercise the stock warrants in the event of a reorganization or a warrant redemption. Since the exercise contingencies are not based on observable market or index, the stock warrants were not precluded from being considered indexed to the Company's own stock. In addition, the stock warrants' adjustment features, such as a change in exercise price in the event of a stock split or stock dividend and a downward adjustment on the exercise price at the Company's discretion, did not preclude the stock warrants from being considered indexed to the Company's own stock.
The Company also evaluated other provisions in the warrant agreement, such as the share-settlement provision and the replacement of the instrument in the event of a reorganization, and determined that those provisions do not preclude the stock warrants from being classified as equity.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. Deferred tax balances are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets are also recognized for temporary differences that arise from net operating losses and credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax balances of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.
ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, as income tax expense.
Concurrent with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement, the Company and Amprius Holdings entered into a Tax Sharing Agreement which provides that with respect to any U.S. federal consolidated group of which Amprius Holdings and the Company are members, Amprius Holdings will be responsible for and will indemnify the Company for the tax liability of such group. In addition, Amprius Holdings will be responsible for and will indemnify the Company for state taxes of any consolidated, combined or unitary tax group for state tax purposes that includes Amprius Holdings and the Company. The Tax Sharing Agreement also provides that Amprius Holdings will generally control any tax returns and any tax audits or other proceedings for the taxes addressed by the Tax Sharing Agreement. The Tax Sharing Agreement did not have a material impact and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's future results of operations.
Prior to the Business Combination, any income taxes in the Company’s financial statements have been allocated in a manner that is systematic, rational and consistent. The Company’s results of operations had historically been included in Amprius Holdings' combined U.S. income tax returns. Since the Company and Amprius Holdings were members of a consolidated group for federal and state income tax purposes prior to the Business Combination, the net operating loss carryover of the consolidated group would be available to be utilized by either the Company or other members for periods prior to the Business Combination.
Since the Company did not file separate income tax returns from Amprius Holdings, payments to certain tax authorities may have been made directly by Amprius Holdings, and not by the Company. For tax jurisdictions where the Company was included with Amprius Holdings' consolidated tax filings, the Company did not recognize a tax payable to or from Amprius Holdings, and the payments of taxes were deemed to be settled immediately with the legal entities paying for the taxes in the respective tax jurisdictions.
Net Loss Per Share
Basic net loss per share of common stock is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration of
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potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share of common stock is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the sum of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding and potentially dilutive securities during the period. Potentially dilutive securities include shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options, vesting of RSUs and exercise of common stock warrants; however, these have been excluded from the diluted net loss per share calculation because their effect were anti-dilutive given the net loss of the Company. Therefore, the basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock for all periods presented were the same.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases, and subsequent amendments to the initial guidance: ASU 2017-13, ASU 2018-10, ASU 2018-11, ASU 2018-20 and ASU 2019-01 (collectively, “Topic 842”). Under Topic 842, lessees are required to recognize leases on their balance sheet as an ROU asset and a lease liability. In addition, lessees are required to classify leases as either operating or finance leases, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the statement of operations.
The Company adopted Topic 842 using the modified retrospective method effective January 1, 2022. Under this approach, the Company is not required to restate or disclose the effects of applying Topic 842 for comparative periods. Upon adoption of Topic 842, the Company has elected to apply the package of practical expedients of not reassessing the following: (i) whether any expired or existing contracts are, or contain, leases, (ii) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and (iii) initial direct costs for any existing leases. In addition, the Company elected to apply the following policies: (i) lease arrangements with a term of 12 months or less will not be recognized as ROU assets and lease liabilities, and (ii) non-lease components shall not be separated from the lease components, but instead accounted for as a single lease component.
The Company had a single lease of a real estate asset, which includes the Company's headquarters, research and development facilities, and manufacturing facilities on the date of adoption of Topic 842. Upon adoption of Topic 842, the lease continued to be classified as an operating lease and the Company recognized the following on January 1, 2022:
•Operating lease liabilities of $3.3 million, which represented the present value of the lease payments over the remaining noncancellable lease term and the expected renewal period, discounted using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate of 7.9%;
•Operating lease ROU assets of $3.1 million, which represented the operating lease liabilities of $3.3 million, adjusted for deferred rent of $240 thousand and prepaid rent of $43 thousand; and
•Adjustment to accumulated deficit of $154 thousand.
The adoption of Topic 842 did not have any other impact on the Company’s balance sheet, results of operations and cash flows as of and during the year ended December 31, 2022.
In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832), Disclosures by Business Entities About Government Assistance, which requires business entities to provide disclosures on material government transactions for annual reporting periods. The disclosures include information around the nature of the assistance, the related accounting policies used to account for government assistance, the effect of government assistance on the entity’s financial statements, and any significant terms and conditions of the agreements, including commitments and contingencies. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2022.
Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Effective Dates (“ASU 2019-10”), which amends the transition and effective date of accounting for credit losses under Topic 326 to years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. Topic 326 requires that credit losses on financial assets, such as trade and other receivables and available-for-sale debt securities, be recognized as allowance for credit losses. Credit losses on trade and other receivables will reflect the current estimate of the expected credit losses that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowances for losses. Credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses will be recognized as allowances for credit losses limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. In addition, ASU 2019-10 added a provision to allow an entity to irrevocably elect the fair value option in accordance with Subtopic 825-10 for financial instruments within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, except for held to maturity
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debt securities. The Company has trade and other receivables, but has no investment in debt securities. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of Topic 326 on its financial statements.
Note 3. Business Combination
On September 14, 2022, the Company completed the Business Combination, discussed further in Note 1, which was treated as a reverse recapitalization. The effects of the Business Combination include the following:
•the Company’s certificate of incorporation was amended and restated to, among other things, authorize the issuance of 1,000,000,000 shares, of which 950,000,000 shares are designated as common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and 50,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share;
•all outstanding shares of Legacy Amprius’ common stock were exchanged for a number of the Company’s common stock equal to the number of Legacy Amprius’ shares multiplied by the Exchange Ratio of approximately 1.45590, or for an aggregate of 65,776,550 shares of the Company’s common stock; and
•Each option to purchase Legacy Amprius’ common stock (a “Legacy Amprius Option”), whether vested or unvested, was converted into an option to purchase a number of the Company’s common stock (an “Option”), subject to substantially the same terms and conditions as were applicable prior to the merger, equal to the product of the number of shares of Legacy Amprius’ common stock subject to such Legacy Amprius Option immediately prior to the closing and the Exchange Ratio, at an exercise price per share calculated by dividing the exercise price per share of such Legacy Amprius Option immediately prior to the Business Combination by the Exchange Ratio. At Closing Date, the Legacy Amprius Options were converted to Options to receive an aggregate of 14,223,410 shares of common stock, of which 6,664,919 shares remained subject to vesting obligations.
Immediately prior to the closing of the Business Combination, a number of investors (the “PIPE Investors”) purchased from the Company an aggregate of 2,052,500 PIPE units at a price of $10.00 per share (such transaction, the “PIPE”), pursuant to separate subscription agreements (each, a “Subscription Agreement”) entered into with the PIPE Investors. Each PIPE unit consists of (i) one share of common stock and (ii) one warrant (each, a “PIPE Warrant”) to purchase one share of common stock. The exercise price of each PIPE Warrant is $12.50 per share. The Company may be able to redeem the PIPE Warrants if the price per share of the Company's common stock equals or exceeds $20.00 per share for at least 20 trading days during a period of 30 consecutive trading days prior to the redemption date.
The Company’s outstanding shares of common stock immediately after giving effect to the Business Combination and the PIPE totaled 84,168,916 shares.
The Company received net proceeds from the Business Combination and the PIPE totaling $70.9 million, after deducting transaction and issuance costs. Transaction costs paid by the Company, which consisted of direct and incremental costs, such as legal, consulting and advisory fees incurred in connection with the Business Combination, totaled $6.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. These costs were classified as a reduction of additional paid-in capital in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
Note 4. Revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue
Revenue from customers consists mainly of customized design services arrangements and sale of battery products. Revenue from customized design services arrangements, which may include a requirement to achieve certain agreed upon milestones, is recognized when the battery design is completed and the final prototype batteries are delivered. Revenue from sale of battery products is recognized upon shipment. The Company disaggregates its revenue from customers by the type of arrangement, either as customization design services or as sale of battery products, as this depicts how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The table below shows the composition of revenue from customers, as disaggregated by type of arrangement in accordance with Topic 606, and other revenue from government grants accounted for using the analogy from IAS 20 (in thousands).
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| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Revenue from contract with customers: | |||||||||||
| Customized design services | $ | 1,836 | $ | 1,621 | |||||||
| Sale of batteries | 2,346 | 1,151 | |||||||||
| Total revenue from contract with customers | 4,182 | 2,772 | |||||||||
Other revenue – government grant | 227 | — | |||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 4,409 | $ | 2,772 | |||||||
Revenue from sale of batteries includes bill-and-hold arrangements, which amounted to $768 thousand and $670 thousand during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Contract Balances
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections can result in the recognition of accounts receivable, contract assets and contract liabilities.
Accounts receivable is the Company’s right to consideration that is unconditional, and include amounts that are unbilled at the end of the period that are expected to be billed and collected within a 12-month period. A right to consideration is unconditional if only the passage of time is required before payment of that consideration is due. The opening balance of accounts receivable as of January 1, 2021 was $348 thousand. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the accounts receivable balance was $686 thousand and $262 thousand, respectively. Unbilled accounts receivable, included in the accounts receivable, was $77 thousand as of December 31, 2022 and none as of December 31, 2021.
Contract assets relate to rights to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. There were no contract assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and January 1, 2021.
Contract liabilities consist primarily of deferred revenue, which is the amount of progress payments received or billed in advance of revenue recognition. Deferred revenue is subsequently recognized as revenue when the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company’s contracts with customers are generally billed based on pre-defined milestones stipulated in the contract. The opening balance of deferred revenue as of January 1, 2021 was $1.7 million. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the total deferred revenue was $3.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively. Deferred revenue is classified as either short-term or long term when the performance obligation is estimated to be satisfied within twelve months or more than twelve months, respectively, following the balance sheet date. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, revenue recognized from the prior year deferred revenue balance was $1.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively.
Remaining Performance Obligations
The Company has performance obligations associated with commitments in customer contracts for future services that have not yet been recognized as revenue. As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations related to customer contracts that were unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied, including deferred revenue, was approximately $10.1 million. Given the applicable contract terms, approximately $6.2 million is expected to be recognized as revenue within one year and approximately $3.9 million is expected to be recognized between two to five years. This amount does not include contracts to which the customer is not committed. The estimated timing of the recognition of remaining unsatisfied performance obligations is subject to change and is affected by changes to scope, changes in timing of delivery of products and services, or contract modifications.
Deferred Costs
Deferred costs, which consist primarily of capitalized payroll-related costs to fulfill obligations under customer contracts, totaled $2.3 million and $1.9 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The amortization of deferred costs, which is included in cost of revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, was $1.6 million and $0.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The Company evaluates deferred costs for impairment and recognizes any impairment loss in cost of revenues. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, cost of revenues includes costs incurred on certain customized design service contracts that were in excess of the amount expected to be recovered.
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Grant Revenue
In September 2022, the U.S. DOE's Advanced Manufacturing Office awarded the Company a grant totaling $1.0 million for the Company to use in further maturing its process for manufacturing nanowire-based silicon anodes. The grant will be paid over a period of two years, subject to the terms and conditions of the award. The Company recognized $227 thousand of grant revenue during the year ended December 31, 2022 and presented the amount as part of revenue on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.
Note 5. Inventory
Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Raw material | $ | 180 | $ | 231 | |||||||
| Work in process | 218 | 14 | |||||||||
| Finished goods | 102 | 255 | |||||||||
| Inventory | $ | 500 | $ | 500 | |||||||
Note 6. Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Pilot production equipment | $ | 4,488 | $ | 4,041 | |||||||
| Lab equipment | 2,304 | 2,287 | |||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 3,525 | 3,439 | |||||||||
| Furniture, fixtures and other equipment | 206 | 242 | |||||||||
| Construction in progress | 957 | — | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, at cost | 11,480 | 10,009 | |||||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (7,244) | (5,799) | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 4,236 | $ | 4,210 | |||||||
Construction in progress consisted primarily of pilot production and other equipment that have not been placed in service as of December 31, 2022.
Depreciation and amortization expense was $1.5 million and $1.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Note 7. Accrued and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Accrued compensation and benefits | $ | 1,840 | $ | 1,066 | |||||||
| Accrued professional fees | 481 | 18 | |||||||||
| Accrued financing costs | 194 | — | |||||||||
| Accrued tax payable | 106 | 145 | |||||||||
| Deferred rent | — | 87 | |||||||||
| Other | 87 | 130 | |||||||||
| Total accrued and other current liabilities | $ | 2,708 | $ | 1,446 | |||||||
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Note 8. Note Payable
In May 2020, the Company received a loan through the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) of the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) under the CARES Act for an aggregate principal amount of $0.7 million (the “PPP loan”). In June 2021, SBA approved the Company’s loan forgiveness application for the entire balance of the PPP loan, including accrued interest. The Company recorded a gain on forgiveness of the PPP loan of $0.7 million during year ended December 31, 2021.
Note 9. Stockholders' Equity
Common and Preferred Stock
As of December 31, 2022, the Company was authorized to issue 1,000,000,000 shares of stock, of which 950,000,000 shares are designated as common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and 50,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held and entitled to receive dividends when and if declared by the board of directors. The Company has not declared any dividends through and as of December 31, 2022.
Equity Incentive Plans
The Company adopted the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan ("2022 Plan") effective September 14, 2022. The 2022 Plan authorizes awards in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, or performance awards and may be granted to directors, employees or consultants. The Company initially reserved a total of 9,900,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance under the 2022 Plan, subject to the adjustment provisions and the evergreen provisions contained in the 2022 Plan. In addition, the shares reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan include any assumed awards that, on or after the closing of the Business Combination, were cancelled, expired or otherwise terminated without having been exercised in full, were tendered to or withheld by the Company for payment of an exercise price or for tax withholding obligations, or were forfeited to or repurchased by the Company due to failure to vest (provided that the maximum number of shares that may be added to the 2022 Plan is 15,000,000 shares). The number of shares available for issuance under the 2022 Plan will be increased annually beginning January 1, 2023 equal to the lesser of (i) 30,000,000 shares, (ii) 5% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding as of the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or (iii) as may be determined by the Plan administrator. As of December 31, 2022, a total of 9,722,507 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan.
Prior to the Business Combination, the Company maintained the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (“2016 Plan”), which was adopted effective December 1, 2017. The 2016 Plan was terminated concurrently with the adoption of the 2022 Plan. As a result, no additional awards will be granted under the 2016 Plan. However, the 2016 Plan continues to govern the terms and conditions of the outstanding awards previously granted under the 2016 Plan.
The 2022 Plan and 2016 Plan are collectively referred to as the “Equity Incentive Plans.”
Stock Options
Stock options granted under the Equity Incentive Plans provided for an exercise price not less than 100% of the fair value at the grant date, unless the optionee is a 10% stockholder, in which case the option price would not be less than 110% of such fair market value. Options granted generally have a maximum term of 10 years from grant date or 90 days from the termination of the optionee, are exercisable upon vesting unless otherwise designated for early exercise by the Board of Directors at the time of grant, and generally vest over a period of four years.
A summary of option activity under the Equity Incentive Plans as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2022, is as follows:
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| Number of Shares | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years) | Average Intrinsic Value (in Thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at January 1, 2022 | 10,372,865 | $ | 0.85 | 5.9 | $ | 16,208 | |||||||||||||||||
| Granted | 3,875,412 | $ | 2.63 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | (146,794) | $ | 0.31 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Expired/Forfeited | (27,609) | $ | 2.03 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 14,073,874 | $ | 1.35 | 6.1 | $ | 92,629 | |||||||||||||||||
| Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2022 | 7,927,465 | $ | 0.64 | 3.9 | $ | 57,752 | |||||||||||||||||
| Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2022 | 14,073,874 | $ | 1.35 | 6.1 | $ | 92,629 | |||||||||||||||||
The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted under the Equity Incentive Plans during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $1.68 and $1.14 per share, respectively. The fair value of options granted was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Dividend yield | — | % | — | % | |||||||
| Expected volatility | 59.2 | % | 51.8 | % | |||||||
| Expected term (in years) | 6.2 | 5.9 | |||||||||
| Risk-free rate | 2.7 | % | 1.1 | % | |||||||
The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $1.2 million and $54 thousand, respectively. The fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $2.2 million and $0.9 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $8.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding stock options. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.1 years.
Restricted Stock Units ("RSUs")
The fair value of RSUs is determined based upon the market closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. RSUs generally vest over a period of approximately 4 years from the date of grant, subject to the continued employment or services of the grantee.
A summary of RSU activity under the Equity Incentive Plans as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2022, is as follow:
| Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
| Outstanding at January 1, 2022 | — | — | |||||||||
| Granted | 185,000 | $ | 10.40 | ||||||||
| Vested | — | — | |||||||||
| Expired/Forfeited | — | — | |||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 185,000 | $ | 10.40 | ||||||||
As of December 31, 2022, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the unvested RSUs was approximately $1.9 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of 4.0 years.
Amprius Holdings Equity Incentive Plan
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Under the Amprius Holdings Plan, Amprius Holdings granted certain of its employees, directors and contract workers stock-based awards under such plan. When the Company was formed, certain employees, directors and contract workers of Amprius Holdings were transferred, or provided services, to the Company. As a result, the stock-based compensation costs associated with the outstanding stock-based awards granted to those employees, directors and contract workers were recorded by the Company from the date of their transfer to the Company up to the remaining vesting period of their outstanding awards, with a corresponding increase in additional paid-in capital. The stock option grants under the Amprius Holdings Plan expire 10 years from the date of grant or 90 days from the termination of the optionee, vest over a period of two to four years, and are exercisable for shares of Amprius Holdings’ common stock.
Amprius Holdings has not granted stock options under the Amprius Holdings Plan to its employees or contractors who continued to provide services to the Company during the year ended December 31, 2022. Additionally, there were no stock options attributable to those employees and contractors of Amprius Holdings that were transferred or continued to provide services to the Company that were exercised or forfeited during the year ended December 31, 2022.
The fair value of options granted under the Amprius Holdings Plan during the year ended December 31, 2021 was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: (i) divided yield of 0%, (ii) expected volatility of 52.2%, (iii) expected term of 5.0 years and (iv) risk free rate of 1.2%.
The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted under the Amprius Holdings Plan during the year ended December 31, 2021 was $2.50 per share. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised under the Amprius Holdings Plan was $28 thousand during the year ended December 31, 2021. The fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $424 thousand and $273 thousand, respectively.
As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $16 thousand of total unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding stock options. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.3 years.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP")
The Company adopted the ESPP effective September 14, 2022. Under the ESPP, the Company's maximum number of shares available for issuance is 990,000 shares of common stock, which number may be increased annually beginning January 1, 2023, subject to certain limitations under the ESPP. The ESPP is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as amended) and will provide eligible employees an opportunity to purchase the Company’s common stock at a discount through payroll deductions. Under the ESPP, the Company may specify offering periods, provided that no offering period will have a duration exceeding 27 months. The purchase price per share is equal to 85% of the fair market value of a share of the Company’s common stock on the (i) offering date or (ii) purchase date, whichever is lower. The Company has not established an offering under the ESPP as of December 31, 2022.
Executive Incentive Compensation Plan
On September 14, 2022, the Company’s board of directors approved the Company’s Executive Incentive Compensation Plan, which will allow the Company to grant incentive awards to certain executive employees, generally payable in cash, based upon achieving specified goals. The Company has the right to settle the award by granting an equity award, which may be subject to vesting conditions. All awards under the Executive Incentive Compensation Plan will be subject to reduction, cancellation, forfeiture, or recoupment in accordance with any clawback policy that the Company is required to adopt pursuant to applicable laws. As of December 31, 2022, there were no grants under the Executive Incentive Compensation Plan.
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Stock Warrants
Outstanding stock warrants consisted of the following as of December 31, 2022:
| Number of Warrants | Exercise Price Per Share | Expiration Date | |||||||||||||||
| Public warrants | 29,268,336 | $11.50 | September 14, 2027 | ||||||||||||||
| Private warrants | 16,400,000 | $11.50 | September 14, 2027 | ||||||||||||||
| PIPE warrants | 2,052,500 | $12.50 | September 14, 2027 | ||||||||||||||
| 47,720,836 | |||||||||||||||||
Holders of the Public Warrants and Private Warrants are entitled to purchase one share of the Company's common stock at a price of $11.50 per share subject to adjustment pursuant to the Warrant Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2022. The Public Warrants are listed on the NYSE and are redeemable by the Company when the price per share of the Company's common stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for at least 20 trading days during a period of 30 consecutive trading days prior to the redemption date. The Private Warrants are not listed on any securities exchange and not redeemable by the Company.
The PIPE Warrants are substantially identical to the Public Warrants, except that the exercise price of each PIPE Warrant is $12.50 per share. In addition, the Company may only be able to redeem the PIPE Warrants if the price per share of the Company's common stock equals or exceeds $20.00 per share for at least 20 trading days during a period of 30 consecutive trading days prior to the redemption date. The PIPE Warrants are also not listed on any securities exchange.
The warrants described above are classified as equity in accordance with the guidance under ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging–Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity. Equity-classified contracts, such as stock warrants, are initially measured at fair value or allocated value. Any subsequent changes in fair value are not recognized as long as the contracts continue to be classified in equity.
Common Stock Purchase Agreement
On September 27, 2022, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement with BRPC II, pursuant to which the Company, at its option, has the right to sell to BRPC II up to $200.0 million of its common stock from time to time until January 1, 2025. The purchase price will be determined by reference to the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common stock (as defined in the Purchase Agreement), less a discount of 3%. The Company cannot issue to BRPC II more than 19.99% of the aggregate number of shares of the common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the Purchase Agreement, except in limited circumstances. Proceeds from the sale of the Company’s common stock to BRPC II will depend upon the frequency and the market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of sale.
The Company issued 84,793 shares of common stock to BRPC II upon execution of the Purchase Agreement as consideration for BRPC II’s commitment to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company incurred a total of $0.6 million in costs related to the execution of the Purchase Agreement and the issuance of the initial commitment shares during the year ended December 31, 2022 and such amount is initially recorded as deferred stock issuance costs included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. Such deferred stock issuance cost will be charged proportionally against the gross proceeds of future shares issued to BRPC II based upon the total estimated funds the Company expect to raise under the Purchase Agreement. There were no other shares issued under the Purchase Agreement as of December 31, 2022.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation from stock options and RSUs under the Equity Incentive Plans and stock-based compensation from stock options under the Amprius Holdings Plan that were recorded by the Company were included in the following lines in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations during the periods presented (in thousands):
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| Years ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | $ | 516 | $ | 693 | |||||||
| Research and development | 27 | 233 | |||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 2,166 | 1,547 | |||||||||
| Total stock-based compensation | $ | 2,709 | $ | 2,473 | |||||||
Note 10. Income Taxes
Prior to the Business Combination, the Company did not file separate income tax returns as they were included in the consolidated income tax returns of Amprius Holdings. As a result, the Company's provision for income taxes prior to the Business Combination was determined using a method consistent with a separate return basis, as if the Company was a separate taxpayer.
The components of loss before provision for income taxes were as follows (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Domestic | $ | (17,332) | $ | (9,896) | |||||||
| Foreign | — | — | |||||||||
| Total | $ | (17,332) | $ | (9,896) | |||||||
The provision for income taxes during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were not material.
The provision for income taxes differed from the amount computed by applying the federal statutory rate, which was 21.0% during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, to the loss before provision for income taxes as follows (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Expected benefit at U.S. federal statutory tax rate | $ | (3,640) | $ | (2,078) | |||||||
| State tax | (764) | (707) | |||||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | (8,858) | 2,720 | |||||||||
| Deconsolidation adjustment | 13,318 | — | |||||||||
| Other | (56) | 65 | |||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||
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The components of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities were as follows (in thousands) :
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | |||||||||||
| Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 10,326 | $ | 17,646 | |||||||
| Tax credits | 819 | 1,900 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | 783 | — | |||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | 725 | — | |||||||||
| Accruals, reserves and other | 624 | 757 | |||||||||
| Capitalized research and development | 336 | 479 | |||||||||
| Valuation allowance | (12,900) | (20,697) | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | 713 | 85 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment | — | (85) | |||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | (713) | — | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (713) | (85) | |||||||||
| Net deferred taxes | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences will become deductible. The Company assesses available positive and negative evidences to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit the use of existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence is the cumulative losses incurred since inception, supported by negative subjective evidence of no expectations of future taxable income. Based on this evaluation, management believes that recognition of the deferred tax assets arising from the above-mentioned future tax benefits is currently not likely to be realized and, accordingly, has provided a valuation allowance. The valuation allowance decreased by $7.8 million and increased by $2.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Net operating losses ("NOL") and tax credit carryforwards were as follows as of December 31, 2022:
| Amount (In thousands) | Expiration Years | ||||||||||
| NOL, federal (after December 31, 2017) | $ | 33,756 | Do not expire | ||||||||
| NOL, federal (before January 1, 2018) | $ | 3,799 | 2028—2037 | ||||||||
| NOL, state | $ | 30,072 | 2029—2042 | ||||||||
| Tax credits, federal | $ | 727 | 2034—2042 | ||||||||
| Tax credits, state | $ | 462 | Do not expire | ||||||||
The utilization of NOL and tax credit carryforwards are subject to certain limitations under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, in the event of a change in the Company’s ownership, as defined in the current income tax Regulations. Ownership changes prior to the Business Combination did not result in a limitation that will materially reduce the total amount of NOL carryforwards and credits that can be utilized. Subsequent ownership changes may affect the limitation in future years.
As a result of the Business Combination, the Company was deconsolidated from Amprius Holdings for federal and state income tax purposes. The Internal Revenue Code and related Regulations provide for a methodology for the allocation of the cumulative NOL carryovers between the Company and Amprius Holdings upon deconsolidation. Based on the methodology used, the federal and state NOL carryovers have been reduced by approximately $43.1 million and $40.3 million, respectively, and the federal and state R&D tax credit carryovers have been reduced by approximately $0.7 million and $1.0 million, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022.
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A reconciliation of the unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 709 | $ | 674 | |||||||
| Addition based on tax positions during the current year | 2 | 35 | |||||||||
| Reduction of tax positions from prior years | (414) | — | |||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 297 | $ | 709 | |||||||
The entire amount of the unrecognized tax benefits would not impact the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized and there would be no cash tax impact. The Company has elected to include interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits. The Company does not anticipate that the amount of existing unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease during the next 12 months.
Prior to the Business Combination, the Company had been included in Amprius Holdings' consolidated income tax returns in the U.S. federal and California tax jurisdictions. For periods after the Business Combination, the Company will file income tax returns separate from Amprius Holdings. The federal and state income tax returns from inception to December 31, 2022 remain subject to examination.
Note 11. Leases
The Company had a space and facility sharing arrangement with Amprius Holdings to use the equipment owned by Amprius Holdings and the spaces leased by Amprius Holdings as its administrative and sales office, research and development lab, and production and engineering facilities. Effective May 1, 2022, Amprius Holdings assigned to the Company the office lease that covers all facilities that the Company uses in its operations. During the period from January 1, 2022 through May 1, 2022 and the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company paid Amprius Holdings an average monthly fee to share the facilities of $43 thousand and $42 thousand, respectively. The current lease has an expiration date of June 30, 2024, with a single option to extend the lease for 60 months that the Company determined it is reasonably certain to exercise. The Company had no leases that were classified as finance leases as of December 31, 2022.
Operating lease expense under ASC 842 during the year ended December 31, 2022 amounted to $0.6 million.
The total amount paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $0.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Future operating lease payments as of December 31, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):
| Year ending December 31, | Amount | ||||
| 2023 | $ | 540 | |||
| 2024 | 565 | ||||
| 2025 | 586 | ||||
| 2026 | 604 | ||||
| 2027 | 622 | ||||
| Thereafter | 966 | ||||
| Gross lease payments | 3,883 | ||||
| Less - Present value adjustments | (861) | ||||
| Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 3,022 | |||
Operating lease disclosures for the Company’s single operating lease as of December 31, 2022 were as follows:
| Remaining lease term | 6.5 years | ||||
| Discount rate for operating lease liabilities | 7.9 | % | |||
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Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies
From time to time, the Company may be involved in lawsuits, claims or legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues a contingent liability when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management believes that there are no claims against the Company for which the outcome is expected to have a material effect on the financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company.
Note 13. Related Party Transactions
Transactions with Amprius Holdings
The Company had a service agreement with Amprius Holdings, which was terminated upon the closing of the Business Combination on September 14, 2022. Prior to its termination, the service agreement required Amprius Holdings to provide certain services to the Company such as administration, management service, information technology and engineering services to support the Company's operations. The administrative costs, including stock-based compensation, incurred by Amprius Holdings up to the termination of the service agreement were allocated to the Company. The Company also previously received cash advances and capital contributions from Amprius Holdings to support the Company's working capital requirements. Intercompany advances were forgiven and treated as capital contributions by Amprius Holdings.
The composition of the administrative costs allocated to the Company, including stock-based compensation, cash advances and contribution by Amprius Holdings, which are all treated as contributions and shown as increase in additional paid-in capital in the accompanying consolidated statements of stockholders' equity, were as follows during the periods presented (in thousands):
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Contributions attributed to stock-based compensation | $ | 380 | $ | 1,473 | |||||||
| Capital contributions consisting of: | |||||||||||
| Allocation of administrative costs | 295 | 396 | |||||||||
| Cash | 210 | 19,715 | |||||||||
| Total capital contributions | 505 | 20,111 | |||||||||
| Total contributions from Amprius Holdings | $ | 885 | $ | 21,584 | |||||||
The Company also had a licensing agreement with Amprius Holdings to use patents and licenses owned by Amprius Holdings. By February 2023, Amprius Holdings assigned to the Company all patents and patent applications, as well as registered trademarks and trademark applications, used by the Company in its operations under Intellectual Property Rights agreements. The transfer of intellectual property did not have any financial impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Transactions with Previous Related Parties
The Company purchased raw materials and development materials from two companies that were previously owned and controlled by Amprius Holdings. In February 2022, Amprius Holdings no longer owned and controlled these two companies. Purchases from these previous related parties, which were recorded as cost of revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations, were $86 thousand and $264 thousand during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, the outstanding payable balance to these previous related parties was $18 thousand.
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Note 14. Net Loss Per Share
The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Numerator: | |||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (17,332) | $ | (9,896) | |||||||
| Denominator: | |||||||||||
| Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding | 71,342,720 | 65,764,450 | |||||||||
| Basic and diluted net loss per common share | $ | (0.24) | $ | (0.15) | |||||||
The following table summarizes the outstanding shares of potentially dilutive securities that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Stock warrants | 47,720,836 | — | |||||||||
| Stock options | 14,073,874 | 10,372,865 | |||||||||
| RSUs | 185,000 | — | |||||||||
| Total | 61,979,710 | 10,372,865 | |||||||||
Note 15. Subsequent Event
On January 4, 2023, the Company entered into an amendment to its lease agreement of its corporate headquarters located in Fremont, California. The amendment includes the lease of additional facility space in the same building and extending the lease term to end on June 30, 2027, with an option to extend for an additional five-year term. The total future lease payments, after amendment, are approximately $11.7 million, of which $1.0 million is payable in 2023.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
Our management, with the participation and supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective because of the material weaknesses in internal controls over financial reporting identified during the year ended December 31, 2021 that have not been remediated as of December 31, 2022. Based on additional procedures and post-closing review, management concluded that the financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, our consolidated financial position, consolidated results of operations, and consolidated cash flows for the periods presented, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
Remediation plan for material weaknesses
Our management identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Those material weaknesses pertained to (i) inadequate design and maintenance of effective internal controls over our financial reporting and close process, which specifically relate to the inadequate controls on our review, analysis and approval of journal entries, and review of monthly financial statements; and (ii) lack of segregation of duties.
Our management performed the following remediation efforts, which are in progress as of December 31, 2022:
•increased the size of our accounting team by hiring permanent employees for key roles to allow for improved segregation of duties;
•enhanced and improved our monthly close process, including establishing a close schedule and close checklists, implementing review and reconciliation processes including performing detailed review and validation of journal entries, and implementing software to assist with financial reporting; and
•engaged an external specialist to assist in performing a risk assessment to identify key areas for improvement in accounting and financial reporting.
Our management believes that the remediation efforts described above will enable us to address the material weaknesses that were identified in a timely manner, maintain a properly designed and effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, and provide appropriate segregation of duties. Our remediation efforts are in progress as of December 31, 2022. We will not be able to demonstrate that the material weaknesses have been fully remediated, or that our controls are operating effectively, until we complete our remediation efforts. We will continue to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and will continue to make changes that we believe will strengthen our internal control over financial reporting to ensure that our financial statements continue to be fairly stated in all material respects.
Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting
As discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we completed the Business Combination on September 14, 2022 pursuant to which we acquired Legacy Amprius. Prior to the Business Combination, we were a special purpose acquisition company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses, and were not required to maintain an effective system of internal controls. As a result, previously existing internal controls are no longer applicable or comprehensive enough as of the assessment date as our operations prior to the Business Combination were insignificant compared to those of the consolidated entity post-Business Combination. The design of internal control over financial reporting for the
85
Company post-Business Combination has required and will continue to require significant time and resources from management and other personnel. As a result, management was unable, without incurring unreasonable effort or expense, to conduct an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. Accordingly, we are excluding management's report on internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 215.02 of the SEC Division of Corporation Finance's Regulation S-K Compliance & Disclosure Interpretations.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting
Except for the activities taken related to the ongoing remediation of the material weaknesses described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent limitation on the effectiveness of internal control
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Due to inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
None.
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Part III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2022.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2022.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owner and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2022.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2022.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2022.
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Part IV
Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) We have filed the following documents as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
1. Financial Statements
See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2. Financial Statement Schedules
All financial statement schedules have been omitted as the information is not required under the related instructions or is not applicable or because the information required is already included in the financial statements or the notes to those financial statements.
3. Exhibits
The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or are incorporated herein by reference, in each case as indicated below:
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Description | Form | File No. | Exhibit Number | Filing Date | Filed Herewith | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.1† | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 2.1 | May 12, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.1 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 3.1 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3.2 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 3.1 | March 23, 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.1 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 4.1 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.2 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 4.2 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.3 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 4.2 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.4 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 4.1 | March 4, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.5 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 4.1 | March 4, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4.6 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.1 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.1 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.2 | Form S-4/A | File No. 333-265740 | 10.12 | August 9, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.3# | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.3 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.4# | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.4 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.5# | Form S-1 | File No. 333-267683 | 10.10 | September 30, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.6# | Form S-1 | File No. 333-267683 | 10.11 | September 30, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.7# | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.7 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.8# | 424B3 | File No. 333-265740 | Annex E | September 1, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.9# | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.9 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
88
| 10.10# | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.10 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.11# | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.11 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.12 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.2 | September 27, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.13† | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.1 | September 27, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.14† | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.12 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.15 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.14 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.16 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10.17 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 10.1 | September 7, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 16.1 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 16.1 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 16.2 | Form 8-K | File No. 001-41314 | 16.2 | September 16, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21.1 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 23.1 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 23.2 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.1 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.2 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32.1* | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32.2* | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* These certifications furnished in Exhibit 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of the Exchange Act.
† Certain schedules and exhibits have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5). A copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit will be finished to the SEC upon request.
# Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| AMPRIUS TECHNOLOGIES, INC. | ||||||||
| Date: March 30, 2023 | By: | /s/ Dr. Kang Sun | ||||||
| Name: | Dr. Kang Sun | |||||||
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer | |||||||
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Dr. Kang Sun and Sandra Wallach, and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K,and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact, proxy and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully for all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact, proxy and agent, or his or her substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:
| Signature | Title | Date | ||||||||||||
| /s/ Dr. Kang Sun | Chief Executive Officer and Director | March 30, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Dr. Kang Sun | (Principal Executive Officer) | |||||||||||||
| /s/ Sandra Wallach | Chief Financial Officer | March 30, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Sandra Wallach | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | |||||||||||||
| /s/ Donald R. Dixon | Director | March 30, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Donald R. Dixon | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Dr. Steven Chu | Director | March 30, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Dr. Steven Chu | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Dr. Wen Hsieh | Director | March 30, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Dr. Wen Hsieh | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Justin Mirro | Director | March 30, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Justin Mirro | ||||||||||||||
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