Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses | The composition of net loans is as follows: 2016 2015 Real Estate Secured: Residential 1-4 family $ 186,695 $ 194,287 Multifamily 22,630 23,895 Construction and Land Loans 15,978 19,163 Commercial, Owner Occupied 72,383 73,031 Commercial, Non-owner occupied 28,818 38,025 Second mortgages 6,934 8,169 Equity lines of credit 13,395 6,000 Farmland 12,194 11,283 359,027 373,853 Secured (other) and unsecured: Personal 17,745 20,775 Commercial 29,977 35,144 Agricultural 3,490 2,959 51,212 58,878 Overdrafts 142 139 410,381 432,870 Less: Allowance for loan losses 4,829 5,654 Net deferred fees 714 787 5,543 6,441 Loans, net $ 404,838 $ 426,429 Loans are considered delinquent when payments have not been made according to the terms of the contract. The accrual of interest on loans is discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the credit is well-secured and in process of collection. Credit card loans and other personal loans are typically charged off no later than 180 days past due. In all cases, loans are placed on non-accrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. The following is a summary of residential real estate currently in the process of foreclosure as well as foreclosed residential real estate as of December 31, 2016. Number Balance Residential real estate in the process of foreclosure 8 $ 817 Foreclosed residential real estate 6 $ 340 The following table is an analysis of past due loans as of December 31, 2016: 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due Greater Than 90 Days Total Past Due Current Total Financing Receivables Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing Real Estate Secured Residential 1-4 family $ 841 $ 242 $ 1,000 $ 2,083 $ 184,612 $ 186,695 $ — Equity lines of credit — 30 10 40 13,355 13,395 — Multifamily — — — — 22,630 22,630 — Farmland — 47 564 611 11,583 12,194 — Construction, Land Development, Other Land Loans 39 — — 39 15,939 15,978 — Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied 14 — 3,868 3,882 68,501 72,383 2,210 Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied — — — — 28,818 28,818 — Second Mortgages 160 1 18 179 6,755 6,934 — Non Real Estate Secured Personal 118 23 12 153 17,734 17,887 — Commercial 142 54 462 658 29,319 29,977 — Agricultural — 7 — 7 3,483 3,490 — Total $ 1,314 $ 404 $ 5,934 $ 7,652 $ 402,729 $ 410,381 $ 2,210 The following is a summary of non-accrual loans at December 31, 2016: Amount Real Estate Secured Residential 1-4 Family $ 1,275 Multifamily — Construction and Land Loans — Commercial-Owner Occupied 1,658 Commercial- Non Owner Occupied — Second Mortgages 18 Equity Lines of Credit 10 Farmland 564 Secured (other) and Unsecured Personal 12 Commercial 462 Agricultural — Total $ 3,999 The following table is an analysis of past due loans as of December 31, 2015: 30-59 Days Past Due 60-89 Days Past Due Greater Than 90 Days Total Past Due Current Total Financing Receivables Recorded Investment > 90 Days and Accruing Real Estate Secured Residential 1-4 family $ 4,193 $ 1,580 $ 2,545 $ 8,318 $ 185,969 $ 194,287 $ — Equity lines of credit 24 — 17 41 5,959 6,000 — Multifamily — — — — 23,895 23,895 — Farmland 56 7 303 366 10,917 11,283 — Construction, Land Development, Other Land Loans 49 61 37 147 19,016 19,163 — Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied 514 485 5,014 6,013 67,018 73,031 — Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied — — — — 38,025 38,025 — Second Mortgages 88 37 5 130 8,039 8,169 — Non Real Estate Secured Personal 264 141 163 568 20,346 20,914 — Commercial 590 217 366 1,173 33,971 35,144 — Agricultural 45 — — 45 2,914 2,959 — Total $ 5,823 $ 2,528 $ 8,450 $ 16,801 $ 416,069 $ 432,870 $ — The following is a summary of non-accrual loans at December 31, 2015: Amount Real Estate Secured Residential 1-4 Family $ 2,675 Multifamily — Construction and Land Loans 71 Commercial-Owner Occupied 5,856 Commercial- Non Owner Occupied — Second Mortgages 5 Equity Lines of Credit 17 Farmland 303 Secured (other) and Unsecured Personal 163 Commercial 366 Agricultural — Total $ 9,456 The following tables represent a summary of credit quality indicators of the Bank’s loan portfolio at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. The grades are assigned and or modified by the Company’s credit review and credit analysis departments based on the creditworthiness of the borrower and the overall strength of the loan. Credit Risk Profile by Internally Assigned Grade –December 31, 2016 Grade (1) Residential 1-4 Family Multifamily Farmland Construction, Land Loans Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied Commercial Real Estate Non-Owner Occupied Quality $ 32,054 $ — $ 19 $ 1,941 $ 3,686 $ 387 Satisfactory 106,154 18,335 7,823 5,969 36,806 15,198 Acceptable 41,369 1,410 3,474 5,961 22,767 5,119 Special Mention 3,399 1,896 — — 4,435 4,221 Substandard 3,719 989 878 2,107 4,689 3,893 Doubtful — — — — — — Total $ 186,695 $ 22,630 $ 12,194 $ 15,978 $ 72,383 $ 28,818 Credit Risk Profile by Internally Assigned Grade –December 31, 2015 Grade (1) Residential 1-4 Family Multifamily Farmland Construction, Land Loans Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied Commercial Real Estate Non-Owner Occupied Quality $ 25,939 $ — $ 25 $ 3,036 $ 2,870 $ 1,481 Satisfactory 109,993 20,271 6,323 7,406 38,926 19,979 Acceptable 46,639 1,811 3,922 6,420 21,671 12,157 Special Mention 3,133 792 195 397 2,552 2,523 Substandard 8,583 1,021 818 1,904 7,012 1,885 Doubtful — — — — — — Total $ 194,287 $ 23,895 $ 11,283 $ 19,163 $ 73,031 $ 38,025 (1) Quality Conformity in all respects with Bank policy, guidelines, underwriting standards, and Federal and State regulations (no exceptions of any kind). Documented historical cash flow that meets or exceeds required minimum Bank guidelines, or that can be supplemented with verifiable cash flow from other sources. Adequate secondary sources to liquidate the debt, including combinations of liquidity, liquidation of collateral, or liquidation value to the net worth of the borrower or guarantor. For existing loans, all of the requirements above apply plus all payments have been made as agreed, current financial information on all borrowers and guarantors has been obtained and analyzed, and overall business operating trends are either stable or improving. Satisfactory- General conformity to the Bank's policy requirements, product guidelines and underwriting standards. Any exceptions that are identified during the underwriting and approval process have been adequately mitigated by other factors. Documented historical cash flow that meets or exceeds required minimum Bank guidelines, or that can be supplemented with verifiable cash flow from other sources. Adequate secondary sources to liquidate the debt, including combinations of liquidity, liquidation of collateral, or liquidation value to the net worth of the borrower or guarantor. For existing loans, all of the requirements outlined above will apply, plus all payments have been made as agreed, current financial information on all borrowers and guarantors has been obtained and analyzed, and overall business operating trends are stable with any declines considered minor and temporary. Acceptable- Additional exceptions to the Bank's policy requirements, product guidelines or underwriting standards that present a higher degree of risk to the Bank. Although the combination and/or severity of identified exceptions is greater, all exceptions have been properly mitigated by other factors. Unproved, insufficient or marginal primary sources of repayment that appear sufficient to service the debt at this time. Repayment weaknesses may be due to minor operational issues, financial trends, or reliance on projected (not historical) performance. Marginal or unproven secondary sources to liquidate the debt, including combinations of liquidation of collateral and liquidation value to the net worth of the borrower or guarantor. For existing loans, payments have generally been made as agreed with only minor and isolated delinquencies. Special Mention Loans with underwriting guideline tolerances and/or exceptions with no identifiable mitigating factors. Extending loans that are currently performing satisfactorily but with potential weaknesses that may, if not corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Bank's position at some future date. Potential weaknesses are the result of deviations from prudent lending practices. Loans where adverse economic conditions that develop subsequent to the loan origination do not jeopardize liquidation of the debt, but do substantially increase the level of risk, may also warrant this rating. Substandard- The weaknesses may include, but are not limited to: · High debt to worth ratios and / or declining or negative earnings trends · Declining or inadequate liquidity · Improper loan structure or questionable repayment sources · Lack of well-defined secondary repayment source · Unfavorable competitive comparisons Such loans are no longer considered to be adequately protected due to the borrower's declining net worth, lack of earnings capacity, declining collateral margins and/or unperfected collateral positions. A possibility of loss of a portion of the loan balance cannot be ruled out. The repayment ability of the borrower is marginal or weak and the loan may have exhibited excessive overdue status or extensions and/or renewals. Doubtful However, these loans are not yet rated as loss because certain events may occur which would salvage the debt. Among these events are: · Injection of capital · Alternative financing · Liquidation of assets or the pledging of additional collateral The following tables provide a summary of loans whose risk profile is based on payment activity. Credit Risk Profile based on payment activity – December 31, 2016 Consumer - Non Real Estate Equity Line of Credit /Second Mortgages Commercial - Non Real Estate Agricultural - Non Real Estate Performing $ 17,875 $ 20,301 $ 29,515 $ 3,490 Nonperforming (>90 days past due) 12 28 462 — Total $ 17,887 $ 20,329 $ 29,977 $ 3,490 Credit Risk Profile based on payment activity – December 31, 2015 Consumer - Non Real Estate Equity Line of Credit /Second Mortgages Commercial - Non Real Estate Agricultural - Non Real Estate Performing $ 20,751 $ 14,147 $ 34,778 $ 2,959 Nonperforming (>90 days past due) 163 22 366 — Total $ 20,914 $ 14,169 $ 35,144 $ 2,959 The following tables reflect the Bank’s impaired loans at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015: December 31, 2016 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized With no Related Allowance Real Estate Secured Residential 1-4 family $ 4,848 $ 4,848 $ — $ 5,963 $ 200 Equity lines of credit 25 25 — 38 1 Multifamily 989 989 — 1,005 1 Farmland 685 685 — 750 24 Construction, Land Development, Other Land Loans 1,741 1,741 — 1,643 114 Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied 5,802 5,802 — 5,685 390 Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied 1,883 1,883 — 941 39 Second Mortgages 186 186 — 292 8 Non Real Estate Secured Personal 14 14 — 41 1 Commercial 43 43 — 179 3 Agricultural — — — — — Total $ 16,216 $ 16,216 $ — $ 16,537 $ 781 December 31, 2016 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized With an Allowance Recorded Real Estate Secured Residential 1-4 family $ 460 $ 460 $ 36 $ 1,153 $ 14 Equity lines of credit — — — — — Multifamily — — — — — Farmland 192 192 16 96 11 Construction, Land Development, Other Land Loans 366 366 20 406 22 Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied 1,139 2,139 558 1,629 Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied 2,009 2,009 314 1,947 41 Second Mortgages 18 18 9 18 — Non Real Estate Secured Personal 51 51 29 82 3 Commercial 634 634 365 652 16 Agricultural — — — — — Total $ 4,869 $ 5,869 $ 1,347 $ 5,983 $ 107 December 31, 2015 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized With no Related Allowance Real Estate Secured Residential 1-4 family $ 7,078 $ 7,078 $ — $ 7,533 $ 247 Equity lines of credit 51 51 — 38 2 Multifamily 1,021 1,021 — 1,137 60 Farmland 816 816 — 829 38 Construction, Land Development, Other Land Loans 1,547 1,547 — 1,643 92 Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied 5,569 5,569 — 7,379 132 Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied — — — — — Second Mortgages 398 398 — 508 14 Non Real Estate Secured Personal 68 68 — 61 4 Commercial 315 315 — 338 13 Agricultural — — — — — Total $ 16,863 $ 16,863 $ — $ 19,466 $ 602 December 31, 2015 Recorded Investment Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized With an Allowance Recorded Real Estate Secured Residential 1-4 family $ 1,846 $ 1,846 $ 249 $ 2,497 $ 93 Equity lines of credit — — — — — Multifamily — — — — — Farmland — — — — — Construction, Land Development, Other Land Loans 446 446 32 406 25 Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied 2,119 2,119 799 1,761 9 Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied 1,885 1,885 290 1,901 56 Second Mortgages 18 18 10 9 1 Non Real Estate Secured Personal 114 114 45 184 4 Commercial 670 670 512 736 28 Agricultural — — 4 — Total $ 7,098 $ 7,098 $ 1,937 $ 7,498 $ 216 A loan is considered impaired and an allowance for loan losses is established on loans for which it is probable that the full collection of principal and interest is in doubt. Once a loan is identified as individually impaired, management measures impairment using one of several methods, including collateral value based on recent appraisal and /or tax assessment value, liquidation value and/or discounted cash flows. Those impaired loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, all of the total impaired loans were evaluated based on the fair value of the collateral. On a quarterly basis, the ALLL methodology begins with the determination of individually impaired loans. All loans that are rated “7” (Doubtful) are assessed as impaired based on the expectation that the full collection of principal and interest is in doubt. All loans that are rated “6” (Substandard) or are expected to be downgraded to “6”, require additional analysis to determine whether they may be impaired. All loans that are rated “5” (Special Mention) are presumed not to be impaired. However, “5” rated loans with the following characteristics warrant further analysis before completing an assessment of impairment: • A loan is 60 days or more delinquent on scheduled principal or interest; • A loan is presently in an unapproved over advanced position; • A loan is newly modified; or, • A loan is expected to be modified. The Company’s credit administration personnel and senior financial officers are responsible for tracking, coding, and monitoring loans that become troubled debt restructurings. Concessions are made to existing borrowers in the form of modified interest rates and / or payment terms. The loans are segregated for regulatory and external reporting. Each specific troubled debt restructuring is reviewed to determine if the accrual of interest should be discontinued and also reviewed for impairment. The Company’s senior credit administration officer performs this analysis on a quarterly basis in addition to determining any other loans that are impaired within the loan portfolio. The Company had a total of $12,660 and $10,064 of loans categorized as troubled debt restructurings as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Interest is accrued on troubled debt restructurings if the loan is otherwise not impaired and the full collection of principal and interest under the modified terms is still deemed probable. In the determination of the allowance for loan losses, management considers troubled debt restructurings and subsequent defaults in these restructurings by adjusting the loan grades of such loans. Defaults resulting in charge-offs affect the historical loss experience ratios which are a component of the allowance calculation. Additionally, specific reserves may be established on restructured loans evaluated individually. The following is a summary of troubled debt restructurings occurring during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016. Troubled Debt Restructurings Interest only Number of Contracts Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Oustanding Recorded Investment Residential 1-4 family 1 $ 180 $ 180 Equity lines of credit Multifamily Farmland 1 57 57 Construction, Land Development, Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied 4 4,288 4,288 Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied Second Mortgages 1 64 64 Non Real Estate Secured Personal / Consumer Business Commercial Agricultural Total 7 $ 4,589 $ 4,589 Troubled Debt Restructurings Below Market Rate Number of Contracts Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Residential 1-4 family 1 $ 848 $ 848 Equity lines of credit Multifamily Farmland Construction, Land Development, Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied 1 1,516 1,516 Second Mortgages Non Real Estate Secured Personal / Consumer Business Commercial Agricultural Total 2 $ 2,364 $ 2,364 Troubled Debt Restructurings Loan term extension Number of Contracts Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Residential 1-4 family 2 $ 452 $452 Equity lines of credit Multifamily 1 999 999 Farmland 2 193 193 Construction, Land Development, Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied Second Mortgages Non Real Estate Secured Personal / Consumer Business Commercial Agricultural Total 5 $ 1,643 $1,643 Troubled Debt Restructurings All Number of Contracts Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstaniding Recorded Investment Total Restructurings 14 $ 8,596 $8,596 Troubled Debt Restructurings that subsequently defaulted during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016 Number of Contracts Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Residential 1-4 family 1 $ 175 $ 175 Equity lines of credit Multifamily Farmland 2 $ 193 $ 193 Construction, Land Development, Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied Second Mortgages Non Real Estate Secured Personal / Consumer Business Commercial Agricultural Total 3 $ 368 $ 368 The following is a summary of troubled debt restructurings occurring during the twelve months ended December 31, 2015. Troubled Debt Restructurings Interest only Number of Contracts Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Oustanding Recorded Investment Residential 1-4 family 1 $ 188 $ 188 Equity lines of credit Multifamily Farmland Construction, Land Development, Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied 2 2,203 2,203 Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied Second Mortgages 1 68 68 Non Real Estate Secured Personal / Consumer Business Commercial Agricultural Total 4 $ 2,459 $ 2,459 Troubled Debt Restructurings Below Market Rate Number of Contracts Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Residential 1-4 family 1 $ 863 $ 863 Equity lines of credit Multifamily Farmland Construction, Land Development, Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied 1 1,547 1,547 Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied Second Mortgages Non Real Estate Secured Personal / Consumer Business Commercial Agricultural Total 2 $ 2,410 $ 2,410 Troubled Debt Restructurings Loan term extension Number of Contracts Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Residential 1-4 family 1 $ 131 $131 Equity lines of credit Multifamily Farmland Construction, Land Development, 1 35 35 Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied 1 847 847 Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied Second Mortgages Non Real Estate Secured Personal / Consumer Business Commercial Agricultural Total 3 $ 1,013 $1,013 Troubled Debt Restructurings All Number of Contracts Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstaniding Recorded Investment Total Restructurings 9 $ 5,882 $5,882 Troubled Debt Restructurings that subsequently defaulted during the twelve months ended December 31, 2015 Number of Contracts Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment Residential 1-4 family Equity lines of credit Multifamily Farmland Construction, Land Development, Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied Commercial Real Estate- Non Owner Occupied Second Mortgages Non Real Estate Secured Personal / Consumer Business Commercial Agricultural Total The following tables present the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment in loans by loan category and is segregated by impairment evaluation method as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. Twelve months ended December 31, 2016 Residential Multifamily Construction and Land Loans Commercial Owner Occupied Commercial Non-Owner Occupied Second Mortgages Equity Line of Credit Farmland Personal and Overdrafts Commercial and Agricultural Unallocated Total Allowance for Credit Losses: Beginning Balance December 31, 2015 654 — 37 1,012 748 43 20 7 704 886 1,543 5,654 Provision for Credit Losses (66 ) — (2 ) 1,564 (310 ) (24 ) 14 11 947 (323 ) (285 ) 1,526 Charge-offs 249 — 28 1,245 4 9 2 1,044 165 — 2,746 Recoveries (32 ) — (14 ) (8 ) (7 ) — (2 ) — (195 ) (137 ) — (395 ) Net Charge-offs 217 — 14 1,237 (7 ) 4 7 2 849 28 — 2,351 Ending Balance 371 — 21 1,339 445 15 27 16 802 535 1,258 4,829 Ending Balance: Individually evaluated for impairment 36 — 20 558 314 9 — 16 29 365 1,347 Ending Balance: Collectively Evaluated for Impairment 335 — 1 781 131 6 27 — 773 170 1,258 3,842 Loans: Ending Balance: Individually Evaluated for Impairment 5,308 989 2,107 6,941 3,892 204 25 877 65 677 — 21,085 Ending Balance: Collectively Evaluated for Impairment 181,387 21,641 13,871 65,442 24,926 6,730 13,370 11,317 17,822 32,790 — 389,296 Ending Balance: December 31, 2016 $ 186,695 $ 22,630 $ 15,978 $ 72,383 $ 28,818 $ 6,934 $ 13,395 $ 12,194 $ 17,887 $ 33,467 — $ 410,381 Twelve months ended December 31, 2015 Residential Multifamily Construction and Land Loans Commercial Owner Occupied Commercial Non-Owner Occupied Second Mortgages Equity Line of Credit Farmland Personal and Overdrafts Commercial and Agricultural Unallocated Total Allowance for Credit Losses: Beginning Balance December 31, 2014 $ 995 $ 20 $ 87 $ 409 $ 1,063 $ 67 $ 74 $ 12 $ 665 $ 982 $ 1,103 $ 5,477 Provision for Credit Losses 16 (20 ) (79 ) 634 (309 ) (21 ) (95 ) (8 ) 759 152 440 1,469 Charge-offs 360 — 12 407 12 3 — — 796 257 — 1,847 Recoveries (3 ) — (41 ) (376 ) (6 ) — (41 ) (3 ) (76 ) (9 ) — (555 ) Net Charge-offs 357 — (29 ) 31 6 3 (41 ) (3 ) 720 248 — 1,292 Ending Balance 654 — 37 1,012 748 43 20 7 704 886 1,543 5,654 Ending Balance: Individually evaluated for impairment 249 — 32 799 290 10 — — 45 512 1,937 Ending Balance: Collectively Evaluated for Impairment 405 — 5 213 458 33 20 7 659 374 1,543 3,717 Loans: Ending Balance: Individually Evaluated for Impairment 8,924 1,021 1,993 7,688 1,885 416 51 816 182 985 — 23,961 Ending Balance: Collectively Evaluated for Impairment 185,363 22,874 17,170 65,343 36,140 7,753 5,949 10,467 20,732 37,118 — 408,909 Ending Balance: December 31, 2015 $ 194,287 $ 23,895 $ 19,163 $ 73,031 $ 38,025 $ 8,169 $ 6,000 $ 11,283 $ 20,914 $ 38,103 — $ 432,870 Overview of Loan Review and ALLL Processes The loan review function performs various tasks that are utilized to discover weaknesses within the loan portfolio. These include annual reviews on loan relationships that are greater than $500. The relationship review includes a discussion on the collateral, repayment history, guarantor(s) financial position, and debt service coverage on an individual and global level. These reviews are based primarily upon federal tax returns for cash flow determination, internally prepared interim statements and personal financial statements. Debt service coverage (DSC) is calculated on each individual customer, or guarantor, as well as the aggregate or global DSC. The DSC is discounted to determine a “stressed” DSC. Collateral evaluation includes an inspection of the collateral file to determine if the Bank is indeed properly securitized. Collateral is discounted, when appropriate, to determine a “stressed” loan to value ratio (LTV). In addition to annual loan relationship reviews, quarterly reviews on all loan relationships over $100 that are graded Substandard, Doubtful and Loss are also completed. This quarterly review process is comprised of a shortened version of the full relationship review. These quarterly reviews include a discussion on personal credit management, DSC and LTV. In addition to these quarterly reviews of all non-pass watch list relationships, a semi-annual review is conducted on all Special Mention loan relationships that are on the watch list. These reviews are prepared in the same manner as the quarterly non-pass relationship reviews. The appropriateness of the risk rating of each relationship is assessed, with changes to the risk rating being made by the Senior Credit Review Officer, when deemed appropriate. Other measures taken to determine potential problem relationships include the monthly preparation of the watch list. During that process, past due loan reports are reviewed, as well as any other information that might be presented by loan officers, regarding a particular loan relationship that is exhibiting stress. To be considered as a watch list relationship, distinct characteristics must be exhibited. These include, but are not limited to late payments greater than 60 days, a low DSC calculation, bankruptcy filings, casualty losses, or other issues that would cause a perceived increase in the risk of loss to the Bank. The final segment of the loan review process involves special reviews. These reviews target specific segments of the loan portfolio, i.e. credit cards, equity lines, consumer loans, construction loans, and other specific segments of the loan portfolio that management wishes to have reviewed. However, currently, the primary emphasis of the loan review function is loan relationship review work, and watch list management. The segments of the Company’s loan portfolio are disaggregated to a level that allows management to monitor risk and performance. In reviewing risk, management has determined there to be several different risk categories within the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses consists of amounts applicable to: (i) the commercial loan portfolio; (ii) the commercial real estate loan portfolio; (iii) the construction loan portfolio; (iv) the consumer loan portfolio; and, (v) the residential loan portfolio. The commercial real estate (“CRE”) loan segment is further disaggregated into two classes. Non-owner occupied CRE loans, which include loans secured by non-owner occupied nonfarm nonresidential properties, generally have a greater risk profile than all other CRE loans, which include multifamily structures and owner-occupied commercial structures. The construction loan segment is further disaggregated into two classes. One-to-four family residential construction loans are generally made to individuals for the acquisition of and/or construction on a lot or lots on which a residential dwelling is to be built. Commercial construction loans are generally made to developers or investors for the purpose of acquiring, developing and constructing residential or commercial structures. Construction lending is generally considered to involve a higher degree of credit risk than long-term permanent financing. The following describes the Company’s basic methodology for computing its ALLL for the twelve months ending December 31, 2016 and 2015. On a quarterly basis, the ALLL methodology begins with the identification of loans subject to ASC 310. All loans that are rated “7” (Doubtful) are assessed as impaired based on the expectation that the full collection of principal and interest is in doubt. All loans that are rated “6” (Substandard) or are expected to be downgraded to “6”, require additional analysis to determine whether they may be impaired under ASC 310. All loans that are rated “5” (Special Mention) are presumed not to be impaired. However, “5” rated loans, together with any troubled debt restructured loans, may warrant further analysis before completing an assessment of impairment. For ASC 310 loans that are individually evaluated and found to be impaired (primarily those designated as Substandard and Doubtful), the associated ALLL will be based upon one of the three impairment measurement methods specified within ASC 310: (1) Present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate; (2) Loan’s observable market price; or, (3) Fair value of the collateral. To determine the amount of loan loss exposure for the impaired ASC 310 loans, the value of collateral for secured loans is evaluated to determine the current value and potential exposure. The collateral value is adjusted for its age and condition, and, for real estate, adjusted for condition, location, and age of the most current appraisal. If the adjusted value of the collateral is less than the current principal balance, the difference is designated as direct exposure for loan loss calculations. The total balance of unsecured loans is considered as direct exposure. ASC 450 Loan Loss For all other loans, including individual loans determined not to be impaired under ASC 310, the associated ALLL is calculated in accordance with ASC 450 that provides for estimated credit losses likely to be realized on groups of loans with similar risk characteristics. The Bank uses standard call report categories to segregate loans into groups with similar risk characteristics. Estimated credit losses reflect significant factors that affect the collectability of the portfolio as of the evaluation date. Key factors that influence risk within the Bank’s loan portfolio are divided into three major categories: (1) Historical Loss Factor: To calculate the anticipated loan loss in each call report category for ASC 450 loans, the Bank begins with the net loss in each category for each of the last twelve quarters. The Bank uses a rolling twelve quarter weighted historical loss average where the most recent quarters are weighted heavier than the earlier quarters so that the calculation reflects current risk trends within the portfolio. The weighting used by the Bank is similar to the Rule of 78’s with the net losses of the most recent quarter weighted at 12/78ths and those in the first quarter in the twelve quarter period weighted at 1/78 th . (2) External economic factors: Economic conditions have a significant impact on the Bank’s loan portfolio because deteriorating conditions can adversely impact both collateral values and the customer’s ability to service debt. Management has selected the following external factors as indicators of economic conditions: a. National GDP Growth Rate b. Local Unemployment Rates c. The Prime Rate The values for external factors are updated on a quarterly basis based on current economic data. (3) Internal process factors: Internal factors that influence loss rates as a result of risk management and control practices include the following: d. Past-Due Loans e. Non-Accrual Loans f. CRE Concentrations g. Loan Volume Level h. Level and Trend of Classified Loans The values for internal factors are updated on a quarterly basis based on current portfolio metrics. Once the quarterly ALLL is computed, the calculations are reviewed by the Company’s credit administration committee which is comprised of the CEO, CFO, and Senior Lending Officers, including Credit Review personnel. The Company’s controller also performs a detailed review of the computations, estimates, etc. included in the ALLL calculation. The ALLL is then reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors. Loans Held for Sale The Company’s mortgage division, Highlands Home Mortgage, originates certain single family, residential first mortgage loans for sale on a presold basis. Loan sale activity is summarized below. This division began operations in the second quarter of 2016. Loans are typically sold to one of the various investors within 20 days of closing. Management believes the carrying amounts approximate the fair values of loans held for sale. T |