Filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration No. 333-236418
Prospectus supplement
(To the prospectus dated February 13, 2020 and
prospectus supplements dated February 14, 2020, October 27, 2020 and April 28, 2021)
Up to $500,000,000 shares
Common stock
This prospectus supplement supplements the prospectus, dated February 13, 2020, as amended by those certain prospectus supplements, dated February 14, 2020, October 27, 2020 and April 28, 2021 (as amended prior to the date hereof, the “Prospectus Supplement”), relating to the offer and sale from time to time of shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $500,000,000, through Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Fifth Third Securities, Inc., Jefferies LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Regions Securities LLC, Samuel A. Ramirez & Company, Inc., and UBS Securities LLC, as our sales agents, for sale to the public in accordance with the terms of the Original Distribution Agreements (as defined below) This prospectus supplement should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying prospectus.
This prospectus supplement is being filed to reflect that we have entered into (1) those certain Amendments No. 1, each dated as of April 28, 2021, to each of the distribution agreements, each dated as of February 14, 2020, as further amended by those certain Amendments No. 2, each dated as of October 26, 2021, to each of the distribution agreements, each dated as of February 14, 2020 (as amended to the date hereof, the “Original Distribution Agreements”), by and between us, on the one hand, and each of BofA Securities, Inc, BTIG, LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Fifth Third Securities, Inc., Jefferies LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Regions Securities LLC, Samuel A. Ramirez & Company, Inc., UBS Securities LLC, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, on the other hand, and (2) that certain distribution agreement, dated as of October 26, 2021, by and between us, on the one hand, and RBC Capital Markets, LLC, on the other hand (the “RBC Distribution Agreement”), in each case to include RBC Capital Markets, LLC as a sales agent. Accordingly, each reference to the term “Sales Agent” or “Sales Agents” in the Prospectus Supplement is hereby amended to refer to Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Fifth Third Securities, Inc., Jefferies LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Regions Securities LLC, Samuel A. Ramirez & Company, Inc., UBS Securities LLC and RBC Capital Markets, LLC. Each reference to the term “distribution agreements” in the Prospectus Supplement is hereby amended to refer to the Original Distribution Agreements and the RBC Distribution Agreement, collectively.
As of the date of this prospectus supplement, we have issued 2,919,236 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $139,118,397 through the Original Distribution Agreements.
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
The following summary of the plan of distribution supersedes in its entirety the discussion set forth under the heading “Plan of distribution” in the prospectus supplement dated February 14, 2020.
We have entered into (1) separate distribution agreements, each dated as of February 14, 2020, as amended by those certain Amendments No. 1, each dated as of April 28, 2021, as further amended by those certain
Amendments No. 2, each dated as of October 26, 2021, with each of BofA Securities, Inc., BTIG, LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Fifth Third Securities, Inc., Jefferies LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Regions Securities LLC, Samuel A. Ramirez & Company, Inc., UBS Securities LLC, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, and (2) a distribution agreement, dated as of October 26, 2021, with RBC Capital Markets, LLC, under which we may issue and sell from time to time, through the Sales Agents, shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $500,000,000. The sales, if any, of the shares of our common stock under each of the distribution agreements may be made by the Sales Agents, acting as our agent, in “at-the-market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act, including sales made directly on the NYSE, the existing trading market for our common stock, or sales made to or through a market maker or through an electronic communications network. Under the terms of the distribution agreements, we may also sell our common stock to the Sales Agents as principals for their own accounts at prices agreed upon at the time of sale. If we sell our common stock to any of the Sales Agents as principals, we will enter into a separate terms agreement with such Sales Agent. We will not issue more than 14,000,000 shares of our common stock pursuant to the distribution agreements.
From time to time during the term of the distribution agreements, in connection with the Sales Agents acting as our agents, we may propose to one of the Sales Agents the terms of a transaction notice establishing a selling period and specifying with respect to the selling period terms such as the amount of shares to be sold and the minimum price below which sales may not be made. We will propose such a notice to only one Sales Agent relating to the sale of shares of our common stock on any given day. If the agent agrees to the terms of such proposal, it will submit for our execution a binding transaction notice. Upon acceptance of such transaction notice by us, and subject to the terms and conditions of the respective distribution agreement, if acting as agent, each Sales Agent agrees to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell shares of our common stock on the terms set forth in such transaction notice. We or the Sales Agent then acting as our agent may suspend the offering of our shares at any time upon proper notice to the other, upon which the selling period will immediately terminate.
No Sales Agent will engage in any transactions that stabilize our common stock.
We will pay each of the Sales Agents a commission which in each case shall not be more than 2.0% of the gross sales price of all shares sold through it as our agent under the applicable distribution agreement. The remaining sales proceeds, after deducting any expenses payable by us and any transaction fees imposed by any governmental or self-regulatory organization in connection with the sales, will equal our net proceeds for the sale of shares of our common stock. We have agreed to reimburse the Sales Agents for certain expenses in certain circumstances.
In addition, we may agree with any Sales Agent to sell our common stock other than through ordinary brokers’ transactions using sales efforts and methods that may constitute “distributions” within the meaning of Rule 100 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act, and for which we may agree to pay such Agent a commission that may exceed 2.0% of the gross sales price of our common stock sold through such Sales Agent.
Settlement for sales of our common stock is generally anticipated to occur on the second trading day following the date on which any sales were made in return for payment of the net proceeds to us (or such other day as may, from time to time, become standard industry practice for settlement of such a securities issuance), unless we agree otherwise with the relevant Sales Agent. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in an escrow, in trust or pursuant to a similar arrangement.
Sales of shares of our common stock as contemplated by this prospectus supplement will be settled through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company or by such other means as we and the Sales Agents may agree upon.
Each Sales Agent will provide written confirmation to us following the close of trading on the NYSE each day in which shares of our common stock are sold by it as agent for us under the relevant distribution agreement. Each confirmation will include the number of shares sold on that day, the gross sales price per share and the net proceeds to us.
In connection with the sale of our common stock hereunder, each of the Sales Agents may be deemed to be an underwriter, as that term is defined in the Securities Act, and the compensation paid to each of them may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to each of the Sales Agents against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.
The Sales Agents and their respective affiliates have from time to time provided, and may in the future provide, various investment banking, commercial banking, financial advisory and other services for us for which they have received or will receive customary fees and commissions for these transactions.
Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., and Regions Capital Markets, an affiliate of Regions Bank, are joint-lead arrangers, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC and BofA Securities, Inc. are joint book runners, under our unsecured revolving credit facility, which was amended and restated in July 2021 (the “2021 Revolving Credit Facility”). Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, an affiliate of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC is the administrative agent and a lender under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., an affiliate of J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Citibank, N.A., an affiliate of Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Regions Bank, an affiliate of Regions Securities LLC, and Royal Bank of Canada, an affiliate of RBC Capital Markets, LLC, serve as co-documentation agents and lenders under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. Bank of America, N.A., an affiliate of BofA Securities, Inc., is a co-syndication agent and a lender under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. Fifth Third Bank, an affiliate of Fifth Third Securities, Inc., is a lender under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. As of September 30, 2021, we had an aggregate of $74 million of borrowings outstanding on the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility matures in July 2025. The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility requires interest-only payments, currently at LIBOR plus 77.5 basis points, subject to change based on our leverage and investment grade ratio. Because affiliates of each of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., Fifth Third Securities, Inc., Regions Securities LLC and RBC Capital Markets, LLC are lenders under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, these affiliates may each receive a portion of the net proceeds from this offering to the extent any net proceeds are used to repay the debt.
In connection with the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, in July 2021, the Company and the Operating Partnership also entered into an amendment and restatement (the “2021 Term Loan”) of a $200 million unsecured term loan originally entered into by the Company and the Operating Partnership in July 2020. Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, an affiliate of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, is the administrative agent and a lender under the 2021 Term Loan. Each of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Fifth Third Bank, an affiliate of Fifth Third Securities, Inc., and Regions Capital Markets, an affiliate of Regions Securities LLC, served as a joint lead arranger, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC served as a joint book runner under the 2021 Term Loan. Fifth Third Bank, an affiliate of Fifth Third Securities, Inc., and Regions Capital Markets, an affiliate of Regions Securities LLC, served as co-documentation agents under the 2021 Term Loan. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., an affiliate of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Fifth Third Bank, an affiliate of Fifth Third Securities, Inc., and Regions Bank, an affiliate of Regions Securities LLC, are each lenders under the 2021 Term Loan.
The 2021 Term Loan matures in July 2026. The 2021 Term Loan requires interest-only payments, currently at LIBOR plus 85 basis points, subject to change based on our leverage and investment grade ratio. Because affiliates of each of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Regions Securities LLC and Fifth Third Securities, Inc. are lenders under the 2021 Term Loan, these affiliates may receive a portion of the net proceeds from this offering to the extent any net proceeds are used to repay the debt.
Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, an affiliate of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, is also the administrative agent and a lender under a $260 million unsecured term loan entered into by the Company and the Operating Partnership in September 2015 (the “2015 Term Loan”). Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, and Regions Capital Markets, an affiliate of Regions Securities LLC, served as joint lead arrangers and joint book runners under the 2015 Term Loan. Regions Bank, an affiliate of Regions Securities LLC, served as a co-syndication agent under the 2015 Term Loan. Associated Bank, an affiliate of Associated Investment Services, Inc., has a contractual relationship with Samuel A. Ramirez & Company, Inc., pursuant to which it may receive a portion of the net proceeds from this offering, Fifth Third Bank, an affiliate of Fifth Third Securities, Inc., and Regions
Capital Markets, an affiliate of Regions Securities LLC, are each lenders under the 2015 Term Loan. The 2015 Term Loan had an initial seven-year term and, following an amendment to the 2015 Term Loan entered into in October 2017 (the “2015 Term Loan Amendment”), matures September 2022. The 2015 Term Loan Amendment amended the terms of the 2015 Term Loan to, among other things, decrease by 40 basis points the interest spread; accordingly, the 2015 Term Loan requires interest only payments, currently at LIBOR plus 120 basis points, subject to adjustment based on our leverage ratio or credit ratings. In connection with the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan, on July 7, 2021, the Company and the Operating Partnership entered into a third amendment (such amendment, the “2021 Term Loan Amendment”) to the 2015 Term Loan. The 2015 Term Loan Amendment made certain changes to the covenants and other provisions of the 2015 Term Loan to conform those covenants and other provisions to the terms of the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility and the 2021 Term Loan. The 2015 Term Loan Amendment, however, did not modify the maturity date or pricing terms of the 2015 Term Loan Agreement.
Because affiliates of each of Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Fifth Third Securities, Inc., Regions Securities LLC and Samuel A. Ramirez & Company, Inc. are lenders under the 2015 Term Loan, these affiliates may receive a portion of the net proceeds from this offering to the extent any net proceeds are used to repay the debt.
Wells Fargo Securities, LLC has also acted as our agent from time to time in connection with the periodic market repurchases of various amounts of our outstanding senior unsecured notes. In addition, from time to time the Sales Agents and their affiliates may effect transactions for their own account or the accounts of their customers, and hold on behalf of themselves or their customers, long or short positions in our debt, equity securities or loans and may do so in the future.
If we or the Sales Agents have reason to believe that the common stock is no longer an “actively-traded security” excepted from the requirements of Rule 101(c)(1) of Regulation M under the Exchange Act, that party will promptly notify the other and sales of common stock under the distribution agreements will be suspended until that or other exemptive provisions have been satisfied in the judgment of the Sales Agents and us.
We estimate that the total expenses of the offering payable by us, excluding commissions or discounts payable or provided to the Sales Agents under the distribution agreements, will be approximately $400,000.
The offering of shares of our common stock pursuant to each distribution agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (1) the sale of 14,000,000 shares pursuant to the distribution agreements, (2) the sale of shares pursuant to the distribution agreements for an aggregate offering price of $500,000,000, (3) the termination of such distribution agreement by either us or the respective Sales Agent at any time in accordance with the terms of such distribution agreement and (4) February 14, 2023.
Associated Investment Services, Inc. (AIS), a Financial Industry Regulatory Authority member, a subsidiary of Associated Banc-Corp, is being paid a referral fee by Samuel A. Ramirez & Company, Inc.
BTIG, LLC paid a referral fee to one of the lenders under the 2015 Term Loan in connection with this offering.
SUPPLEMENT TO CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW
The following summary of certain Maryland law considerations supersedes in its entirety the discussion set forth under the heading “Control Share Acquisitions” in the prospectus dated February 13, 2020.
Control Share Acquisitions
The MGCL provides that “control shares” (as defined in the MGCL) of a Maryland corporation acquired in a “control share acquisition” (as defined in the MGCL) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding shares of stock owned
by the acquiring person (meaning the person who makes or proposes to make a control share acquisition) or by officers of the corporation or directors who are also employees of the corporation. “Control shares” are voting shares of stock that, if aggregated with all other shares of stock previously acquired by that person, would entitle the acquiring person to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power:
| • | one-tenth or more but less than one-third of all voting power; |
| • | one-third or more but less than a majority of all voting power; |
| • | a majority or more of all voting power. |
Following the enactment of Maryland House Bill 781, which became effective on October 1, 2021, the definition of “control shares” also includes shares of stock within any range of voting power described in the above paragraph, even if the initial shares acquired within the applicable range of voting power are excluded from a control share acquisition.
Control Shares do not include shares that the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval. A “control share acquisition” means the acquisition of ownership of or power to direct the voting power of issued and outstanding control shares, subject to certain exceptions.
An acquiring person may compel the board of directors, upon satisfaction of certain conditions, including an undertaking to pay certain expenses, to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days after receiving a demand to consider the voting rights of the shares. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the question at any meeting of stockholders.
If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver an acquiring person statement as required by the MGCL, then, subject to certain conditions and limitations, the corporation may redeem any or all of the control shares, except those for which voting rights have previously been approved, at any time during a period commencing on the 11th day after the control share acquisition and ending 60 days after an acquiring person statement has been delivered. The corporation’s redemption of the control shares will be for fair value determined, without regard to the absence of voting rights for the control shares, as of the date of the last control share acquisition or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights of the control shares are considered and not approved. If voting rights for control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the acquiring person becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for purposes of the appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share paid in the control share acquisition. Certain limitations and restrictions otherwise applicable to the exercise of dissenters’ rights do not apply in the context of a control share acquisition.
The control share acquisition statute does not apply to the acquisition of shares:
| • | before November 4, 1988; |
| • | under a contract made before November 4, 1988; |
| • | under the laws of descent and distribution; |
| • | under the satisfaction of a pledge of other security interest created in good faith and not for the purpose of circumventing the control share acquisition statute; |
| • | under a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction; |
| • | within one-tenth or more but less than one-fifth of all voting power of outstanding shares of the corporation before June 1, 2000; |
| • | at a time when the corporation is not subject to the control share acquisition statute; or |
| • | in accordance with a contract entered into at a time when the corporation is not subject to the control share acquisition statute. |
Our bylaws contain a provision exempting any and all acquisitions of our shares of capital stock from the control share provisions of the MGCL. There can be no assurance that this bylaw provision will not be amended or eliminated in the future.
SUPPLEMENT TO CERTAIN U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following summary of certain U.S. federal income tax considerations supersedes in its entirety the discussion set forth under the heading “Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” in the prospectus dated February 13, 2020.
The following is a general summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to the purchase, ownership, and disposition of common stock and preferred stock of the Company, as well as considerations regarding our qualification and taxation as a REIT and does not purport to deal with U.S. federal income tax consequences to investors who purchase debt securities of the Operating Partnership (which consequences will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement).
This summary is for general information only and is not tax advice. This discussion is based on the Code, Treasury regulations, rulings and other administrative and judicial interpretations and practices of the IRS, and judicial decisions, all as in effect as of the date hereof, and all of which are subject to differing interpretations or to change, possibly with retroactive effect. We cannot assure you that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position contrary to any of the tax consequences described below. Moreover, we cannot assure you that new laws, interpretations of law, or court decisions, any of which may take effect retroactively, will not cause any statement in this section to be inaccurate.
This discussion does not purport to deal with all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to holders subject to special treatment under the U.S. federal income tax laws, such as dealers in securities or currencies, traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for such traders’ securities holdings, persons holding our stock as part of a hedge, straddle or other risk reduction, constructive sale or conversion transaction, insurance companies, tax-exempt entities (except to the limited extent discussed below under “— Tax-Exempt U.S. Stockholders”), persons who receive their stock as compensation for services, persons holding our stock on behalf of other persons as nominees, non-U.S. individuals and foreign corporations (except to the limited extent discussed below under “— Non-U.S. Stockholders”), regulated investment companies, individuals subject to the alternative minimum tax, financial institutions and partnerships or other pass-through entities and trusts. This section applies only to holders of securities who hold such securities as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code. This summary does not discuss any state, local or foreign tax consequences associated with the ownership, sale or other disposition of the securities or our election to be taxed as a REIT.
You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the specific tax consequences to you of:
| • | the acquisition, ownership and/or sale or other disposition of the common stock or preferred stock offered under this prospectus, including the federal, state, local, foreign and other tax consequences; |
| • | our election to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes; and |
| • | potential changes in the applicable tax laws. |
Taxation of the Company as a REIT
For purposes of this discussion, references to “us,” “our,” or “we,” and any similar terms, refer to First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. This section is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax matters of general application pertaining to REITs under the Code. This discussion is based upon current law, which is subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. The provisions of the Code pertaining to REITs are highly technical and complex and sometimes involve mixed questions of fact and law.
In the opinion of Barack Ferrazzano Kirschbaum & Nagelberg LLP:
| • | commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 1994, we have been organized and operated in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code; and |
| • | our current and proposed method of operation (as represented by us to Barack Ferrazzano Kirschbaum & Nagelberg LLP in a written certificate) will enable us to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code. |
Barack Ferrazzano Kirschbaum & Nagelberg LLP’s opinion is based on various assumptions and is conditioned upon certain representations made by us as to factual matters with respect to us and certain partnerships, limited liability companies and corporations through which we hold substantially all of our assets. Moreover, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet, as a matter of fact, through actual annual operating results, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership and various other qualification tests imposed under the Code, as discussed below, the results of which will not be reviewed by Barack Ferrazzano Kirschbaum & Nagelberg LLP. No assurance can be given that the actual results of our operations for any particular taxable year will satisfy those requirements.
So long as we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our net ordinary taxable income that we distribute currently to our stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates “double taxation” (that is, taxation at both the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a regular corporation. However, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax as follows:
1. We will be taxed at regular U.S. federal corporate income tax rates on any undistributed “REIT taxable income.” REIT taxable income is the taxable income of the REIT subject to specified adjustments, including a deduction for dividends paid;
2. Under some circumstances for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018, we may be subject to the “alternative minimum tax” on our items of tax preference;
3. If we have net income from the sale or other disposition of “foreclosure property” that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or other nonqualifying income from foreclosure property, we will be subject to tax at the highest corporate rate on this income (currently 21%);
4. Our net income from “prohibited transactions” will be subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business other than foreclosure property;
5. If we fail to satisfy either the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test discussed below, but nonetheless maintain our qualification as a REIT because other requirements are met, we will be subject to a tax equal to the gross income attributable to the greater of either (1) the amount by which we fail the 75% gross income test for the taxable year or (2) the amount by which we fail the 95% gross income test for the taxable year, multiplied by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability;
6. If we fail to satisfy any of the REIT asset tests, as described below, other than a failure by a de minimis amount of the 5% or 10% asset tests, as described below, but our failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect and we nonetheless maintain our REIT qualification because of specified cure provisions, we will be required to pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the product of (x) the net income generated by the nonqualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy the asset tests and (y) the highest U.S. federal income tax rate then applicable to U.S. corporations (currently 21%);
7. If we fail to satisfy any provision of the Code that would result in our failure to qualify as a REIT (other than a gross income or asset test requirement) and that violation is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, we may retain our REIT qualification, but we will be required to pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure;
8. We may be required to pay monetary penalties to the IRS in certain circumstances, including if we fail to meet record-keeping requirements intended to monitor our compliance with rules relating to the composition of our stockholders, as described below in “— Requirements for Qualification as a REIT”;
9. We will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the sum of amounts actually distributed and amounts retained for which U.S. federal income tax was paid, if we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of 85% of our REIT ordinary income for the year, 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for the year, and any undistributed taxable income from prior taxable years;
10. We will be subject to a 100% penalty tax on some payments we receive (or on certain expenses deducted by a taxable REIT subsidiary) if arrangements among us, our tenants, and/or our taxable REIT subsidiaries are not comparable to similar arrangements among unrelated parties;
11. If we should acquire any asset from a “C” corporation in a carry-over basis transaction and we subsequently recognize gain on the disposition of such asset during the five-year period beginning on the date on which we acquired the asset, then, to the extent of any built-in gain, such gain may be subject to tax at the highest regular corporate tax rate. Built-in gain means the excess of (1) the fair market value of the asset as of the beginning of the applicable recognition period over (2) the adjusted basis in such asset as of the beginning of such recognition period;
12. We may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital gain. In that case, a stockholder would: (1) include its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain (to the extent we make a timely designation of such gain to the stockholder) in its income, (2) be deemed to have paid the tax that we paid on such gain and (3) be allowed a credit for its proportionate share of the tax deemed to have been paid with an adjustment made to increase the stockholders’ basis in our stock; and
13. We may have subsidiaries or own interests in other lower-tier entities that are “C” corporations that will jointly elect, with us, to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary, the earnings of which would be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax.
No assurance can be given that the amount of any such U.S. federal income taxes will not be substantial. In addition, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of taxes other than U.S. federal income tax, including payroll taxes and state, local, and foreign income, franchise, property and other taxes on assets and operations. We could also be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not presently contemplated.
Requirements for Qualification as a REIT
To qualify as a REIT, we must have met and continue to meet the requirements, discussed below, relating to our organization, the sources of our gross income, the nature of our assets, and the level of distributions to our stockholders.
The Code requires that a REIT be a corporation, trust, or association:
| 1. | which is managed by one or more trustees or directors; |
| 2. | the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares or by transferable certificates of beneficial interest; |
| 3. | which would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for compliance with the REIT requirements; |
| 4. | which is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company under the Code; |
| 5. | the beneficial ownership of which is held by 100 or more persons; |
| 6. | at any time during the last half of each taxable year not more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock or shares of beneficial interest of which is owned, directly or indirectly through the application of attribution rules, by or for five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include tax-exempt entities other than, in general, qualified domestic pension funds); |
| 7. | which meets other tests, described below, regarding the nature of its income and assets and distribution requirements; and |
| 8. | that makes an election to be a REIT for the current taxable year or has made such an election for a previous taxable year that has not been terminated or revoked. |
The Code provides that the first four conditions above must be met during the entire taxable year and that the fifth condition must be met during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months. A corporation may not elect to become a REIT unless its taxable year is the calendar year.
To qualify as a REIT, we also cannot have at the end of any taxable year any undistributed earnings and profits that are attributable to a non-REIT taxable year. We do not believe that we have any non-REIT earnings and profits and believe that we therefore satisfy this requirement.
We have issued sufficient shares to enough holders to allow us to satisfy the requirement set forth in the fifth condition above (the “100 holder” requirement). For purposes of determining ongoing compliance with the 100 holder requirement, Treasury regulations require us to issue letters to some stockholders demanding information regarding the amount of shares each such stockholder actually or constructively owns. Although any failure by us to comply with the stockholder demand letters requirement should not jeopardize our REIT status, such failure would subject us to financial penalties. A list of those stockholders failing or refusing to comply with this demand must be maintained as part of our records. A stockholder who fails or refuses to comply with the demand must submit a statement with its tax return disclosing the actual ownership of the shares and other information.
As set forth in the sixth condition above, to qualify as a REIT, we must also satisfy the requirement set forth in Section 856(a)(6) of the Code that we not be closely held. We will not be closely held so long as at all times during the last half of any of our taxable years (other than the first taxable year for which the REIT election is made) not more than 50% in value of our outstanding shares of beneficial interest is owned, directly or constructively under the applicable attribution rules of the Code, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include tax-exempt entities, other than, in general, qualified domestic pension funds) (the “5/50 Rule”).
Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our shares intended to ensure that we will be able to satisfy the 5/50 Rule. However, if we fail to satisfy the 5/50 Rule, our status as a REIT will terminate, and we will not be able to prevent such termination. However, for taxable years beginning after August 5, 1997, if we comply with the procedures prescribed in Treasury regulations for issuing stockholder demand letters and do not know, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence would not have known, that the 5/50 Rule was violated, the requirement that we not be closely held will be deemed to be satisfied for the year. See “— Failure to Qualify as a REIT.”
Ownership of partnership interests
A REIT that is a partner in a partnership will be deemed to own its proportionate share of the assets of the partnership and will be deemed to earn its proportionate share of the partnership’s income. The assets and gross income of the partnership retain the same character in the hands of the REIT for purposes of the gross income and asset tests applicable to REITs as described below. Thus, our proportionate share of the assets and items of income of the Operating Partnership, including the Operating Partnership’s share of the assets and liabilities and items of income with respect to any partnership in which it holds an interest, will be treated as our assets and liabilities and our items of income for purposes of applying the requirements described in this prospectus.
Qualified REIT subsidiary
If a REIT owns a corporate subsidiary that is a “qualified REIT subsidiary,” within the meaning of section 856(i) of the Code, that subsidiary is disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and all assets, liabilities,
and items of income, deduction, and credit of the subsidiary are treated as assets, liabilities and such items of the REIT itself. A “qualified REIT subsidiary” is a corporation all of the capital stock of which is owned by the REIT. However, if an existing corporation is acquired by a REIT and becomes a “qualified REIT subsidiary” of such REIT, all of its pre-acquisition earnings and profits must be distributed before the end of the REIT’s taxable year. A qualified REIT subsidiary of ours will not be subject to U.S. federal corporate income taxation, although it may be subject to state and local taxation in some states.
Taxable REIT subsidiary
A “taxable REIT subsidiary” is any corporation (other than another REIT and corporations involved in certain lodging, health care and franchising activities) owned by a REIT with respect to which the REIT and the corporation jointly elect that the corporation is treated as a “taxable REIT subsidiary.” A taxable REIT subsidiary will pay income tax at regular U.S. federal corporate income tax rates on any income that it earns. Other than certain activities relating to lodging and health care facilities, a taxable REIT subsidiary may generally engage in any business, including the provision of customary or noncustomary services to tenants of its parent REIT. The Code contains provisions intended to ensure that transactions between a REIT and its taxable REIT subsidiary occur “at arm’s length” and on commercially reasonable terms. In some cases a 100% tax is also imposed on the REIT if its rental, service and/or other agreements with its taxable REIT subsidiary are not on arm’s length terms.
A parent REIT is not treated as holding the assets of a taxable REIT subsidiary or as receiving any income that the subsidiary earns. Rather, the stock issued by the taxable REIT subsidiary is an asset in the hands of the parent REIT, and the REIT recognizes as income any dividends that it receives from the taxable REIT subsidiary. This treatment can affect the income and asset test calculations that apply to the REIT, as described below. Because a parent REIT does not include the assets and income of taxable REIT subsidiaries in determining the parent’s compliance with the REIT requirements, such entities may be used by the parent REIT to indirectly undertake activities that the REIT rules might otherwise preclude it from doing directly or through pass-through subsidiaries.
Subject to certain exceptions, a taxpayer’s deduction for net business interest expense is generally limited to 30% of its taxable income, adjusted for certain items of income, gain, deduction or loss. For any taxable year beginning in 2019 or 2020, the 30% limitation has been increased to a 50% limitation, provided that for partnerships the 50% limitation applies for any taxable year beginning in 2020 only. Taxpayers may elect to use their 2019 adjusted taxable income for purposes of computing their 2020 limitation. See “— Distribution Requirements.” While not certain, this provision may limit the ability of our taxable REIT subsidiaries to deduct interest, which could increase their taxable income.
Subsidiary REIT
We have previously invested and may in the future invest in real estate through one or more subsidiary entities that are each intended to qualify for taxation as a REIT (each, a “Subsidiary REIT”). Provided that each of our Subsidiary REITs qualifies as a REIT, our interest in any such Subsidiary REIT will be treated as a qualifying real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests and any dividend income or gains derived by us from such Subsidiary REIT will generally be treated as income that qualifies for purposes of the REIT gross income tests. To qualify as a REIT, each of our Subsidiary REITs must independently satisfy the various REIT qualification requirements described in this summary. If any of our Subsidiary REITs were to fail to qualify as a REIT, and certain relief provisions did not apply, such Subsidiary REIT would be treated as a taxable C corporation and its income would be subject to federal income tax. In addition, a failure of any of our Subsidiary REITs to qualify as a REIT could have an adverse effect on our ability to comply with the REIT income and asset tests, and thus could impair our ability to qualify as a REIT.
From August 2017 through December 2019, we invested in real estate through a subsidiary that was intended to qualify for taxation as a REIT. Accordingly, the above discussion regarding our Subsidiary REITs was generally applicable with respect to this Subsidiary REIT during that time period. We believe that our former
Subsidiary REIT was organized and operated in a manner that permitted it to qualify for taxation as a REIT from and after the effective date of its REIT election and through the date of its liquidation for federal income tax purposes. In addition, to limit the possibility of a cascading REIT failure in the event that our former Subsidiary REIT had somehow failed to qualify for taxation as a REIT, we made a protective taxable REIT subsidiary election with respect to this subsidiary that presumably would be effective to the extent our subsidiary had failed to qualify for taxation as a REIT. Pursuant to this protective taxable REIT subsidiary election, we believe that if our former Subsidiary REIT were not a REIT for some reason, then it would instead be considered one of our taxable REIT subsidiaries, and as such its value would fit within our REIT gross asset tests described below. Protective taxable REIT subsidiary elections will not impact our compliance with the 75% and 95% gross income tests described below, because we do not expect our gains and dividends from a Subsidiary REIT’s shares to jeopardize compliance with these tests even if for some reason the subsidiary is not a REIT.
Income Tests
To qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy two gross income tests on an annual basis. First, at least 75% of our gross income, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions, for each taxable year must be derived directly or indirectly from investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property, including “rents from real property,” gains on the disposition of real estate, dividends paid by another REIT, and interest on obligations secured by mortgages on real property or on interests in real property, or from some types of temporary investments. Second, at least 95% of our gross income for each taxable year, excluding gross income from prohibited transactions, must be derived from any combination of income qualifying under the 75% gross income test and dividends, interest, some payments under certain hedging instruments, and gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities and some hedging instruments.
Income and gain from certain hedging transactions will not constitute gross income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests. See “— Hedging transactions.” In addition, certain foreign currency gains will be excluded from gross income for purposes of one or both of the gross income tests.
Rents we receive will qualify as rents from real property in satisfying the gross income requirements for a REIT described above only if several conditions are met. First, the amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, an amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded from the term “rents from real property” solely by reason of being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales. Second, rents received from a “related party tenant” will not qualify as rents from real property in satisfying the gross income tests unless the tenant is a taxable REIT subsidiary and either (i) at least 90% of the property is leased to unrelated tenants and the rent paid by the taxable REIT subsidiary is substantially comparable to the rent paid by the unrelated tenants for comparable space, or (ii) the property leased is a “qualified lodging facility,” as defined in Section 856(d)(9)(D) of the Code, or a qualified health care property, as defined in Section 856(e)(6)(D)(i), and certain other conditions are satisfied. A tenant is a related party tenant if the REIT, or an actual or constructive owner of 10% or more of the REIT, actually or constructively owns 10% or more of the tenant. Third, if rent attributable to personal property, leased in connection with a lease of real property, is greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease, then the portion of rent attributable to the personal property will not qualify as rents from real property.
Generally, for rents to qualify as rents from real property for the purpose of satisfying the gross income tests, we may provide directly only an insignificant amount of services, unless those services are “usually or customarily rendered” in connection with the rental of real property and not otherwise considered “rendered to the occupant.” Accordingly, we may not provide “impermissible services” to tenants (except through an independent contractor from whom we derive no revenue and that meets other requirements or through a taxable REIT subsidiary) without giving rise to “impermissible tenant service income.” Impermissible tenant service income is deemed to be at least 150% of the direct cost to us of providing the service. If the impermissible tenant service income exceeds 1% of our total income from a property, then all of the income from that property will fail to qualify as rents from real property. If the total amount of impermissible tenant service income from a property does not exceed 1% of our total income from the property, the services will not disqualify any other income from the property that qualifies as rents from real property, but the impermissible tenant service income will not qualify as rents from real property.
We have not charged, and do not anticipate charging, significant rent that is based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. We have not derived, and do not anticipate deriving, significant rents from related party tenants. We have not derived, and do not anticipate deriving, rent attributable to personal property leased in connection with real property that exceeds 15% of the total rents from that property. We have not derived, and do not anticipate deriving, impermissible tenant service income that exceeds 1% of our total income from any property.
If we fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% or 95% gross income tests for any taxable year, we may nevertheless qualify as a REIT for that year if we are entitled to relief under the Code. These relief provisions generally will be available if our failure to meet the tests is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, we attached a schedule of the sources of our income to our U.S. federal income tax return, and any incorrect information on the schedule is not due to fraud with intent to evade tax. It is not possible, however, to state whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions. For example, if we fail to satisfy the gross income tests because nonqualifying income that we intentionally incur unexpectedly exceeds the limits on nonqualifying income, the IRS could conclude that the failure to satisfy the tests was not due to reasonable cause. If these relief provisions are inapplicable to a particular set of circumstances involving us, we will fail to qualify as a REIT. As discussed under “— Taxation of the Company as a REIT,” even if these relief provisions apply, a tax would be imposed based on the amount of nonqualifying income.
Asset Tests
At the close of each quarter of our taxable year, we must satisfy the following tests relating to the nature of our assets:
1. At least 75% of the value of our total assets must be represented by cash or cash items (including certain receivables), government securities, “real estate assets” (including (i) interests in real property (ii) interests in mortgages on real property (iii) shares in other qualifying REITs (iv) unsecured debt instruments of REITs that are required to file annual and periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Exchange Act (“Publicly Offered REITs”), (v) personal property securing a mortgage secured by both real property and personal property if the fair market value of such personal property does not exceed 15% of the combined fair market value of all such personal and real property and (vi) personal property leased in connection with a lease of real property for which the rent attributable to personal property is not greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease) or, in cases where we raise new capital through stock or long-term debt offerings (i.e., having a maturity of at least five years), temporary investments in stock or debt instruments during the one-year period following our receipt of such capital (the “75% asset test”);
2. not more than 25% of our total assets may be represented by securities other than those in the 75% asset class;
3. except for equity investments in REITs, qualified REIT subsidiaries, other securities that qualify as “real estate assets” for purposes of the 75% asset test as described above, or securities of our taxable REIT subsidiaries, the value of any one issuer’s securities owned by us may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets (the “5% asset test”); we may not own more than 10% of any one issuer’s outstanding voting securities (the “10% voting securities limitation”); and we may not own more than 10% of the value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer (the “10% value limitation” and together with the 10% voting securities limitation, the “10% asset test”);
4. no more than 20% (25% for taxable years beginning prior to January 1, 2018 and after December 31, 2008) of the value of our total assets can be represented by securities of taxable REIT subsidiaries; and
5. the aggregate value of all unsecured debt instruments of Publicly Offered REITs that we hold may not exceed 25% of the value of our total assets.
Securities for purposes of the asset tests may include debt securities. However, the 10% value limitation does not apply to certain “straight debt” and other excluded securities, as described in the Code including, but not limited to, any loan to an individual or estate, any obligation to pay rents from real property and any security issued by a REIT. In addition, (a) a REIT’s interest as a partner in a partnership is not considered a security for purposes of applying the 10% value limitation to securities issued by the partnership; (b) any debt instrument issued by a partnership (other than straight debt or another excluded security) will not be considered a security issued by the partnership if at least 75% of the partnership’s gross income is derived from sources that would qualify for the 75% gross income test; and (c) any debt instrument issued by a partnership (other than straight debt or another excluded security) will not be considered a security issued by the partnership to the extent of the REIT’s interest as a partner in the partnership. In general, straight debt is defined as a written, unconditional promise to pay on demand or at a specific date a fixed principal amount, and the interest rate and payment dates on the debt must not be contingent on profits or the discretion of the debtor. In addition, straight debt may not contain a convertibility feature.
With respect to each issuer in which we currently own an interest that does not qualify as a REIT, a qualified REIT subsidiary, or a taxable REIT subsidiary, we believe that our pro rata share of the value of the securities, including debt, of any such issuer does not exceed 5% of the total value of our assets and that we comply with the 10% voting securities limitation and 10% value limitation with respect to each such issuer. In this regard, however, we cannot provide any assurance that the IRS might not disagree with our determinations. In addition, the securities that we own in our taxable REIT subsidiaries do not, in the aggregate, exceed 20% of the value of our total assets.
After initially meeting the asset tests at the close of any quarter, we will not lose our status as a REIT if we fail to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a later quarter solely by reason of changes in the relative values of our assets (including changes in relative values as a result of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates). If the failure to satisfy the asset tests results from an acquisition of securities or other property during a quarter, the failure can be cured by disposition of sufficient non-qualifying assets within 30 days after the close of that quarter. We intend to maintain adequate records of the value of our assets to ensure compliance with the asset tests and to take any available actions within 30 days after the close of any quarter as may be required to cure any noncompliance with the asset tests. If we fail the 5% asset test or the 10% asset test at the end of any quarter, and such failure is not cured within 30 days thereafter, we may dispose of sufficient assets or otherwise satisfy the requirements of such asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter in which our identification of the failure to satisfy those asset tests occurred to cure the violation, provided that the non-permitted assets do not exceed the lesser of 1% of the total value of our assets at the end of the relevant quarter or $10,000,000. If we fail any of the other asset tests, or our failure of the 5% and 10% asset tests is in excess of this amount, as long as the failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect and, following our identification of the failure, we file a schedule in accordance with the Treasury regulations describing each asset that caused the failure, we are permitted to avoid disqualification as a REIT, after the thirty-day cure period, by taking steps to satisfy the requirements of the applicable asset test within six months after the last day of the quarter in which our identification of the failure to satisfy the REIT asset test occurred, including the disposition of sufficient assets to meet the asset tests and paying a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the product of (x) the net income generated by the nonqualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy the relevant asset test and (y) the highest U.S. federal income tax rate then applicable to U.S. corporations (currently 21%).
Distribution Requirements
To qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends, to our stockholders each year in an amount at least equal to (1) the sum of (a) 90% of our REIT taxable income, computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain and (b) 90% of the net income, after tax, from foreclosure property, minus (2) the sum of certain specified items of noncash income. In addition, if we recognize any built-in gain, we will be required, under Treasury regulations, to distribute at least 90% of the built-in gain, after tax, recognized on the disposition of the applicable asset. See “— Taxation of the Company as a REIT” for a discussion of the possible recognition of built-in gain. These distributions must be
paid either in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following taxable year if declared before we timely file our tax return for the prior year and if paid with or before the first regular dividend payment date after the declaration is made. We believe that we have made and intend to continue to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy the annual distribution requirements.
Except as provided below, a taxpayer’s deduction for net business interest expense will generally be limited to 30% of its taxable income, as adjusted for certain items of income, gain, deduction or loss. For any taxable year beginning in 2019 or 2020, the 30% limitation has been increased to a 50% limitation, provided that for partnerships the 50% limitation applies for any taxable year beginning in 2020 only. Taxpayers may elect to use their 2019 adjusted taxable income for purposes of computing their 2020 limitation. Any business interest deduction that is disallowed due to this limitation may be carried forward to future taxable years, subject to special rules applicable to partnerships. If we are subject to this interest expense limitation, our REIT taxable income for a taxable year may be increased. Taxpayers that conduct certain real estate businesses may elect not to have this interest expense limitation apply to them, provided that they use an alternative depreciation system to depreciate certain property. If we are eligible and make this election, although we would not be subject to the interest expense limitation described above, our depreciation deductions may be reduced and, as a result, our REIT taxable income for a taxable year may be increased.
Our REIT taxable income has been and is expected to be less than our cash flow due to the allowance of depreciation and other noncash charges in computing REIT taxable income. Accordingly, we anticipate that we will generally have sufficient cash or liquid assets to enable us to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement. It is possible, however, that we, from time to time, may not have sufficient cash or other liquid assets to meet this distribution requirement or to distribute such greater amount as may be necessary to avoid income and excise taxation, due to timing differences between (a) the actual receipt of income and the actual payment of deductible expenses and (b) the inclusion of such income and the deduction of such expenses in arriving at our taxable income, or as a result of nondeductible expenses such as principal amortization or capital expenditures in excess of noncash deductions. In the event that such timing differences occur, we may find it necessary to arrange for borrowings or, if possible, pay taxable stock dividends in order to meet the dividend requirement.
Under some circumstances, we may be able to rectify a failure to meet the distribution requirement for a year by paying dividends to stockholders in a later year, which may be included in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year. We will refer to such dividends as “deficiency dividends.” Thus, we may be able to avoid being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends. We will, however, be required to pay interest based upon the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency dividends.
To the extent that we do not distribute (and are not deemed to have distributed) all of our net capital gain or distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our REIT taxable income, as adjusted, we are subject to tax on these retained amounts at regular corporate tax rates.
We will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the sum of amounts actually distributed and amounts retained for which U.S. federal income tax was paid, if we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of:
| 1. | 85% of our REIT ordinary income for the year; |
| 2. | 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for the year; and |
| 3. | any undistributed taxable income from prior taxable years. |
A REIT may elect to retain rather than distribute all or a portion of its net capital gains and pay the tax on the gains. In that case, a REIT may elect to have its stockholders include their proportionate share of the undistributed net capital gains in income as long-term capital gains and receive a credit for their share of the tax paid by the REIT. For purposes of the 4% excise tax described above, any retained amounts would be treated as having been distributed.
Elective Cash/Stock Dividends
On August 11, 2017, the IRS issued Revenue Procedure 2017-45, authorizing elective stock dividends to be made by Publicly Offered REITs. Pursuant to this revenue procedure, effective for distributions declared on or after August 11, 2017, the IRS will treat the distribution of stock pursuant to an elective stock dividend as a distribution of property under Section 301 of the Code (i.e., as a dividend to the extent of our earnings and profits), as long as at least 20% of the total dividend is available in cash and certain other requirements outlined in the revenue procedure are met. On May 4, 2020, the IRS issued Revenue Procedure 2020-19, which modifies the safe harbor provided in Revenue Procedure 2017-45 by temporarily reducing the minimum required aggregate amount of cash that distributee stockholders may receive to not less than 10% of the total distribution in order for Section 301 of the Code to apply to the distribution. The relief provided by Revenue Procedure 2020-19 was a temporary modification and was effective only with regard to distributions declared by a Publicly Offered REIT on or after April 1, 2020 and on or before December 31, 2020. We believe that we are, and expect we will continue to be, a Publicly Offered REIT. In the case of a taxable stock dividend, stockholders would be required to include the dividend as income and would be required to satisfy the tax liability associated with the distribution with cash from other sources including sales of our common stock. Both a taxable stock distribution and sale of common stock resulting from such distribution could adversely affect the price of our common stock.
Prohibited Transactions
Net income derived from prohibited transactions is subject to 100% tax. The term “prohibited transactions” generally includes a sale or other disposition of property (other than foreclosure property) that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. Whether property is held “primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business” depends on the specific facts and circumstances. The Code provides a safe harbor pursuant to which sales of properties held for at least two years and meeting certain additional requirements will not be treated as prohibited transactions, but compliance with the safe harbor may not always be practical. Moreover the character of REIT dividends attributable to gain from assets that comply with the foregoing safe harbor as ordinary income or capital gain must still be determined pursuant to the specific facts and circumstances. We intend to engage in the business of owning and operating properties and to make sales of properties that are consistent with our investment objectives. However, no assurance can be given that any particular property in which we hold a direct or indirect interest will not be treated as property held for sale to customers, or that the safe-harbor provisions will apply. The 100% tax will not apply to gains from the sale of property held through a taxable REIT subsidiary or other taxable corporation, although such income will be subject to tax at regular corporate income tax rates.
Foreclosure Property
Foreclosure property is real property (including interests in real property) and any personal property incident to such real property (1) that is acquired by a REIT as a result of the REIT having bid on the property at foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced the property to ownership or possession by agreement or process of law, after there was a default (or default was imminent) on a lease of the property or a mortgage loan held by the REIT and secured by the property, (2) for which the related loan or lease was made, entered into or acquired by the REIT at a time when default was not imminent or anticipated and (3) for which such REIT makes an election to treat the property as foreclosure property. REITs generally are subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate (currently 21%) on any net income from foreclosure property, including any gain from the disposition of the foreclosure property and certain foreign currency gain attributable to foreclosure property, other than income that would otherwise be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Any gain from the sale of property for which a foreclosure property election has been made will not be subject to the 100% tax on gains from prohibited transactions described above, even if the property is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.
Hedging Transactions
We may enter into hedging transactions with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Hedging transactions could take a variety of forms, including interest rate swaps or cap agreements, options, futures contracts, forward rate agreements or similar financial instruments. Except to the extent provided by Treasury regulations, any income from a hedging transaction (i) made in the normal course of our business primarily to manage risk of interest rate or price changes or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred by us to acquire or own real estate assets, (ii) primarily to manage the risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be qualifying income under the 75% or 95% income tests (or any property which generates such income or gain), which is clearly identified as such before the close of the day on which it was acquired, originated or entered into, including gain from the disposition of such a transaction or (iii) of previously acquired hedges that a REIT entered to manage risk associated with liabilities or property that have been extinguished or disposed, will not constitute gross income for purposes of the 95% gross income test and the 75% gross income test. To the extent we enter into other types of hedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests. We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our ability to qualify as a REIT.
Failure to Qualify as a REIT
In the event we violate a provision of the Code that would result in our failure to qualify as a REIT, specified relief provisions will be available to us to avoid such disqualification if (1) the violation is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, (2) we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each failure to satisfy the provision and (3) the violation does not include a violation under the gross income or asset tests described above (for which other specified relief provisions are available). This cure provision reduces the instances that could lead to our disqualification as a REIT for violations due to reasonable cause. If we fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year, and the relief provisions of the Code do not apply, we will be subject to tax on our taxable income at regular U.S. federal corporate income tax rates, including any applicable alternative minimum tax for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018. Distributions to our stockholders in any year in which we are not a REIT will not be deductible by us, nor will they be required to be made. In this situation, to the extent of current and accumulated earnings and profits, and, subject to limitations of the Code, distributions to our stockholders will generally be taxable to non-corporate U.S. stockholders (as defined below) at a maximum rate of 20%, and dividends received by our corporate U.S. stockholders may be eligible for the dividends received deduction. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2026, non-corporate stockholders, including individuals, generally may deduct up to 20% of dividends from a REIT, other than capital gain dividends and dividends treated as qualified dividend income, for purposes of determining U.S. federal income tax (but not for purposes of the 3.8% Medicare tax), subject to certain holding period requirements and other limitations, resulting in an effective maximum tax rate of 29.6% for such non-corporate stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT, such stockholders may not claim this deduction with respect to dividends paid by us. Unless we are entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions, we will also be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following a year during which qualification was lost. It is not possible to state whether, in all circumstances, we will be entitled to this statutory relief.
Partnership Audit Rules
The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 changed the rules applicable to U.S. federal income tax audits of partnerships. Under the revised rules (which are generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017), among other changes and subject to certain exceptions, any audit adjustment to items of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit of a partnership (and any partner’s distributive share thereof) is determined, and taxes, interest, or penalties attributable thereto are assessed and collected, at the partnership level. Although certain aspects of these new rules remain uncertain, it is possible that they could result in partnerships in which we directly or indirectly invest being required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties as a result of an audit adjustment, and we, as a direct or indirect partner of these partnerships, could be required to bear the economic burden of those taxes, interest, and penalties even though we, as a REIT, may not otherwise
have been required to pay additional corporate-level taxes had we owned the assets of the partnership directly. Effective as of January 1, 2018, the Operating Partnership’s limited partnership agreement was amended to provide that the Company would be the partnership representative (as defined under the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015) of the Operating Partnership for taxable years beginning January 1, 2018. You should consult with your tax advisors with respect to these changes and their potential impact on your investment in our common stock.
Taxation of Our Stockholders
Taxable U.S. Stockholders
When we use the term “U.S. stockholder” we mean a beneficial owner of our common stock or preferred stock who, for U.S. federal income tax purposes is:
| • | an individual citizen or resident of the United States; |
| • | a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof; |
| • | an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or |
| • | a trust if a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of that trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or it has a valid election in place to be treated as a U.S. person. |
As used herein, the term “non-U.S. stockholder” means a beneficial owner of our common stock or preferred stock that for U.S. federal income tax purposes is either a nonresident individual alien or a corporation, estate or trust that is not a U.S. stockholder.
The U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in a partnership that is the beneficial owner of our common stock or preferred stock will depend on the activities of the partnership and the status of the partner. A partner in such partnership should consult its own tax advisor regarding the federal income treatment to the partner of such partnership holding our stock.
Distributions. Except as discussed below, so long as we qualify for taxation as a REIT, distributions with respect to our stock made out of current or accumulated earnings and profits (and not designated as capital gain dividends) will be includible by a U.S. stockholder as ordinary income. Distributions on our preferred stock will be treated as made out of any available earnings and profits in priority to distributions on our common stock. None of these distributions will be eligible for the dividends received deduction for a corporate stockholder. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will not be taxable to a U.S. stockholder to the extent that they do not exceed the adjusted tax basis of the holder’s stock (as determined on a share by share basis), but rather will be treated as a return of capital and reduce the adjusted tax basis of such stock. To the extent that such distributions exceed the adjusted tax basis of a U.S. stockholder’s stock, they will be included in income as long-term capital gain if the stockholder has held its shares for more than one year and otherwise as short-term capital gain. Any dividend declared by us in October, November or December of any year payable to a stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month shall be treated as both paid by us and received by the stockholder on December 31 of such year, provided that the dividend is actually paid by us during January of the following calendar year.
Dividends paid to a U.S. stockholder generally will not qualify for the reduced tax rates applicable to “qualified dividend income.” Qualified dividend income generally includes dividends paid by domestic C corporations and certain qualified foreign corporations to most noncorporate U.S. stockholders. Because we are not generally subject to U.S. federal income tax on the portion of our REIT taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders, our dividends generally will not be eligible for the reduced tax rates on qualified dividend income.
As a result, our ordinary REIT dividends will be taxed at the higher tax rate applicable to ordinary income. Currently, the highest marginal individual income tax rate on ordinary income is 37%. However, for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2026, non-corporate stockholders are generally allowed to deduct 20% of the aggregate amount of ordinary dividends distributed by us for purposes of determining their U.S. federal income tax (but not for purposes of the 3.8% Medicare tax), subject to certain holding period requirements and other limitations, resulting in an effective maximum U.S. federal income tax rate of 29.6% on such income. Furthermore, the 20% tax rate for qualified dividend income will apply to our ordinary REIT dividends (i) attributable to dividends received by us from certain non-REIT corporations (e.g., dividends from any domestic TRSs), (ii) to the extent attributable to income upon which we have paid corporate income tax (e.g., to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our taxable income) and (iii) attributable to income in the prior taxable year from the sales of “built-in gain” property acquired by us from C corporations in carryover basis transactions (less the amount of corporate tax on such income). In general, to qualify for the reduced tax rate on qualified dividend income, a U.S. holder must hold our shares for more than 60 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the date on which our shares of common stock become ex-dividend. Individuals, trusts and estates whose income exceeds certain thresholds are also subject to a 3.8% Medicare tax on dividends received from us.
Distributions that are designated as capital gain dividends will generally be taxed as long-term capital gains (to the extent they do not exceed our actual net capital gain for the taxable year) without regard to the period for which the holder has held our stock. However, corporate holders may be required to treat up to 20% of certain capital gain dividends as ordinary income. The distributions we designate as capital gain dividends may not exceed our dividends paid for the taxable year, including dividends paid the following year that we treated as paid in the current year.
We may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net capital gain received during the taxable year. If we so elect for a taxable year, our U.S. stockholders would include in income as long-term capital gains their proportionate share of such portion of our undistributed net capital gains for the taxable year as we may designate. A U.S. stockholder would be deemed to have paid its share of the tax paid by us on such undistributed net capital gain, which would be credited or refunded to the stockholder. The U.S. stockholder’s basis in our stock would be increased by the amount of undistributed net capital gain included in such U.S. stockholder’s income, less the capital gains tax paid by us.
Except as noted below, the maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain applicable to non-corporate taxpayers is 20% for sales and exchanges of assets held for more than one year. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain from the sale or exchange of “section 1250 property,” or depreciable real property, is 25% to the extent that such gain would have been treated as ordinary income if the property were “section 1245 property” (i.e., to the extent of depreciation recapture). With respect to distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends and any retained capital gain that we are deemed to distribute, we generally may designate whether such a distribution is taxable to our non-corporate U.S. stockholders at a 20% or 25% tax rate. Thus, the tax rate differential between capital gain and ordinary income for non-corporate taxpayers may be significant. In addition, the characterization of income as capital gain or ordinary income may affect the deductibility of capital losses. A non-corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses not offset by capital gains against its ordinary income only up to a maximum annual amount of $3,000. A non-corporate taxpayer may carry forward unused capital losses indefinitely. A corporate taxpayer must pay tax on its net capital gain at ordinary U.S. federal corporate income tax rates. A corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses only to the extent of capital gains, with unused losses being carried back three years and forward five years.
Stockholders may not include in their individual income tax returns any of our net operating losses or capital losses. Instead, such losses would be carried over by us for potential offset against our future income (subject to certain limitations). The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act generally restricts our ability to utilize net operating losses to not more than 80% of our REIT taxable income, calculated before reduction for dividends paid by us. This 80% limitation was eliminated for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2021. In addition, a five-year carryback is allowed for net operating losses arising in 2018, 2019, or 2020. However, the carryback allowance does not apply to the net operating losses of REITs. Taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition
of stock will not be treated as passive activity income and, therefore, stockholders generally will not be able to apply any “passive activity losses” (such as losses from certain types of limited partnerships in which the stockholder is a limited partner) against such income. In addition, taxable distributions from us generally will be treated as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitations. Capital gains from the disposition of stock (or distributions treated as such) will be treated as investment income only if the stockholder so elects, in which case such capital gains will be taxed at ordinary income rates. We will notify stockholders after the close of our taxable year as to the portions of the distributions attributable to that year that constitute each of (i) distributions taxable at ordinary income tax rates, (ii) capital gains dividends, (iii) qualified dividend income, if any, and (iv) nondividend distributions.
Sale or Exchange of Stock. Upon the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of stock to or with a person other than us, a stockholder generally will recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between (i) the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received (less any portion thereof attributable to accumulated and declared but unpaid dividends, which will be taxable as a dividend to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits attributable thereto) and (ii) the stockholder’s adjusted tax basis in such stock. Such gain or loss will be capital gain or loss and will be long-term capital gain or loss if such stock has been held for more than one year. In general, any loss upon a sale or exchange of stock by a holder who has held such stock for six months or less (after applying certain holding period rules) will be treated by such holder as long-term capital loss to the extent of distributions from us required to be treated by such stockholder as long-term capital gain. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of stock may be disallowed if substantially identical stock is purchased within 30 days before or after the disposition.
A redemption by us of any redeemable preferred stock we may issue could be treated either as a taxable disposition of shares or as a dividend, depending on the applicable facts and circumstances. In the event we issue any redeemable preferred stock, the applicable prospectus supplement will address the tax consequences of owning such securities in more detail.
Medicare Tax on Unearned Income. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, a U.S. stockholder that is an individual is subject to a 3.8% tax on the lesser of (1) his or her “net investment income” for the relevant taxable year or (2) the excess of his or her modified gross income for the taxable year over a certain threshold (between $125,000 and $250,000 depending on the individual’s U.S. federal income tax filing status). A similar regime applies to certain estates and trusts. Net investment income generally would include dividends on our stock and gain from the sale of our stock. If you are a U.S. stockholder that is an individual, an estate or a trust, you are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the applicability of this tax to your income and gains in respect of your investment in our stock.
Tax-Exempt U.S. Stockholders
Distributions by us to a tax-exempt U.S. stockholder generally should not constitute unrelated business taxable income (“UBTI”) provided that (i) the U.S. stockholder has not financed the acquisition of its common stock with “acquisition indebtedness” within the meaning of the Code and (ii) our stock is not otherwise used in an unrelated trade or business of such tax-exempt U.S. stockholder.
Notwithstanding the preceding paragraph, under certain circumstances, qualified trusts that hold more than 10% (by value) of our shares of stock may be required to treat a certain percentage of dividends as UBTI. This requirement will only apply if we are treated as a “pension-held REIT.” The restrictions on ownership of shares of stock in our charter should prevent us from being treated as a pension-held REIT, although there can be no assurance that this will be the case.
Non-U.S. Stockholders
The following discussion addresses the rules governing the U.S. federal income taxation of the ownership and disposition of stock by non-U.S. stockholders. These rules are complex, and no attempt is made herein to provide more than a brief summary of such rules. Accordingly, the discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation and does not address U.S. estate and gift tax consequences or state, local or foreign tax consequences that may be relevant to a non-U.S. stockholder in light of its particular circumstances.
Distributions. Distributions to a non-U.S. stockholder that are neither attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by us of “U.S. real property interests” nor designated as capital gains dividends will be treated as dividends of ordinary income to the extent that they are made out of current or accumulated earnings and profits. These distributions ordinarily will be subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax on a gross basis at a rate of 30%, or a lower rate as permitted under an applicable income tax treaty, unless the dividends are treated as effectively connected with the conduct by the non-U.S. stockholder of a U.S. trade or business. Under some treaties, however, lower withholding rates generally applicable to dividends do not apply to dividends from REITs. Applicable certification and disclosure requirements must be satisfied to be exempt from withholding under the effectively connected income exemption. Dividends that are effectively connected with a trade or business generally will be subject to tax on a net basis, that is, after allowance for deductions, at graduated rates, in the same manner as U.S. stockholders are taxed with respect to these dividends, and are generally not subject to withholding. Any dividends received by a corporate non-U.S. stockholder that is engaged in a U.S. trade or business also may be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a 30% rate, or lower applicable treaty rate.
Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits that exceed the non-U.S. stockholder’s adjusted tax basis in its stock (as determined on a share by share basis) will be taxable to a non-U.S. stockholder as gain from the sale of stock, which is discussed below. Distributions in excess of current or accumulated earnings and profits that do not exceed the adjusted tax basis of the non-U.S. stockholder in its stock will reduce the non-U.S. stockholder’s adjusted tax basis in its stock and will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, but will be subject to U.S. withholding tax as described below.
We expect to withhold U.S. income tax at the rate of 30% on any ordinary dividend distributions (including distributions that later may be determined to have been in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits) made to a non-U.S. stockholder unless: (i) a lower treaty rate applies and the non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8BEN, W-8BEN-E or other applicable form evidencing eligibility for that reduced treaty rate; or (ii) the non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8ECI claiming that the distribution is income effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholder’s trade or business.
We may be required to withhold on any distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, even if a treaty rate applies and the non-U.S. stockholder is not liable for tax on the receipt of that distribution. Moreover, because of the uncertainty in estimating earnings and profits, we may choose to withhold 30% on all distributions. However, a non-U.S. stockholder may seek a refund of these amounts from the IRS if the non-U.S. stockholder’s U.S. tax liability with respect to the distribution is less than the amount withheld.
Distributions to a non-U.S. stockholder that are designated at the time of the distribution as capital gain dividends, other than those arising from the disposition of a U.S. real property interest, generally should not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation unless: (i) the investment in our stock is effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholder’s U.S. trade or business, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder generally will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. stockholders with respect to any gain, except that a stockholder that is a foreign corporation also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax, as discussed above, or (ii) the non-U.S. stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a “tax home” in the United States, in which case the nonresident alien individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individual’s capital gains.
Except as hereinafter discussed, under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act, or FIRPTA, distributions to a non-U.S. stockholder that are attributable to gain from sales or exchanges by us of U.S. real property interests, whether or not designated as a capital gain dividend, will cause the non-U.S. stockholder to be treated as recognizing gain that is income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. Non-U.S. stockholders generally will be taxed on this gain at the same rates applicable to U.S. stockholders, subject to a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals. Also, this gain may be subject to a 30% branch profits tax in the hands of a non-U.S. stockholder that is a corporation. However, even if a distribution is attributable to a sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests, the distribution will not be treated
as gain recognized from the sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests, but as an ordinary dividend subject to the general withholding regime discussed above, if:
(i) the distribution is made with respect to a class of stock that is considered regularly traded under applicable Treasury regulations on an established securities market located in the United States, such as the New York Stock Exchange; and
(ii) the stockholder owns 10% or less of that class of stock at all times during the one-year period ending on the date of the distribution.
We will be required to withhold and remit to the IRS 21% of any distributions to non-U.S. stockholders that are, or, if greater, could have been, designated as capital gain dividends and are attributable to gain recognized from the sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests. Distributions can be designated as capital gains to the extent of our net capital gain for the taxable year of the distribution. The amount withheld, which for individual non-U.S. stockholders may substantially exceed the actual tax liability, is creditable against the non-U.S. stockholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and is refundable to the extent such amount exceeds the non-U.S. stockholder’s actual U.S. federal income tax liability, and the non-U.S. stockholder timely files an appropriate claim for refund.
Distributions by us to a “qualified foreign pension fund,” within the meaning of Section 897(l) of the Code (“Qualified Foreign Pension Fund”), or any entity all of the interests of which are held by a Qualified Foreign Pension Fund, is exempt from FIRPTA, but may nonetheless be subject to U.S. federal dividend withholding tax unless an applicable tax treaty or Section 892 of the Code provides an exemption from such dividend withholding tax. Non-U.S. Stockholders who are Qualified Foreign Pension Funds should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of these rules.
Retention of Net Capital Gains. Although the law is not clear on the matter, we believe that amounts designated as undistributed capital gains in respect of the stock held by U.S. stockholders generally should be treated with respect to non-U.S. stockholders in the same manner as actual distributions by the Company of capital gain dividends. Under that approach, the non-U.S. stockholders would be able to offset as a credit against their U.S. federal income tax liability resulting therefrom an amount equal to their proportionate share of the tax paid by us on the undistributed capital gains, and to receive from the IRS a refund to the extent their proportionate share of this tax paid were to exceed their actual U.S. federal income tax liability, and the non-U.S. stockholder timely files an appropriate claim for refund.
Sale of Stock. For so long as our stock continues to be regularly traded on an established securities market, the sale of such stock by any Non-U.S. Stockholder who is not a Ten Percent Non-U.S. Stockholder (as defined below) generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax (unless the Non-U.S. Stockholder is a nonresident alien individual who was present in the United States for more than 182 days during the taxable year of the sale and certain other conditions apply, in which case such gain (net of certain sources within the U.S., if any) will be subject to a 30% tax on a gross basis). A “Ten Percent Non-U.S. Stockholder” is a Non-U.S. Stockholder who, at some time during the five-year period preceding such sale or disposition, beneficially owned (including under certain attribution rules) more than 10% of the total fair market value of our stock (as outstanding from time to time).
In general, the sale or other taxable disposition of our stock by a Ten Percent Non-U.S. Stockholder also will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax if we are a “domestically controlled REIT.” A REIT is a “domestically controlled REIT” if, at all times during the five-year period preceding the disposition in question, less than 50% in value of its shares is held directly or indirectly by Non-U.S. Stockholders. For purposes of determining whether a REIT is a domestically controlled qualified REIT, certain special rules apply including the rule that a person who at all applicable times holds less than 10 percent of a class of stock that is “regularly traded” is treated as a U.S. person unless the REIT has actual knowledge that such person is not a U.S. person. Because our common stock is publicly traded, we believe, but cannot assure you, that we currently qualify as a domestically controlled REIT. Similarly, we cannot assure you that we will qualify as a domestically controlled
REIT at all times in the future. If we do not constitute a domestically controlled REIT, a Ten Percent Non-U.S. Stockholder generally will be taxed in the same manner as a U.S. Stockholder with respect to gain on the sale of our stock (subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals). The sale or other taxable disposition of our stock by a Qualified Foreign Pension Fund, or any entity all of the interests of which are held by a Qualified Foreign Pension Fund, is exempt from U.S. tax irrespective of the level of its shareholding in us and of whether we are a domestically controlled REIT.
Special rules apply to certain collective investment funds that are “qualified shareholders” as defined in Section 897(k)(3) of the Code of a REIT. Such investors, which include publicly traded vehicles that meet certain requirements, should consult with their own tax advisors prior to making an investment in our shares.
FATCA Withholding and Reporting Requirements
The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”), imposes a U.S. federal withholding tax on certain types of payments made to “foreign financial institutions” and certain other non-U.S. entities unless certain due diligence, reporting, withholding, and certification obligation requirements are satisfied. FATCA generally imposes a U.S. federal withholding tax at a rate of 30% on dividends on our capital stock or interest on our debt securities if paid to a foreign entity unless either (i) the foreign entity is a “foreign financial institution” that undertakes certain due diligence, reporting, withholding, and certification obligations, or in the case of a foreign financial institution that is a resident in a jurisdiction that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement to implement FATCA, the entity complies with the diligence and reporting requirements of such agreement, (ii) the foreign entity is not a “foreign financial institution” and identifies certain of its U.S. investors, or (iii) the foreign entity otherwise is excepted under FATCA. If we determine withholding is appropriate in respect of our capital stock, we may withhold tax at the applicable statutory rate, and we will not pay any additional amounts in respect of such withholding. While withholding under FATCA would have applied on payments of gross proceeds from the sale or other disposition of stock or debt securities on or after January 1, 2019, proposed Treasury Regulations eliminate FATCA withholding on payments of gross proceeds entirely. In the preamble to these proposed Treasury Regulations, the IRS has stated that taxpayers may generally rely on the proposed Treasury Regulations until final Treasury Regulations are issued. Because we may not know the extent to which a distribution is a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes at the time it is made, for purposes of these withholding rules, we may treat the entire distribution as a dividend.
If withholding is required under FATCA on a payment, holders of our capital stock that otherwise would not be subject to withholding (or that otherwise would be entitled to a reduced rate of withholding) generally will be required to seek a refund or credit from the IRS to obtain the benefit of such exemption or reduction (provided that such benefit is available). Stockholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect of FATCA on an investment in our capital stock.
Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding
Information returns may be filed with the IRS and backup withholding may be collected in connection with distributions paid or required to be treated as paid during each calendar year and payments of the proceeds of a sale or other disposition of our stock by a stockholder, unless such stockholder is a corporation, non-U.S. person or comes within certain other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact or provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. A stockholder who does not provide us with its correct taxpayer identification number also may be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, the U.S. federal income tax liability of persons subject to backup withholding will be offset by the amount of tax withheld. If backup withholding results in an overpayment of U.S. federal income taxes, a refund or credit may be obtained from the IRS, provided the required information is furnished timely thereto.
As a general matter, backup withholding and information reporting will not apply to a payment of the proceeds of a sale of our stock by or through a foreign office of a foreign broker. Information reporting (but not backup withholding) will apply, however, to a payment of the proceeds of a sale of our stock by a foreign office of a broker that is a U.S. person, a foreign partnership that engaged during certain periods in the conduct of a trade or business in the United States or more than 50% of whose capital or profit interests are owned during certain periods by U.S. persons, any foreign person that derives 50% or more of its gross income for certain periods from the conduct of a trade or business in the United States, or a “controlled foreign corporation” for U.S. tax purposes, unless the broker has documentary evidence in its records that the holder is a Non-U.S. Stockholder and certain other conditions are satisfied, or the stockholder otherwise establishes an exemption. Payment to or through a U.S. office of a broker of the proceeds of a sale of our stock is subject to both backup withholding and information reporting unless the stockholder certifies under penalties of perjury that the stockholder is a Non-U.S. Stockholder or otherwise establishes an exemption. A stockholder may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules in excess of its U.S. federal income tax liability by timely filing the appropriate claim for a refund with the IRS.
State, Local and Foreign Taxes
We and/or holders of our stock may be subject to state, local and foreign taxation in various state or local or foreign jurisdictions, including those in which we or they transact business or reside. The foreign, state and local tax treatment of us and of holders of our stock may not conform to the U.S. federal income tax consequences discussed above. Consequently, prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect of state, local and foreign tax laws on an investment in our stock.
Possible Legislative or Other Actions Affecting Tax Consequences
You should recognize that future legislative, judicial and administrative actions or decisions, which may be retroactive in effect, could adversely affect our federal income tax treatment or the tax consequences of an investment in shares of our stock. The rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are continually under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department, resulting in statutory changes as well as promulgation of new, or revisions to existing, regulations and revised interpretations of established concepts. We cannot predict the likelihood of passage of any new tax legislation or other provisions, including the possibility of major tax legislation in 2021, either directly or indirectly, affecting us or our stockholders or the value of an investment in our stock. For example, the legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act significantly changed the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to businesses and their owners, including REITs and their shareholders. We cannot predict the long-term effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or any future law changes on REITs or their shareholders. Changes to the U.S. federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could adversely affect an investment in our common stock.
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “FR.” The last reported sale price of our common stock as reported on the NYSE on October 25, 2021 was $58.27 per share.
Investing in our common stock involves risks that are described in the “Risk factors” section beginning on page S-3 of the prospectus supplement dated February 14, 2020 and beginning on page 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
This prospectus supplement should be read in conjunction with, and may not be delivered or utilized without, the prospectus dated February 13, 2020 and the prospectus supplements dated February 14, 2020, October 27, 2020 and April 28, 2021.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date of this prospectus supplement is October 26, 2021.
