Investment Operations | Investment Operations Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturity Securities by Investment Category June 30, 2018 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Non-credit losses on other-than-temporary impairments (1) (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate (2) $ 3,259,368 $ 169,981 $ (56,088 ) $ 3,373,261 $ — Residential mortgage-backed 577,566 29,353 (7,450 ) 599,469 1,788 Commercial mortgage-backed 863,195 19,067 (21,289 ) 860,973 — Other asset-backed 770,178 17,452 (3,606 ) 784,024 1,573 United States Government and agencies 20,491 1,099 (230 ) 21,360 — States and political subdivisions 1,431,707 106,026 (3,405 ) 1,534,328 — Total fixed maturities $ 6,922,505 $ 342,978 $ (92,068 ) $ 7,173,415 $ 3,361 Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities by Investment Category December 31, 2017 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Non-credit losses on other-than-temporary impairments (1) (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate (2) $ 3,374,927 $ 329,299 $ (15,955 ) $ 3,688,271 $ (504 ) Residential mortgage-backed 483,671 35,890 (3,280 ) 516,281 339 Commercial mortgage-backed 674,076 34,464 (3,233 ) 705,307 — Other asset-backed 818,071 18,645 (3,214 ) 833,502 845 United States Government and agencies 23,378 1,606 (79 ) 24,905 — States and political subdivisions 1,383,127 141,813 (1,239 ) 1,523,701 — Total fixed maturities $ 6,757,250 $ 561,717 $ (27,000 ) $ 7,291,967 $ 680 Equity securities: Non-redeemable preferred stocks $ 92,951 $ 7,146 $ (265 ) $ 99,832 Common stocks 3,764 549 — 4,313 Total equity securities $ 96,715 $ 7,695 $ (265 ) $ 104,145 (1) Non-credit losses subsequent to the initial impairment measurement date on other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses are included in the gross unrealized gains and gross unrealized losses columns above. The non-credit loss component of OTTI losses for residential mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were in an unrealized gain position due to increases in estimated fair value subsequent to initial recognition of non-credit losses on such securities. (2) Corporate securities include hybrid preferred securities with a fair value of $13.7 million at June 30, 2018 and $17.5 million at December 31, 2017 . Corporate securities also include redeemable preferred stock with a fair value of $20.6 million at June 30, 2018 and $21.7 million at December 31, 2017 . Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities by Maturity Date June 30, 2018 Amortized Cost Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) Due in one year or less $ 129,205 $ 132,022 Due after one year through five years 547,317 566,723 Due after five years through ten years 713,103 727,046 Due after ten years 3,321,941 3,503,158 4,711,566 4,928,949 Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed 2,210,939 2,244,466 Total fixed maturities $ 6,922,505 $ 7,173,415 Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Fixed maturities not due at a single maturity date have been included in the above table in the year of final contractual maturity. Net Unrealized Gains on Investments in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income June 30, December 31, (Dollars in thousands) Net unrealized appreciation on: Fixed maturities - available for sale $ 250,910 $ 534,718 Equity securities - available for sale — 7,430 250,910 542,148 Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization pattern of: Deferred acquisition costs (65,530 ) (147,173 ) Value of insurance in force acquired (9,459 ) (14,870 ) Unearned revenue reserve 7,108 12,705 Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities (4,199 ) (18,499 ) Provision for deferred income taxes (37,555 ) (78,605 ) Net unrealized investment gains $ 141,275 $ 295,706 Net unrealized investment gains and losses are recorded net of deferred income taxes and other adjustments for assumed changes in deferred acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, unearned revenue reserve and policyholder liabilities. Subsequent changes in the fair value of securities for which a previous non-credit OTTI loss was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income, are reported along with changes in fair value for which no OTTI losses were previously recognized. Fixed Maturity Securities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time June 30, 2018 Less than one year One year or more Total Description of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 927,826 $ (36,269 ) $ 164,984 $ (19,819 ) $ 1,092,810 $ (56,088 ) 60.9 % Residential mortgage-backed 245,127 (6,475 ) 27,229 (975 ) 272,356 (7,450 ) 8.1 Commercial mortgage-backed 442,114 (18,046 ) 29,415 (3,243 ) 471,529 (21,289 ) 23.1 Other asset-backed 299,747 (2,234 ) 67,874 (1,372 ) 367,621 (3,606 ) 3.9 United States Government and agencies 5,010 (180 ) 1,846 (50 ) 6,856 (230 ) 0.3 States and political subdivisions 103,189 (1,829 ) 17,393 (1,576 ) 120,582 (3,405 ) 3.7 Total fixed maturities $ 2,023,013 $ (65,033 ) $ 308,741 $ (27,035 ) $ 2,331,754 $ (92,068 ) 100.0 % Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time December 31, 2017 Less than one year One year or more Total Description of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 85,019 $ (1,261 ) $ 183,820 $ (14,694 ) $ 268,839 $ (15,955 ) 59.1 % Residential mortgage-backed 76,393 (1,757 ) 31,779 (1,523 ) 108,172 (3,280 ) 12.1 Commercial mortgage-backed 151,158 (2,078 ) 16,398 (1,155 ) 167,556 (3,233 ) 12.0 Other asset-backed 159,111 (2,006 ) 71,064 (1,208 ) 230,175 (3,214 ) 11.9 United States Government and agencies 5,698 (47 ) 1,864 (32 ) 7,562 (79 ) 0.3 States and political subdivisions 5,904 (96 ) 20,505 (1,143 ) 26,409 (1,239 ) 4.6 Total fixed maturities $ 483,283 $ (7,245 ) $ 325,430 $ (19,755 ) $ 808,713 $ (27,000 ) 100.0 % Equity securities: Non-redeemable preferred stocks $ 2,819 $ (71 ) $ 4,807 $ (194 ) $ 7,626 $ (265 ) Total equity securities $ 2,819 $ (71 ) $ 4,807 $ (194 ) $ 7,626 $ (265 ) Fixed maturities in the above tables include 642 securities from 406 issuers at June 30, 2018 and 247 securities from 154 issuers at December 31, 2017 . Unrealized losses increased during the six months ended June 30, 2018 due to higher Treasury rates and wider credit spreads. We do not consider securities to be OTTI when the market decline is attributable to factors such as interest rate movements, market volatility, liquidity, spread widening and credit quality when recovery of all amounts due under the contractual terms of the security is anticipated. Based on our intent not to sell or our belief that we will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, we do not consider these investments to be OTTI at June 30, 2018 . We will continue to monitor the investment portfolio for future changes in issuer facts and circumstances that could result in future impairments beyond those currently identified. Our largest unrealized loss was from an oil field service provider and totaled $2.0 million at June 30, 2018 . As described more fully in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, we perform a regular evaluation of all investment classes for impairment, including fixed maturity securities and equity securities, in order to evaluate whether such investments are OTTI. Credit Loss Component of Other-Than-Temporary Impairments on Fixed Maturities Six months ended June 30, 2018 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ (12,392 ) $ (14,500 ) Reductions due to investments sold or paid down 3,369 829 Reduction for credit loss that no longer has a portion of the OTTI loss recognized in other comprehensive income 2,529 587 Balance at end of period $ (6,494 ) $ (13,084 ) The table above sets forth the amount of credit loss impairments on fixed maturities held by the Company as of the dates indicated for which the non-credit portion of the OTTI was recognized in other comprehensive income and corresponding changes in such amounts. Credit loss impairments with no portion of the loss recognized in other comprehensive income, such as securities for which OTTI was measured at fair value, are excluded from the table. Realized Gains (Losses) - Recorded in Income Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Realized gains (losses) on sales of investments Fixed maturities: Gross gains $ 1,713 $ 1,081 $ 1,796 $ 1,205 Gross losses (1 ) (414 ) (1 ) (941 ) Equity securities — (90 ) — (90 ) Other long-term investments (5 ) 40 (18 ) 40 Real estate — 304 — 304 1,707 921 1,777 518 Net unrealized losses recognized during the period on equity securities held at the end of the period (1) (866 ) — (2,683 ) — Net realized gains (losses) 841 921 (906 ) 518 Impairment losses recognized in earnings: Other credit-related (2) (504 ) — (1,799 ) (66 ) Net realized gains (losses) on investments recorded in income $ 337 $ 921 $ (2,705 ) $ 452 (1) See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of change in accounting policy for equity securities during the quarter. (2) Amount represents credit-related losses for fixed maturities written down to fair value through income and impairment losses related to investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting, which are included in securities and indebtedness of related parties within our consolidated balance sheets. Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities totaled $56.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and $85.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2017 . Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are determined on the basis of specific identification. Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loan portfolio consists of commercial mortgage loans that we have originated. Our lending policies require that the loans be collateralized by the value of the related property, establish limits on the amount that can be loaned to one borrower and require diversification by geographic location and collateral type. We originate loans with an initial loan-to-value ratio that provides sufficient collateral to absorb losses should we be required to foreclose and take possession of the collateral. In order to identify impairment losses, management maintains and regularly reviews a watch list of mortgage loans that have heightened risk. These loans may include those with borrowers delinquent on contractual payments, borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, increases in rental real estate vacancies and significant declines in collateral value. We evaluate each of our mortgage loans individually and establish an estimated loss, if needed, for each impaired loan identified. An estimated loss is needed for loans for which we do not believe we will collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the respective loan agreements. Any loan delinquent on contractual payments is considered non-performing. Mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status if we have concerns regarding the collectability of future payments. Interest income on non-performing loans is generally recognized on a cash basis. Once mortgage loans are classified as non-accrual loans, the resumption of the interest accrual would commence only after all past due interest has been collected or the mortgage loan has been restructured such that the collection of interest is considered likely. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , there were no non-performing loans over 90 days past due on contractual payments. At June 30, 2018 , we had committed to provide additional funding for mortgage loans totaling $16.2 million . These commitments arose in the normal course of business at terms that are comparable to similar investments. Mortgage Loans by Collateral Type June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Collateral Type Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Office $ 415,920 42.3 % $ 410,090 42.2 % Retail 295,997 30.1 292,257 30.1 Industrial 208,815 21.2 207,180 21.3 Other 62,255 6.4 62,285 6.4 Total $ 982,987 100.0 % $ 971,812 100.0 % Mortgage Loans by Geographic Location within the United States June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Region of the United States Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) South Atlantic $ 278,061 28.3 % $ 296,947 30.5 % Pacific 155,917 15.9 146,320 15.0 West North Central 124,177 12.6 127,096 13.1 Mountain 103,331 10.5 105,627 10.9 East North Central 102,597 10.4 91,971 9.5 West South Central 92,322 9.4 85,566 8.8 East South Central 66,063 6.7 67,228 6.9 New England 34,286 3.5 35,005 3.6 Middle Atlantic 26,233 2.7 16,052 1.7 Total $ 982,987 100.0 % $ 971,812 100.0 % Mortgage Loans by Loan-to-Value Ratio June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Loan-to-Value Ratio Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) 0% - 50% $ 381,586 38.8 % $ 334,037 34.4 % 51% - 60% 250,732 25.5 258,359 26.6 61% - 70% 310,805 31.6 297,404 30.6 71% - 80% 21,212 2.2 63,116 6.5 81% - 90% 18,652 1.9 18,896 1.9 Total $ 982,987 100.0 % $ 971,812 100.0 % The loan-to-value ratio is determined using the most recent appraised value. Appraisals are updated periodically when there is indication of a possible significant collateral decline or there are loan modifications or refinance requests. Mortgage Loans by Year of Origination June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Year of Origination Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) 2018 $ 46,500 4.6 % $ — — % 2017 211,055 21.5 214,365 22.1 2016 151,923 15.5 154,359 15.9 2015 135,616 13.8 144,890 14.9 2014 76,363 7.8 77,866 8.0 2013 and prior 361,530 36.8 380,332 39.1 Total $ 982,987 100.0 % $ 971,812 100.0 % Impaired Mortgage Loans June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Unpaid principal balance $ 18,826 $ 19,027 Less: Related allowance (397 ) (497 ) Carrying value of impaired mortgage loans $ 18,429 $ 18,530 Allowance on Mortgage Loans Six months ended June 30, 2018 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ 497 $ 713 Recoveries (100 ) (98 ) Balance at end of period $ 397 $ 615 Mortgage Loan Modifications Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio can include loans that have been modified. We assess loan modifications on a loan-by-loan basis to evaluate whether a troubled debt restructuring has occurred. Generally, the types of concessions include: reduction of the contractual interest rate to a below-market rate, extension of the maturity date and/or a reduction of accrued interest. The amount, timing and extent of the concession granted is considered in determining if an impairment loss is needed for the restructuring. There were no loan modifications during the six months ended June 30, 2018 or June 30, 2017 . Low Income Housing Tax Credit Investments (LIHTC) We invest in non-guaranteed federal LIHTC that are included in securities and indebtedness of related parties in the consolidated balance sheets. These investments take the form of limited partnerships, which in turn invest in a number of low income housing projects. We use the equity method of accounting for these investments. The limited partnerships generate pre-tax operating losses primarily from the depreciation of the underlying properties, but after-tax gains as the related tax credits are realized and the operating losses are deducted. The timing of the realization of tax credits is subject to fluctuation from period to period due to the timing of housing project completions and the approval of tax credits. Impairment losses may occur when the carrying value of the limited partnership exceeds the future tax benefits. We recognized $0.8 million of impairment losses on these investments during the first six months of 2018, which is reported as other-than-temporary impairment losses in the consolidated statement of operations. The Tax Act did not impact the tax credits we expect to receive from these investments. Equity income, however, was lower as a result of the Tax Act by $0.9 million during the second quarter 2018, and $2.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 due to impairment losses recorded by the underlying partnerships in their fourth quarter earnings. Equity income from LIHTC is generally recorded one quarter in arrears as financial information becomes available from the investee. The carrying value of our LIHTC totaled $75.4 million at June 30, 2018 and $82.4 million at December 31, 2017 . LIHTC Equity Income (Loss), Net of Related Income Taxes Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Equity losses from LIHTC $ (3,304 ) $ (2,938 ) $ (6,309 ) $ (4,743 ) Income tax benefits: Tax benefits from equity losses 694 1,028 1,325 1,660 Investment tax credits 3,558 3,568 7,127 7,097 Equity income from LIHTC, net of related income tax benefits $ 948 $ 1,658 $ 2,143 $ 4,014 At June 30, 2018 , we had committed to provide additional funds for limited partnerships and limited liability companies in which we invest. The amounts of these unfunded commitments totaled $43.4 million , including $1.6 million for LIHTC commitments, which are summarized by year in the following table. LIHTC Commitments by Year June 30, 2018 (Dollars in thousands) 2018 $ 472 2019 248 2020-2025 884 Total $ 1,604 Variable Interest Entities We evaluate our variable interest entity (VIE) investees to determine whether the level of our direct ownership interest, our rights to manage operations, or our obligation to provide ongoing financial support are such that we are the primary beneficiary of the entity, and would therefore be required to consolidate it for financial reporting purposes. After determining that VIE status exists, we review our involvement in the VIE to determine whether we have both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and the obligation to absorb losses or the rights to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. This analysis includes a review of the purpose and design of the VIE as well as the role that we played in the formation of the entity and how that role could impact our ability to control the VIE. We also review the activities and decisions considered significant to the economic performance of the VIE and assess what power we have in directing those activities and decisions. Finally, we review the agreements in place to determine if there are any guarantees that would affect our maximum exposure to loss. We have reviewed the circumstances surrounding our investments in VIEs, which are classified as securities and indebtedness of related parties and consist of LIHTC, limited partnerships or limited liability companies accounted for under the equity method. In addition, we have reviewed the ownership interests in our VIEs and determined that we do not hold direct majority ownership or have other contractual rights (such as kick out rights) that give us effective control over these entities resulting in us having both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The maximum loss exposure relative to our VIEs is limited to the carrying value and any unfunded commitments that exist for each particular VIE. We also have not provided additional support or other guarantees that was not previously contractually required (financial or otherwise) to any of the VIEs as of June 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017. Based on this analysis, none of our VIEs were required to be consolidated for any reporting periods presented in this Form 10-Q. VIE Investments by Category June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 Carrying Value Maximum Exposure to Loss Carrying Value Maximum Exposure to Loss (Dollars in thousands) LIHTC $ 75,374 $ 76,978 $ 82,417 $ 84,103 Investment companies 31,300 62,706 25,335 62,372 Real estate limited partnerships 9,317 19,463 8,589 20,590 Other 724 918 1,182 1,488 Total $ 116,715 $ 160,065 $ 117,523 $ 168,553 In addition, we make passive investments in the normal course of business in structured securities issued by VIEs for which we are not the investment manager. These structured securities include all of the residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities included in our fixed maturities. Our maximum exposure to loss on these securities is limited to our carrying value of the investment. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these structured securities because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. Derivative Instruments Our primary derivative exposure relates to purchased call options, which provide an economic hedge against the embedded derivatives in our indexed annuity and universal life insurance products. We also have embedded derivatives within our modified coinsurance agreements as well as an interest-only fixed maturity investment. We do not apply hedge accounting to any of our derivative positions, and they are held at fair value. Derivatives Instruments by Type June 30, 2018 December 31, 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Assets Freestanding derivatives: Call options (reported in other investments) $ 14,002 $ 14,824 Embedded derivatives: Modified coinsurance (reported in reinsurance recoverable) 1,145 2,125 Interest-only security (reported in fixed maturities) 1,624 2,096 Total assets $ 16,771 $ 19,045 Liabilities Embedded derivatives: Indexed annuity and universal life products (reported in liability for future policy benefits) $ 32,969 $ 27,774 Modified coinsurance agreements (reported in other liabilities) 106 268 Total liabilities $ 33,075 $ 28,042 Derivative Income (Loss) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2018 2017 2018 2017 (Dollars in thousands) Change in fair value of free standing derivatives: Call options $ 2,193 $ 1,400 $ 1,041 $ 3,765 Change in fair value of embedded derivatives: Modified coinsurance agreements 125 (12 ) (818 ) (1,422 ) Interest-only security (44 ) (174 ) (79 ) (195 ) Indexed annuity and universal life products 281 (91 ) 2,945 318 Total income from derivatives $ 2,555 $ 1,123 $ 3,089 $ 2,466 Derivative income is reported in net investment income except for the change in fair value of the embedded derivatives on our indexed annuity and universal life products, which is reported in interest sensitive product benefits. We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance of the derivative counterparties. This credit risk is minimized by purchasing such agreements from financial institutions with high credit ratings (currently rated A or better by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations). We have also entered into credit support agreements with the counterparties requiring them to post collateral when net exposures exceed pre-determined thresholds that vary by counterparty. The net amount of such exposure is essentially the market value less collateral held for such agreements with each counterparty. The call options are supported by securities collateral received of $9.5 million at June 30, 2018 , which is held in a separate custodial account. Subject to certain constraints, we are permitted to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but do not have legal rights to the collateral; accordingly, it has not been recorded on our balance sheet. At June 30, 2018 , none of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. As of June 30, 2018 , our net derivative exposure was $4.8 million . |