Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Note 7.—Fair Value of Financial Instruments The use of fair value to measure the Company’s financial instruments is fundamental to its consolidated financial statements and is a critical accounting estimate because a substantial portion of its assets and liabilities are recorded at estimated fair value. The following table presents the estimated fair value of financial instruments included in the consolidated financial statements as of the dates indicated: June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Carrying Estimated Fair Value Carrying Estimated Fair Value Amount Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Amount Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 61,173 $ 61,173 $ — $ — $ 29,555 $ 29,555 $ — $ — Restricted cash 5,196 5,196 — — 5,657 5,657 — — Mortgage loans held-for-sale 37,035 — 37,035 — 308,477 — 308,477 — Mortgage servicing rights 850 — — 850 749 — — 749 Derivative assets, lending, net (1) 510 — 12 498 3,111 — — 3,111 Securitized mortgage collateral — — — — 1,639,251 — — 1,639,251 Liabilities Warehouse borrowings $ 37,795 $ — $ 37,795 $ — $ 285,539 $ — $ 285,539 $ — Convertible notes 15,000 — — 15,000 20,000 — — 20,000 Long-term debt 35,889 — — 35,889 46,536 — — 46,536 Securitized mortgage borrowings — — — — 1,614,862 — — 1,614,862 Derivative liabilities, lending, net (2) 12 — 12 — 55 — 55 — (1) Represents IRLCs and Hedging Instruments and are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. (2) Represents Hedging Instruments and are included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The fair value amounts above have been estimated by management using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is required to interpret market data to develop the estimates of fair value in both inactive and orderly markets. Accordingly, the estimates presented are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. For securitized mortgage collateral and securitized mortgage borrowings, the underlying bonds were collateralized by Alt-A (non-conforming) residential and commercial loans and had limited or no market activity. The Company’s methodology to estimate fair value of these assets and liabilities included the use of internal pricing techniques such as the net present value of future expected cash flows (with observable market participant assumptions, where available) discounted at a rate of return based on the Company’s estimates of market participant requirements. The significant assumptions utilized in these internal pricing techniques, which were based on the characteristics of the underlying collateral, include estimated credit losses, estimated prepayment speeds and appropriate discount rates. Fair Value Hierarchy The application of fair value measurements may be on a recurring or nonrecurring basis depending on the accounting principles applicable to the specific asset or liability or whether management has elected to carry the item at its estimated fair value. FASB ASC 820-10-35 specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy: ● ● ● This hierarchy requires the Company to use observable market data, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when estimating fair value. As a result of the lack of observable market data resulting from inactive markets, the Company has classified its MSRs, securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings, derivative assets and liabilities (IRLCs), Notes and long-term debt as Level 3 fair value measurements. Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were approximately 1% and 40% and 83% and 84%, respectively, of total assets and total liabilities measured at estimated fair value at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Recurring Fair Value Measurements The Company assesses its financial instruments on a quarterly basis to determine the appropriate classification within the fair value hierarchy, as defined by ASC Topic 810. Transfers between fair value classifications occur when there are changes in pricing observability levels. Transfers of financial instruments among the levels occur at the beginning of the reporting period. There were no material transfers into Level 3 classified instruments during the six months ended June 30, 2022. The following tables present the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis, including financial instruments for which the Company has elected the fair value option at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, based on the fair value hierarchy: Recurring Fair Value Measurements June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets Mortgage loans held-for-sale $ — $ 37,035 $ — $ — $ 308,477 $ — Derivative assets, lending, net (1) — 12 498 — — 3,111 Mortgage servicing rights — — 850 — — 749 Securitized mortgage collateral — — — — — 1,639,251 Total assets at fair value $ — $ 37,047 $ 1,348 $ — $ 308,477 $ 1,643,111 Liabilities Securitized mortgage borrowings $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,614,862 Long-term debt — — 35,889 — — 46,536 Derivative liabilities, lending, net (2) — 12 — — 55 — Total liabilities at fair value $ — $ 12 $ 35,889 $ — $ 55 $ 1,661,398 (1) At June 30, 2022, derivative assets, lending, net included $498 thousand in IRLCs and $12 thousand in Hedging Instruments included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2021, derivative assets, lending, net included $3.1 million in IRLCs and is included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. (2) At December 31, 2021, derivative liabilities, lending, net are included in other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The following tables present reconciliations for all assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021: Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 Interest Securitized Securitized Mortgage rate lock Long- mortgage mortgage servicing commitments, term collateral borrowings rights net debt Fair value, March 31, 2022 $ — $ — $ 856 $ 846 $ (47,549) Total gains (losses) included in earnings: Interest income — — — — — Interest expense — — — — (357) Change in fair value — — (6) (348) 1,980 Change in instrument specific credit risk — — — — 10,037 (1) Total gains (losses) included in earnings — — (6) (348) 11,660 Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — — — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements: Purchases — — — — — Issuances — — — — — Settlements — — — — — Fair value, June 30, 2022 $ — $ — $ 850 $ 498 $ (35,889) (1) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive gain (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 Interest Securitized Securitized Mortgage rate lock Long- mortgage mortgage servicing commitments, term collateral borrowings rights net debt Fair value, March 31, 2021 $ 2,038,545 $ (2,028,210) $ 498 $ 5,078 $ (45,361) Total gains (losses) included in earnings: Interest income (1) (4,722) — — — — Interest expense (1) — (8,909) — — (418) Change in fair value (2,550) 722 (37) (816) 1,417 Change in instrument specific credit risk — — — — (538) (2) Total gains (losses) included in earnings (7,272) (8,187) (37) (816) 461 Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — — — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements: Purchases — — — — — Issuances — — 92 — — Settlements (172,850) 189,173 — — — Fair value, June 30, 2021 $ 1,858,423 $ (1,847,224) $ 553 $ 4,262 $ (44,900) (1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities. Net interest income, including cash received and paid, was $2.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021. The difference between accretion of interest income and expense and the amounts of interest income and expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is primarily from contractual interest on the securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings. (2) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive gain (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The following tables present reconciliations for all assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021: Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 Interest Securitized Securitized Mortgage rate lock Long- mortgage mortgage servicing commitments, term collateral borrowings rights net debt Fair value, December 31, 2021 $ 1,639,251 $ (1,614,862) $ 749 $ 3,111 $ (46,536) Total gains (losses) included in earnings: Interest income (1) 2,019 — — — — Interest expense (1) — (7,564) — — (743) Change in fair value 9,248 — 55 (2,613) 3,622 Change in instrument specific credit risk — — — — 7,768 (2) Total gains (losses) included in earnings 11,267 (7,564) 55 (2,613) 10,647 Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — — — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements: Purchases — — — — — Issuances — — 46 — — Settlements (1,650,518) 1,622,426 — — — Fair value, June 30, 2022 $ — $ — $ 850 $ 498 $ (35,889) Unrealized gains (losses) still held (3) $ — $ — $ 850 $ 498 $ 26,111 (1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities prior to the sale in March 2022. Net interest income, including cash received and paid, was $1.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The difference between accretion of interest income and expense and the amounts of interest income and expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss is primarily from contractual interest on the securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings. (2) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive gain (loss) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. (3) Represents the amount of unrealized gains relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that are still held and reflected in the fair values at June 30, 2022. Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 Interest Securitized Securitized Mortgage rate lock Long- mortgage mortgage servicing commitments, term collateral borrowings rights net debt Fair value, December 31, 2020 $ 2,100,175 $ (2,086,557) $ 339 $ 7,275 $ (44,413) Total (losses) gains included in earnings: Interest income (1) (9,479) — — — — Interest expense (1) — (18,018) — — (724) Change in fair value 79,857 (85,230) 1 (3,013) 2,442 Change in instrument specific credit risk — — — — (2,205) (2) Total gains (losses) included in earnings 70,378 (103,248) 1 (3,013) (487) Transfers in and/or out of Level 3 — — — — — Purchases, issuances and settlements: Purchases — — — — — Issuances — — 213 — — Settlements (312,130) 342,581 — — — Fair value, June 30, 2021 $ 1,858,423 $ (1,847,224) $ 553 $ 4,262 $ (44,900) Unrealized (losses) gains still held (3) $ (186,507) $ 2,397,426 $ 553 $ 4,262 $ 17,100 (1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities. Net interest income, including cash received and paid, was $4.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. The difference between accretion of interest income and expense and the amounts of interest income and expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive gain (loss) is primarily from contractual interest on the securitized mortgage collateral and borrowings. (2) Amount represents the change in instrument specific credit risk in other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. (3) Represents the amount of unrealized (losses) gains relating to assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that are still held and reflected in the fair values at June 30, 2021 The following table presents quantitative information about the valuation techniques and unobservable inputs applied to Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021: June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Unobservable Range of Weighted Range of Weighted Financial Instrument Input Inputs Average Inputs Average Assets and liabilities backed by real estate Securitized mortgage collateral, and Prepayment rates - % - % 2.9 - 46.3 % 10.7 % Securitized mortgage borrowings Default rates - % - % 0.06 - 4.3 % 1.7 % Loss severities - % - % 0.01 - 97.6 % 70.1 % Discount rates - % - % 2.1 - 13.0 % 3.6 % Other assets and liabilities Mortgage servicing rights Discount rates 12.5 - 15.0 % 12.8 % 12.5 - 15.0 % 12.8 % Prepayment rates 7.5 - 12.5 % 8.5 % 8.01 - 29.1 % 10.3 % Derivative assets - IRLCs, net Pull-through rates 40.0 - 99.0 % 69.5 % 50.0 - 98.0 % 79.0 % Long-term debt Discount rates 14.2 % 14.2 % 8.6 % 8.6 % Recurring Fair Value Measurements Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 Change in Fair Value of Interest Interest Net Trust Long-term Other Revenue Gain on Sale Income (1) Expense (1) Assets Debt and Expense of Loans, net Total Securitized mortgage collateral $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Securitized mortgage borrowings — — — — — — — Long-term debt — (357) — 1,980 — — 1,623 Mortgage servicing rights (2) — — — — (6) — (6) Mortgage loans held-for-sale — — — — — (217) (217) Derivative assets — IRLCs — — — — — (348) (348) Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments — — — — — (896) (896) Total $ — $ (357) $ — $ 1,980 $ (6) $ (1,461) $ 156 (1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities. (2) Included in gain (loss) on MSRs, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Recurring Fair Value Measurements Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 Change in Fair Value of Interest Interest Net Trust Long-term Other Revenue Gain on Sale Income (1) Expense (1) Assets Debt and Expense of Loans, net Total Securitized mortgage collateral $ (4,722) $ — $ (2,550) $ — $ — $ — $ (7,272) Securitized mortgage borrowings — (8,909) 722 — — — (8,187) Long-term debt — (418) — 1,417 — — 999 Mortgage servicing rights (2) — — — — (37) — (37) Mortgage loans held-for-sale — — — — — 271 271 Derivative assets — IRLCs — — — — — (816) (816) Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments — — — — — (2,064) (2,064) Total $ (4,722) $ (9,327) $ (1,828) (3) $ 1,417 $ (37) $ (2,609) $ (17,106) (1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities. (2) Included in gain (loss) on MSRs, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. (3) For the three months ended June 30, 2021, change in the fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO was $1.8 million. Recurring Fair Value Measurements Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 Change in Fair Value of Interest Interest Net Trust Long-term Other Income Gain on Sale Income (1) Expense (1) Assets Debt and Expense of Loans, net Total Securitized mortgage collateral $ 2,019 $ — $ 9,248 $ — $ — $ — $ 11,267 Securitized mortgage borrowings — (7,564) — — — — (7,564) Long-term debt — (743) — 3,622 — — 2,879 Mortgage servicing rights (2) — — — — 55 — 55 Mortgage loans held-for-sale — — — — — (7,482) (7,482) Derivative assets — IRLCs — — — — — (2,613) (2,613) Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments — — — — — 55 55 Total $ 2,019 $ (8,307) $ 9,248 (3) $ 3,622 $ 55 $ (10,040) $ (3,403) (1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities. (2) Included in gain (loss) on MSRs, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. (3) For the six months ended June 30, 2022, change in the fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO was $9.2 million. Recurring Fair Value Measurements Changes in Fair Value Included in Net Loss For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 Change in Fair Value of Interest Interest Net Trust Long-term Other Income Gain on Sale Income (1) Expense (1) Assets Debt and Expense of Loans, net Total Securitized mortgage collateral $ (9,479) $ — 79,857 $ — $ — $ — $ 70,378 Securitized mortgage borrowings — (18,018) (85,230) — — — (103,248) Long-term debt — (724) — 2,442 — — 1,718 Mortgage servicing rights (2) — — — — 1 — 1 Mortgage loans held-for-sale — — — — — (597) (597) Derivative assets — IRLCs — — — — — (3,013) (3,013) Derivative liabilities — Hedging Instruments — — — — — (82) (82) Total $ (9,479) $ (18,742) $ (5,373) (3) $ 2,442 $ 1 $ (3,692) $ (34,843) (1) Amounts primarily represent accretion to recognize interest income and interest expense using effective yields based on estimated fair values for trust assets and trust liabilities. (2) Included in gain (loss) on MSRs, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. (3) For the six months ended June 30, 2021, change in the fair value of net trust assets, excluding REO was $5.4 million. Mortgage servicing rights Mortgage loans held-for-sale accordingly, the Company classifies its mortgage LHFS as a Level 2 measurement at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Securitized mortgage collateral Securitized mortgage borrowings Long-term debt Derivative assets and liabilities, lending The following table includes information for the derivative assets and liabilities related to lending for the periods presented: Total Gains (Losses) Total Gains (Losses) Notional Amount For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended June 30, December 31, June 30, June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 Derivative – IRLC's $ 55,175 $ 255,150 $ (348) $ (816) $ (2,613) $ (3,013) Derivative – TBA MBS 12,500 102,000 1,072 (2,379) 4,760 2,832 Derivative – Swap Futures 3,300 — (106) — 1,300 — (1) Amounts included in gain on sale of loans, net within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements The Company is required to measure certain assets and liabilities at estimated fair value from time to time. These fair value measurements typically result from the application of specific accounting pronouncements under GAAP. The fair value measurements are considered nonrecurring fair value measurements under FASB ASC 820-10. There were no financial or non-financial assets measured using nonrecurring fair value measurements at June 30, 2022. The following tables present financial and non-financial assets measured using nonrecurring fair value measurements at June 30, 2022 and 2021, and total (losses) gains for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively: Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements Total Losses (1) June 30, 2022 For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 June 30, 2022 June 30, 2022 ROU asset impairment — — 8,366 (123) (123) (1) Total losses reflect losses from all nonrecurring measurements during the period. Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements Total (Losses) Gains (1) June 30, 2021 For the Three Months Ended For the Six Months Ended Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 June 30, 2021 June 30, 2021 REO (2) $ — $ 4,251 $ — $ (313) $ 1,559 (1) Total gains (losses) reflect gains (losses) from all nonrecurring measurements during the period. (2) For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company recorded $( 313) thousand and $1.6 million, respectively, in (losses) gains related to changes in NRV of properties. Losses represent impairment of the NRV attributable to an increase in state specific loss severities on properties held during the period which resulted in a decrease to NRV. Gains represent recovery of the NRV attributable to an improvement in state specific loss severities on properties held during the period which resulted in an increase to NRV. Real estate owned ROU asset impairment |