| Putnam Emerging Markets Equity Fund | ||||||
| The fund's portfolio | ||||||
| 5/31/24 (Unaudited) | ||||||
| COMMON STOCKS (96.7%)(a) | ||||||
| Shares | Value | |||||
| Automobiles (2.4%) | ||||||
| BYD Co., Ltd. Class H (China) | 113,500 | $3,192,487 | ||||
| Kia Corp. (South Korea) | 69,153 | 5,908,730 | ||||
| 9,101,217 | ||||||
| Banks (15.3%) | ||||||
| Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank PJSC (United Arab Emirates)(NON) | 1,465,778 | 4,475,941 | ||||
| Alinma Bank (Saudi Arabia) | 599,382 | 4,916,685 | ||||
| Banco do Brasil SA (Brazil) | 865,400 | 4,469,643 | ||||
| Bank Central Asia Tbk PT (Indonesia) | 7,455,000 | 4,241,095 | ||||
| Bank Mandiri Persero Tbk PT (Indonesia) | 12,460,900 | 4,521,334 | ||||
| Bank of China, Ltd. Class H (China) | 22,978,000 | 10,910,654 | ||||
| Grupo Financiero Banorte SAB de CV Class O (Mexico) | 986,300 | 9,369,167 | ||||
| ICICI Bank, Ltd. (India) | 1,164,675 | 15,723,811 | ||||
| 58,628,330 | ||||||
| Broadline retail (4.3%) | ||||||
| Alibaba Group Holding, Ltd. (China) | 483,868 | 4,735,882 | ||||
| MercadoLibre, Inc. (Brazil)(NON) | 2,315 | 3,994,718 | ||||
| PDD Holdings, Inc. ADR (China)(NON) | 52,600 | 7,878,428 | ||||
| 16,609,028 | ||||||
| Capital markets (0.6%) | ||||||
| HDFC Asset Management Co., Ltd. (India) | 51,853 | 2,410,004 | ||||
| 2,410,004 | ||||||
| Chemicals (0.7%) | ||||||
| Hansol Chemical Co., Ltd. (South Korea) | 18,784 | 2,579,250 | ||||
| 2,579,250 | ||||||
| Construction and engineering (1.5%) | ||||||
| Larsen & Toubro, Ltd. (India) | 129,899 | 5,732,549 | ||||
| 5,732,549 | ||||||
| Construction materials (1.3%) | ||||||
| UltraTech Cement, Ltd. (India) | 42,557 | 5,059,592 | ||||
| 5,059,592 | ||||||
| Consumer staples distribution and retail (3.0%) | ||||||
| Dino Polska SA (Poland)(NON) | 28,188 | 2,815,180 | ||||
| Shoprite Holdings, Ltd. (South Africa) | 275,897 | 3,669,695 | ||||
| Sumber Alfaria Trijaya Tbk PT (Indonesia) | 13,429,100 | 2,189,326 | ||||
| WalMart de Mexico (Walmex) SAB de CV (Mexico) | 695,000 | 2,611,396 | ||||
| 11,285,597 | ||||||
| Electrical equipment (2.6%) | ||||||
| HD Hyundai Electric Co., Ltd. (South Korea) | 16,140 | 3,521,209 | ||||
| KEI Industries, Ltd. (India) | 132,165 | 6,527,511 | ||||
| 10,048,720 | ||||||
| Electronic equipment, instruments, and components (3.8%) | ||||||
| Dexerials Corp. (Japan) | 70,900 | 2,984,661 | ||||
| Elite Material Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) | 137,000 | 1,722,651 | ||||
| Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) | 1,099,000 | 5,842,572 | ||||
| Sinbon Electronics Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) | 442,000 | 4,023,751 | ||||
| 14,573,635 | ||||||
| Entertainment (0.6%) | ||||||
| Sea, Ltd. ADR (Singapore)(NON) | 33,700 | 2,275,424 | ||||
| 2,275,424 | ||||||
| Financial services (2.2%) | ||||||
| Meritz Financial Group, Inc. (South Korea) | 53,088 | 2,968,051 | ||||
| REC, Ltd. (India) | 858,475 | 5,562,597 | ||||
| 8,530,648 | ||||||
| Gas utilities (0.8%) | ||||||
| China Resources Gas Group, Ltd. (China) | 907,000 | 3,158,990 | ||||
| 3,158,990 | ||||||
| Ground transportation (0.6%) | ||||||
| Uber Technologies, Inc.(NON) | 33,700 | 2,175,672 | ||||
| 2,175,672 | ||||||
| Health care providers and services (1.2%) | ||||||
| Apollo Hospitals Enterprise, Ltd. (India) | 56,261 | 3,942,514 | ||||
| Max Healthcare Institute, Ltd. (India) | 70,320 | 634,970 | ||||
| 4,577,484 | ||||||
| Hotels, restaurants, and leisure (5.2%) | ||||||
| Alsea SAB de CV (Mexico) | 582,600 | 2,309,248 | ||||
| H World Group, Ltd. ADR (China) | 138,000 | 5,137,740 | ||||
| Indian Hotels Co., Ltd. (India) | 1,079,823 | 7,245,247 | ||||
| MakeMyTrip, Ltd. (India)(NON)(S) | 30,800 | 2,328,172 | ||||
| Zomato, Ltd. (India)(NON) | 1,268,499 | 2,735,696 | ||||
| 19,756,103 | ||||||
| Independent power and renewable electricity producers (1.5%) | ||||||
| NTPC, Ltd. (India) | 1,351,245 | 5,841,655 | ||||
| 5,841,655 | ||||||
| Insurance (0.7%) | ||||||
| AIA Group, Ltd. (Hong Kong) | 367,600 | 2,857,162 | ||||
| 2,857,162 | ||||||
| Interactive media and services (7.6%) | ||||||
| Tencent Holdings, Ltd. (China) | 628,900 | 29,174,509 | ||||
| 29,174,509 | ||||||
| IT Services (2.2%) | ||||||
| Tata Consultancy Services, Ltd. (India) | 187,897 | 8,295,058 | ||||
| 8,295,058 | ||||||
| Metals and mining (1.2%) | ||||||
| Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd. Class H (China) | 2,102,000 | 4,427,574 | ||||
| 4,427,574 | ||||||
| Oil, gas, and consumable fuels (2.8%) | ||||||
| PetroChina Co., Ltd. Class H (China) | 9,084,000 | 9,271,519 | ||||
| PRIO SA (Brazil) | 177,100 | 1,403,403 | ||||
| 10,674,922 | ||||||
| Passenger airlines (0.9%) | ||||||
| Copa Holdings SA Class A (Panama) | 36,308 | 3,530,227 | ||||
| 3,530,227 | ||||||
| Pharmaceuticals (1.6%) | ||||||
| AstraZeneca PLC (United Kingdom) | 18,238 | 2,836,029 | ||||
| Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (India) | 187,717 | 3,287,586 | ||||
| 6,123,615 | ||||||
| Professional services (0.5%) | ||||||
| Benefit Systems SA (Poland) | 2,757 | 2,052,860 | ||||
| 2,052,860 | ||||||
| Real estate management and development (1.6%) | ||||||
| Phoenix Mills, Ltd. (The) (India) | 164,160 | 6,129,142 | ||||
| 6,129,142 | ||||||
| Semiconductors and semiconductor equipment (18.4%) | ||||||
| MediaTek, Inc. (Taiwan) | 168,000 | 6,383,600 | ||||
| Novatek Microelectronics Corp. (Taiwan) | 211,000 | 3,854,668 | ||||
| SK Hynix, Inc. (South Korea) | 88,709 | 12,155,003 | ||||
| Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) | 1,907,889 | 48,154,169 | ||||
| 70,547,440 | ||||||
| Specialty retail (0.4%) | ||||||
| JUMBO SA (Greece) | 57,439 | 1,650,174 | ||||
| 1,650,174 | ||||||
| Technology hardware, storage, and peripherals (5.6%) | ||||||
| Asia Vital Components Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) | 112,000 | 2,647,937 | ||||
| Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea) | 350,541 | 18,777,824 | ||||
| 21,425,761 | ||||||
| Textiles, apparel, and luxury goods (3.4%) | ||||||
| PRADA SpA (Italy) | 748,100 | 6,178,583 | ||||
| Shenzhou International Group Holdings, Ltd. (China) | 693,200 | 6,957,168 | ||||
| 13,135,751 | ||||||
| Transportation infrastructure (1.6%) | ||||||
| International Container Terminal Services, Inc. (Philippines) | 1,016,100 | 5,942,114 | ||||
| 5,942,114 | ||||||
| Wireless telecommunication services (0.6%) | ||||||
| TIM SA/Brazil (Brazil) | 710,700 | 2,146,623 | ||||
| 2,146,623 | ||||||
| Total common stocks (cost $294,177,437) | $370,456,830 | |||||
| INVESTMENT COMPANIES (2.8%)(a) | ||||||
| Shares | Value | |||||
| iShares Core MSCI Emerging Markets ETF | 201,200 | $10,581,108 | ||||
| Total investment companies (cost $10,473,077) | $10,581,108 | |||||
| SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS (1.7%)(a) | ||||||
| Shares | Value | |||||
| Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC 5.54%(AFF) | 1,139,600 | $1,139,600 | ||||
| Putnam Short Term Investment Fund Class P 5.46%(AFF) | 5,484,270 | 5,484,270 | ||||
| Total short-term investments (cost $6,623,870) | $6,623,870 | |||||
| TOTAL INVESTMENTS | ||||||
| Total investments (cost $311,274,384) | $387,661,808 | |||||
| Key to holding's abbreviations | ||||||
| ADR | American Depository Receipts: Represents ownership of foreign securities on deposit with a custodian bank. | |||||
| ETF | Exchange Traded Fund | |||||
| PJSC | Public Joint Stock Company | |||||
| Notes to the fund's portfolio | ||||||
| Unless noted otherwise, the notes to the fund's portfolio are for the close of the fund's reporting period, which ran from September 1, 2023 through May 31, 2024 (the reporting period). Within the following notes to the portfolio, references to "Putnam Management" represent Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the fund's manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc., references to "ASC 820" represent Accounting Standards Codification 820 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures and references to "OTC", if any, represent over-the-counter. | ||||||
| (a) | Percentages indicated are based on net assets of $382,981,931. | |||||
| (NON) | This security is non-income-producing. | |||||
| (AFF) | Affiliated company. For investments in Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC and Putnam Short Term Investment Fund, the rate quoted in the security description is the annualized 7-day yield of the fund at the close of the reporting period. Transactions during the period with any company which is under common ownership or control were as follows: | |||||
| Name of affiliate | Fair value as of 8/31/23 | Purchase cost | Sale proceeds | Investment income | Shares outstanding and fair value as of 5/31/24 | |
| Short-term investments | ||||||
| Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC*# | $3,564,875 | $27,677,175 | $30,102,450 | $85,341 | $1,139,600 | |
| Putnam Short Term Investment Fund Class P‡ | 6,198,433 | 105,771,642 | 106,485,805 | 175,688 | 5,484,270 | |
| Total Short-term investments | $9,763,308 | $133,448,817 | $136,588,255 | $261,029 | $6,623,870 | |
| * The fund may lend securities, through its agent, to qualified borrowers in order to earn additional income. The loans are collateralized by cash in an amount at least equal to the fair value of the securities loaned. The fair value of securities loaned is determined daily and any additional required collateral is allocated to the fund on the next business day. The remaining maturities of the securities lending transactions are considered overnight and continuous. The risk of borrower default will be borne by the fund’s agent; the fund will bear the risk of loss with respect to the investment of the cash collateral. The fund receives cash collateral, which is invested in Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC, a limited liability company managed by an affiliate of Putnam Management. Investments in Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC are valued at its closing net asset value each business day. There are no management fees charged to Putnam Cash Collateral Pool, LLC and there were no realized or unrealized gains or losses during the period. | ||||||
| # At the close of the reporting period, the fund received cash collateral of $1,139,600 for securities loaned. The rate quoted in the security description is the annualized 7-day yield at the close of the reporting period. At the close of the reporting period, the value of securities loaned amounted to $1,118,732. | ||||||
| ‡ Management fees charged to Putnam Short Term Investment Fund have been waived by Putnam Management. There were no realized or unrealized gains or losses during the period. | ||||||
| (S) | This security is on loan, in part or in entirety, at the close of the reporting period. | |||||
| DIVERSIFICATION BY COUNTRY | ||||||
| Distribution of investments by country of risk at the close of the reporting period, excluding collateral received, if any (as a percentage of Portfolio Value): | ||||||
| China | 22.0% | |||||
| India | 21.1 | |||||
| Taiwan | 18.8 | |||||
| South Korea | 11.9 | |||||
| United States | 4.7 | |||||
| Mexico | 3.7 | |||||
| Brazil | 3.1 | |||||
| Indonesia | 2.8 | |||||
| Italy | 1.6 | |||||
| Philippines | 1.5 | |||||
| Saudi Arabia | 1.3 | |||||
| Poland | 1.3 | |||||
| United Arab Emirates | 1.2 | |||||
| South Africa | 0.9 | |||||
| Panama | 0.9 | |||||
| Japan | 0.8 | |||||
| Hong Kong | 0.7 | |||||
| United Kingdom | 0.7 | |||||
| Singapore | 0.6 | |||||
| Greece | 0.4 | |||||
| Total | 100.0% | |||||
| Security valuation: Portfolio securities and other investments are valued using policies and procedures adopted by the Board of Trustees (Trustees). The Trustees have formed a Pricing Committee to oversee the implementation of these procedures. Under compliance policies and procedures approved by the Trustees, the Trustees have designated the fund’s investment manager as the valuation designee and has responsibility for oversight of valuation. The investment manager is assisted by the fund’s administrator in performing this responsibility, including leading the cross-functional Valuation Committee (VC). The VC is responsible for making fair value determinations, evaluating the effectiveness of the pricing policies of the fund and reporting to the Trustees. | ||||||
| Investments for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the last reported sales price on their principal exchange, or official closing price for certain markets, and are classified as Level 1 securities under ASC 820. If no sales are reported, as in the case of some securities that are traded OTC, a security is valued at its last reported bid price and is generally categorized as a Level 2 security. | ||||||
| Investments in open-end investment companies (excluding exchange-traded funds), if any, which can be classified as Level 1 or Level 2 securities, are valued based on their net asset value. The net asset value of such investment companies equals the total value of their assets less their liabilities and divided by the number of their outstanding shares. | ||||||
| Many securities markets and exchanges outside the U.S. close prior to the scheduled close of the New York Stock Exchange and therefore the closing prices for securities in such markets or on such exchanges may not fully reflect events that occur after such close but before the scheduled close of the New York Stock Exchange. Accordingly, on certain days, the fund will fair value certain foreign equity securities taking into account multiple factors including movements in the U.S. securities markets, currency valuations and comparisons to the valuation of American Depository Receipts, exchange-traded funds and futures contracts. The foreign equity securities, which would generally be classified as Level 1 securities, will be transferred to Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy when they are valued at fair value. The number of days on which fair value prices will be used will depend on market activity and it is possible that fair value prices will be used by the fund to a significant extent. At the close of the reporting period, fair value pricing was used for certain foreign securities in the portfolio. Securities quoted in foreign currencies, if any, are translated into U.S. dollars at the current exchange rate. Short-term securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less are valued using an independent pricing service approved by the Trustees, and are classified as Level 2 securities. | ||||||
| To the extent a pricing service or dealer is unable to value a security or provides a valuation that Putnam Management does not believe accurately reflects the security's fair value, the security will be valued at fair value by Putnam Management, which has been designated as valuation designee pursuant to Rule 2a-5 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, in accordance with policies and procedures approved by the Trustees. Certain investments, including certain restricted and illiquid securities and derivatives, are also valued at fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. These valuations consider such factors as significant market or specific security events such as interest rate or credit quality changes, various relationships with other securities, discount rates, U.S. Treasury, U.S. swap and credit yields, index levels, convexity exposures, recovery rates, sales and other multiples and resale restrictions. These securities are classified as Level 2 or as Level 3 depending on the priority of the significant inputs. | ||||||
| To assess the continuing appropriateness of fair valuations, the Valuation Committee reviews and affirms the reasonableness of such valuations on a regular basis after considering all relevant information that is reasonably available. Such valuations and procedures are reviewed periodically by the Trustees. The fair value of securities is generally determined as the amount that the fund could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of such securities over a reasonable period of time. By its nature, a fair value price is a good faith estimate of the value of a security in a current sale and does not reflect an actual market price, which may be different by a material amount. | ||||||
| ASC 820 establishes a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of the fund's investments. The three levels are defined as follows: | ||||
| Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices for identical securities in active markets. | ||||
| Level 2: Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. | ||||
| Level 3: Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. | ||||
| The following is a summary of the inputs used to value the fund's net assets as of the close of the reporting period: | ||||
| Valuation inputs | ||||
| Investments in securities: | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | |
| Common stocks*: | ||||
| Communication services | $4,422,047 | $29,174,509 | $— | |
| Consumer discretionary | 21,648,306 | 38,603,967 | — | |
| Consumer staples | 2,611,396 | 8,674,201 | — | |
| Energy | 1,403,403 | 9,271,519 | — | |
| Financials | 13,838,810 | 58,587,334 | — | |
| Health care | — | 10,701,099 | — | |
| Industrials | 5,705,899 | 23,776,243 | — | |
| Information technology | — | 114,841,894 | — | |
| Materials | — | 12,066,416 | — | |
| Real estate | — | 6,129,142 | — | |
| Utilities | — | 9,000,645 | — | |
| Total common stocks | 49,629,861 | 320,826,969 | — | |
| Investment companies | 10,581,108 | — | — | |
| Short-term investments | — | 6,623,870 | — | |
| Totals by level | $60,210,969 | $327,450,839 | $— | |
| * Common stock classifications are presented at the sector level, which may differ from the fund's portfolio presentation. | ||||
| For additional information regarding the fund please see the fund's most recent annual or semiannual shareholder report filed on the Securities and Exchange Commission's Web site, www.sec.gov, or visit Putnam's Individual Investor Web site at www.putnam.com | ||||