Significant Accounting Policies | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (a) Use of Estimates— The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. (b) Revenue Recognition— The Company presents Passenger revenue, Cargo revenue and Other operating revenue on its income statement. Passenger revenue is recognized when transportation is provided and Cargo revenue is recognized when shipments arrive at their destination. Other operating revenue is recognized as the related performance obligations are satisfied. Passenger tickets and related ancillary services sold by the Company for mainline and regional flights are purchased primarily via credit card transactions, with payments collected by the Company in advance of the performance of related services. The Company initially records ticket sales in its Advance ticket sales liability, deferring revenue recognition until the travel occurs. For travel that has more than one flight segment, the Company deems each segment as a separate performance obligation and recognizes revenue for each segment as travel occurs. Tickets sold by other airlines where the Company provides the transportation are recognized as passenger revenue at the estimated value to be billed to the other airline when travel is provided. Differences between amounts billed and the actual amounts may be rejected and rebilled or written off if the amount recorded was different from the original estimate. When necessary, the Company records a reserve against its billings and payables with other airlines based on historical experience. The Company sells certain tickets with connecting flights with one or more segments operated by its other airline partners. For segments operated by its other airline partners, the Company has determined that it is acting as an agent on behalf of the other airlines as they are responsible for their portion of the contract (i.e. transportation of the passenger). The Company, as the agent, recognizes revenue within Other operating revenue at the time of the travel for the net amount representing commission to be retained by the Company for any segments flown by other airlines. Refundable tickets expire after one year from the date of issuance. Non-refundable tickets generally expire on the date of the intended travel, unless the date is extended by notification from the customer on or before the intended travel date. The Company records breakage revenue on the travel date for its estimate of tickets that will expire unused. To determine breakage, the Company uses its historical experience with refundable and nonrefundable expired tickets and other facts, such as recent aging trends, program changes and modifications that could affect the ultimate expiration patterns of tickets. Fees charged in association with changes or extensions to non-refundable tickets are considered part of the Company's passenger travel obligation. As such, those fees are deferred at the time of collection and recognized at the time the travel is provided. United initially capitalizes the costs of selling airline travel tickets and then recognizes those costs as Distribution expense at the time of travel. Passenger ticket costs include credit card fees, travel agency and other commissions paid, as well as global distribution systems booking fees. Advance Ticket Sales. Advance ticket sales represent the Company's liability to provide air transportation in the future. In the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 , the Company recognized approximately $3.4 billion and $3.1 billion , respectively, of passenger revenue for tickets that were included in Advance ticket sales at the beginning of those periods. All tickets sold at any given point of time have travel dates extending up to 12 months. As a result, the balance of the Company's Advance ticket sales liability represents activity that will be recognized in the next 12 months. Revenue by Geography. The Company further disaggregates revenue by geographic regions. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise with separate financial information, which are evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker and are used in resource allocation and performance assessments. The Company deploys its aircraft across its route network through a single route scheduling system to maximize its value. When making resource allocation decisions, the Company's chief operating decision maker evaluates flight profitability data, which considers aircraft type and route economics. The Company's chief operating decision maker makes resource allocation decisions to maximize the Company's consolidated financial results. Managing the Company as one segment allows management the opportunity to maximize the value of its route network. The Company's operating revenue by principal geographic region (as defined by the U.S. Department of Transportation) for the years ended December 31 is presented in the table below (in millions): 2019 2018 2017 Domestic (U.S. and Canada) $ 26,960 $ 25,552 $ 23,114 Atlantic 7,387 7,103 6,340 Pacific 5,132 5,188 4,914 Latin America 3,780 3,460 3,416 Total $ 43,259 $ 41,303 $ 37,784 The Company attributes revenue among the geographic areas based upon the origin and destination of each flight segment. The Company's operations involve an insignificant level of dedicated revenue-producing assets in geographic regions as the overwhelming majority of the Company's revenue-producing assets (primarily U.S. registered aircraft) can be deployed in any of its geographic regions. Ancillary Fees. The Company charges fees, separately from ticket sales, for certain ancillary services that are directly related to passengers' travel, such as ticket change fees, baggage fees, inflight amenities fees, and other ticket-related fees. These ancillary fees are part of the travel performance obligation and, as such, are recognized as passenger revenue when the travel occurs. The Company recorded $2.4 billion , $2.2 billion , and $2.0 billion of ancillary fees within passenger revenue in the years ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , respectively. (c) Ticket Taxes— Certain governmental taxes are imposed on the Company's ticket sales through a fee included in ticket prices. The Company collects these fees and remits them to the appropriate government agency. These fees are recorded on a net basis and, as a result, are excluded from revenue. (d) Frequent Flyer Accounting— United's MileagePlus loyalty program builds customer loyalty by offering awards, benefits and services to program participants. Members in this program earn miles for travel on United, United Express, Star Alliance members and certain other airlines that participate in the program. Members can also earn miles by purchasing goods and services from our network of non-airline partners. We have contracts to sell miles to these partners with the terms extending from one to nine years . These partners include domestic and international credit card issuers, retail merchants, hotels, car rental companies and our participating airline partners. Miles can be redeemed for free (other than taxes and government-imposed fees), discounted or upgraded air travel and non-travel awards. Miles Earned in Conjunction with Travel. When frequent flyers earn miles for flights, the Company recognizes a portion of the ticket sales as revenue when the travel occurs and defers a portion of the ticket sale representing the value of the related miles as a separate performance obligation. The Company determines the estimated selling price of travel and miles as if each element is sold on a separate basis. The total consideration from each ticket sale is then allocated to each of these elements, individually, on a pro-rata basis. At the time of travel, the Company records the portion allocated to the miles to Frequent flyer deferred revenue on the Company's consolidated balance sheet and subsequently recognizes it into revenue when miles are redeemed for air travel and non-air travel awards. Estimate of Miles Not Expected to be Redeemed . The Company's estimated selling price of miles is based on an equivalent ticket value less breakage, which incorporates the expected redemption of miles, as the best estimate of selling price for these miles. The equivalent ticket value is based on the prior 12 months' weighted average equivalent ticket value of similar fares as those used to settle award redemptions while taking into consideration such factors as redemption pattern, cabin class, loyalty status and geographic region. The estimated selling price of miles is adjusted by breakage that considers a number of factors, including redemption patterns of various customer groups. The Company's breakage model is based on the assumption that the likelihood that an account will redeem its miles can be estimated based on a consideration of the account's historical behavior. The Company uses a logit regression model to estimate the probability that an account will redeem its current miles balance. The Company reviews its breakage estimates annually based upon the latest available information. The Company's estimate of the expected breakage of miles requires significant management judgment. Current and future changes to breakage assumptions, or to program rules and program redemption opportunities, may result in material changes to the deferred revenue balance as well as recognized revenues from the program. For the portion of the outstanding miles that we estimate will not be redeemed, we recognize the associated value proportionally as the remaining miles are redeemed. Co-Brand Agreement . United has a significant contract (the "Co-Brand Agreement") to sell MileagePlus miles to its co-branded credit card partner JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. ("Chase"). Chase awards miles to MileagePlus members based on their credit card activity. United identified the following significant separately identifiable performance obligations in the Co-Brand Agreement: • MileagePlus miles awarded – United has a performance obligation to provide MileagePlus cardholders with miles to be used for air travel and non-travel award redemptions. The Company records Passenger revenue related to the travel awards when the transportation is provided and records Other revenue related to the non-travel awards when the goods or services are delivered. The Company records the cost associated with non-travel awards in Other operating revenue. • Marketing – United has a performance obligation to provide Chase access to United's customer list and the use of United's brand. Marketing revenue is recorded to Other operating revenue as miles are delivered to Chase. • Advertising – United has a performance obligation to provide advertising in support of the MileagePlus card in various customer contact points such as United's website, email promotions, direct mail campaigns, airport advertising and in-flight advertising. Advertising revenue is recorded to Other operating revenue as miles are delivered to Chase. • Other travel-related benefits – United's performance obligations are comprised of various items such as waived bag fees, seat upgrades and lounge passes. Lounge passes are recorded to Other operating revenue as customers use the lounge passes. Bag fees and seat upgrades are recorded to Passenger revenue at the time of the associated travel. We account for all the payments received (including monthly and one-time payments) under the Co-Brand Agreement by allocating them to the separately identifiable performance obligations. The fair value of the separately identifiable performance obligations is determined using management's estimated selling price of each component. The objective of using the estimated selling price based methodology is to determine the price at which we would transact a sale if the product or service were sold on a stand-alone basis. Accordingly, we determine our best estimate of selling price by considering multiple inputs and methods including, but not limited to, discounted cash flows, brand value, volume discounts, published selling prices, number of miles awarded and number of miles redeemed. The Company estimated the selling prices and volumes over the term of the Co-Brand Agreement in order to determine the allocation of proceeds to each of the components to be delivered. We also evaluate volumes on an annual basis, which may result in a change in the allocation of the estimated consideration from the Co-Brand Agreement on a prospective basis. Frequent Flyer Deferred Revenue. Miles in MileagePlus members' accounts are combined into one homogeneous pool and are thus not separately identifiable, for award redemption purposes, between miles earned in the current period and those in their beginning balance. Of the miles expected to be redeemed, the Company expects the majority of these miles to be redeemed within two years . The table below presents a roll forward of Frequent flyer deferred revenue (in millions): Twelve Months Ended 2019 2018 Total Frequent flyer deferred revenue - beginning balance $ 5,005 $ 4,783 Total miles awarded 2,621 2,451 Travel miles redeemed (Passenger revenue) (2,213 ) (2,068 ) Non-travel miles redeemed (Other operating revenue) (137 ) (161 ) Total Frequent flyer deferred revenue - ending balance $ 5,276 $ 5,005 In the years ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , the Company recognized, in Other operating revenue, $2.0 billion , $2.0 billion (including a one-time $50 million payment) and $1.8 billion , respectively, related to the marketing, advertising, non-travel miles redeemed (net of related costs) and other travel-related benefits of the mileage revenue associated with our various partner agreements including, but not limited to, our Chase co-brand agreement. The portion related to the MileagePlus miles awarded of the total amounts received is deferred and presented in the table above as an increase to the frequent flyer liability. (e) Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash— Highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less on their acquisition date are classified as cash and cash equivalents. Restricted cash primarily includes cash collateral for letters of credit and collateral associated with obligations for facility leases and other insurance-related obligations. Restricted cash is classified as short-term or long-term in the consolidated balance sheets based on the expected timing of return of the assets to the Company. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the statements of consolidated cash flows (in millions): UAL United At December 31, At December 31, 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 2,762 $ 1,694 $ 1,482 $ 2,756 $ 1,688 $ 1,476 Restricted cash included in Prepaid expenses and other — — 18 — — 18 Other assets: Restricted cash 106 105 91 106 105 91 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statement of consolidated cash flows $ 2,868 $ 1,799 $ 1,591 $ 2,862 $ 1,793 $ 1,585 (f) Investments— Debt investments are classified as available-for-sale and are stated at fair value. Realized gains and losses on sales of these investments are reflected in Miscellaneous, net in the consolidated statements of operations. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are reflected as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Equity investments with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value. Equity investments without readily determinable fair values are measured using the equity method, or measured at cost with adjustments for observable changes in price or impairments (referred to as the measurement alternative). Changes in fair value are recorded in Unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net in the consolidated statements of operations. (g) Accounts Receivable— Accounts receivable primarily consist of amounts due from credit card companies, non-airline partners, and cargo transportation customers. We provide an allowance for uncollectible accounts equal to the estimated losses expected to be incurred based on historical write-offs and other specific analyses. Bad debt expense and write-offs were not material for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 . (h) Aircraft Fuel, Spare Parts and Supplies— The Company accounts for aircraft fuel, spare parts and supplies at average cost and provides an obsolescence allowance for aircraft spare parts with an assumed residual value of 10% of original cost. (i) Property and Equipment— The Company records additions to owned operating property and equipment at cost when acquired. Property under finance leases and the related obligation for future lease payments are recorded at an amount equal to the initial present value of those lease payments. Modifications that enhance the operating performance or extend the useful lives of airframes or engines are capitalized as property and equipment. It is the Company's policy to record contractual damages received related to delays in delivery of aircraft as a reduction of the cost of the related aircraft. Depreciation and amortization of owned depreciable assets is based on the straight-line method over the assets' estimated useful lives. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the remaining term of the lease, including estimated facility renewal options when renewal is reasonably certain at key airports, or the estimated useful life of the related asset, whichever is less. Properties under finance leases are amortized on the straight-line method over the life of the lease or, in the case of certain aircraft, over their estimated useful lives, whichever is shorter. Amortization of finance lease assets is included in depreciation and amortization expense. The estimated useful lives of property and equipment are as follows: Estimated Useful Life (in years) Aircraft, spare engines and related rotable parts 25 to 30 Aircraft seats 10 to 15 Buildings 25 to 45 Other property and equipment 3 to 15 Computer software 5 to 15 Building improvements 1 to 40 As of December 31, 2019 and 2018 , the Company had a carrying value of computer software of $422 million and $359 million , respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , the Company's depreciation expense related to computer software was $135 million , $122 million and $117 million , respectively. Aircraft and aircraft spare parts were assumed to have residual values of approximately 10% of original cost, and other categories of property and equipment were assumed to have no residual value. (j) Long-Lived Asset Impairments— The Company evaluates the carrying value of long-lived assets subject to amortization whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment may exist. For purposes of this testing, the Company has generally identified the aircraft fleet type as the lowest level of identifiable cash flows. An impairment charge is recognized when the asset's carrying value exceeds its net undiscounted future cash flows and its fair market value. The amount of the charge is the difference between the asset's carrying value and fair market value. See Note 14 of this report for additional information related to impairments. (k) Intangibles— The Company has finite-lived and indefinite-lived intangible assets, including goodwill. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are reviewed for impairment on an annual basis as of October 1, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. See Note 14 of this report for additional information related to impairments. The following table presents information about the Company's goodwill and other intangible assets at December 31 (in millions): 2019 2018 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Goodwill $ 4,523 $ 4,523 Indefinite-lived intangible assets Route authorities $ 1,150 $ 1,240 Airport slots 546 546 Tradenames and logos 593 593 Alliances 404 404 Total $ 2,693 $ 2,783 Finite-lived intangible assets Frequent flyer database $ 1,177 $ 931 $ 1,177 $ 884 Hubs 145 104 145 97 Contracts 120 111 120 106 Other 314 294 314 293 Total $ 1,756 $ 1,440 $ 1,756 $ 1,380 Amortization expense in 2019 , 2018 and 2017 was $60 million , $67 million and $79 million , respectively. Projected amortization expense in 2020 , 2021 , 2022 , 2023 and 2024 is $55 million , $50 million , $40 million , $37 million and $32 million , respectively. (l) Labor Costs— The Company records expenses associated with new or amendable labor agreements when the amounts are probable and estimable. These include costs associated with lump sum cash payments that would be made in conjunction with the ratification of labor agreements. To the extent these upfront costs are in lieu of future pay increases, they would be capitalized and amortized over the term of the labor agreements. If not, these amounts would be expensed. (m) Share-Based Compensation— The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant date fair value of the award. The resulting cost is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. Obligations for cash-settled restricted stock units ("RSUs") are remeasured at fair value throughout the requisite service period at the close of the reporting period based upon UAL's stock price. In addition to the service requirement, certain RSUs have performance metrics that must be achieved prior to vesting. These awards are accrued based on the expected level of achievement at each reporting period. An adjustment is recorded each reporting period to adjust compensation expense based on the then current level of expected performance achievement for the performance-based awards. See Note 4 of this report for additional information on UAL's share-based compensation plans. (n) Maintenance and Repairs— The cost of maintenance and repairs, including the cost of minor replacements, is charged to expense as incurred, except for costs incurred under our power-by-the-hour ("PBTH") engine maintenance agreements. PBTH contracts transfer certain risk to third-party service providers and fix the amount we pay per flight hour or per cycle to the service provider in exchange for maintenance and repairs under a predefined maintenance program. Under PBTH agreements, the Company recognizes expense at a level rate per engine hour, unless the level of service effort and the related payments during the period are substantially consistent, in which case the Company recognizes expense based on the amounts paid. (o) Advertising— Advertising costs, which are included in Other operating expenses, are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses were $212 million , $211 million and $217 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 and 2017 , respectively. (p) Third-Party Business— The Company has third-party business revenue that includes fuel sales, catering, ground handling, maintenance services and frequent flyer award non-travel redemptions. Third-party business revenue is recorded in Other operating revenue. The Company also incurs third-party business expenses, such as maintenance, ground handling and catering services for third parties, fuel sales and non-travel mileage redemptions. The third-party business expenses are recorded in Other operating expenses, except for non-travel mileage redemption. Non-travel mileage redemption expenses are recorded to Other operating revenue. (q) Uncertain Income Tax Positions— The Company has recorded reserves for income taxes and associated interest that may become payable in future years. Although management believes that its positions taken on income tax matters are reasonable, the Company nevertheless has established tax and interest reserves in recognition that various taxing authorities may challenge certain of the positions taken by the Company, potentially resulting in additional liabilities for taxes and interest. The Company's uncertain tax position reserves are reviewed periodically and are adjusted as events occur that affect its estimates, such as the availability of new information, the lapsing of applicable statutes of limitation, the conclusion of tax audits, the measurement of additional estimated liability, the identification of new tax matters, the release of administrative tax guidance affecting its estimates of tax liabilities, or the rendering of relevant court decisions. The Company records penalties and interest relating to uncertain tax positions as part of income tax expense in its consolidated statements of operations. See Note 6 of this report for additional information on UAL's uncertain tax positions. (r) Recently Issued Accounting Standards— The Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases (the "New Lease Standard"), effective January 1, 2019. The Company used the modified retrospective approach for all leases existing at or commencing after January 1, 2017 and elected the package of transition practical expedients for expired or existing contracts, which does not require reassessment of: (1) whether any of our contracts are or contain leases, (2) lease classification and (3) initial direct costs. The New Lease Standard prescribes that an entity should recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases at the commencement date of each lease and recognize expenses on their income statements similar to the prior FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 840, Leases ("Topic 840"). The adoption of the New Lease Standard had the same impact on the financial statements of United as it had on the financial statements of UAL. The table below presents the impact of the adoption of the New Lease Standard on select accounts and captions of UAL's statement of consolidated operations for the year ended December 31 (in millions, except per share amounts): As Reported New Lease Standard Adjustments As Adjusted 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 Regional capacity purchase $ 2,601 $ 2,232 $ 48 $ 36 $ 2,649 $ 2,268 Landing fees and other rent 2,359 2,240 90 70 2,449 2,310 Depreciation and amortization 2,240 2,149 (75 ) (53 ) 2,165 2,096 Interest expense (729 ) (671 ) 59 45 (670 ) (626 ) Interest capitalized 70 84 (5 ) (10 ) 65 74 Income tax expense 529 896 (3 ) (16 ) 526 880 Net income 2,129 2,144 (7 ) (1 ) 2,122 2,143 Earnings per share, basic 7.73 7.08 (0.03 ) — 7.70 7.08 Earnings per share, diluted 7.70 7.06 (0.03 ) — 7.67 7.06 The expense for leases under the New Lease Standard will continue to be classified in their historical income statement captions (primarily in Aircraft rent, Landing fees and other rent and Regional capacity purchase in our statements of consolidated operations). The adoption of the New Lease Standard resulted in the recharacterization of certain leases from capital leases under Topic 840 to operating leases under the New Lease Standard. This change resulted in less depreciation and amortization and interest expense associated with capital leases offset by higher lease expense associated with operating leases. The recharacterization is associated with leases of certain airport facilities that were derecognized as part of the build-to-suit transition guidance under the New Lease Standard. The reduction in capitalized interest is also associated with the same airport facilities leases. The table below presents the impact of the adoption of the New Lease Standard on UAL's balance sheet accounts and captions (in millions): December 31, 2018 As Reported New Lease Standard Adjustments As Adjusted Receivables, less allowance for doubtful accounts $ 1,346 $ 80 $ 1,426 Prepaid expenses and other 913 (180 ) 733 Flight equipment, owned and finance leases (a) 32,636 (37 ) 32,599 Other property and equipment, owned and finance leases (a) 7,930 (1,041 ) 6,889 Accumulated depreciation and amortization, owned and finance leases (a) (13,414 ) 148 (13,266 ) Operating lease right-of-use assets — 5,262 5,262 Current maturities of finance leases (a) 149 (26 ) 123 Current maturities of operating leases — 719 719 Other current liabilities 619 (66 ) 553 Long-term obligations under finance leases (a) 1,134 (910 ) 224 Long-term obligations under operating leases — 5,276 5,276 Deferred income taxes 814 14 828 Other long-term liabilities 1,832 (822 ) 1,010 Retained earnings 6,668 47 6,715 (a) Finance leases, under the New Lease Standard, are the equivalent of capital leases under Topic 840. The table below presents the impact of the adoption of the New Lease Standard on select line items of UAL's statement of consolidated cash flows for the year ended December 31 (in millions): As Reported New Lease Standard Adjustments As Adjusted 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Net cash provided by operating activities $ 6,181 $ 3,413 $ (17 ) $ 61 $ 6,164 $ 3,474 Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Capital expenditures (4,177 ) (3,998 ) 107 128 (4,070 ) (3,870 ) Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt 1,740 2,765 (146 ) (228 ) 1,594 2,537 Principal payments under finance leases (134 ) (124 ) 55 40 (79 ) (84 ) The adoption of the New Lease Standard primarily resulted in the recording of assets and liabilities of our operating leases on our consolidated balance sheets. Certain amounts recorded for prepaid and accrued rent associated with historical operating leases were reclassified to the newly captioned Operating lease right-of-use assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Also, certain leases designated under Topic 840 as owned assets and capital leases are not considered to be assets under the New Lease Standard and have been removed from the consolidated balance sheets, along with the related capital lease liability, due to the leases having variable lease payments. In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses ("ASU 2016-13"). The amendments in this update replace the incurred loss methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses. This update requires financial assets measured at amortized cost basis, such as trade receivables, loans and held-to-maturity debt securities, to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected, and requires entities to record expected losses for certain guarantees and off-balance sheet exposures. The update also eliminates the concept of other-than-temporary impairment for available-for-sale securities. Impairments on available-for-sale securities will be required to be recognized in earnings through an allowance when the fair value is less than amortized cost and a credit loss exists, or the securities are expected to be sold before recovery of amortized cost. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020. The standard update is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. |