us efficient access to, and more informed knowledge of, various commodity markets, principally wheat and oats. This operation holds physical inventories that are carried at net realizable value and uses derivatives to manage its net inventory position and minimize its market exposures.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Our research and development resources are focused on new product development, product improvement, process design and improvement, packaging, and exploratory research in new business and technology areas. Research and development expenditures were $222 million in fiscal 2019 and $219 million in fiscal 2018.
TRADEMARKS AND PATENTS
Our products are marketed under a variety of valuable trademarks. Some of the more important trademarks used in our global operations (set forth in italics in this report) includeAnnie’s, Betty Crocker,Bisquick,Blue Buffalo,BLUE Basics,BLUE Freedom,BLUE Wilderness,Bugles,CascadianFarm,Cheerios,Chex,Cinnamon Toast Crunch,Cocoa Puffs,Cookie Crisp,EPIC,Fiber One,Food Should Taste Good,Fruit by the Foot,Fruit Gushers,FruitRoll-Ups,Gardetto’s,Go-Gurt,Gold Medal,Golden Grahams,Häagen-Dazs,Helpers,Jeno’s,Jus-Rol,Kitano,Kix,Lärabar,Latina,Liberté,Lucky Charms,Muir Glen,Nature Valley,Oatmeal Crisp,Old El Paso,Pillsbury,Progresso,Raisin Nut Bran,Total,Totino’s,Trix,Wanchai Ferry,Wheaties,Yoki, andYoplait. We protect these marks as appropriate through registrations in the United States and other jurisdictions. Depending on the jurisdiction, trademarks are generally valid as long as they are in use or their registrations are properly maintained and they have not been found to have become generic. Registrations of trademarks can also generally be renewed indefinitely for as long as the trademarks are in use.
Some of our products are marketed under or in combination with trademarks that have been licensed from others for both long-standing products (e.g.,Reese’s Puffs for cereal,Green Giantfor vegetables in certain countries, andCinnabon for refrigerated dough, frozen pastries, and baking products) and shorter term promotional products (e.g., fruit snacks sold under various third party equities).
Our cereal trademarks are licensed to CPW and may be used in association with theNestlétrademark. Nestlé licenses certain of its trademarks to CPW, including theNestlé andUncle Toby’s trademarks. TheHäagen-Dazs trademark is licensed royalty-free and exclusively to Nestlé for ice cream and other frozen dessert products in the United States and Canada. TheHäagen-Dazs trademark is also licensed to HDJ. ThePillsbury brand and thePillsbury Doughboy character are subject to an exclusive, royalty-free license that was granted to a third party and its successors in the dessert mix and baking mix categories in the United States and under limited circumstances in Canada and Mexico.
TheYoplait trademark and other related trademarks are owned by Yoplait Marques SNC, an entity in which we own a 50 percent interest. These marks are licensed exclusively to Yoplait SAS, an entity in which we own a 51 percent interest. Yoplait SAS licenses these trademarks to its franchisees. TheLibertétrademark and other related trademarks are owned by Liberté Marques Sàrl, an entity in which we own a 50 percent interest.
We continue our focus on developing and marketing innovative, proprietary products, many of which use proprietary expertise, recipes and formulations. We consider the collective rights under our various patents, which expire from time to time, a valuable asset, but we do not believe that our businesses are materially dependent upon any single patent or group of related patents.
SEASONALITY
In general, demand for our products is evenly balanced throughout the year. However, within our North America Retail segment demand for refrigerated dough, frozen baked goods, and baking products is stronger in the fourth calendar quarter. Demand forProgressosoup is higher during the fall and winter months. Internationally, within
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