| UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION | ||
| Washington, D. C. 20549 | ||
| FORM 10-K | ||
| (Mark one) | ||
| [X] | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |
| For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 | ||
| or | ||
| [ ] | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |
| For the transition period from____________________ to____________________ | ||
| Commission File Number: 1-11917 | ||
| (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) | ||
| Iowa | 42-1411715 | |
| (State of incorporation) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |
| 5400 University Avenue, West Des Moines, Iowa | 50266-5997 | |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | |
| (515) 225-5400 | ||
| (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) | ||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Name of each exchange on which registered | |
| Class A common stock, without par value | New York Stock Exchange | |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [ ] No [X]
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes [ ] No [X]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [X]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one)
| Large accelerated filer [ X ] | Accelerated filer [ ] | Non-accelerated filer [ ] | Smaller reporting company [ ] | Emerging growth company [ ] |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [ ] No [X]
As of June 30, 2018, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $771,615,180 based on the closing sale price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.
| Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: | ||
| Title of each class | Outstanding at February 25, 2019 | |
| Class A Common Stock, without par value | 24,640,927 | |
| Class B Common Stock, without par value | 11,413 | |
| DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE | ||
| Document | Parts Into Which Incorporated | |
| Portions of the definitive proxy statement for annual shareholders meeting to be held on May 15, 2019 | Part III | |
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| FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. | ||||
| FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 | ||||
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | ||||
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Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward Looking Information
This Form 10-K includes statements relating to anticipated financial performance, business prospects, new products and similar matters. These statements and others, which include words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend” and other similar expressions, constitute forward-looking statements under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. A variety of factors could cause our actual results and experiences to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in our forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable; however, no assurance can be given that the assumptions will prove to be correct. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties that may affect the operations, performance, development and results of our business include but are not limited to the following.
| • | Changing interest rates, market volatility and general economic conditions affect the risks and the returns on both our products and our investment portfolio. |
| • | Difficult conditions in the financial markets and the economy may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. |
| • | Adverse financial market conditions may significantly affect our liquidity, access to capital and cost of capital. |
| • | Our valuation of fixed maturity securities may include methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to investment valuations that may materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. |
| • | Our investment portfolio is subject to credit quality risks that may diminish the value of our invested assets and affect our profitability and reported book value per share. |
| • | We face competition from companies having greater financial resources, more advanced technology systems, broader arrays of products, higher ratings and stronger financial performance, which may impair our ability to retain existing customers, attract new customers and maintain our profitability and financial strength. |
| • | As a holding company, we depend on our subsidiaries for funds to meet our obligations, but our life insurance subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions to us is limited by law, and could be affected by minimum risk-based capital requirements. |
| • | A significant ratings downgrade may have a material adverse effect on our business. |
| • | Cyber attacks, system security risks, data protection breaches and other technology failures could adversely affect our business and results of operations. |
| • | Success of our business depends in part on effective information technology systems and on continuing to develop and implement improvements. |
| • | All segments of our business are highly regulated and these regulations or changes in them could affect our profitability. |
| • | A significant change in accounting guidance could have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations. |
| • | Actual experience that differs from our assumptions regarding future persistency, mortality, interest rates and benefit utilization used in pricing our products and calculating reserve amounts and deferred acquisition costs could have a material adverse impact on our financial results. |
| • | Actual experience that differs from assumptions may require us to accelerate the amortization of deferred acquisition costs, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. |
| • | Our earnings are influenced by our claims experience, which is difficult to estimate for future periods. If our future claims experience does not match our pricing assumptions or past results, our earnings could be materially adversely affected. |
| • | Our reinsurance program involves risks because we remain liable with respect to the liabilities ceded to reinsurers if the reinsurers fail to meet the obligations assumed by them. |
| • | Our business is highly dependent on our relationships with Farm Bureau organizations and could be adversely affected if those relationships became impaired. |
| • | Our relationship with Farm Bureau organizations could result in conflicts of interests. |
| • | Changes in federal tax laws may affect sales of our products and profitability. |
| • | Our ability to maintain competitive costs is dependent upon the level of new sales and persistency of existing business. |
| • | If we are unable to attract and retain agents, sales of our products and services may be reduced. |
| • | Attracting and retaining employees who are key to our business is critical to our growth and success. |
| • | We face risks relating to litigation, including the costs of such litigation, management distraction and the potential for damage awards, which may adversely impact our business. |
See Part 1A, Risk Factors, for additional information.
1
PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
General
FBL Financial Group, Inc. (we or the Company), majority owned by the Iowa Farm Bureau Federation (IFBF), sells individual life insurance and annuity products principally under the consumer brand name Farm Bureau Financial Services. This brand identity is represented by the distribution channel of our subsidiary Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company (Farm Bureau Life). In addition, in the state of Colorado, we offer life and annuity products through Greenfields Life Insurance Company (Greenfields Life). As of December 31, 2018, these distribution channels consisted of 1,839 exclusive agents and agency managers, who sell our products in the Midwestern and Western sections of the United States.
The Company was incorporated in Iowa in October 1993. Its life insurance subsidiary, Farm Bureau Life, began operations in 1945 and Greenfields Life, a subsidiary of Farm Bureau Life, was launched in 2013. Several other subsidiaries support various functional areas and affiliates by providing investment advisory and marketing and distribution services. In addition, we manage all aspects of two Farm Bureau affiliated property-casualty insurance companies (Farm Bureau Property & Casualty Insurance Company and Western Agricultural Insurance Company), which operate predominately in eight states in the Midwest and West.
FBL Financial Group, Inc. Business and Distribution Channels
| FBL Financial Group, Inc. |
| COMPANY | Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company | Greenfields Life Insurance Company | Farm Bureau Property & Casualty Insurance Company and Western Agricultural Insurance Company | ||
| RELATIONSHIP | Wholly-owned subsidiary | Subsidiary of Farm Bureau Life (Wholly-owned) | Managed by FBL Financial Group. Underwriting results do not impact FBL Financial Group’s results | ||
BRAND  |  | | | ||
| DISTRIBUTION | 1,827 exclusive Farm Bureau Financial Services agents and agency managers | 12 exclusive agents and agency managers | 1,190 exclusive Farm Bureau Financial Services agents and agency managers (included under the 1,827 Farm Bureau Life agents) | ||
| PRODUCTS | A comprehensive line of life insurance, annuity and investment products | A comprehensive line of life insurance, annuity and investment products | A full line of personal and commercial property-casualty insurance products | ||
| TERRITORY | 14 Midwestern and Western states | Colorado | Arizona, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota and Utah | ||
Investor information, including electronic versions of periodic reports filed on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, and proxy material, are available free of charge through the Investor Relations section of our website at www.fblfinancial.com. These documents are posted to our website immediately after they are filed. The EDGAR filings of such reports are also available at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov. Also available on our website are many corporate governance documents including codes of ethics, board committee charters, corporate governance guidelines, director profiles and more. Product information may be found on our consumer websites, www.fbfs.com and www.greenfieldslife.com.
2
Business Strategy
Our core business strategies leverage areas where we have competitive advantages. Our exclusive agent distribution channel enables deep customer engagement and long-term customer relationships. We benefit from close ties to the unique needs of the agricultural market and affinity with the Farm Bureau brand, and our cross-sell culture results in industry leading cross-sell rates.
Our agents are multi-line agents who sell both property-casualty insurance products and life insurance and investment products. Having multi-line agents enhances our ability to develop a more comprehensive relationship with our customers and increases our ability to cross-sell our life insurance and annuity products to the pool of Farm Bureau property-casualty customers.
Our multi-line exclusive agent distribution channel is our foundation and we are defined by our service to the Farm Bureau niche marketplace. We capitalize on the Farm Bureau brand to grow our business and build upon our agricultural and rural market leadership. We focus on consistently improving customer experience and needs-based selling, including a branded review program called SuperCheck. This review program is a free yearly service that can help our customers identify gaps in their insurance coverage. We have a broad portfolio of life insurance and annuity products so that we have products available to satisfy the needs of our agents and customers.
Because of their multi-line nature, our agents focus on cross-selling life insurance products to customers who already own a property-casualty policy issued by our property-casualty company partners. For example, in the eight-state region where we manage the affiliated property-casualty insurance companies and related field force (Arizona, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota and Utah), 24% of Farm Bureau Financial Services property-casualty policyholders also own a Farm Bureau Life annuity or life product. We are considered among the best-in-industry in cross-sell rates. This percentage is and has historically been higher than the industry average for multi-line exclusive agents, which is 12% according to the most recent research by the Life Insurance and Market Research Association (LIMRA). We believe there is further opportunity for growth from cross-selling as 70% of Farm Bureau members in the eight-state region have a Farm Bureau Financial Services property-casualty insurance product, while only 21% of Farm Bureau members in the eight-state region have a life insurance product with us.
We provide our agents with marketing and sales materials, training and a high level of field management and sales support. Additionally, the field sales support team includes Life Sales Advisors and Regional Financial Consultants who work as a resource to help agents with life and annuity sales.
Our sales model is designed so that our agents are entrepreneurial business owners with a retail financial services business. Under this model, our agents have sales and service associates who assist them and provide a variety of support for insurance sales and clients.
This business strategy and sales model results in deep customer engagement and long-term customer relationships. Our agents are often viewed as the go-to person for all the insurance needs of their customers. As a result, while we underwrite the majority of the life and annuity products available for sale by our agents, we broker products sold by other carriers when we do not have the expertise, ratings or scale to compete efficiently in the marketplace. Examples of brokered products include long-term care insurance, health insurance and last survivor life policies. We earn fees from the sale of brokered products, a portion of which is passed on to the agents as commissions for the underlying sales.
During 2018 and continuing in 2019, we are executing on a wealth management strategy which allows us to offer an open architecture mutual fund platform and fee based financial planning. For several years, we have had a limited number of agents who are Investment Advisor Representatives (IARs) and offered fee-based financial planning. In 2019, we are expanding the advisory services offered by our IARs and adding a new role known as the Farm Bureau Wealth Management Advisor. These advisors serve as wealth management resources to other Farm Bureau Financial Services agents. This wealth management strategy will allow our agents to add more value, enhance the customer experience and further strengthen the agent/customer relationship. We expect that this will also add a diversified earnings stream to FBL Financial Group given the fee-based nature of wealth management. This is a long term strategy that we expect to invest in and grow over time.
3
Marketing and Distribution
Market Area
Sales through our distribution channels are currently conducted in 15 states, which we characterize as follows: multi-line states (we own the Farm Bureau affiliated life company and manage the Farm Bureau affiliated property-casualty companies) - Arizona, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota and Utah; and life partner states (we own the Farm Bureau affiliated life company but non-owned/non-managed Farm Bureau affiliated property-casualty companies manage the exclusive multi-line agents) - Colorado, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Wisconsin and Wyoming.
Our target market is Farm Bureau members and “Middle America.” We traditionally have been very strong in rural and small town markets and also have a presence in small and mid-metro markets. This target market represents a relatively financially conservative and stable customer base. The financial needs of our target market tend to focus on security, insurance needs and retirement savings.
Affiliation with Farm Bureau Organizations
Many of our customers are members of Farm Bureau organizations affiliated with the American Farm Bureau Federation (American Farm Bureau). The American Farm Bureau is the nation’s largest grassroots farm and ranch organization and has a current membership of 6.0 million member families. In order to market insurance products in a given state using the “Farm Bureau” and “FB” designations, related trademarks and service marks, a company must have an agreement with the state’s Farm Bureau organization. Generally, these marketing rights have only been granted to companies owned by or closely affiliated with Farm Bureau organizations. For each of the states in our Farm Bureau marketing territory, we have the right to use the “Farm Bureau” name and “FB” logo for marketing life insurance and investment products. There are approximately 720,000 member families in the states where we have rights to use the Farm Bureau name, brand and logo.
All of the state Farm Bureau organizations in our marketing area are associated with the American Farm Bureau. The primary goal of the American Farm Bureau is to be the unified national voice of agriculture, working through its grassroots organization to enhance and strengthen the lives of rural Americans and to build strong, prosperous agricultural communities. There are currently Farm Bureau organizations in all 50 states and Puerto Rico, each with their own distinctive mission and goals. Within each state, Farm Bureau is organized at the county level. Farm Bureau programs may include policy development, government relations activities, leadership development and training, communications outreach and training, market education classes, commodity conferences and young farmer activities. Member services provided by Farm Bureau vary by state but often include programs such as risk management, alternative energy development, farm transition workshops, rural entrepreneurial seminars, scholarships and grants and guidance on enhancing profitability. Other benefits of membership include newspaper and magazine subscriptions, as well as savings in areas such as health care, travel, entertainment, farm equipment and automobile rebates. In addition, members have access to accidental death insurance, banking services, computerized farm accounting services, electronic information networks, health care insurance, property-casualty insurance and financial services.
The American Farm Bureau may terminate our right to use the “Farm Bureau” and “FB” designations in our states (i) in the event of a material breach of the trademark license that we do not cure within 60 days, (ii) immediately in the event of termination by the American Farm Bureau of the state Farm Bureau’s membership in the American Farm Bureau or (iii) in the event of a material breach of the state Farm Bureau organization’s membership agreement with the American Farm Bureau, including by reason of the failure of the state Farm Bureau to cause us to adhere to the American Farm Bureau’s policies.
We have royalty agreements with each state Farm Bureau organization in our Farm Bureau marketing territory giving us the right to use the Farm Bureau and FB designations in that particular state. Each state Farm Bureau organization in our Farm Bureau territory could terminate our right to use the Farm Bureau designations in that particular state without cause at the conclusion of the royalty agreements. The royalties paid to a particular state Farm Bureau organization are based on the sale of our products in the respective state. For 2018, royalty expense totaled approximately $2.4 million.
Our relationship with Farm Bureau organizations provides a number of advantages. Farm Bureau organizations in our marketing territory tend to be well known and long established, have active memberships and provide a number of member benefits other than financial services. The strength of these organizations provides enhanced prestige and brand awareness for our products and increased access to Farm Bureau members, which results in a competitive advantage for us.
Our life insurance and investment products are available for sale to both members and non-members. Property-casualty products sold by the property-casualty insurance companies affiliated with Farm Bureau are available for sale to Farm Bureau
4
members. Annual Farm Bureau memberships in our marketing territory average $63 and are available to individuals, families, partnerships and corporations.
We have service agreements with all of our property-casualty company partners in our marketing area, pursuant to which the property-casualty companies provide certain services, which include recruiting and training the shared agency force that sells both property-casualty products for that company and life products for us. The service agreements have expiration dates through December 31, 2024. In 2018, we paid $9.2 million for the services provided under these agreements.
Our Advisory Committee, which consists of executives of the property-casualty insurance company partners in our marketing territory, assists us in our relationships with the property-casualty organizations and the Farm Bureau organization leaders in their respective states. The Advisory Committee meets on a regular basis to coordinate efforts and issues involving the agency force and other matters. The Advisory Committee is an important contributor to our success in marketing products through our distribution system.
Royalty and property-casualty agreements vary in term and expiration date as shown below.
| Royalty and Property-Casualty Service Agreements by State | ||||||
| State | Property-Casualty Service Agreement Expiration Date | Royalty Agreement Expiration Date | Percent of 2018 First Year Premiums Collected | |||
| Iowa | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2033 | 26.1 | % | ||
| Kansas | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2033 | 19.2 | |||
| Oklahoma | December 31, 2022 | December 31, 2022 | 7.7 | |||
| Nebraska | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2033 | 7.2 | |||
| Arizona | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2033 | 6.0 | |||
| Utah | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2033 | 5.7 | |||
| Wyoming | December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2021 | 5.6 | |||
| Idaho | December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2021 | 4.7 | |||
| Wisconsin | December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2020 | 4.6 | |||
| Montana | December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2021 | 3.9 | |||
| Minnesota | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2033 | 3.5 | |||
| New Mexico | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2033 | 2.1 | |||
| Colorado | December 31, 2021 | Not Applicable | 1.7 | |||
| South Dakota | December 31, 2024 | December 31, 2033 | 0.9 | |||
| North Dakota | December 31, 2021 | December 31, 2021 | 0.9 | |||
| Other | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | 0.2 | |||
| 100.0 | % | |||||
Agency Force
Our agency force is one of our most important competitive advantages. Our priority is to ensure that we have best-in-class distribution systems and support, including agent recruiting and retention, training and leadership. Our agents are independent contractors and exclusive agents. We have a written contract with each member of our agency force. The contract covers a number of topics including privacy, compensation payments and reserving our ownership of customer lists.
In the multi-line states where we manage the Farm Bureau affiliated property-casualty companies, our agents are supervised by agency managers employed by Farm Bureau Property & Casualty Insurance Company. There are 1,190 agents and managers in our multi-line states. These agents market a full range of our life insurance and annuity products. They also market products for the property-casualty companies that we manage. These agents are supported by 1,160 sales associates who assist them and provide a variety of support in the sales process. We are responsible for product and sales training for all lines of business in our multi-line states.
5
In our life partner states, our life insurance and annuity products are marketed by agents that we share with our property-casualty company partners in that state. There are 649 agents and managers in our life partner states. These agents market our life and annuity products and market the property-casualty products of that state’s affiliated property-casualty company. We are responsible for training the agency force in life insurance products and sales methods in our life partner states.
Sales activities of our agents focus on personal contact and on cross-selling life and annuity products to the existing property-casualty customers. The Farm Bureau name recognition and access to Farm Bureau membership provides opportunities for additional customers, cross-selling of additional insurance products and increased retention.
The focus of agency managers is to recruit, train, supervise and retain agents to achieve high production levels of profitable business. Agency manager compensation has historically been comprised of 1) overwrite commissions, which vary according to the productivity level and persistency of business of the agents managed and 2) a reward related to the attainment of sales goals. We have a compensation program comprised of salary and a performance-based component, which compensates for attainment of distribution and sales goals. This compensation structure aligns with the requirements of the agency manager role and offers a financial incentive that aligns with the strategic priorities of growing both agency scale and productivity.
We structure our agents’ life products compensation system to encourage production and persistency. Agents receive commissions for new life insurance and annuity sales and service fees on premium payments in subsequent years. Production bonuses are paid based on the premium level of new life business written in the prior 12 months and the persistency of the business written by the agent. Persistency is a common measure used in life insurance, which measures the quality and the consistent payment of premiums, and is included in calculating the bonus to either increase or decrease (or even eliminate) the agent’s production bonus. We are willing to pay added incentives for higher volumes of business only as long as the business is profitable. Production bonuses allow agents to increase their compensation significantly.
We have a variety of incentives and recognition programs to focus agents on production of quality life insurance business. Some recognition programs and incentives are jointly conducted with the property-casualty companies. These programs provide significant incentives for the most productive agents. Approximately 13% of our agents and agency managers qualify for our primary annual incentive trip. Agent recruiting, training, financing and compensation programs are designed to develop a productive agent for the long term.
In order to increase an agent’s opportunity for success and increase retention, we offer a developing agent program in which the agent completes a training program that can take up to four months and achieves certain production minimums on a part-time basis before being contracted as a full-time agent. This program gives us and the agent an opportunity to assess whether the candidate is expected to have a successful long-term career as our agent. The developing agent program, along with new agent financing, centralized training, a quality recruiting/selection process and a strong field leadership team are designed to strengthen our distribution and improve agent retention. Our one-year agent retention was 94% for 2018 and our four-year agency force retention rate for 2018 was approximately 27%.
Business Segments
We analyze operations by reviewing financial information regarding our primary products that are aggregated into the Annuity and Life Insurance product segments. In addition, our Corporate and Other segment includes various support operations, corporate capital, brokered insurance and investment products and closed blocks of variable insurance products no longer underwritten by the Company.
See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Segment Information” included in Item 7 for additional information regarding our financial results by operating segment. Included in the following discussion of our segments are details regarding premiums. We use premiums collected to measure the productivity of our exclusive agents. Premiums collected is not a measure used in financial statements prepared according to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements also includes a discussion of the most comparable GAAP financial measures and, as applicable, a reconciliation to such GAAP measures.
6
Annuity Segment
We sell a variety of traditional annuity products through our exclusive agency force. The Annuity segment primarily consists of fixed rate and indexed annuities and supplementary contracts (some of which involve life contingencies). Traditional annuities provide for tax-deferred savings and supplementary contracts provide for the systematic repayment of funds that accumulate interest.
| Premiums Collected - Annuity Segment | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Individual fixed rate | |||||||||||
| First year | $ | 75,917 | $ | 89,367 | $ | 123,687 | |||||
| Renewal | 63,053 | 78,301 | 89,584 | ||||||||
| Individual indexed | 137,627 | 110,553 | 125,546 | ||||||||
| Group | 8,841 | 6,399 | 10,575 | ||||||||
| Total Annuity | $ | 285,438 | $ | 284,620 | $ | 349,392 | |||||
Annuity premiums collected increased in 2018 compared to 2017 due to an increase in sales of our indexed annuity products, partially offset by decreased sales of our fixed rate deferred annuity products. Premiums collected decreased in 2017 compared to 2016 due to a decline in sales of our fixed rate deferred and indexed annuity products. The decrease in annuity premium collected in 2017 is consistent with industry experience and believed to be attributable to the impact of low market interest rates and the regulatory environment. See Item 1A. Risk Factors. The amount of traditional annuity premiums collected is also highly dependent upon the relationship between the current crediting rates on our products and the perceived security of our products compared to those of competing products. Average crediting rates on our individual deferred annuity contracts were 2.64% in 2018, 2.70% in 2017 and 2.77% in 2016. Traditional annuity premiums collected in our Farm Bureau market territory in 2018 were concentrated primarily in the states of Iowa (28%), Kansas (25%) and Nebraska (6%).
Fixed Rate Annuities
We offer annuities that are marketed to individuals in anticipation of retirement. We offer traditional annuities in the form of flexible premium deferred annuities (FPDA) that allow policyholders to make contributions over a number of periods. For traditional annuity products, policyholder account balances are credited interest at rates that we determine subject to a guaranteed minimum. The annuitant may elect to take the proceeds of the annuity either in a single payment or in a series of payments for life, for a fixed number of years, for a fixed amount, or a combination of these options.
In addition to FPDAs, we also market single premium deferred annuities (SPDA) and single premium immediate annuity (SPIA) products, which feature a single premium paid when the contract is issued. Benefit payments and the surrender charge structure on SPDA contracts are similar to other fixed rate annuities. Benefit payments on SPIAs begin immediately after the issuance of the contract.
Approximately 42% of our existing individual traditional annuity business, based on account balances, is held in qualified retirement plans. For deferred annuity products, in order to encourage persistency, a surrender charge is imposed against the policyholder’s account balance for early termination of the annuity contract within a specified period after its effective date. The surrender charge structure varies by product, but typically starts at 6% to 10% and decreases 1% to 2% per year until it reaches 0%.
We invest the premiums we receive from fixed rate annuities. The assets reside in our general account. Acquisition costs are paid from the general account as they arise. The difference between the yield we earn on our investment portfolio and the interest we credit on our fixed rate annuities is known as the spread. The spread is a major driver of the profitability for all of our traditional annuity products.
7
Withdrawal Rates
Withdrawal rates (excluding death benefits) for our individual deferred annuities were 5.3% for 2018, 4.2% for 2017 and 4.0% for 2016. The individual annuity withdrawal rate increased in 2018, compared to 2017, due to certain policies reaching the end of their interest rate guarantee period and the competitiveness of our current crediting rates relative to other financial institutions.
Interest Crediting Policy
We have a rate setting committee that meets monthly, or more frequently if required, to review and establish current period interest rates based upon existing and anticipated investment opportunities. This applies to new sales and to annuity products after an initial guaranteed period. We examine earnings on assets by portfolio. We then establish rates based on each product’s target spread and competitive market conditions at the time. Most of our annuity contracts have guaranteed minimum crediting rates. These rates range from 1.00% to 5.50%, with a weighted average guaranteed crediting rate of 2.12% at December 31, 2018 and 2.18% at December 31, 2017. The interest rate guarantees on annuity contracts issued during 2018 was 1.00%.
Indexed Annuities
With an indexed annuity, the policyholder may choose from a traditional fixed rate strategy or an indexed strategy, with the underlying index being the S&P 500®. The product requires crediting of interest and a reset of the index annually. The computation of the index credit is based upon either a point-to-point calculation (i.e., the gain in the index from the beginning of the contract year to the next reset date) or a monthly averaging of the index during the period, subject to a cap. This product allows contract holders to re-allocate funds among the indexed accounts and a traditional fixed rate strategy at the end of each reset period. It automatically includes a guaranteed lifetime withdrawal benefit rider. If activated by the policyholder, the rider provides a minimum amount that is available for withdrawal at specified withdrawal rates even if the accumulated value goes to zero. There is an additional annual charge for the activated rider.
The indexed annuity contract value is equal to the premiums paid less partial withdrawals and rider charges taken from the contract plus interest credited to the fixed portion of the contract and index credits on the indexed portion of the contract. The minimum guaranteed contract values are equal to 87.5% of the premium collected, adjusted for withdrawals and rider charges, plus interest credited at an annual rate of 1.0%. If there were little or no indexed credits over the life of an indexed annuity, we would incur expenses to increase the account value to the minimum guaranteed contract values.
Indexed annuity premiums are invested in our general account similar to fixed rate annuities. A portion of the investments are used to purchase one-year call options on the S&P 500 to fund the index credits on the accounts. New call options are purchased at each reset date. The cost of the call options is managed through the terms of the indexed annuities, which permit changes to caps, subject to minimum guarantees. Our spread is also influenced by the aggregate call option costs. Additionally, if we are not successful in matching the terms of the call options with the terms of the indexed annuities, the call option proceeds could vary from the indexed credits, thus increasing or reducing aggregate call option costs and causing spreads to widen or tighten.
8
| Interest Crediting Rates Compared to Guarantees - Annuity Segment | |||
| Liabilities at | |||
| December 31, 2018 | |||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||
| Fixed rate annuities: | |||
| Greater than or equal to 100 basis points over guarantee | $ | 18,133 | |
| 50 basis points to 99 basis points over guarantee | 509,637 | ||
| 1 basis point to 49 basis points over guarantee | 263,869 | ||
| At guaranteed rate | 1,985,018 | ||
| Indexed annuities | 629,340 | ||
| Non-discretionary rate setting products | 627,857 | ||
| Total interest sensitive product liabilities | $ | 4,033,854 | |
| Impact of unrealized gains and losses | 2,298 | ||
| Interest sensitive reserves | $ | 4,036,152 | |
| In Force - Annuity Segment | |||||||||||
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Number of contracts | 52,911 | 53,250 | 53,676 | ||||||||
| Interest sensitive reserves | $ | 4,036,152 | $ | 3,963,187 | $ | 3,827,295 | |||||
| Other insurance reserves | 338,646 | 355,877 | 364,966 | ||||||||
Life Insurance Segment
We sell a variety of traditional and universal life insurance products through our exclusive agency force. The Life Insurance segment consists of whole life, term life and universal life policies. These policies provide benefits upon the death of the insured and may also allow the customer to build cash value on a tax-deferred basis.
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| Premiums Collected - Life Insurance Segment | |||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Universal life: | |||||||||||
| First year | $ | 28,884 | $ | 26,438 | $ | 17,480 | |||||
| Renewal | 80,101 | 74,070 | 70,157 | ||||||||
| Total | 108,985 | 100,508 | 87,637 | ||||||||
| Participating whole life: | |||||||||||
| First year | 12,139 | 11,918 | 16,177 | ||||||||
| Renewal | 94,555 | 95,846 | 97,665 | ||||||||
| Total | 106,694 | 107,764 | 113,842 | ||||||||
| Term life and other: | |||||||||||
| First year | 10,843 | 10,282 | 9,944 | ||||||||
| Renewal | 105,809 | 101,623 | 97,467 | ||||||||
| Total | 116,652 | 111,905 | 107,411 | ||||||||
| Total Life Insurance | 332,331 | 320,177 | 308,890 | ||||||||
| Reinsurance ceded | (28,102 | ) | (27,833 | ) | (27,339 | ) | |||||
| Total Life Insurance, net of reinsurance | $ | 304,229 | $ | 292,344 | $ | 281,551 | |||||
Life premiums collected were higher in 2018 and 2017 compared to the prior years due to increased sales of universal life and term life policies. These increases were partially offset by a decline in sales of whole life. Life insurance premiums collected in our market territory in 2018 were concentrated primarily in the states of Iowa (23%), Kansas (14%) and Oklahoma (9%).
Traditional Life Insurance
We offer traditional participating whole life insurance products. Participating whole life insurance provides benefits for the life of the insured. It provides level premiums and a level death benefit and requires payments in excess of mortality costs in early years to offset increasing mortality costs in later years. Under the terms of these policies, policyholders have a right to participate in the overall performance of the participating life block to the extent determined by Farm Bureau Life, generally through annual dividends. Participating business accounted for 32% of life receipts from policyholders during 2018 and represented 11% of life insurance in force at December 31, 2018.
We also market non-participating term insurance policies that provide life insurance protection for a specified period. Term insurance is mortality based and generally has no cash value. However, we also offer a return of premium term product, which returns a percentage of premiums after a set number of years. For a portion of our business, we may change the premium scales at any time but may not increase rates above guaranteed levels.
Universal Life Insurance
Our universal life policies provide permanent life insurance protection with a flexible or fixed premium structure, which allows the customer to pre-fund future insurance costs and accumulate savings on a tax-deferred basis. Premiums received, less policy assessments for administration expenses and mortality costs, are credited to the policyholder’s account balance. Interest is credited to the cash value at rates that we periodically set.
Our indexed universal life insurance product provides life insurance protection with flexible premium payments and provides a death benefit with cash accumulation. The premium is paid into a holding account and once it is fully funded with a year’s worth of policy charges, the excess value is transferred into an indexed segment that earns interest based on the percentage change in the S&P 500. A quarterly review is conducted to determine whether the holding account contains 12 months’ worth of policy charges. We purchase one-year call options on the S&P 500 to fund the indexed segment credits. Interest on each of the indexed segments is credited annually on a point-to-point basis. After any annual earned interest is credited to an indexed
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segment, the money is transferred back to the holding account where it can become eligible for a new indexed segment. Positive interest credit is subject to a cap. If the ending index value is less than the initial index value, the interest credit will be zero.
Underwriting
We follow formal underwriting standards and procedures designed to properly assess and quantify life insurance risks before issuing policies to individuals. To implement these procedures, we employ an underwriting staff of 12 underwriters who have an average of 15 years of experience in the insurance industry.
Our underwriters review each application, which is prepared under the supervision of our agents, and supported by any required testing and records: blood, urine or oral fluid testing, paramedical/physicians’ examinations, motor vehicle or pharmacological inspection reports and medical records. We generally begin employing blood, oral fluid or urine testing (including HIV antibody testing) whenever the applicant is at least 18 and at face amounts of at least $50,000. Additional underwriting requirements and inspection reports are required as either the face amount or the age of the proposed insured increases. Based on the results of these tests, we may adjust the mortality charge or decline coverage completely.
In 2017, we began an accelerated underwriting program on a pilot basis. This program is a non-medical underwriting approach that includes (1) an oral swab, which can detect nicotine use, (2) an electronic inspection report, which can identify a variety of risks and (3) a diagnostic review, which for a portion of applicants, will provide insight into previous medical lab results. This pilot program has been available only for ages 18 to 59 and for face amounts of $100,000 to $250,000. We are currently evaluating this pilot program. During 2018, we implemented additional automation in our life underwriting area to provide additional data to improve future risk selection.
Generally, tobacco use by a life insurance applicant within the preceding one-year period results in a substantially higher mortality charge. In accordance with industry practice, material misrepresentation on a policy application can result in the cancellation of the policy upon the return of any premiums paid. During 2018, after extensive research, we introduced a new life insurance underwriting rating for smokeless tobacco users. Previously, customers who used chewing tobacco were classified under the smokers’ rate.
Interest Crediting and Participating Dividend Policy
The interest crediting policy for our life insurance products is the same as for our traditional annuity products in the Annuity segment. See “Interest Crediting Policy” under the Annuity Segment discussion. We pay dividends, credit interest and determine other nonguaranteed elements on the individual insurance policies depending on the type of product. Some elements, such as dividends, are generally declared for a year at a time. Interest rates and other nonguaranteed elements are determined based on experience as it emerges and with regard to competitive factors. Weighted average contractual credited rates on our universal life contracts were 3.38% in 2018, 3.76% in 2017 and 3.79% in 2016. Our universal life contracts have guaranteed minimum crediting rates that range from 1.00% to 4.50%, with a weighted average guaranteed crediting rate of 3.50% at December 31, 2018 and 3.58% at December 31, 2017.
| Interest Crediting Rates of Interest Sensitive Life Products Compared to Guarantees - Life Insurance Segment | |||
| Liabilities at | |||
| December 31, 2018 | |||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||
| Discretionary rate setting products with minimum guarantees: | |||
| Greater than or equal to 100 basis points over guarantee | $ | 76,101 | |
| At guaranteed rate | 790,470 | ||
| Non-discretionary rate setting products | 126,881 | ||
| Total interest sensitive product liabilities | $ | 993,452 | |
| Impact of unrealized gains and losses | (3,939 | ) | |
| Interest sensitive reserves | $ | 989,513 | |
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Policyholder dividends are paid as declared on participating policies. Policyholder dividend scales are generally established annually and are based on the performance of assets supporting these policies, the mortality experience of the policies, expense levels and other factors. Our participating business does not have minimum guaranteed dividend rates.
| In Force - Life Insurance Segment | |||||||||||
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except face amounts in millions) | |||||||||||
| Number of policies - traditional life | 365,909 | 365,382 | 364,698 | ||||||||
| Number of policies - universal life | 69,832 | 66,382 | 64,044 | ||||||||
| Face amounts - traditional life | $ | 52,191 | $ | 50,842 | $ | 49,108 | |||||
| Face amounts - universal life | 7,777 | 7,276 | 6,872 | ||||||||
| Traditional insurance reserves | 2,001,449 | 1,951,565 | 1,887,539 | ||||||||
| Interest sensitive reserves | 989,513 | 979,858 | 899,207 | ||||||||
Corporate and Other Segment
The Corporate and Other segment includes (i) advisory services for the management of investments and other companies; (ii) marketing and distribution services for the sale of mutual funds and insurance products not issued by us; (iii) leasing services with affiliates; (iv) closed blocks of variable annuity, variable life and accident and health products; (v) interest expense and (vi) investments and related investment income not specifically allocated to our product segments.
We previously issued our own variable products, but in 2010 discontinued underwriting new sales. The existing in force business remains on our books and we continue to administer this business. Variable premiums collected from prior sales were $50.0 million in 2018, $53.6 million in 2017 and $58.3 million in 2016. For a period between 2010 and 2017, we earned fees from the sale of variable products underwritten by another insurance company with variable product expertise. This was discontinued in 2017. A portion of these revenues was passed on to our agents as commissions for the underlying sales.
Reinsurance
We reinsure a portion of our life insurance exposure with unaffiliated insurance companies under traditional indemnity reinsurance agreements. New sales of life products are reinsured above prescribed limits and do not require the reinsurer’s prior approval within certain guidelines. We do not use financial or surplus relief reinsurance. We enter into indemnity reinsurance arrangements to assist in diversifying our risks and to limit our maximum loss on risks that exceed our policy retention limits. Our current maximum retention limit on an insured life is $1.0 million.
Reinsurance contracts do not fully discharge our obligation to pay claims on the reinsured business. As the ceding insurer, we remain responsible for policy claims to the extent the reinsurer fails to pay claims. No reinsurer of business ceded by us has failed to pay any material policy claims (either individually or in the aggregate) with respect to our ceded business. We continually evaluate the financial strength of our reinsurers and monitor concentrations of credit risk. If for any reason reinsurance coverages would need to be replaced, we believe that replacement coverages from financially responsible reinsurers would be available.
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Primary Reinsurers as of December 31, 2018
| Reinsurer | A.M. Best Rating | Amount of In Force Ceded | Reserve Credit | ||||||
| (Dollars in millions) | |||||||||
| Swiss Re Life & Health America Inc. | A+ | $ | 6,067.2 | $ | 29.9 | ||||
| RGA Reinsurance Company | A+ | 4,296.2 | 30.8 | ||||||
| SCOR Global Life USA Reinsurance Company | A+ | 2,182.2 | 11.4 | ||||||
| All other (11 reinsurers)* | B+ to A++ | 1,484.0 | 7.7 | ||||||
| Total | $ | 14,029.6 | $ | 79.8 | |||||
| * | All other include Scottish Re, which is not rated by A.M. Best. New business with Scottish Re was terminated in early 2007, following difficulties at that company and related ratings downgrades. Hannover Re has since acquired a number of Scottish Re blocks of business. As of December 31, 2018, $3.3 million of in force and less than $0.1 million of reserves were ceded to Scottish Re. |
In addition, we have an annual 100% quota share accidental death reinsurance agreement. Coverage includes all acts of terrorism including those of a nuclear, chemical or biological origin. Coverage is subject to an annual aggregate retention by us of $17.0 million.
Ratings and Competition
Financial strength ratings are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Insurer financial strength ratings represent the opinions of rating agencies regarding the ability of an insurance company to meet its financial obligations to policyholders and contract holders. Credit ratings represent the opinions of rating agencies regarding an issuer’s ability to repay its indebtedness. Ratings are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating agency, and therefore, no assurance can be given that a rating will be maintained.
As of the date of this filing, Farm Bureau Life’s A.M. Best financial strength rating is “A” (Excellent) with a stable outlook and its long-term issuer credit rating is “a+” with a stable outlook. FBL Financial Group’s A.M. Best long-term issuer credit rating is “bbb+” with a stable outlook.
A.M. Best has 16 financial strength ratings assigned to insurance companies, which currently range from A++ (Superior) to S (Suspended). A.M. Best’s issuer credit ratings range from aaa (exceptional) to d (in default). A “+” or “-“ may be appended to ratings from aa to ccc to indicate relative position within a category. A rating of bbb- or above is considered investment grade. As of the date of this filing, A.M. Best has the life/annuity industry on a stable rating outlook. This rating outlook notes developments in the industry of improved risk-adjusted capitalization, net positives from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, increased profitability, a modest increase in interest rates and a decline in regulatory uncertainty. In addition, equity markets continue to perform well; socio-economic (demographic) trends remain favorable, providing growth opportunities; and companies have taken pro-active actions over the past few years, including expense reductions and product modifications.
We operate in a highly competitive industry. Insurers compete based primarily upon price, service level and the financial strength of the company. The operating results of companies in the insurance industry historically have been subject to significant fluctuations due to competition, economic conditions, interest rates, investment performance, maintenance of insurance ratings from rating agencies and other factors. We believe our ability to compete with other insurance companies is dependent upon, among other things, our ability to attract and retain agents to market our insurance products, our ability to develop competitive and profitable products and our ability to maintain good or better ratings from rating agencies. In connection with the development and sale of our products, we encounter significant competition from other insurance companies and other financial institutions, such as banks and broker/dealers, many of which have financial resources substantially greater than ours.
Regulation
All segments of our business are highly regulated. See Item 1A. Risk Factors.
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Employees
At December 31, 2018, we had 1,647 full-time employees. A majority of our employees, including the executive officers, also provide services to Farm Bureau Property & Casualty Insurance Company and other affiliates pursuant to management agreements. None of our employees are members of a collective bargaining unit.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Risk Factors
The performance of our company is subject to a variety of risks that you should review. Occurrence of these risks could materially affect our business, results of operations or financial condition, cause the trading price of our common stock to decline materially or cause our actual results to differ materially from those expected or those expressed in any forward looking statements made by or on behalf of the Company.
Changing interest rates, market volatility and general economic conditions affect the risks and the returns on both our products and our investment portfolio.
The fair value of our investments and our investment performance, including yields and realization of gains or losses, may vary depending on economic and market conditions. The shape of the yield curve and the level of interest rates can impact the profitability of our products. Interest rate risk is our primary market risk exposure. Substantial and sustained increases and decreases in market interest rates can materially affect the profitability of our products, the fair value of our investments and the reported value of stockholders’ equity.
In addition, advances on our funding agreements with the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) are secured by collateral, the fair value of which can be significantly impacted by general market conditions. If the fair value of pledged collateral falls below specific levels, we would be required to pledge additional eligible collateral or repay all or a portion of our advances.
A key component of our financial results is the spread earned (the investment yield we earn less the crediting rates we pay to our policyholders). A narrowing of spreads would adversely affect operating results. Although we have the right to adjust interest crediting rates on a portion of our business in force, changes to crediting rates may not be sufficient to maintain targeted investment spreads in all economic and market environments. Our ability to lower crediting rates is subject to contractual minimum crediting rate guarantees. In addition, competition and other factors, including the potential for increases in surrenders and withdrawals, may limit our ability to adjust or maintain crediting rates at levels necessary to avoid the narrowing of spreads under certain market conditions.
Conversely, in periods of rapidly increasing interest rates, surrenders and withdrawals may increase as policyholders seek financial instruments with higher investment returns, commonly referred to as disintermediation. This may lead to net cash outflows and the resulting liquidity demands may require us to sell investments when the prices of those assets are adversely affected by the increase in interest rates, which may result in realized investment losses.
See Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Market Risks of Financial Instruments for further discussion of our interest rate risk exposure and information regarding our asset-liability management program.
Difficult conditions in the financial markets and the economy may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the economy and financial markets. The U.S. economy appeared to finish 2018 with moderately above-trend growth for the year, but the global economy has slowed noticeably from a year ago. In the financial markets, U.S. Treasury yields declined at year-end, while corporate spreads widened due to concerns over the potential impact of trade tensions and the global economic slowdown on fundamental credit quality. Portfolio investment yields will continue to decline across the life insurance and annuity industry as long as market yields remain below portfolio yields.
Our business generally benefits from moderate to strong economic expansion. Conversely, a lackluster economy characterized by higher unemployment, lower family income, lower consumer spending, muted corporate earnings growth and lower business investment could adversely impact the demand for our products in the future. In addition, a significant portion of our customer
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base operates in the agricultural industry; accordingly, fluctuations in commodity prices, federal subsidies, the impact of tariffs and the value of farm land may impact our customers’ demand for our insurance and investment products. We also may experience a higher incidence of claims, lapses or surrenders of policies following such fluctuations. We cannot predict with certainty whether or when such actions may occur, or what impact such actions could have on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.
Adverse financial market conditions may significantly affect our liquidity, access to capital and cost of capital.
Capital requirements depend on factors including the rate of sales growth of our products, aggregate reserve levels and the levels of risks in our insurance products and invested assets. In order to meet these capital requirements, we may need to increase or maintain Farm Bureau Life’s statutory capital and surplus through additional financings, which could include debt, equity or other transactions.
Adverse capital market conditions may affect the availability and cost of additional financing, thereby ultimately impacting our profitability, liquidity and ability to support or grow our businesses. Without sufficient capital and liquidity, we could be forced to curtail certain of our operations, and our business could suffer. Actions we might take to access financing may in turn cause rating agencies to reevaluate our ratings.
We manage our capital level to be consistent with statutory and rating agency requirements. As of December 31, 2018, we estimate that Farm Bureau Life has sufficient capital to meet our rating objectives. However, this capital may not be sufficient if significant future losses are incurred and access to additional capital is limited.
Our valuation of fixed maturity securities may include methodologies, estimations and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations and could result in changes to investment valuations that may materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
During periods of market disruption, it may be difficult to value certain securities if trading becomes less frequent and/or market data becomes less observable. There may be certain asset classes that were in active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to the financial environment or market conditions.
Certain market sectors may become dislocated during and after periods of volatile and illiquid market conditions, increasing the difficulty in valuing certain instruments, as trading becomes less frequent and/or market data less observable. As a result, certain valuations may require greater estimation and judgment as well as more complex valuation methods. These values may not ultimately be realizable in a market transaction, and such values may change rapidly as market conditions change and valuation assumptions are modified.
Whether to record an other-than-temporary impairment is determined in part by our assessment of the financial condition and prospects of a particular issuer, projections of future cash flows and recoverability of the particular security as well as an evaluation of our intent to sell and whether it is more likely than not that we would be required to sell prior to recovery. Our conclusions regarding the recoverability of a particular security’s fair value may ultimately prove to be incorrect.
Our investment portfolio is subject to credit quality risks that may diminish the value of our invested assets and affect our profitability and reported book value per share.
During a major downturn in the economy, we are subject to the risk that issuers of fixed maturity securities, other debt securities and commercial mortgage borrowers, will default on principal and interest payments. As of December 31, 2018, we held $7.0 billion of fixed income securities, $0.2 billion of which represented below-investment grade holdings. We generally do not purchase below-investment grade securities. Typically, the below-investment grade holdings we own were acquired as investment grade holdings, but subsequently downgraded. An increase in defaults on our fixed maturity securities and commercial mortgage loans could harm our financial strength and reduce our profitability.
Although we seek to diversify the investment portfolio across multiple asset classes, industries and geographies, the concentration of our investment portfolio in any particular industry, group of related industries or geographic sector could have an adverse effect on our investment portfolios and, consequently, on our results of operations and financial position.
We face competition from companies having greater financial resources, more advanced technology systems, broader arrays of products, higher ratings and stronger financial performance, which may impair our ability to retain existing customers, attract new customers and maintain our profitability and financial strength.
See Item 1. Business - Ratings and Competition for information regarding risks relating to competition.
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As a holding company, we depend on our subsidiaries for funds to meet our obligations, but our life insurance subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions to us is limited by law, and could be affected by minimum risk-based capital requirements.
As a holding company, we rely on dividends from subsidiaries to assist in meeting our obligations. The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other cash payments in the future may materially affect our ability to satisfy our parent company payment obligations, including debt service and dividends on our common stock.
The amount of dividends we have available to pay our common shareholders is limited to a certain extent by the amount of dividends our primary operating subsidiary, Farm Bureau Life, is able to pay to its parent, FBL Financial Group, Inc. Farm Bureau Life’s ability to pay dividends to FBL Financial Group, Inc. is limited by law to earned profits (statutory unassigned surplus) as of the date the dividend is paid, as determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed by insurance regulatory authorities of the State of Iowa. At December 31, 2018, Farm Bureau Life’s statutory unassigned surplus was $503.7 million. There are certain additional limits to the amount of dividends that may be paid within a year without approval of the Insurance Division, Department of Commerce of the State of Iowa (the Iowa Insurance Division) as discussed in Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. During 2019, the maximum amount available for distribution to FBL Financial Group, Inc. from Farm Bureau Life without regulatory approval is $100.8 million.
In addition, Farm Bureau Life is subject to the risk-based capital (RBC) requirement of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) set forth in the Risk-Based Capital for Insurers Model Act (the Model Act). The main purpose of the Model Act is to provide insurance regulators a method of measuring the minimum amount of capital appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations in consideration of its size and risk profile. U.S. insurers and reinsurers are required to report the results of their RBC calculations as part of the statutory annual statements filed with state insurance regulatory authorities. State laws specify regulatory actions if an insurer’s risk-based capital ratio, a measure of solvency, falls below certain levels. The NAIC has a standard formula for annually assessing RBC based on various risk factors related to an insurance company’s capital and surplus, including insurance, business, asset and interest rate risks. The insurance regulators impose regulatory actions when a company’s total adjusted capital is equal to or lower than 200% of its authorized control level risk-based capital. The severity of regulatory actions increase until the point at which regulators assume control of an insurance company when its total adjusted capital is equal to or less than 70% of its authorized control level risk-based capital.
Failure to maintain adequate capital levels could lead to ratings downgrades and liquidity issues that could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
A significant ratings downgrade may have a material adverse effect on our business.
Ratings are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. If our ratings were lowered, our ability to access reinsurance and market products to new customers could be harmed and existing policyholders might cancel their policies or withdraw the cash values of their policies. These events, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and liquidity. Our ratings reflect the agency’s opinions as to our financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations to Farm Bureau Life’s policyholders. There is no assurance that a rating will remain in effect for any given period of time or that a rating will not be reduced, suspended or withdrawn entirely by the rating agency, if in the rating agency’s judgment, circumstances so warrant. See Item 1. Business - Ratings and Competition for a summary of our current ratings.
Cyber attacks, system security risks, data protection breaches and other technology failures could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
A technology failure could occur and potentially disrupt our business, damage our reputation and adversely affect our profitability. Our information technology systems are subject to computer viruses or other malicious codes, unauthorized access and cyber attacks. The administrative and technical controls and other preventive actions we take to reduce the risk of cyber incidents and protect our information technology systems may be insufficient to prevent physical and electronic break-ins, cyber attacks or other security breaches to our computer systems. In addition, disruptions or breaches could occur as a result of natural disasters, man-made disasters, industrial accident, blackout, criminal activity, technological changes or events, terrorism or other unanticipated events beyond our control. Any compromise of the security of our technology systems could damage our reputation, expose us to losses and litigation and require us to incur significant technical, legal and other expenses. While the company has insurance intended to provide coverage from certain losses related to such incidents and a variety of preventative security measures such as risk management, information protection, disaster recovery and business continuity plans, we cannot
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predict the method or outcome of every possible cyber incident. Unanticipated problems with our systems or recovery plans could have a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct business, our results of operations and our financial position.
Success of our business depends in part on effective information technology systems and on continuing to develop and implement improvements.
Our business is dependent upon effective technology for interacting with employees, agents, policyholders, vendors, third parties and investors. It is crucial to our business to reach a large number of people and secure, store and provide sizable amounts of information. If we do not maintain adequate systems to reflect technological advancements, we could experience adverse consequences including inadequate pricing, underwriting and reserving decisions, regulatory problems, security breaches or litigation exposure. This could adversely affect our relationships and ability to do business with our clients and make it difficult to attract new customers.
Our business strategy involves providing customers with easy-to-use products and systems to meet their needs, and our information systems require an ongoing commitment of resources to maintain current standards. We are continuously enhancing and updating our systems to keep pace with changes in information processing technology, evolving industry and regulatory standards, threats and customer demands. A failure to provide customers with the information systems they need to conduct business with us could negatively impact relationships with our customers.
Our business is dependent, in part, upon third-party software and services for some of the above-listed technology needs. If one of our third-party vendors is unable to provide the service we require, there could be an adverse impact on our ability to meet our customer, agent, reporting, regulatory and other operational needs.
Our success is dependent on protecting, maintaining and enhancing the effectiveness of existing systems, as well as continuing to buy or build information systems that support our business processes in a cost-effective manner. An inability to provide and maintain effective information technology systems could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
All segments of our business are highly regulated and these regulations or changes in them could affect our profitability.
We are subject to statutes and regulations in various states in which our life insurance subsidiaries operate. Insurance regulation is different in each state, but is similar in that it is intended to provide safeguards for policyholders, agents, insurance companies and their holding companies. State insurance regulators oversee matters relating to the business of life insurance and annuities, such as sales practices, policy forms, claims practices, types and amounts of investments, reserve adequacy, insurer solvency, minimum amounts of capital and surplus, transactions with related parties, changes in control and payment of dividends. They continually examine existing laws and regulations, and may recommend or make changes as they see appropriate.
Our variable insurance products, investment advisers, broker/dealer and certain licensed agents and employees who are also registered representatives and investment adviser representatives are subject to regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), state securities regulators (in most states where they are authorized to do business) and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).
As noted above, through adoption by law in states where we do business, our life insurance subsidiaries are subject to the NAIC’s RBC requirements. These guidelines are used by state insurance regulators as an early warning tool to identify deteriorating or weakly capitalized insurance companies for the purpose of initiating regulatory action. Our life insurance subsidiaries also may be required under solvency or guaranty laws of most states in which they do business, to pay assessments up to certain prescribed limits to fund policyholder losses for insolvent insurance companies.
Although the federal government does not directly regulate the business of insurance, our company is subject to many of the same federal laws and regulations as other corporations, including, but not limited to pension regulation, employment laws, financial services regulation, securities regulation and federal taxation. Each of these laws and regulations can significantly affect the insurance business. In addition, various forms of direct and indirect federal regulation of insurance have been proposed from time to time. The Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 established the Federal Insurance Office (FIO) within the Department of Treasury to collect information about the insurance industry, recommend prudential standards and represent the U.S. in dealings with foreign insurance regulators. We monitor the activities of the FIO, NAIC and the state insurance regulators.
The regulatory framework at the state and federal level applicable to our insurance products is evolving and could affect the design of our products and our ability to sell certain products. Any changes in these laws and regulations could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
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Our investment management subsidiaries are SEC-registered investment advisers. One of these investment advisers manages the investment portfolios for certain non-affiliated organizations, while the other oversees financial advisory services provided by certain employees and agents.
Our registered separate accounts are regulated under the Investment Company Act. In addition, our broker-dealer subsidiary is registered with the SEC and is subject to regulation under the Exchange Act and various state securities laws, and is a member of and subject to regulation by FINRA. Registered representatives sell mutual funds through our broker/dealer subsidiary and are regulated by FINRA and state securities regulators. The failure of our broker-dealer subsidiary and registered representatives to acquire and maintain required securities registrations and comply with SEC and FINRA regulations could materially impact our business reputation and subject the company to financial penalties.
Regulations imposing new suitability or fiduciary obligations on our agents and registered representatives could increase our operations, regulatory and litigation risks. Recent regulations have been enacted, then vacated, imposing new fiduciary obligations which would have impacted our companies and our distribution force. Since then, similar rules imposing a higher suitability or fiduciary standard have been proposed by various state insurance regulators, the SEC and the NAIC. Until these new rules are finalized or adopted by states in our operating territory, we are unable to assess the effect they might have on our business. If adopted, however, these new regulations could subject our companies and representatives to a higher standard of care and necessitate additional compliance requirements such as disclosures, reporting and record keeping.
A significant change in accounting guidance could have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. From time to time, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards. It is possible that future accounting standards we are required to adopt could change the current accounting treatment that we apply to our consolidated financial statements and that such changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The impact of accounting pronouncements that have been issued but not yet implemented is discussed in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. In addition, our insurance subsidiaries are subject to statutory accounting principles. Certain changes in these accounting principles may materially impact our statutory capital levels and our view on capital adequacy.
Actual experience that differs from our assumptions regarding future persistency, mortality, interest rates and benefit utilization used in pricing our products and calculating reserve amounts and deferred acquisition costs, could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.
The process of pricing products and calculating reserve amounts and deferred acquisition costs for an insurance organization involves the use of a number of assumptions including those related to persistency (how long a contract stays with the company), mortality (the relative incidence of death in a given time), interest rates (the rates expected to be paid or received on financial instruments, including insurance or investment contracts) and benefit utilization (the amount and timing of withdrawal benefits). Actual results could differ significantly from those assumed. Actual experience, which differs from one or more of these assumptions, could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.
Actual experience that differs from assumptions may require us to accelerate the amortization of deferred acquisition costs, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
Deferred acquisition costs (DAC) include certain direct costs of successfully acquiring new insurance business, including commissions and other expenses related to the production of new business, to the extent recoverable from future policy revenues and gross profits. Bonus interest credited to contracts during the first policy year is also included. We amortize these costs over the expected lives of the contracts. We test the DAC recorded on our consolidated balance sheet to determine if these amounts are recoverable under current assumptions. In addition, we regularly review the estimates and assumptions underlying DAC for those products for which we amortize DAC in proportion to gross profits. Given changes in facts and circumstances, these tests and reviews could lead to reductions in DAC that could have an adverse effect on the results of our operations and our financial condition. Increases in actual or expected future withdrawals or surrenders or decreases in expected future investment returns, which are more likely in a severe economic recession, would result in an acceleration of DAC amortization. In addition, significant or sustained equity and bond market declines could result in an acceleration of DAC amortization related to our closed block of variable annuity and variable universal life contracts.
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Our earnings are influenced by our claims experience, which is difficult to estimate for future periods. If our future claims experience does not match our pricing assumptions or past results, our earnings could be materially adversely affected.
Our earnings are significantly influenced by the claims paid under our insurance contracts and will vary from period to period depending upon the amount of claims incurred and any corresponding reinsurance offset. We are exposed to the risk of catastrophic mortality, such as a pandemic or other event that causes a large number of deaths. There is only limited predictability of claims experience within any given quarter or year. The liability that we have established for future insurance and annuity policy benefits is based on assumptions concerning a number of factors, including interest rates, expected claims, persistency and expenses. In the event our future experience does not match our pricing assumptions or our past results, our operating results could be materially adversely affected.
Our reinsurance program involves risks because we remain liable with respect to the liabilities ceded to reinsurers if the reinsurers fail to meet the obligations assumed by them.
We reinsure a portion of our life insurance exposure with unaffiliated insurance companies under traditional indemnity reinsurance agreements. New sales of life products are reinsured above prescribed limits and do not require the reinsurer’s prior approval within certain guidelines. We enter into indemnity reinsurance arrangements to assist in diversifying our risks and to limit our maximum loss on risks that exceed our policy retention limits. Our current maximum retention limit on an insured life is $1.0 million.
Indemnity reinsurance does not fully discharge our obligation to pay claims on the reinsured business. As the ceding insurer, we remain responsible for policy claims to the extent the reinsurer fails to pay claims. Should any reinsurer fail to meet the obligations assumed under such reinsurance, we remain liable, and payment of these obligations could result in losses.
Our business is highly dependent on our relationships with Farm Bureau organizations and could be adversely affected if those relationships became impaired.
Farm Bureau Life’s business relies significantly upon the maintenance of our right to use the Farm Bureau and FB trade names and related trademarks and service marks, which are controlled by the American Farm Bureau Federation and state Farm Bureau organizations. See discussion under “Item 1. Business - Marketing and Distribution - Affiliation with Farm Bureau Organizations” for information regarding these relationships and circumstances under which our access to the Farm Bureau membership base and use of the “Farm Bureau” and “FB” designations could be terminated. The loss of the right to use these designations in a key state or states could have a material adverse effect on operating results.
Our relationship with Farm Bureau organizations could result in conflicts of interests.
Our business and operations are interrelated to a degree with that of the American Farm Bureau Federation and its affiliates, and state Farm Bureau organizations and their affiliates. The Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Farm Bureau Life, share common directors with the American Farm Bureau Federation and certain state Farm Bureau organizations and their affiliates. Farm Bureau Life has written agreements with certain state Farm Bureau organizations, which cover the use of the Farm Bureau name and logo in their respective states. Farm Bureau Life also has written service agreements with affiliates of these state Farm Bureau organizations covering the management of our shared distribution in those states. Negotiation and approval of those agreements may give rise to conflicts of interest for those who serve on the boards of directors of both parties to such agreements. Conflicts could also arise with respect to other business dealings among the parties.
The Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Farm Bureau Life, have comparable agreements with Farm Bureau Property & Casualty Insurance Company. With respect to those agreements, in addition to individuals who serve as directors on the boards of both companies, the Company, Farm Bureau Life and Farm Bureau Property & Casualty Insurance Company have common executive management, which may give rise to conflicts of interest for those executives.
Changes in federal tax laws may affect sales of our products and profitability.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the Tax Act) was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act reduced the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% and contained many base-broadening provisions specific to the life insurance industry. The reduction in the corporate tax rate will generally result in increased net income in years subsequent to enactment. Some proposed guidance has been issued regarding several relevant issues, but additional guidance could result in base-broadening provisions offsetting the benefit of the lower rate.
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Additionally, the Tax Act reduced individual tax rates and doubled the estate tax exemptions. The Tax Act does not change the taxation of annuity and life products, and they maintain the policyholder tax advantages not present in other savings instruments, such as certificates of deposit and taxable bonds. Federal income tax law allows for the deferral of income tax on the earnings during the accumulation period of certain annuity and life insurance products, as opposed to the current taxation of other savings instruments. In addition, life insurance death benefits are generally exempt from income tax.
The long-term impact, if any, on the sales of our products from lower individual tax rates and a higher estate tax exemption is uncertain at this time.
Our ability to maintain competitive costs is dependent upon the level of new sales and persistency of existing business.
Maintaining competitive costs depends upon numerous factors, including the level of new sales, persistency of existing business and expense management. A decrease in sales or persistency without a corresponding reduction in expenses could affect our business and results of operations.
If we are unable to attract and retain agents, sales of our products and services may be reduced.
We compete to attract and retain exclusive agents for Farm Bureau Life. Intense competition exists for persons with demonstrated ability. We compete primarily on the basis of our reputation, products, compensation, support services, rating agency ratings and financial position. Sales and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected if we are unsuccessful in attracting and retaining agents.
Attracting and retaining employees who are key to our business is critical to our growth and success.
The success of our business and the ability to reach our goals is dependent, to a large extent, on our ability to attract and retain key employees. Competition is intense in the job market for certain positions, such as actuaries and other insurance professionals with demonstrated ability. It can be particularly challenging with our headquarters being located in central Iowa, a hub of insurance company and financial institution home offices.
Our employees are not subject to employment contracts. There can be no certainty regarding the length of time any of our named executive officers will remain with us. Our inability to retain our key employees, or attract and retain additional qualified employees, could materially adversely affect our sales, results of operations and financial condition.
We face risks relating to litigation, including the costs of such litigation, management distraction and the potential for damage awards, which may adversely impact our business.
We are occasionally involved in litigation, both as a defendant and as a plaintiff. Some lawsuits naming us as defendants may be, or purport to be, class actions. In addition, state regulators such as the Iowa Insurance Division, and federal regulators such as the SEC, FINRA, DOL and the Internal Revenue Service, are entitled to make inquiries and conduct examinations or investigations concerning our compliance with, among other things, insurance laws, securities laws, tax laws, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) and laws governing the activities of broker-dealers and investment advisers. Moreover, we are subject to the risks of errors and misconduct by our exclusive agents and other representatives, such as fraud, non-compliance with policies and recommending transactions that are not suitable for particular customers. While we are currently not a party to any lawsuit that we believe will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, there can be no assurance that any litigation will not have such an effect, whether financially, through distraction of our management or otherwise.
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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our principal operations are conducted from property leased from a subsidiary of the Iowa Farm Bureau Federation under a 10 year operating lease that expires in 2021, with automatic five-year extensions unless terminated by one of the parties at least six months prior to the expiration date. Currently, the property leased primarily consists of approximately 141,000 square feet of a 400,000 square foot office building in West Des Moines, Iowa. In addition to our home office building, we lease additional space in West Des Moines, Iowa, to meet our business needs.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Information required for Item 3 is incorporated by reference from the discussion in Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Stock Market Information
The Class A common stock of FBL Financial Group, Inc. is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol FFG.
There is no established market for purchasing our Class B common stock, although it is convertible upon demand into Class A common stock on a share for share basis. As of January 17, 2019, there were approximately 4,700 holders of Class A common stock and 21 holders of record of Class B common stock.
Class B common stockholders receive dividends at the same rate as that declared on Class A common stock. We intend to declare regular quarterly cash dividends in the future, subject to the discretion of the Board of Directors, which depends in part upon general business conditions, legal restrictions and other factors the Board of Directors deems relevant. It is anticipated that the quarterly dividend rate for 2019 will increase to $0.48 per share and a special dividend of $1.50 per common share will be paid in the first quarter of 2019.
For restrictions on dividends, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Liquidity and Capital Resources” included in Item 7.
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Comparison of Five-Year Total Return
| Period ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 12/31/2013 | 12/31/2014 | 12/31/2015 | 12/31/2016 | 12/31/2017 | 12/31/2018 | ||||||||||||||||||
| FBL Financial Group, Inc. | $ | 100.00 | $ | 133.49 | $ | 155.58 | $ | 202.75 | $ | 189.69 | $ | 187.10 | |||||||||||
| S&P 500 Index | 100.00 | 113.69 | 115.26 | 129.05 | 157.22 | 150.33 | |||||||||||||||||
| S&P 500 Life & Health Insurance Index | 100.00 | 101.95 | 95.51 | 119.26 | 138.85 | 110.01 | |||||||||||||||||
Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence
The performance graph shows a comparison of the cumulative total return over the past five years of our Class A common stock, the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Life and Health Insurance Index. The graph plots the changes in value of an initial $100 investment, assuming reinvestment of dividends.
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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table sets forth issuer purchases of equity securities for the quarter ended December 31, 2018.
| Period | (a) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased | (b) Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) | (c) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | (d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs | |||||||
| October 1, 2018 through October 31, 2018 | 14,849 | $ | 68.16 | 14,849 | $46,945,343 | ||||||
| November 1, 2018 through November 30, 2018 | 21,654 | 69.18 | 21,654 | $45,447,409 | |||||||
| December 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018 | 67,323 | 67.56 | 67,323 | $40,899,295 | |||||||
| Total | 103,826 | $ | 67.98 | ||||||||
Activity in this table represents Class A common shares repurchased by the Company in connection with the repurchase program announced on March 1, 2018, which will expire on March 31, 2022. The program authorizes us to make repurchases of Class A common stock in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, with the timing and terms of the purchases to be determined by management based on market conditions. Completion of the program is dependent on market conditions and other factors. There is no guarantee as to the exact timing of any repurchases or the number of shares, if any, that we will repurchase. The share repurchase program may be modified or terminated at any time without prior notice.
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ITEM 6. SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
| As of or for the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 (1) | 2016 (1) | 2015 (1) | 2014 (1) | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Statement of Income Data | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product charges | $ | 122,789 | $ | 112,936 | $ | 111,928 | $ | 114,584 | $ | 109,770 | |||||||||
| Traditional life insurance premiums | 198,312 | 195,330 | 196,914 | 190,956 | 183,300 | ||||||||||||||
| Net investment income | 394,618 | 415,199 | 404,170 | 391,149 | 382,082 | ||||||||||||||
| Realized gains (losses) on investments | (12,274 | ) | (954 | ) | (1,763 | ) | 10,489 | 2,938 | |||||||||||
| Total revenues | 719,626 | 737,911 | 726,414 | 722,809 | 692,939 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (2) | 93,822 | 187,333 | 102,838 | 110,363 | 107,983 | ||||||||||||||
| Per common share: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Earnings (2) | 3.76 | 7.47 | 4.11 | 4.42 | 4.34 | ||||||||||||||
| Earnings - assuming dilution (2) | 3.75 | 7.47 | 4.10 | 4.41 | 4.31 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends (3) | 3.34 | 3.26 | 3.68 | 3.60 | 1.40 | ||||||||||||||
| Weighted average common shares outstanding - assuming dilution | 24,944,601 | 25,057,445 | 25,029,083 | 25,016,483 | 25,016,244 | ||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Balance Sheet Data | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | 8,414,118 | $ | 8,620,243 | $ | 8,174,660 | $ | 7,722,753 | $ | 7,680,970 | |||||||||
| Assets held in separate accounts | 561,281 | 651,963 | 597,072 | 625,257 | 683,033 | ||||||||||||||
| Total assets | 9,833,630 | 10,053,401 | 9,557,589 | 9,127,995 | 9,061,249 | ||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | 97,000 | 97,000 | 97,000 | 97,000 | 97,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 8,649,371 | 8,676,276 | 8,374,034 | 7,993,843 | 7,805,579 | ||||||||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity (4) | 1,184,259 | 1,377,125 | 1,183,555 | 1,134,152 | 1,255,670 | ||||||||||||||
| Book value per common share (4) | 47.78 | 55.12 | 47.42 | 45.59 | 50.68 | ||||||||||||||
Notes to Selected Consolidated Financial Data
| (1) | Certain amounts from 2014 through 2017 have been restated due to a voluntary change in our accounting policy for low income housing tax credit investments from the equity method to the proportional amortization method during 2018. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for further information. |
| (2) | Net income and earnings per share in 2017 were positively impacted by the initial impact to deferred income taxes from the change in the federal statutory tax rate totaling $81.2 million ($3.24 basic and diluted earnings per share). |
| (3) | Dividends in 2018 and 2017 include a special $1.50 per share cash dividend to Class A and B common shareholders. Dividends in 2016 and 2015 include a special $2.00 per share cash dividend to Class A and B common shareholders. |
| (4) | Amounts are impacted by accumulated other comprehensive income totaling $91.3 million in 2018, $285.0 million in 2017, $149.6 million in 2016, $114.5 million in 2015 and $258.4 million in 2014. These amounts are net of deferred income taxes and other adjustments for assumed changes in deferred acquisition costs, unearned revenue reserve, value of insurance in force acquired and policyholder liabilities. |
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
When reading the following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, please refer to our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this report. Unless noted otherwise, all references to FBL Financial Group, Inc. (we or the Company) include all of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including its insurance subsidiaries Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company (Farm Bureau Life) and Greenfields Life Insurance Company (Greenfields Life).
In this discussion and analysis, we explain our consolidated results of operations, financial condition and where appropriate, factors that management believes may affect future performance, including:
| • | our revenues and expenses in the periods presented, |
| • | changes in revenues and expenses between periods, |
| • | sources of earnings and changes in stockholders’ equity, |
| • | impact of these items on our overall financial condition and |
| • | expected sources and uses of cash. |
We have organized our discussion and analysis as follows:
| • | First, we discuss our business and drivers of profitability. |
| • | We then describe the business environment in which we operate including factors that affect operating results. |
| • | We highlight significant events that are important to understanding our results of operations and financial condition. |
| • | We then review the results of operations beginning with an overview of the total Company results, followed by a more detailed review of those results by operating segment. |
| • | Finally, we discuss critical accounting policies and recently issued accounting standards. The critical accounting policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management’s most difficult or complex judgment. |
Overview and Profitability
We operate predominantly in the life insurance industry through our principal subsidiary, Farm Bureau Life. Farm Bureau Life markets individual life insurance policies and annuity contracts to Farm Bureau members and other individuals and businesses in the Midwestern and Western sections of the United States through an exclusive agency force. Several subsidiaries support various functional areas of Farm Bureau Life and other affiliates by providing investment advisory, marketing and distribution, and leasing services. In addition, we manage two Farm Bureau affiliated property-casualty companies.
We analyze operations by reviewing financial information regarding our primary products that are aggregated in Annuity and Life Insurance product segments. In addition, our Corporate and Other segment includes various support operations, corporate capital and other product lines that are not currently underwritten by the Company. We use net income determined using U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), in addition to non-GAAP operating income (a measure of earnings not recognized under GAAP), to measure our performance. Non-GAAP operating income is a common life insurance industry measure of performance. Non-GAAP operating income, for the periods presented, consists of net income adjusted to exclude the impact of realized gains and losses on investments and the change in fair value of derivatives, which can fluctuate greatly from period to period. These fluctuations make it difficult to analyze core operating trends. In addition, for derivatives not designated as hedges, there is a mismatch between the valuation of the asset and liability when deriving net income (loss). Specifically, call options relating to our indexed business are one-year assets while the embedded derivatives in the indexed contracts represent the rights of the contract holder to receive index credits over the entire period the indexed annuities are expected to be in force. During 2017, we revised our non-GAAP operating income definition to remove from net income the initial impact from a change in tax laws. The revision did not impact 2016 non-GAAP operating earnings but did affect 2017 and 2018, with the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (Tax Act). See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for additional information regarding the Tax Act. A view of our operating performance without the impact of these items enhances the analysis of our results, although it should not be viewed as a substitute for net income as a measure of financial performance. See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for further information regarding how we define our segments and non-GAAP operating income.
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We also include within our analysis “premiums collected,” another measure that is not used in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but is a common life insurance industry measure of agent productivity. See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for further information regarding this measure and its relationship to GAAP revenues.
Our profitability is primarily a factor of:
| • | The volume of our life insurance and annuity business in force, which is driven by the level of our sales and the persistency of the business written. |
| • | The amount of spread (excess of net investment income earned over interest credited) we earn on contract holders’ general account balances. |
| • | Our ability to price our life insurance products to earn acceptable margins over the cost of providing benefits and the expenses of acquiring and administering the products. Competitive conditions, mortality experience, persistency, benefit utilization, investment results and our ability to maintain expenses in accordance with pricing assumptions drive our margins on the life products. On many products, we have the ability to mitigate adverse experience through adjustments to credited interest rates, policyholder dividends or cost of insurance charges. |
| • | Our ability to manage our investment portfolio to maximize investment returns while providing adequate liquidity for obligations to policyholders and minimizing the risk of defaults or impairments of invested assets. |
| • | Our ability to manage the level of our operating expenses. |
| • | Actual experience and changes in assumptions for expected surrender and withdrawal rates, mortality and spreads used in the amortization of deferred acquisition costs. |
Our profitability is also impacted by changes in accounting guidance that affect the timing of profit recognition. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for details on adopted and pending accounting pronouncements. In addition to guidance that has been adopted, the accounting standards setting bodies are currently working on other projects that could impact the timing of profit emergence including the accounting for insurance contracts. It is uncertain what the outcome of these or other projects will be or, in many cases, when they will be completed.
Impact of Recent Business Environment
Our business generally benefits from moderate to strong economic expansion. Conversely, a lackluster economy characterized by higher unemployment, lower family income, lower consumer spending, muted corporate earnings growth and lower business investment could adversely impact the demand for our products in the future. We also may experience a higher incidence of claims, lapses or surrenders of policies during such times. We cannot predict whether or when such actions may occur, or what impact, if any, such actions could have on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.
Economic and other environmental factors that may impact our business include, but are not limited to, the following:
| • | Gross Domestic Product increased at an annual rate of 2.9% during 2018 based on recent estimates. |
| • | U.S. unemployment was estimated to be 3.9% at year-end 2018. |
| • | U.S. net farm income is estimated to have decreased 12.1% and farm real estate value is estimated to have increased 2.1% during 2018 according to recent U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates. |
| • | The impact to our business from tariffs recently imposed as well as proposed on the general U.S. and farm economies. |
| • | The U.S. 10-year Treasury yield increased during 2018 from 2.40% at December 31, 2017 to 2.69% at December 31, 2018. |
| • | The long-term impact of the enactment of the Tax Act during December 2017 on the general U.S. economy, business initiatives and consumer demand for our insurance products. |
The low interest rate environment continues to impact our investment yields as well as the interest we credit on our interest sensitive products. The 10-year U.S. Treasury yield rose 29 basis points during 2018, reaching a high of 3.24% during the fourth quarter and ending the year at 2.69%. Corporate credit spreads also increased during the year, contributing to an overall increase in market interest rates and decreasing the fair value of our investment portfolio. While interest rates have risen they remain at historically low levels, which along with a relatively flat yield curve impacts the attractiveness of our annuity and universal life products compared with other products such as certificates of deposit offered by banks. Our rates are comparable to other insurance companies however, allowing us to maintain our competitive position within the market. See the segment discussion and “Financial Condition” section that follows for additional information regarding the impact of low market interest rates on our business.
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Results of Operations for the Three Years Ended December 31, 2018
| Year ended December 31, | Change over prior year | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to FBL Financial Group, Inc. (1) | $ | 93,793 | $ | 187,305 | $ | 102,842 | (50 | )% | 82 | % | |||||||
| Net income adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||
| Initial impact of the Tax Act (2) | (617 | ) | (81,157 | ) | — | (99 | )% | N/A | |||||||||
| Realized gains/losses on investments (3) (4) | 9,546 | 459 | 713 | 1,980 | % | (36 | )% | ||||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives (3) | 6,188 | (2,549 | ) | (1,485 | ) | (343 | )% | 72 | % | ||||||||
| Non-GAAP operating income (1) (5) | $ | 108,910 | $ | 104,058 | $ | 102,070 | 5 | % | 2 | % | |||||||
| Pre-tax non-GAAP operating income: | |||||||||||||||||
| Annuity segment | $ | 62,846 | $ | 68,821 | $ | 66,025 | (9 | )% | 4 | % | |||||||
| Life Insurance segment | 47,680 | 53,856 | 55,977 | (11 | )% | (4 | )% | ||||||||||
| Corporate and Other segment (1) | 16,013 | 23,350 | 22,095 | (31 | )% | 6 | % | ||||||||||
| Total pre-tax non-GAAP operating income (1) | 126,539 | 146,027 | 144,097 | (13 | )% | 1 | % | ||||||||||
| Income taxes on non-GAAP operating income (1) | (17,629 | ) | (41,969 | ) | (42,027 | ) | (58 | )% | — | % | |||||||
| Non-GAAP operating income (1) (5) | $ | 108,910 | $ | 104,058 | $ | 102,070 | 5 | % | 2 | % | |||||||
| Earnings per common share - assuming dilution (1) | $ | 3.75 | $ | 7.47 | $ | 4.10 | (50 | )% | 82 | % | |||||||
| Non-GAAP operating income per common share - assuming dilution (1) (5) | $ | 4.36 | $ | 4.15 | $ | 4.07 | 5 | % | 2 | % | |||||||
| Effective tax rate on non-GAAP operating income (1) | 14 | % | 29 | % | 29 | % | |||||||||||
| Average invested assets, at amortized cost (1) (6) | $ | 8,260,499 | $ | 7,970,374 | $ | 7,647,902 | 4 | % | 4 | % | |||||||
| Annualized yield on average invested assets (1) (6) | 5.13 | % | 5.28 | % | 5.36 | % | |||||||||||
| Impact on non-GAAP operating income of unlocking deferred acquisition costs, deferred sales inducements, unearned revenue reserve and certain interest sensitive product reserves, net of tax (5) | $ | (227 | ) | $ | 682 | $ | (3,260 | ) | (133 | )% | (121 | )% | |||||
| (1) | Prior period amounts have been adjusted to reflect the accounting change for low income housing tax credit (LIHTC) investments. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for additional information. |
| (2) | Amount represents a change in our deferred tax assets and liabilities due to the enactment of the Tax Act. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for additional information. |
| (3) | Amounts are net of adjustments, as applicable, to amortization of unearned revenue reserves, deferred acquisition costs and value of insurance in force acquired, as well as changes in interest sensitive product reserves and income taxes attributable to these items. |
| (4) | Beginning in 2018, amount includes changes in fair value of equity securities as discussed in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. |
| (5) | See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for further information on non-GAAP operating income. |
| (6) | Average invested assets and annualized yield including investments held as securities and indebtedness of related parties. |
Our net income decreased in 2018, compared to 2017, primarily due to the adjustment made in 2017 for the initial impact of the Tax Act. Net income and non-GAAP operating income were positively impacted by reduced income tax rates related to changes under the Tax Act and increased earnings from an increase in the volume of business in force. These increases in income were partially offset by an increase in interest sensitive product benefits, an increase in expenses, lower other investment-related income and an increase in amortization of deferred acquisition costs from the impact of market performance on our variable business. Net income was also negatively impacted by net unrealized losses from investments and changes in fair value of derivatives.
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Our net income increased in 2017, compared to 2016, primarily due to the initial impact of the Tax Act. Net income and non-GAAP operating income were positively impacted by increased earnings from an increase in the volume of business in force and the impact of unlocking, partially offset by increases in death benefits.
We periodically revise key assumptions used in the calculation of the amortization of deferred acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, deferred sales inducements, unearned revenue reserve for participating life insurance and interest sensitive products, as well as certain reserves on interest sensitive products, as applicable, through an “unlocking” process. These assumptions typically consist of withdrawal and lapse rates, earned spreads and mortality with revisions based on historical results and our best estimate of future experience. The impact of unlocking is recorded in the current period as an increase or decrease to amortization of the respective balances. While the unlocking process can take place at any time, as needs dictate, the process typically takes place annually. See the discussion that follows for further details of the unlocking impact to our operating segments.
| Annuity Segment | |||||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | Change over prior year | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP operating revenues: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product charges and other income | $ | 5,173 | $ | 4,484 | $ | 3,807 | 15 | % | 18 | % | |||||||
| Net investment income | 218,823 | 219,700 | 210,679 | — | % | 4 | % | ||||||||||
| Total non-GAAP operating revenues | 223,996 | 224,184 | 214,486 | — | % | 5 | % | ||||||||||
| Non-GAAP operating benefits and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product benefits | 124,015 | 122,224 | 113,543 | 1 | % | 8 | % | ||||||||||
| Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Commissions net of deferrals | 2,027 | 2,162 | 2,214 | (6 | )% | (2 | )% | ||||||||||
| Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 11,243 | 8,506 | 11,185 | 32 | % | (24 | )% | ||||||||||
| Amortization of value of insurance in force | 674 | 678 | 886 | (1 | )% | (23 | )% | ||||||||||
| Other underwriting expenses | 23,191 | 21,793 | 20,633 | 6 | % | 6 | % | ||||||||||
| Total underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses | 37,135 | 33,139 | 34,918 | 12 | % | (5 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total non-GAAP operating benefits and expenses | 161,150 | 155,363 | 148,461 | 4 | % | 5 | % | ||||||||||
| Pre-tax non-GAAP operating income (1) | $ | 62,846 | $ | 68,821 | $ | 66,025 | (9 | )% | 4 | % | |||||||
| Other data | |||||||||||||||||
| Annuity premiums collected, direct (2) | $ | 285,438 | $ | 284,620 | $ | 349,392 | — | % | (19 | )% | |||||||
| Policy liabilities and accruals, end of period | 4,374,798 | 4,319,064 | 4,192,261 | 1 | % | 3 | % | ||||||||||
| Average invested assets, at amortized cost | 4,523,665 | 4,356,670 | 4,159,686 | 4 | % | 5 | % | ||||||||||
| Other investment-related income included in net investment income (3) | 5,576 | 7,075 | 8,426 | (21 | )% | (16 | )% | ||||||||||
| Average individual annuity account value | 3,135,247 | 3,033,636 | 2,879,458 | 3 | % | 5 | % | ||||||||||
| Earned spread on individual annuity products: | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average yield on cash and invested assets | 4.87 | % | 5.15 | % | 5.28 | % | |||||||||||
| Weighted average interest crediting rate | 2.51 | % | 2.59 | % | 2.69 | % | |||||||||||
| Spread | 2.36 | % | 2.56 | % | 2.59 | % | |||||||||||
| Individual annuity withdrawal rate | 5.3 | % | 4.2 | % | 4.0 | % | |||||||||||
| (1) | See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for further information on non-GAAP operating income. |
| (2) | Premiums collected is a non-GAAP measure of sales production, see Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. |
| (3) | Includes prepayment fee income and adjustments to the amortization of premium or discounts from changes in our payment speed assumptions. |
29
Pre-tax non-GAAP operating income for the Annuity segment decreased in 2018, compared to 2017, primarily due to lower other investment-related income, an increase in other underwriting expenses and an increase in amortization of deferred acquisition costs. Pre-tax non-GAAP operating income increased in 2017, compared to 2016, primarily due to the impact from an increase in the volume of business in force and a benefit from unlocking, partially offset by lower other investment-related income and higher other underwriting expenses.
The average aggregate account value for individual annuity contracts in force increased in 2018 and 2017, compared to the prior periods, due to continued sales, advances on our funding agreements with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (FHLB) and the crediting of interest. Continued growth in our business in force contributes to the increase in revenues, benefits and expenses. Premiums collected increased in 2018 compared to 2017 due to increased sales of our indexed annuity products, partially offset by decreased sales of our fixed rate deferred annuity products. Premiums collected decreased in 2017 compared to 2016 due to decreased sales of our fixed rate deferred and indexed annuity products. Individual fixed rate deferred annuity collected premiums were $139.0 million in 2018, $167.7 million in 2017 and $213.3 million in 2016. Indexed annuity collected premiums were $137.6 million in 2018, $110.6 million in 2017 and $125.5 million in 2016. Outstanding funding agreements with FHLB totaled $446.0 million at December 31, 2018, $415.1 million at December 31, 2017 and $437.4 million at December 31, 2016.
The individual annuity withdrawal rate increased in 2018, compared to 2017, due to certain policies reaching the end of their interest rate guarantee period and the competitiveness of our current crediting rates relative to other financial institutions.
In 2018, we offered a voluntary early retirement program to certain employees. The impact of the program to the Annuity segment was a $1.9 million increase in other underwriting expenses and a $0.6 million increase in investment expenses, which lowered net investment income.
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and the value of insurance in force changed in 2018 and 2017, compared to prior periods, due to changes in actual and expected profits on the underlying business. Amortization, as well as reserves held on certain interest sensitive products, also changed due to the impact of unlocking. Unlocking generally reflects changes in our projected earned spreads, policy lapses and mortality assumptions. The impact of unlocking on pre-tax non-GAAP operating income was as follows:
| Impact of Unlocking on Pre-tax Non-GAAP Operating Income | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Amortization of deferred sales inducements reported in interest sensitive product benefits | $ | 13 | $ | 10 | $ | 1 | |||||
| Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 236 | 1,743 | (1,219 | ) | |||||||
| Amortization of value of insurance in force acquired | — | — | (194 | ) | |||||||
| Changes in reserves reported in interest sensitive product benefits | — | (228 | ) | — | |||||||
| Increase (decrease) to pre-tax non-GAAP operating income (1) | $ | 249 | $ | 1,525 | $ | (1,412 | ) | ||||
| (1) | Pre-tax operating income is a non-GAAP measure of earnings, see Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. |
The weighted average yield on cash and invested assets for individual annuities decreased in 2018 and 2017, compared to the prior periods, primarily due to lower yields on new investment acquisitions from premium receipts and reinvestment of the proceeds from maturing investments, compared with the average existing portfolio yield and lower other investment-related income. See the “Financial Condition” section that follows for additional information regarding the yields obtained on investment acquisitions. Weighted average interest crediting rates on our individual annuity products decreased due to crediting rate actions taken in 2018, 2017 and 2016 in response to the declining portfolio yield and a change in the underlying product mix.
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| Life Insurance Segment | |||||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | Change over prior year | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP operating revenues: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product charges and other income | $ | 73,879 | $ | 64,945 | $ | 63,105 | 14 | % | 3 | % | |||||||
| Traditional life insurance premiums | 198,312 | 195,330 | 196,914 | 2 | % | (1 | )% | ||||||||||
| Net investment income | 158,003 | 158,318 | 154,427 | — | % | 3 | % | ||||||||||
| Total non-GAAP operating revenues | 430,194 | 418,593 | 414,446 | 3 | % | 1 | % | ||||||||||
| Non-GAAP operating benefits and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product benefits: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest and index credits | 36,286 | 34,447 | 32,648 | 5 | % | 6 | % | ||||||||||
| Death benefits and other | 65,086 | 57,185 | 51,409 | 14 | % | 11 | % | ||||||||||
| Total interest sensitive product benefits | 101,372 | 91,632 | 84,057 | 11 | % | 9 | % | ||||||||||
| Traditional life insurance benefits: | |||||||||||||||||
| Death benefits | 84,921 | 86,901 | 85,630 | (2 | )% | 1 | % | ||||||||||
| Surrender and other benefits | 37,842 | 35,416 | 32,664 | 7 | % | 8 | % | ||||||||||
| Increase in traditional life future policy benefits | 52,436 | 50,708 | 59,406 | 3 | % | (15 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total traditional life insurance benefits | 175,199 | 173,025 | 177,700 | 1 | % | (3 | )% | ||||||||||
| Distributions to participating policyholders | 10,130 | 10,140 | 10,574 | — | % | (4 | )% | ||||||||||
| Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Commission expense, net of deferrals | 19,113 | 19,240 | 17,614 | (1 | )% | 9 | % | ||||||||||
| Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 15,264 | 14,368 | 11,038 | 6 | % | 30 | % | ||||||||||
| Amortization of value of insurance in force | 1,492 | 1,500 | 1,508 | (1 | )% | (1 | )% | ||||||||||
| Other underwriting expenses | 63,784 | 57,573 | 55,978 | 11 | % | 3 | % | ||||||||||
| Total underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses | 99,653 | 92,681 | 86,138 | 8 | % | 8 | % | ||||||||||
| Total non-GAAP operating benefits and expenses | 386,354 | 367,478 | 358,469 | 5 | % | 3 | % | ||||||||||
| 43,840 | 51,115 | 55,977 | (14 | )% | (9 | )% | |||||||||||
| Equity income, before tax | 3,840 | 2,741 | — | 40 | % | N/A | |||||||||||
| Pre-tax non-GAAP operating income (1) | $ | 47,680 | $ | 53,856 | $ | 55,977 | (11 | )% | (4 | )% | |||||||
| Other data | |||||||||||||||||
| Life premiums collected, net of reinsurance (2) | $ | 304,229 | $ | 292,344 | $ | 281,551 | 4 | % | 4 | % | |||||||
| Policy liabilities and accruals, end of period | 2,990,962 | 2,896,255 | 2,786,746 | 3 | % | 4 | % | ||||||||||
| Life insurance in force, end of period | 59,968,574 | 58,117,575 | 55,980,731 | 3 | % | 4 | % | ||||||||||
| Average invested assets, at amortized cost (3) | 3,033,978 | 2,925,719 | 2,802,743 | 4 | % | 4 | % | ||||||||||
| Other investment-related income included in net investment income (4) | 2,320 | 3,270 | 1,552 | (29 | )% | 111 | % | ||||||||||
| Average interest sensitive life account value | 853,993 | 830,886 | 811,390 | 3 | % | 2 | % | ||||||||||
| Interest sensitive life insurance spread: | |||||||||||||||||
| Weighted average yield on cash and invested assets (3) | 5.33 | % | 5.70 | % | 5.56 | % | |||||||||||
| Weighted average interest crediting rate | 3.66 | % | 3.87 | % | 3.82 | % | |||||||||||
| Spread | 1.67 | % | 1.83 | % | 1.74 | % | |||||||||||
| Life insurance lapse and surrender rates | 4.6 | % | 4.7 | % | 5.4 | % | |||||||||||
| Death benefits, net of reinsurance and reserves released | $ | 97,477 | $ | 88,615 | $ | 83,444 | 10 | % | 6 | % | |||||||
| (1) | See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for further information on non-GAAP operating income. |
| (2) | Premiums collected is a non-GAAP measure of sales production, see Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. |
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| (3) | Average invested assets and weighted average yield including investments held as securities and indebtedness of related parties. |
| (4) | Includes prepayment fee income and adjustments to the amortization of premium or discounts from changes in our payment speed assumptions. |
Pre-tax non-GAAP operating income for the Life Insurance segment decreased in 2018, compared to 2017, primarily due to lower other investment-related income, an increase in interest sensitive death benefits and other underwriting expenses and higher interest sensitive benefits due to a change in estimate of the impact of a prior period immaterial error. These decreases were partially offset by the impact of increases in the volume of business in force. Pre-tax non-GAAP operating income decreased in 2017, compared to 2016, primarily due to increases in death benefits and the correction of an immaterial error, partially offset by the impact of increases in the volume of business in force and other investment-related income.
Continued growth in our business in force contributes to the increase in revenues, benefits and expenses.
Death benefits, net of reinsurance and reserves released, increased in 2018, compared to 2017, due to an increase in the average claim amount along with a change in estimate of the impact of a prior period immaterial error as discussed below. Death benefits, net of reinsurance and reserves released, increased in 2017, compared to 2016, due to increases in the average claim amount and in the number of claims reported. Other interest sensitive product benefits increased in 2018 and 2017, compared to prior year periods, due to an increase in our universal life secondary guarantee reserves from growth in our business in force. Traditional life surrenders and other benefits increased $1.1 million in 2018 and $0.9 million in 2017, compared to prior year periods, due to increases in scheduled endowment benefits.
Results for 2018 and 2017 were unfavorably impacted by the correction of an immaterial error related to a closed block of interest sensitive whole life business. The immaterial error arose and accumulated over several years, with no prior year materially impacted. Remediation required an adjustment to existing inforce business account values as well as adjustment to benefit payments for terminated business. During 2017, pre-tax earnings were negatively impacted by $3.2 million lower interest sensitive product charges as a result of this correction, along with $0.4 million in accrued interest included in interest sensitive product benefits. During 2018 we revised our estimate of the immaterial error as individual policy level analysis of past benefit payments was completed. The estimate refinement resulted in a pre-tax charge of $5.5 million, consisting of $3.5 million related to delayed benefit payments and $2.0 million of accrued interest. The change in estimate and accrued interest resulted in an increase to 2018 interest sensitive product benefits interest credited of $2.0 million, interest sensitive death benefits of $3.3 million and traditional life future policy benefits of $0.2 million.
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs, deferred sales inducements, the value of insurance in force and unearned revenue reserves changed in 2018 and 2017, compared to prior periods, due to changes in actual and expected profits on the underlying business. Amortization, as well as reserves held on certain interest sensitive products, also changed due to the impact of unlocking. Unlocking generally reflects changes in our projected earned spreads, policy lapses, premium persistency and mortality assumptions. The impact of unlocking on pre-tax non-GAAP operating income was as follows:
| Impact of Unlocking on Pre-tax Non-GAAP Operating Income | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Amortization of unearned revenue reserve reported in interest sensitive product charges and other income | $ | 420 | $ | (1,166 | ) | $ | (2,130 | ) | |||
| Amortization of deferred sales inducements reported in interest sensitive product benefits | (209 | ) | 422 | 471 | |||||||
| Amortization of deferred sales inducements reported in traditional life insurance benefits | 65 | 55 | 69 | ||||||||
| Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 2,152 | 3,873 | 7,179 | ||||||||
| Changes in reserves reported in interest sensitive product benefits | (4,755 | ) | (5,574 | ) | (9,284 | ) | |||||
| Decrease to pre-tax non-GAAP operating income (1) | $ | (2,327 | ) | $ | (2,390 | ) | $ | (3,695 | ) | ||
| (1) | Pre-tax operating income is a non-GAAP measure of earnings, see Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in item 8. |
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In 2018, we offered a voluntary early retirement program to certain employees. The impact of the program to the Life Insurance segment was a $3.6 million increase in other underwriting expenses and a $0.4 million increase in investment expenses, which lowered net investment income. The increase in other underwriting expenses also included increased expenses associated with salaries, including a one-time employee bonus in the first quarter of 2018 related to the enactment of the Tax Act, and additional expenses associated with system enhancements.
We assign a portion of our investments held in securities and indebtedness of related parties to the Life Insurance segment. These investments include equity interests in limited liability partnerships and corporations, accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Equity income, before tax, consists of our proportionate share of gains and losses attributable to our relative ownership interest in these investments. See the Equity Income discussion that follows, and Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, for additional information regarding these investments.
The weighted average yield on cash and invested assets for interest sensitive life insurance products decreased in 2018, compared to 2017, due to lower yields on new investment acquisitions from premium receipts and reinvestment of the proceeds from maturing investments, compared with the average existing portfolio yield and lower other investment-related income. The weighted average yield on cash and invested assets for interest sensitive life insurance products increased in 2017, compared to 2016, due to higher other investment-related income, partially offset by lower yields on new investment acquisitions from premium receipts and reinvestment of the proceeds from maturing investments, compared with the average existing portfolio yield. See the “Financial Condition” section that follows for additional information regarding the yields obtained on investment acquisitions. Weighted average interest crediting rates on our interest sensitive life insurance products decreased in 2018, compared to 2017, due to crediting rate actions taken on various products in 2018, 2017, and 2016. We incurred increases in weighted average interest crediting rates in 2017, compared to 2016, due to the immaterial error mentioned above, partially offset by the crediting rate actions taken.
| Corporate and Other Segment | |||||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | Change over prior year | ||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP operating revenues: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product charges | $ | 43,622 | $ | 43,517 | $ | 44,716 | — | % | (3 | )% | |||||||
| Net investment income | 33,272 | 34,918 | 32,514 | (5 | )% | 7 | % | ||||||||||
| Other income | 16,787 | 15,905 | 15,473 | 6 | % | 3 | % | ||||||||||
| Total non-GAAP operating revenues | 93,681 | 94,340 | 92,703 | (1 | )% | 2 | % | ||||||||||
| Non-GAAP operating benefits and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product benefits | 34,465 | 39,060 | 37,296 | (12 | )% | 5 | % | ||||||||||
| Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Commission expense, net of deferrals | 2,662 | 2,954 | 2,907 | (10 | )% | 2 | % | ||||||||||
| Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 8,869 | 488 | 6,078 | 1,717 | % | (92 | )% | ||||||||||
| Other underwriting expenses | 5,975 | 6,471 | 6,005 | (8 | )% | 8 | % | ||||||||||
| Total underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses | 17,506 | 9,913 | 14,990 | 77 | % | (34 | )% | ||||||||||
| Interest expense | 4,851 | 4,850 | 4,850 | — | % | — | % | ||||||||||
| Other expenses | 22,595 | 18,382 | 16,966 | 23 | % | 8 | % | ||||||||||
| Total non-GAAP operating benefits and expenses | 79,417 | 72,205 | 74,102 | 10 | % | (3 | )% | ||||||||||
| 14,264 | 22,135 | 18,601 | (36 | )% | 19 | % | |||||||||||
| Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest | (29 | ) | (28 | ) | 4 | 4 | % | (800 | )% | ||||||||
| Equity income, before tax (1) | 1,778 | 1,243 | 3,490 | 43 | % | (64 | )% | ||||||||||
| Pre-tax non-GAAP operating income (1) (2) | $ | 16,013 | $ | 23,350 | $ | 22,095 | (31 | )% | 6 | % | |||||||
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| Other data | |||||||||||||||||
| Average invested assets, at amortized cost (1) (3) | $ | 702,856 | $ | 687,986 | $ | 689,199 | 2 | % | — | % | |||||||
| Other investment-related income included in net investment income (4) | 157 | 1,368 | 517 | (89 | )% | 165 | % | ||||||||||
| Average interest sensitive life account value | 361,827 | 362,897 | 354,621 | — | % | 2 | % | ||||||||||
| Death benefits, net of reinsurance and reserves released | 21,043 | 25,376 | 24,262 | (17 | )% | 5 | % | ||||||||||
| Estimated impact on pre-tax non-GAAP operating income from separate account performance on amortization of deferred acquisition costs (2) | (4,615 | ) | 2,131 | (386 | ) | (317 | )% | (652 | )% | ||||||||
| (1) | Prior period amounts have been adjusted to reflect the accounting change for LIHTC investments. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for additional information. |
| (2) | See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for further information on non-GAAP operating income. |
| (3) | Average invested assets including investments held as securities and indebtedness of related parties. |
| (4) | Includes prepayment fee income and adjustments to the amortization of premium or discounts from changes in our prepayment speed assumptions. |
Pre-tax non-GAAP operating income for the Corporate and Other segment decreased in 2018, compared to 2017, primarily due to lower net investment income including lower other investment-related income, increases in amortization of deferred acquisition costs from the impact of market performance on our variable business and an increase in other expenses, partially offset by a decrease in death benefits, which are a component of interest sensitive product benefits. Pre-tax non-GAAP operating income increased in 2017, compared to 2016, primarily due to decreases in amortization of deferred acquisition costs from the impact of unlocking and market performance on our variable business, partially offset by increases in death benefits and expenses and a decrease in pre-tax equity income.
Death benefits, net of reinsurance and reserves released, decreased in 2018, compared to 2017, primarily due to a decrease in the number of claims reported. Death benefits, net of reinsurance and reserves released, increased in 2017, compared to 2016, due to increases in the number of claims reported, partially offset by lower average size of claims.
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs, deferred sales inducements, and unearned revenue reserves increased in 2018, compared to 2017, primarily due to the impact of market performance on our variable business and decreased in 2017, compared to 2016, primarily due to the impact of unlocking and market performance on our variable business. Unlocking generally reflects changes in projected earned spreads, separate account performance and withdrawal and mortality assumptions. The impact of unlocking on pre-tax non-GAAP operating income for the three years was as follows:
| Impact of Unlocking on Pre-tax Non-GAAP Operating Income | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Amortization of unearned revenue reserve reported in interest sensitive product charges | $ | (667 | ) | $ | (579 | ) | $ | (236 | ) | ||
| Amortization of deferred sales inducements reported in interest sensitive product benefits | 76 | 98 | 54 | ||||||||
| Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 2,382 | 3,194 | 558 | ||||||||
| Changes in reserves reported in interest sensitive product benefits | — | (799 | ) | (284 | ) | ||||||
| Increase to pre-tax non-GAAP operating income (1) | $ | 1,791 | $ | 1,914 | $ | 92 | |||||
| (1) | Pre-tax operating income is a non-GAAP measure of earnings, see Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. |
Other underwriting expenses in 2017 included $0.7 million in expenses associated with our routine five-year state insurance department examination. Other income and other expenses includes fees and expenses from sales of brokered products and operating results of our non-insurance subsidiaries, which include management, advisory, marketing and distribution services and leasing activities. Pre-tax net income from our non-insurance subsidiaries decreased $2.3 million in 2018 and $0.7 million
34
in 2017, compared to prior year periods, due to costs associated with expanding our wealth management offerings. In 2018, we also offered a voluntary early retirement program to certain employees resulting in a $1.1 million increase in other expenses in the Corporate and Other segment.
In 2017, we assigned a portion of our investments held in securities and indebtedness of related parties from the Corporate and Other segment to the Life Insurance segment, resulting in a net decrease in pre-tax income in the Corporate and Other segment compared to 2016. These investments include equity interests in limited liability partnerships and corporations, accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Equity income, before tax, consists of our proportionate share of gains and losses attributable to our relative ownership interest in these investments. See the Equity Income discussion that follows, and Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements, for additional information regarding these investments.
Equity Income
Equity income includes our proportionate share of gains and losses attributable to our ownership interest in partnerships, joint ventures and certain companies over which we exhibit some control but have a minority ownership interest. We consistently use the most recent financial information available, generally for periods not to exceed three months prior to the ending date of the period for which we are reporting, to account for equity income. Several of these entities are investment companies whose operating results are derived primarily from unrealized and realized gains and losses generated by their investment portfolios.
The level of gains and losses for these entities normally fluctuates from period to period depending on the prevailing economic environment, changes in prices of bond and equity securities held by the investment partnerships, the timing and success of initial public offerings or exit strategies, and the timing of the sale of investments held by the partnerships and joint ventures. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for further information.
As discussed in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, our LIHTC investments are no longer included in equity income and prior period amounts have been adjusted to reflect the accounting change. Equity income, net of related taxes, was $4.4 million in 2018, $2.6 million in 2017 and $2.3 million in 2016.
Income Taxes on Non-GAAP Operating Income
The effective tax rate on non-GAAP operating income was 13.9% for 2018, 28.7% for 2017 and 29.2% for 2016. The 2018 effective tax rate differs from the 2017 and 2016 rates due to the decrease in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% under the Tax Act, effective for 2018. As discussed in Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, the impact related to the initial enactment of the Tax Act is excluded from non-GAAP operating income. The effective tax rates differ from the federal statutory rate of 21% in 2018 and 35% in 2017 and 2016 primarily due to the impact of LIHTC investments and tax-exempt investment income. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for additional information on income taxes.
As discussed in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, the entire impact of LIHTC investments are now included in income tax and prior periods have been adjusted to reflect this change.
35
| Components of income tax | ||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit (expense) | $ | (11,650 | ) | $ | 39,983 | $ | (41,220 | ) | ||||
| Tax on equity income | (1,179 | ) | (1,394 | ) | (1,221 | ) | ||||||
| Net income adjustments: | ||||||||||||
| Impact of change in federal tax rate (1) | (617 | ) | (81,157 | ) | — | |||||||
| Income tax offset on net income adjustments | (4,183 | ) | 599 | 414 | ||||||||
| Income taxes on non-GAAP operating income | $ | (17,629 | ) | $ | (41,969 | ) | $ | (42,027 | ) | |||
| Income taxes on non-GAAP operating income before benefits of LIHTC investments | $ | (21,455 | ) | $ | (46,808 | ) | $ | (46,677 | ) | |||
| Amounts related to LIHTC investments | 3,826 | 4,839 | 4,650 | |||||||||
| Income taxes on non-GAAP operating income | $ | (17,629 | ) | $ | (41,969 | ) | $ | (42,027 | ) | |||
| (1) | Amount represents a change in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and other items impacted by the enactment of the Tax Act. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for additional information. |
| Impact of Adjustments to Net Income Attributable to FBL | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Initial impact of the Tax Act (1) (2) | $ | 617 | $ | 81,157 | $ | — | |||||
| Realized gains (losses) on investments and change in fair value of equity securities and derivatives (1) | (24,512 | ) | 1,630 | 2,397 | |||||||
| Offsets: (3) | |||||||||||
| Change in amortization | 1,782 | 365 | 103 | ||||||||
| Reserve change on interest sensitive products | 2,813 | 694 | (1,314 | ) | |||||||
| Income tax (1) | 4,183 | (599 | ) | (414 | ) | ||||||
| Net impact of adjustments to net income (1) | $ | (15,117 | ) | $ | 83,247 | $ | 772 | ||||
| Net impact per common share - basic and assuming dilution (1) | $ | (0.61 | ) | $ | 3.32 | $ | 0.03 | ||||
| (1) | Prior period amounts have been adjusted to reflect the accounting change for LIHTC investments. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for additional information. |
| (2) | Amount represents a change in our deferred tax assets and liabilities and other items impacted by the enactment of the Tax Act. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for additional information. |
| (3) | The items excluded from non-GAAP operating income impact the amortization of deferred acquisition costs, value of business acquired and unearned revenue reserve. Certain interest sensitive reserves as well as income taxes are also impacted. |
Income taxes on adjustments to net income have been recorded at 21% in 2018 and 35% in 2017 and 2016 as there are no permanent differences between book and taxable income relating to these adjustments. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included in item 8 for additional information regarding the Tax Act.
36
| Realized Gains (Losses) on Investments | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Realized gains (losses) on investments: | |||||||||||
| Realized gains on sales | $ | 2,215 | $ | 1,770 | $ | 11,630 | |||||
| Realized losses on sales | (1,354 | ) | (1,171 | ) | (8,524 | ) | |||||
| Change in fair value of equity securities | (8,137 | ) | — | — | |||||||
| Total other-than-temporary impairment charges | (5,072 | ) | (1,553 | ) | (7,320 | ) | |||||
| Net realized investment losses | (12,348 | ) | (954 | ) | (4,214 | ) | |||||
| Non-credit losses included in other comprehensive income (loss) | 74 | — | 2,451 | ||||||||
| Total reported in statements of operations | $ | (12,274 | ) | $ | (954 | ) | $ | (1,763 | ) | ||
The level of realized gains (losses) is subject to fluctuation from period to period due to movements in credit spreads and prevailing interest rates, changes in the economic environment, the timing of the sales of the investments generating the realized gains and losses, as well as the timing of other than temporary impairment charges. See “Financial Condition - Investments” and Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for details regarding our unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2018 and 2017.
We monitor the financial condition and operations of the issuers of securities rated below investment grade and of the issuers of certain investment grade securities for which we have concerns regarding credit quality that could potentially be other than temporarily impaired. See additional details regarding write downs and our methodology for evaluating investments for other-than-temporary impairment in Notes 1 and 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8.
| Investment Credit Impairment Losses Recognized in Net Income | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Corporate securities: | |||||||||||
| Construction | $ | 308 | $ | 1,420 | $ | — | |||||
| Manufacturing | — | — | 27 | ||||||||
| Energy | 1,014 | — | 2,595 | ||||||||
| Finance | 26 | — | — | ||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed | 62 | 83 | 2,172 | ||||||||
| Other asset-backed | 760 | — | — | ||||||||
| Mortgage loans | 2,778 | — | — | ||||||||
| Securities and Indebtedness of Related Parties | 50 | 50 | 75 | ||||||||
| Total other-than-temporary impairment losses reported in net income | $ | 4,998 | $ | 1,553 | $ | 4,869 | |||||
Fixed maturity other-than-temporary credit losses for 2018 included an energy sector bond due to the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, an asset backed security due to concerns regarding the company’s recovery plan, and a construction sector bond due to a missed bond payment. We also increased our valuation allowance on a mortgage loan as the borrower is seeking protection in bankruptcy.
Fixed maturity other-than-temporary credit losses for 2017 occurred in the construction sector due to an expected reduction in future revenue and the declining liquidity of an issuer.
Fixed maturity other-than-temporary credit losses for 2016 occurred within the energy sector due to a decline in credit of an issuer that led to a decrease in the expected future cash flows. Other than temporary credit losses also occurred within residential mortgage-backed securities due to reduced reliance on insurance credit support, resulting in a decline in the present value of expected cash flows.
37
Financial Condition
Investments
Our investment portfolio decreased 2.4% to $8,414.1 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $8,620.2 million at December 31, 2017. The portfolio decrease is due to a decline of $357.9 million of net unrealized appreciation of fixed maturities, partially offset by positive cash flows from operating activities during 2018. Additional details regarding securities in an unrealized gain or loss position at December 31, 2018 are included in the discussion that follows and in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Details regarding investment impairments are discussed above in the “Realized Gains (Losses) on Investments” section under “Results of Operations.”
We manage the investment portfolio to optimize risk-adjusted yield within the context of prudent asset-liability management. We evaluate multiple cash flow testing scenarios as part of this process. The Company’s investment policy calls for investing primarily in high-quality fixed maturities and commercial mortgage loans.
| Fixed Maturity Acquisitions Selected Information | ||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||
| Cost of acquisitions: | ||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 153,696 | $ | 140,896 | ||||
| Mortgage- and asset-backed | 433,098 | 529,158 | ||||||
| United States Government and agencies | — | 1,248 | ||||||
| Tax-exempt municipals | 97,456 | 17,566 | ||||||
| Taxable municipals | — | 22,144 | ||||||
| Total | $ | 684,250 | $ | 711,012 | ||||
| Effective annual yield | 4.09 | % | 3.86 | % | ||||
| Credit quality | ||||||||
| NAIC 1 designation | 85.7 | % | 75.9 | % | ||||
| NAIC 2 designation | 14.3 | % | 23.2 | % | ||||
| Non-investment grade | — | % | 0.9 | % | ||||
| Weighted-average life in years | 15.0 | 12.0 | ||||||
The table above summarizes selected information for fixed maturity purchases. The effective annual yield shown is the yield calculated to the “worst-call date.” For non-callable bonds, the worst-call date is always the maturity date. For callable bonds, the worst-call date is the call or maturity date that produces the lowest yield. The weighted-average life is calculated using scheduled pay-downs and expected prepayments for amortizing securities. For non-amortizing securities, the weighted-average life is equal to the stated maturity date.
A portion of the securities acquired during 2018 and 2017 were acquired with the proceeds from advances on our funding agreements with the FHLB. The securities acquired to support these funding agreements often carry a lower average yield than securities acquired to support our other insurance products, due to the shorter maturity and relatively low interest rate paid on those advances. In addition, certain municipal securities acquired are exempt from federal income taxes, and accordingly have a higher actual return than reflected in the yields stated above. The average yield of the securities acquired, excluding the securities supporting the funding agreements and using a tax-adjusted yield for the municipal securities, was 4.19% in 2018 and 3.95% in 2017.
38
Investment Portfolio Summary | |||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||
| Carrying Value | Percent | Carrying Value | Percent | ||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities - available for sale: | |||||||||||||
| Public | $ | 5,367,590 | 63.8 | % | $ | 5,510,658 | 64.0 | % | |||||
| 144A private placement | 1,477,550 | 17.6 | 1,547,097 | 17.9 | |||||||||
| Private placement | 187,905 | 2.2 | 234,212 | 2.7 | |||||||||
| Total fixed maturities - available for sale | 7,033,045 | 83.6 | 7,291,967 | 84.6 | |||||||||
| Equity securities | 92,857 | 1.1 | 104,145 | 1.2 | |||||||||
| Mortgage loans | 1,039,829 | 12.4 | 971,812 | 11.3 | |||||||||
| Real estate | 1,543 | — | 1,543 | — | |||||||||
| Policy loans | 197,366 | 2.3 | 191,398 | 2.2 | |||||||||
| Short-term investments | 15,713 | 0.2 | 17,007 | 0.2 | |||||||||
| Other investments | 33,765 | 0.4 | 42,371 | 0.5 | |||||||||
| Total investments | $ | 8,414,118 | 100.0 | % | $ | 8,620,243 | 100.0 | % | |||||
As of December 31, 2018, 97.6% (based on carrying value) of the available-for-sale fixed maturities were investment grade debt securities, defined as being in the highest two National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) designations. Non-investment grade debt securities generally provide higher yields and involve greater risks than investment grade debt securities because their issuers typically are more highly leveraged and more vulnerable to adverse economic conditions than investment grade issuers. In addition, the trading market for these securities is usually more limited than for investment grade debt securities. We regularly review the percentage of our portfolio that is invested in non-investment grade debt securities (NAIC designations 3 through 6). As of December 31, 2018, no single non-investment grade holding exceeded 0.2% of total investments.
| Credit Quality by NAIC Designation and Equivalent Rating | ||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| NAIC Designation | Equivalent Rating (1) | Carrying Value | Percent | Carrying Value | Percent | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| 1 | AAA, AA, A | $ | 4,802,497 | 68.3 | % | $ | 4,771,407 | 65.4 | % | |||||||
| 2 | BBB | 2,063,069 | 29.3 | 2,267,892 | 31.1 | |||||||||||
| Total investment grade | 6,865,566 | 97.6 | 7,039,299 | 96.5 | ||||||||||||
| 3 | BB | 105,544 | 1.5 | 174,660 | 2.4 | |||||||||||
| 4 | B | 48,051 | 0.7 | 57,970 | 0.8 | |||||||||||
| 5 | CCC | 9,640 | 0.1 | 13,111 | 0.2 | |||||||||||
| 6 | In or near default | 4,244 | 0.1 | 6,927 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
| Total below investment grade | 167,479 | 2.4 | 252,668 | 3.5 | ||||||||||||
| Total fixed maturities - available for sale | $ | 7,033,045 | 100.0 | % | $ | 7,291,967 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||
| (1) | Equivalent ratings are based on those provided by nationally recognized rating agencies with some exceptions for certain residential mortgage, commercial mortgage- and asset-backed securities that are based on the expected loss of the security rather than the probability of default. This may result in a final designation being higher or lower than the equivalent credit rating. |
See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for a summary of fixed maturities by contractual maturity date.
39
| Gross Unrealized Gains and Gross Unrealized Losses by Internal Industry Classification | |||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total Carrying Value | Carrying Value of Securities with Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Gains | Carrying Value of Securities with Gross Unrealized Losses | Gross Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate securities: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Basic industrial | $ | 321,192 | $ | 194,019 | $ | 9,990 | $ | 127,173 | $ | (8,376 | ) | ||||||||
| Capital goods | 248,385 | 123,157 | 6,933 | 125,228 | (7,208 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Communications | 131,364 | 75,687 | 5,098 | 55,677 | (4,705 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Consumer cyclical | 105,882 | 74,866 | 3,627 | 31,016 | (1,782 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Consumer non-cyclical | 497,789 | 224,674 | 12,441 | 273,115 | (29,469 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Energy | 384,982 | 227,770 | 11,460 | 157,212 | (17,063 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Finance | 602,159 | 392,188 | 22,124 | 209,971 | (10,298 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Transportation | 96,579 | 61,034 | 3,049 | 35,545 | (2,135 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Utilities | 733,604 | 565,250 | 60,399 | 168,354 | (7,483 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Other | 157,949 | 98,683 | 3,851 | 59,266 | (2,414 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Total corporate securities | 3,279,885 | 2,037,328 | 138,972 | 1,242,557 | (90,933 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | 2,192,996 | 1,076,388 | 69,820 | 1,116,608 | (31,961 | ) | |||||||||||||
| United States Government and agencies | 20,535 | 14,061 | 996 | 6,474 | (134 | ) | |||||||||||||
| States and political subdivisions | 1,539,629 | 1,378,005 | 95,921 | 161,624 | (5,913 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 7,033,045 | $ | 4,505,782 | $ | 305,709 | $ | 2,527,263 | $ | (128,941 | ) | ||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total Carrying Value | Carrying Value of Securities with Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Gains | Carrying Value of Securities with Gross Unrealized Losses | Gross Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate securities: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Basic industrial | $ | 353,351 | $ | 336,293 | $ | 29,849 | $ | 17,058 | $ | (479 | ) | ||||||||
| Capital goods | 279,281 | 271,346 | 21,624 | 7,935 | (139 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Communications | 151,763 | 133,263 | 12,364 | 18,500 | (862 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Consumer cyclical | 128,618 | 117,370 | 9,118 | 11,248 | (516 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Consumer non-cyclical | 521,128 | 461,205 | 41,221 | 59,923 | (4,684 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Energy | 462,437 | 409,768 | 34,028 | 52,669 | (5,950 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Finance | 695,604 | 633,513 | 50,908 | 62,091 | (1,143 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Transportation | 103,049 | 93,921 | 7,978 | 9,128 | (141 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Utilities | 814,238 | 796,782 | 108,914 | 17,456 | (1,909 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Other | 178,802 | 165,971 | 13,295 | 12,831 | (132 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Total corporate securities | 3,688,271 | 3,419,432 | 329,299 | 268,839 | (15,955 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Mortgage- and asset-backed securities | 2,055,090 | 1,549,187 | 88,999 | 505,903 | (9,727 | ) | |||||||||||||
| United States Government and agencies | 24,905 | 17,343 | 1,606 | 7,562 | (79 | ) | |||||||||||||
| States and political subdivisions | 1,523,701 | 1,497,292 | 141,813 | 26,409 | (1,239 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 7,291,967 | $ | 6,483,254 | $ | 561,717 | $ | 808,713 | $ | (27,000 | ) | ||||||||
At December 31, 2018, our largest unrealized loss is in the consumer non-cyclical sector. Within this sector, two companies represent 17.2% of the unrealized loss. One company is a grocery store chain representing $2.4 million of the unrealized loss while the other company is a food and beverage company representing $2.7 million of the unrealized loss.
40
| Credit Quality of Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturities with Unrealized Losses | ||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
| NAIC Designation | Equivalent Rating | Carrying Value of Securities with Gross Unrealized Losses | Percent of Total | Gross Unrealized Losses | Percent of Total | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| 1 | AAA, AA, A | $ | 1,500,626 | 59.4 | % | $ | (45,593 | ) | 35.3 | % | ||||||
| 2 | BBB | 903,855 | 35.7 | (61,615 | ) | 47.8 | ||||||||||
| Total investment grade | 2,404,481 | 95.1 | (107,208 | ) | 83.1 | |||||||||||
| 3 | BB | 90,883 | 3.6 | (10,056 | ) | 7.8 | ||||||||||
| 4 | B | 26,212 | 1.1 | (10,887 | ) | 8.5 | ||||||||||
| 5 | CCC | 5,679 | 0.2 | (790 | ) | 0.6 | ||||||||||
| 6 | In or near default | 8 | — | — | — | |||||||||||
| Total below investment grade | 122,782 | 4.9 | (21,733 | ) | 16.9 | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,527,263 | 100.0 | % | $ | (128,941 | ) | 100.0 | % | |||||||
| December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||
| NAIC Designation | Equivalent Rating | Carrying Value of Securities with Gross Unrealized Losses | Percent of Total | Gross Unrealized Losses | Percent of Total | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| 1 | AAA, AA, A | $ | 518,748 | 64.1 | % | $ | (8,638 | ) | 32.0 | % | ||||||
| 2 | BBB | 199,529 | 24.7 | (6,927 | ) | 25.6 | ||||||||||
| Total investment grade | 718,277 | 88.8 | (15,565 | ) | 57.6 | |||||||||||
| 3 | BB | 41,488 | 5.1 | (819 | ) | 3.0 | ||||||||||
| 4 | B | 37,944 | 4.7 | (8,125 | ) | 30.1 | ||||||||||
| 5 | CCC | 4,109 | 0.5 | (1,314 | ) | 4.9 | ||||||||||
| 6 | In or near default | 6,895 | 0.9 | (1,177 | ) | 4.4 | ||||||||||
| Total below investment grade | 90,436 | 11.2 | (11,435 | ) | 42.4 | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | 808,713 | 100.0 | % | $ | (27,000 | ) | 100.0 | % | |||||||
| Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Losses | ||||||||||||||
Fair Value is Less than 75% of Cost | Fair Value is 75% or Greater than Cost | Fair Value is Less than 75% of Cost | Fair Value is 75% or Greater than Cost | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Three months or less | $ | — | $ | 329,067 | $ | — | $ | (7,081 | ) | ||||||
| Greater than three months to six months | — | 362,426 | — | (10,386 | ) | ||||||||||
| Greater than six months to nine months | — | 514,023 | — | (21,352 | ) | ||||||||||
| Greater than nine months to twelve months | — | 799,994 | — | (43,191 | ) | ||||||||||
| Greater than twelve months | 24,809 | 625,885 | (9,547 | ) | (37,384 | ) | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 24,809 | $ | 2,631,395 | $ | (9,547 | ) | $ | (119,394 | ) | |||||
41
| Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Losses | ||||||||||||||
Fair Value is Less than 75% of Cost | Fair Value is 75% or Greater than Cost | Fair Value is Less than 75% of Cost | Fair Value is 75% or Greater than Cost | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Three months or less | $ | — | $ | 292,187 | $ | — | $ | (3,974 | ) | ||||||
| Greater than three months to six months | — | 164,170 | — | (2,331 | ) | ||||||||||
| Greater than six months to nine months | — | 24,821 | — | (579 | ) | ||||||||||
| Greater than nine months to twelve months | — | 9,350 | — | (361 | ) | ||||||||||
| Greater than twelve months | 16,747 | 328,438 | (4,798 | ) | (14,957 | ) | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 16,747 | $ | 818,966 | $ | (4,798 | ) | $ | (22,202 | ) | |||||
| Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities with Unrealized Losses by Maturity Date | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Carrying Value of Securities with Gross Unrealized Losses | Gross Unrealized Losses | Carrying Value of Securities with Gross Unrealized Losses | Gross Unrealized Losses | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Due in one year or less | $ | 496 | $ | (4 | ) | $ | 872 | $ | (2 | ) | |||||
| Due after one year through five years | 86,795 | (3,286 | ) | 25,857 | (1,052 | ) | |||||||||
| Due after five years through ten years | 299,532 | (14,667 | ) | 107,198 | (3,657 | ) | |||||||||
| Due after ten years | 1,023,832 | (79,023 | ) | 168,883 | (12,562 | ) | |||||||||
| 1,410,655 | (96,980 | ) | 302,810 | (17,273 | ) | ||||||||||
| Mortgage- and asset-backed | 1,116,608 | (31,961 | ) | 505,903 | (9,727 | ) | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,527,263 | $ | (128,941 | ) | $ | 808,713 | $ | (27,000 | ) | |||||
See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for additional analysis of these unrealized losses.
Mortgage and Asset-Backed Securities
Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities are purchased when we believe these types of investments provide superior risk-adjusted returns compared to returns of more conventional investments such as corporate bonds and mortgage loans. These securities are diversified as to collateral types, cash flow characteristics and maturity.
The repayment pattern on mortgage and other asset-backed securities is more variable than that of more traditional fixed maturity securities because the repayment terms are tied to underlying debt obligations that are subject to prepayments. The prepayment speeds (e.g., the rate of individuals refinancing their home mortgages) can vary based on a number of economic factors that cannot be predicted with certainty. These factors include the prevailing interest rate environment and general status of the economy.
At each balance sheet date, we review and update our expectation of future prepayment speeds and the book value of the mortgage and other asset-backed securities purchased at a premium or discount is reset, if needed. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for more detail on accounting for the amortization of premium and accrual of discount on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities.
Our direct exposure to the Alt-A home equity and subprime first-lien sectors is limited to investments in structured securities collateralized by senior tranches of residential mortgage loans. We also have a partnership interest in one fund at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, that owns securities backed by Alt-A home equity, subprime first-lien and adjustable rate mortgage collateral. The fund is reported as securities and indebtedness of related parties in our consolidated balance sheets with a fair value of $2.0 million at December 31, 2018 and $3.0 million at December 31, 2017. We do not own any direct investments in subprime lenders.
42
| Mortgage and Asset-Backed Securities by Collateral Type | |||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Percent of Fixed Maturities | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Percent of Fixed Maturities | ||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Government agency | $ | 227,545 | $ | 232,658 | 3.3 | % | $ | 220,385 | �� | $ | 230,792 | 3.2 | % | ||||||||
| Prime | 279,856 | 287,073 | 4.1 | 181,397 | 194,081 | 2.7 | |||||||||||||||
| Alt-A | 81,668 | 95,396 | 1.4 | 98,100 | 111,993 | 1.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Subprime | 143,441 | 152,907 | 2.1 | 139,826 | 149,469 | 2.0 | |||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage | 873,672 | 878,566 | 12.5 | 674,076 | 705,307 | 9.7 | |||||||||||||||
| Non-mortgage | 548,955 | 546,396 | 7.8 | 662,034 | 663,448 | 9.1 | |||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,155,137 | $ | 2,192,996 | 31.2 | % | $ | 1,975,818 | $ | 2,055,090 | 28.2 | % | |||||||||
The mortgage- and asset-backed securities can be summarized into three broad categories: residential, commercial and other asset-backed securities.
The residential mortgage-backed portfolio includes government agency pass through and collateralized mortgage obligation (CMO) securities. With a government agency pass through security, we receive a pro-rata share of principal payments as payments are made on the underlying mortgage loans. CMOs consist of pools of mortgages divided into sections or “tranches” with varying stated maturities that provide sequential retirement of the bonds. While each tranche receives monthly interest payments, a subsequent tranche is not entitled to receive payment of principal until the entire principal of the preceding tranche is paid off. We primarily invest in sequential tranches, which allow us to manage cash flow stability and prepayment risk by the level of tranche in which we invest. In addition, to provide call protection and more stable average lives, we invest in CMOs such as planned amortization class (PAC) and targeted amortization class (TAC) securities. PAC bonds provide more predictable cash flows within a range of prepayment speeds and provide some protection against prepayment risk. TAC bonds provide protection from a rise in the prepayment rate due to falling interest rates. We generally do not purchase certain types of CMOs that we believe would subject the investment portfolio to excessive prepayment risk.
| Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities by NAIC Designation and Origination Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2004 & Prior | 2005 to 2008 | 2009 & After | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NAIC Designation | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | $ | 72,281 | $ | 72,921 | $ | 69,478 | $ | 89,128 | $ | 430,982 | $ | 430,881 | $ | 572,741 | $ | 592,930 | |||||||||||||||
| 2 | — | — | 2,420 | 2,301 | — | — | 2,420 | 2,301 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | — | — | 562 | 553 | — | — | 562 | 553 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 354 | 359 | 8,048 | 10,709 | — | — | 8,402 | 11,068 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | 8 | 8 | — | — | — | — | 8 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 72,643 | $ | 73,288 | $ | 80,508 | $ | 102,691 | $ | 430,982 | $ | 430,881 | $ | 584,133 | $ | 606,860 | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2004 & Prior | 2005 to 2008 | 2009 & After | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NAIC Designation | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | $ | 88,773 | $ | 91,424 | $ | 79,358 | $ | 101,123 | $ | 303,659 | $ | 311,883 | $ | 471,790 | $ | 504,430 | |||||||||||||||
| 2 | — | — | 876 | 877 | — | — | 876 | 877 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | — | — | 1,697 | 1,634 | — | — | 1,697 | 1,634 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 584 | 592 | 8,713 | 8,738 | — | — | 9,297 | 9,330 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | 11 | 10 | — | — | — | — | 11 | 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 89,368 | $ | 92,026 | $ | 90,644 | $ | 112,372 | $ | 303,659 | $ | 311,883 | $ | 483,671 | $ | 516,281 | |||||||||||||||
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The commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) are primarily sequential securities. CMBS typically have cash flows that are less subject to refinance risk than residential mortgage-backed securities principally due to prepayment restrictions on many of the underlying commercial mortgage loans.
| Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities by NAIC Designation and Origination Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2004 & Prior | 2005 to 2008 | 2009 & After | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NAIC Designation | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | $ | 8,415 | $ | 9,029 | $ | 113,526 | $ | 124,885 | $ | 715,899 | $ | 708,447 | $ | 837,840 | $ | 842,361 | |||||||||||||||
| 2 | — | — | 35,832 | 36,205 | — | — | 35,832 | 36,205 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total (1) | $ | 8,415 | $ | 9,029 | $ | 149,358 | $ | 161,090 | $ | 715,899 | $ | 708,447 | $ | 873,672 | $ | 878,566 | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2004 & Prior | 2005 to 2008 | 2009 & After | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NAIC Designation | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | $ | 8,878 | $ | 9,661 | $ | 114,230 | $ | 128,907 | $ | 515,654 | $ | 529,192 | $ | 638,762 | $ | 667,760 | |||||||||||||||
| 2 | — | — | 35,314 | 37,547 | — | — | 35,314 | 37,547 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total (1) | $ | 8,878 | $ | 9,661 | $ | 149,544 | $ | 166,454 | $ | 515,654 | $ | 529,192 | $ | 674,076 | $ | 705,307 | |||||||||||||||
| (1) | The CMBS portfolio included government agency-backed securities with a carrying value of $693.3 million at December 31, 2018 and $515.7 million at December 31, 2017. Also included in the CMBS portfolio are military housing bonds totaling $156.7 million at December 31, 2018 and $161.1 million at December 31, 2017. These bonds are used to fund the construction of multi-family homes on United States military bases. The bonds are backed by a first mortgage lien on residential military housing projects. |
The other asset-backed securities are backed by both residential and non-residential collateral. The collateral for residential asset-backed securities primarily consists of second lien fixed-rate home equity loans. The cash flows of these securities are less subject to prepayment risk than residential mortgage-backed securities as the borrowers are less likely to refinance than those with only a first lien mortgage. The collateral for non-residential asset-backed securities primarily includes securities backed by credit card receivables, auto dealer receivables, auto installment loans, aircraft leases, middle market and syndicated business loans, timeshare receivables and trade and account receivables. The majority of these securities are high-quality, short-duration assets with limited cash flow variability.
| Other Asset-Backed Securities by NAIC Designation and Origination Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2004 & Prior | 2005 to 2008 | 2009 & After | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NAIC Designation | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | $ | 9,314 | $ | 9,038 | $ | 141,728 | $ | 154,747 | $ | 415,228 | $ | 412,078 | $ | 566,270 | $ | 575,863 | |||||||||||||||
| 2 | 1,586 | 1,693 | 1,890 | 1,943 | 121,796 | 122,300 | 125,272 | 125,936 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | — | — | 313 | 303 | 1,697 | 1,697 | 2,010 | 2,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 179 | 170 | — | — | — | — | 179 | 170 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | — | — | — | — | 3,601 | 3,601 | 3,601 | 3,601 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 11,079 | $ | 10,901 | $ | 143,931 | $ | 156,993 | $ | 542,322 | $ | 539,676 | $ | 697,332 | $ | 707,570 | |||||||||||||||
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| Other Asset-Backed Securities by NAIC Designation and Origination Year | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2004 & Prior | 2005 to 2008 | 2009 & After | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NAIC Designation | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | Amortized Cost | Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | $ | 10,606 | $ | 10,367 | $ | 151,775 | $ | 166,223 | $ | 512,548 | $ | 513,792 | $ | 674,929 | $ | 690,382 | |||||||||||||||
| 2 | 1,745 | 1,846 | 2,612 | 2,557 | 97,549 | 98,811 | 101,906 | 103,214 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | — | — | — | — | 26,586 | 26,444 | 26,586 | 26,444 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | 189 | 178 | — | — | — | — | 189 | 178 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | — | — | — | — | 6,400 | 6,400 | 6,400 | 6,400 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | — | — | 8,061 | 6,884 | — | — | 8,061 | 6,884 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 12,540 | $ | 12,391 | $ | 162,448 | $ | 175,664 | $ | 643,083 | $ | 645,447 | $ | 818,071 | $ | 833,502 | |||||||||||||||
State and Political Subdivision Securities
State and political subdivision securities totaled $1,539.6 million, or 21.9% of total fixed maturities at December 31, 2018, and $1,523.7 million, or 20.9% of total fixed maturities at December 31, 2017, and include investments in general obligation, revenue and municipal housing bonds. Our investment strategy is to utilize municipal bonds in addition to corporate bonds, as we believe they provide additional diversification and have historically low default rates compared with similarly rated corporate bonds. We evaluate the credit strength of the underlying issues on both a quantitative and qualitative basis, excluding insurance, prior to acquisition. The majority of the municipal bonds we hold are investment grade credits without consideration of insurance. Our municipal bonds are well diversified by type and geography with the top exposure being water and sewer revenue bonds. We do not hold any Puerto Rico-related bonds. Exposure to the state of Illinois and municipalities within the state accounted for 1.5% of our total fixed maturities at December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, our Illinois-related portfolio holdings were rated investment grade, and were trading at 107.7% of amortized cost. Our municipal bond exposure had an average rating of Aa2/AA and our holdings were trading at 106.2% of amortized cost at December 31, 2018.
Equity Securities
Equity securities totaled $92.9 million at December 31, 2018 and $104.1 million at December 31, 2017. Due to the adoption of new accounting guidance during 2018, changes in fair value are recognized in net income rather than other comprehensive income. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for further information regarding the impact of the new guidance on the reporting of equity securities. At December 31, 2017, gross unrealized gains totaled $7.7 million and gross unrealized losses totaled $0.3 million on these securities. The unrealized losses were attributable to non-redeemable perpetual preferred securities from issuers in the financial sector.
Mortgage Loans
Mortgage loans totaled $1,039.8 million at December 31, 2018 and $971.8 million at December 31, 2017. Our mortgage loans are diversified as to property type, location and loan size, and are collateralized by the related properties. The total number of commercial mortgage loans outstanding was 208 at December 31, 2018 and 190 at December 31, 2017. In 2018, new loans ranged from $1.4 million to $10.5 million in size, with an average loan size of $5.0 million, an average loan term of 15 years and an average net yield of 4.72%. Our mortgage lending policies establish limits on the amount that can be loaned to one borrower and require diversification by geographic location and collateral type. The majority of our mortgage loans amortize principal, with 1.3% that are interest-only loans at December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2018, the average loan-to-value of the current outstanding principal balance using the most recent appraised value was 53.2% and the weighted average debt service coverage ratio was 1.6 based on the results of our 2017 annual study. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for further discussion regarding our mortgage loans.
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Other Assets and Liabilities
Assets held in separate accounts and the related liabilities decreased 13.9% to $561.3 million primarily due to market performance on the underlying investment portfolio. Other assets decreased 8.0% to $163.5 million primarily due to amortization of LIHTC investments. Cash and cash equivalents decreased 63.9% to $19.0 million primarily due to normal fluctuations in timing of payments made and received. Deferred acquisition costs increased 38.4% to $418.8 million at December 31, 2018, primarily due the impact of the change in net unrealized appreciation on fixed maturity securities during the period.
Future policy benefits increased 2.2% to $7,205.5 million at December 31, 2018 primarily due to an increase in the volume of annuity and life insurance business in force. Other liabilities decreased 15.8% to $93.5 million primarily due to a decrease in our liabilities for unsettled security trades. Deferred income taxes decreased 42.2% to $75.4 million at December 31, 2018, primarily due to the tax-related impact of the change in unrealized appreciation on investments.
Stockholders’ Equity
As discussed in Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, stockholders’ equity was impacted by capital deployment actions during 2018. We paid a special cash dividend of $1.50 per share on common stock and increased our regular quarterly common stock dividend by 4.5% to $0.46 per share.
Our stockholders’ equity decreased 14.0% to $1,184.1 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $1,377.1 million at December 31, 2017, primarily due the change in net unrealized appreciation on investments and dividends paid during the period, partially offset by net income.
At December 31, 2018, FBL’s common stockholders’ equity was $1,181.1 million, or $47.78 per share, compared to $1,374.1 million, or $55.12 per share at December 31, 2017. Included in stockholders’ equity per common share is $3.69 at December 31, 2018 and $11.44 at December 31, 2017 attributable to accumulated other comprehensive income.
Market Risks of Financial Instruments
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is our primary market risk exposure. Substantial and sustained increases and decreases in market interest rates can affect the profitability of insurance products and fair value of investments. The yield realized on new investments generally increases or decreases in direct relationship with interest rate changes. The fair value of our fixed maturity and mortgage loan portfolios generally increases when interest rates decrease and decreases when interest rates increase.
A majority of our insurance liabilities are backed by fixed maturity securities and mortgage loans. The weighted average life of the fixed maturity and mortgage loan portfolio, based on fair values, was approximately 11.1 years at December 31, 2018 and 10.9 years at December 31, 2017. Accordingly, the earned rate on the portfolio lags behind changes in market yields. The extent that the portfolio yield lags behind changes in market yields generally depends upon the following factors:
| • | The average life of the portfolio. |
| • | The amount and speed at which market interest rates rise or fall. |
| • | The amount by which bond calls, mortgage loan prepayments and paydowns on mortgage- and asset-backed securities accelerate during periods of declining interest rates or decelerate during periods of increasing interest rates. |
| Expected Cash Flows from Investments | |||||||||||||||||||||
Amortized Cost December 31, 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 and Thereafter | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturity securities | $ | 6,856,277 | $ | 423,553 | $ | 262,792 | $ | 333,773 | $ | 288,718 | $ | 307,965 | $ | 5,239,476 | |||||||
| Mortgage loans | 1,039,829 | 81,845 | 77,748 | 54,601 | 70,360 | 88,464 | 666,811 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 7,896,106 | $ | 505,398 | $ | 340,540 | $ | 388,374 | $ | 359,078 | $ | 396,429 | $ | 5,906,287 | |||||||
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The table above summarizes cash inflows from the maturity or prepayment of fixed maturity securities and mortgage loans that will be available for benefits or reinvestment. These cash flow estimates are based on our existing investment holdings and do not anticipate the effect of new acquisitions or voluntary sales of these securities. The estimates include assumptions for the timing of paydowns on asset-backed and other securities, and accordingly, may not represent actual amounts that will be received during the periods presented or changes to these assumptions during the year. In a declining or low interest rate environment, prepayments and redemptions affecting our fixed maturity securities and mortgage loan investments may increase as issuers and borrowers seek to refinance at a lower rate.
For a majority of our products, profitability is significantly affected by the spreads between interest yields on investments and interest crediting rates on our insurance liabilities. For variable annuities and variable universal life policies, profitability on the portion of the policyholder’s account balance invested in the fixed general account option, if any, is also affected by the spreads earned. For the variable products, the policyholder assumes essentially all the investment earnings risk for the portion of the account balance invested in the separate accounts.
For a portion of our business in force, we have the ability to adjust interest or dividend crediting rates in response to changes in portfolio yield. However, the ability to adjust these rates is limited by competitive factors and contractual guarantees. Surrender rates could increase and new sales could be negatively impacted if the crediting rates are not competitive with the rates on similar products offered by other insurance companies and financial services institutions. In addition, if market rates were to stay at a low level for an extended period of time, our spread could be lowered due to interest rate guarantees on many of our interest sensitive products. See Part 1, Item 1 - Business, Business Segments for the ranges of guaranteed rates and where our products fall within those ranges.
A prolonged period of low interest rates may result in increased downward pressure on average earned yields for the investment portfolios supporting our annuity and universal life business as higher-yielding fixed maturity securities and mortgages are sold, mature or are prepaid and replaced with lower-yielding investments. In addition, a flat yield curve reduces the benefit of taking incremental interest rate risk in the investment portfolio while also creating additional competition in the marketplace from certificates of deposit and short-term U.S. government securities. Lower investment income may cause us to lower crediting rates on our spread-based annuity and life insurance products, which in turn may reduce their attractiveness to potential customers. Failure to lower crediting rates as portfolio investment yields decline, either by choice, to ensure our spread-based insurance products are competitive within the market place or for contractual reasons in the case of products earning guaranteed rates, will result in lower earnings.
| Interest Crediting Rates Compared to Guarantees | ||||||
| Liabilities at December 31, 2018 | Percent Above Minimum Guarantee | |||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||
| Discretionary rate setting products with minimum guarantees: | ||||||
| Fixed rate annuities | $ | 2,776,657 | 28.5 | % | ||
| Indexed annuities | 629,340 | 98.8 | ||||
| Universal life insurance | 866,571 | 8.8 | ||||
| Variable annuities and variable universal life insurance | 362,554 | — | ||||
| Total discretionary products | 4,635,122 | |||||
| Non-discretionary products | 768,003 | |||||
| Total interest sensitive product liabilities | $ | 5,403,125 | ||||
Non-discretionary products primarily represent funding agreements, guaranteed investment contracts and supplementary contracts involving life contingencies for which we do not have the ability to adjust crediting rates.
We design our products to encourage persistency and manage our investment portfolio in a manner to help ensure targeted spreads are earned. In addition to the ability to change interest crediting rates on our products, certain interest sensitive contracts have surrender and withdrawal penalty provisions. Products such as supplementary contracts with life contingencies are not subject to surrender or discretionary withdrawal. Depending on the product, surrender charge rates on annuity contracts range up to 10.0% and surrender charge periods range up to 10 years and typically decrease 1.0% to 2.0% for every year the contract is in force.
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| Surrender and Discretionary Withdrawal Characteristics of Interest Sensitive Products and Supplementary Contracts Without Life Contingencies | |||
Liabilities at December 31, 2018 | |||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||
| Surrender charge rate: | |||
| Greater than or equal to 5% | $ | 1,034,844 | |
| Less than 5%, but still subject to surrender charge | 814,114 | ||
| Not subject to surrender charge | 3,387,690 | ||
| Not subject to surrender or discretionary withdrawal | 470,104 | ||
| Total | $ | 5,706,752 | |
A major component of our asset-liability management program is structuring the investment portfolio with cash flow characteristics consistent with the cash flow characteristics of our insurance liabilities. We use models to perform simulations of the cash flows generated from existing insurance policies under various interest rate scenarios. Information from these models is used in the determination of investment strategies. Effective duration is a common measure for price sensitivity to changes in interest rates. It measures the approximate percentage change in the fair value of a portfolio when interest rates change by 100 basis points. This measure includes the impact of estimated changes in portfolio cash flows from features such as bond calls and prepayments. When the estimated durations of assets and liabilities are similar, exposure to interest rate risk is reduced because a change in the value of assets should be largely offset by a change in the value of liabilities.
Our exposure to interest rate risk stems largely from our annuity products as the cash flows of these products can vary significantly with changes in interest rates. We have holdings in fixed maturity and mortgage loan portfolios to offset the interest rate risk of our annuity products. We actively manage the projected cash flows and duration of these assets and liabilities by minimizing the difference between the two. While it can be difficult to maintain asset and liability durations that are perfectly matched in a dynamic environment, we have identified various strategies that can be implemented if duration mismatches exceed acceptable tolerances. The effective duration of the fixed maturity and mortgage loan portfolios backing our annuity products was 6.4 years at December 31, 2018 and 6.0 years at December 31, 2017. The effective duration of our annuity liabilities was approximately 6.7 years at December 31, 2018 and 7.0 years at December 31, 2017.
If interest rates had increased 10% from levels at December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of our fixed maturity securities and short-term investments would have decreased approximately $150.6 million at December 31, 2018 and $136.0 million at December 31, 2017. These hypothetical changes in value do not take into account any offsetting change in the value of insurance liabilities for investment contracts since we estimate such value to be the cash surrender value for a portion of the underlying contracts. If interest rates had decreased 10% from levels at December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of our debt would increase $2.6 million at December 31, 2018 and $3.1 million at December 31, 2017.
The models used to estimate the impact of a 10% change in market interest rates utilize many assumptions and estimates that materially impact the fair value calculations. Key assumptions in the models include an immediate and parallel shift in the yield curve and an acceleration of bond calls and principal prepayments on mortgage and other asset-backed securities. The above estimates do not attempt to measure the financial statement impact on the resulting change in deferred acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, unearned revenue reserves, policyholder liabilities and income taxes. Due to the subjectivity of these assumptions, the actual impact of a 10% change in rates on the fair values would likely be different from that estimated.
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Equity Risk
Equity price risk is limited due to the relatively small equity portfolio held at December 31, 2018. However, we are exposed to equity price risk in the following ways:
| • | Changes in the fair value of our equity securities directly impact our profitability. |
| • | We earn mortality and expense fee income based on the value of our separate accounts at annual rates ranging from 0% to 1.45% for 2018, 2017 and 2016. As a result, revenues from these sources fluctuate with changes in the fair value of the equity, fixed maturity and other securities held by the separate accounts. |
| • | We have equity price risk to the extent we may owe amounts under the guaranteed minimum death benefit and guaranteed minimum income benefit provisions of our variable annuity contracts. See Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for additional discussion of these provisions. |
| • | Our profitability would be impacted if there were little or no gains in the entire series of options purchased over the expected life of an indexed product, as we would incur expenses for credited interest over and above our option costs. |
| • | The amortization of deferred acquisition costs on our variable business can fluctuate with changes in the performance of the underlying separate accounts. See the Corporate and Other Segment discussion above for additional discussion of this amortization. |
Credit Risk
We have exposure to credit risk as it relates to the uncertainty associated with the continued ability of a given entity to make timely payments of principal and interest. See “Financial Condition - Investments” for additional information about credit risk in our investment portfolio.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flows
During 2018, our operating activities generated cash flows totaling $239.2 million, consisting of net income of $93.8 million adjusted for non-cash operating revenues and expenses netting to $145.4 million. We used cash of $211.9 million in our investing activities during 2018. The primary uses were $935.7 million of investment acquisitions, mostly in fixed maturity securities, partially offset by $735.0 million in sales, maturities and repayments of investments. Our financing activities used cash of $60.9 million during 2018. The primary financing source was $668.5 million in receipts from interest sensitive products credited to policyholder account balances, which was partially offset by $631.2 million for return of policyholder account balances on interest sensitive products and $83.1 million for dividends paid to stockholders.
Sources and Uses of Capital Resources
Parent company cash inflows from operations consist primarily of fees that it charges various subsidiaries and affiliates for management of their operations, expense reimbursements and tax settlements from subsidiaries and affiliates, proceeds from the exercise of employee stock options, investment income and dividends from subsidiaries, if declared and paid. Revenue sources for the parent company during 2018 included management fees from subsidiaries and affiliates totaling $8.5 million and dividends of $92.0 million. Cash outflows are principally for salaries, taxes and other expenses related to providing management services, dividends on outstanding stock, stock repurchases and interest on our parent company debt.
We paid regular cash dividends on our common and preferred stock totaling $45.8 million in 2018, $44.0 million in 2017 and $41.9 million in 2016. In addition, we paid a special $1.50 per common share cash dividend in March 2018 and March 2017 totaling $37.3 million and $37.4 million, respectively, and a special $2.00 per common share cash dividend in March 2016 totaling $49.7 million. It is anticipated that quarterly cash dividend requirements for 2019 will be $0.0075 per Series B redeemable preferred share and $0.48 per common share. In addition, we expect to pay a special dividend of $1.50 per common share in the first quarter of 2019. The level of common stock dividends are analyzed quarterly and are dependent upon our capital and liquidity positions. In addition, alternative uses of excess capital may impact future dividend levels. Assuming these quarterly dividend rates and special dividend, the common and preferred dividends would total approximately $84.5 million in 2019. The parent company expects to have sufficient resources and cash flows to meet its interest and dividend payments throughout 2019. The parent company had available cash and investments totaling $48.6 million at December 31, 2018. The parent company expects to rely on available cash resources, dividends from Farm Bureau Life and management fee income to make dividend payments to its stockholders, interest payments on its debt and to fund any capital initiatives such as stock repurchases. In addition, our parent company and Farm Bureau Life have entered into a reciprocal line of credit arrangement,
49
which provides additional liquidity for either entity up to $20.0 million. As of December 31, 2018, we had no other material commitments for capital expenditures.
As discussed in Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, we have periodically taken advantage of opportunities to repurchase our outstanding Class A common stock through Class A common stock repurchase programs approved by our Board of Directors. There was $40.9 million remaining for repurchases at December 31, 2018, under the current $50 million Class A common stock repurchase program. Completion of this program is dependent on market conditions and other factors. There is no guarantee as to the exact timing of any repurchases or the number of shares that we will repurchase. The share repurchase program may be modified or terminated at any time without prior notice. We repurchased 232,837 shares of Class A common stock for $15.9 million in 2018, 3,511 shares of Class A common stock for $0.2 million in 2017 and 10,322 shares of stock Class A common stock for $0.6 million in 2016.
Interest payments on our debt totaled $4.9 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016. Interest payments on our debt outstanding at December 31, 2018 are estimated to be $4.9 million in 2019.
Farm Bureau Life’s cash inflows primarily consist of premiums, deposits to policyholder account balances, income from investments, sales, maturities and calls of investments; and repayments of investment principal. Farm Bureau Life’s cash outflows are primarily related to withdrawals of policyholder account balances, investment purchases and payment of policy acquisition costs, policyholder benefits, income taxes, current operating expenses and dividends. Life insurance companies generally produce a positive cash flow that may be measured by the degree to which cash inflows are adequate to meet benefit obligations to policyholders and normal operating expenses as they are incurred. The remaining cash flow is generally used to increase the asset base to provide funds to meet the need for future policy benefit payments and for writing new business. Continuing operations and financing activities from Farm Bureau Life relating to interest sensitive products provided funds totaling $268.9 million in 2018, $325.2 million in 2017 and $490.9 million in 2016.
Farm Bureau Life’s ability to pay dividends to the parent company is limited by law to earned profits (statutory unassigned surplus) as of the date the dividend is paid, as determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed by insurance regulatory authorities of the State of Iowa. At December 31, 2018, Farm Bureau Life’s statutory unassigned surplus was $503.7 million. There are certain additional limits on the amount of dividends that may be paid within a year without approval of the Insurance Division, Department of Commerce of the State of Iowa (the Iowa Insurance Division) as discussed in Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. During 2019, the maximum amount legally available for distribution to the parent company without further regulatory approval is $100.8 million. Timing of such dividends during the year is limited based on the timing of dividends paid within the preceding 12 months.
We manage the amount of capital held by our insurance subsidiaries to ensure they meet regulatory requirements. State laws specify regulatory actions if an insurer’s risk-based capital (RBC) ratio, a measure of solvency, falls below certain levels. The NAIC has a standard formula for annually assessing RBC based on the various risk factors related to an insurance company’s capital and surplus, including insurance, business, asset and interest rate risks. The insurance regulators monitor the level of RBC against a statutory “authorized control level” RBC at which point regulators have the option to assume control of the insurance company. The company action level RBC is 200% of the authorized control level and is the first point at which any action would be triggered. As of December 31, 2018, Farm Bureau Life’s statutory total adjusted capital was $704.5 million, resulting in a RBC ratio of 552%, based on company action level capital of $127.6 million.
On a consolidated basis, we anticipate that funds to meet our short-term and long-term capital expenditures, cash dividends to stockholders and operating cash needs will come from existing capital and internally-generated funds. However, there can be no assurance that future experience regarding benefits and surrenders will be similar to historic experience since benefits and surrender levels are influenced by such factors as the interest rate environment, our financial strength ratings, the economy and other factors that impact policyholder behavior. Farm Bureau Life is a member of the FHLB, which provides a source for additional liquidity if needed. This membership allows us to utilize fixed or floating rate advances offered by the FHLB and secured by qualifying collateral. Our total capacity to utilize such advances is impacted by multiple factors including the market value of eligible collateral, our level of statutory admitted assets and excess reserves and our willingness or capacity to hold activity-based FHLB common stock.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2018 or 2017.
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Contractual Obligations
In the normal course of business, we enter into insurance contracts, financing transactions, lease agreements or other commitments that are necessary or beneficial to our operations. These commitments may obligate us to certain cash flows during future periods. The following table summarizes such obligations as of December 31, 2018:
| Contractual Obligations as of December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Payments Due by Period | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | Less than 1 year | 1 - 3 years | 4 - 5 years | After 5 years | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Insurance liabilities (1) | $ | 16,612,511 | $ | 1,274,005 | $ | 1,663,499 | $ | 1,386,295 | $ | 12,288,712 | |||||||||
| Subordinated note payable to Capital Trust, including interest payments (2) | 235,225 | 4,850 | 9,700 | 9,700 | 210,975 | ||||||||||||||
| Home office operating leases | 6,601 | 2,200 | 4,401 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Purchase obligations: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commitments to purchase or fund investments | 47,639 | 11,359 | 13,960 | 9,405 | 12,915 | ||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage loan commitments | 5,650 | 5,650 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other purchase obligations (3) | 71,665 | 51,702 | 19,813 | 150 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other long-term liabilities (4) | 28,729 | 9,335 | 5,093 | 3,847 | 10,454 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 17,008,020 | $ | 1,359,101 | $ | 1,716,466 | $ | 1,409,397 | $ | 12,523,056 | |||||||||
| (1) | Amounts shown in this table are projected payments through the year 2068 that we are contractually obligated to pay to our life insurance and annuity contract holders. The payments are derived from actuarial models that assume a level interest rate scenario and incorporate assumptions regarding mortality and persistency when applicable. These assumptions are based on our historical experience. The total of the contractual obligations relating to insurance contracts noted above differs from the liability balance on our consolidated balance sheet as follows: |
| Contractual obligations compared to balance sheet carrying value | |||||||||||
| Contractual Obligations | Balance Sheet Carrying Value | Difference | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| (a) Reserves based on account values, including separate accounts | $ | 10,282,399 | $ | 5,819,519 | $ | 4,462,880 | |||||
| (b) Supplementary contracts involving life contingencies | 204,860 | 144,887 | 59,973 | ||||||||
| (c) Traditional life insurance and accident and health products | 5,522,085 | 1,802,346 | 3,719,739 | ||||||||
| (b) Supplementary contracts without life contingencies | 317,533 | 303,627 | 13,906 | ||||||||
| (d) Other | 285,634 | 285,634 | — | ||||||||
| Total | $ | 16,612,511 | $ | 8,356,013 | $ | 8,256,498 | |||||
| (a) | Reserves for products such as annuities and universal life products are generally based on the account values of the contracts without taking into account surrender charges, while the contractual obligations table includes projected cash payments. The differences between contractual obligations and the account values are primarily the accumulation of interest and death benefits on universal life business in excess of projected account values. |
| (b) | Reserves for supplementary contracts and similar instruments are computed as the present value of future cash payments while the table above includes cash payments without the impact of discounting. |
| (c) | Traditional life reserves are computed as the present value of future benefits less the present value of future premiums while the contractual obligations table includes gross benefit payments. |
| (d) | Other insurance liabilities include dividend accumulations, other deposits and other policy claims included in the “Other policy claims and benefits” and “Advance premiums and other deposits” lines on our consolidated balance sheet. |
| (2) | Amount shown is net of $3.0 million equity investment in the Capital Trust due to the contractual right of offset upon repayment of the note. |
| (3) | Primarily related to service and maintenance agreements, a portion of which are incurred in our capacity as manager of our property-casualty affiliates. We receive reimbursement from our property-casualty affiliates for such amounts. |
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| (4) | Includes our estimated future contributions to defined and postretirement benefit plans. Contributions related to the qualified pension plan are included through 2019. No amounts related to the qualified pension plan are included beyond 2019 as the contribution amounts will be re-evaluated based on actual results. |
We are also a party to other operating leases with insignificant total payments per year. Generally, these leases are renewable annually with similar terms. Although our current intention is to renew these leases, we are not obligated to do so.
Effects of Inflation
Inflation has not had a material effect on our consolidated results of operations.
Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates
The following is a brief summary of our significant accounting policies and a review of our most critical accounting estimates. For a complete description of our significant accounting policies, see Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8.
In accordance with GAAP, premiums and considerations received for interest sensitive products, such as ordinary annuities and universal life insurance, are reflected as increases in liabilities for policyholder account balances and not as revenues. Revenues reported for these products consist of policy charges for the cost of insurance, administration charges, amortization of policy initiation fees and surrender charges assessed against policyholder account balances. Surrender benefits paid relating to these products are reflected as decreases in liabilities for policyholder account balances and not as expenses. Our insurance subsidiaries receive investment income earned from the funds deposited into account balances, a portion of which is passed through to the policyholders in the form of interest credited. Interest credited to policyholder account balances and benefit claims in excess of policyholder account balances are reported as expenses in our consolidated financial statements.
Premium revenues reported for traditional life insurance products are recognized as revenues when due. Future policy benefits are recognized as expenses over the life of the policy by means of the provision for future policy benefits.
For variable universal life and variable annuities, premiums received are not reported as revenues. Similar to universal life and ordinary annuities, revenues reported consist of fee income and product charges collected from the policyholders. Expenses related to these products include benefit claims incurred in excess of policyholder account balances.
The costs related to acquiring new business, including certain costs of issuing policies and other variable selling expenses (principally commissions), defined as deferred acquisition costs, are capitalized and amortized into expense. We also record an asset, value of insurance in force acquired, for the cost assigned to insurance contracts when an insurance company is acquired. For nonparticipating traditional life products, these costs are amortized over the premium paying period of the related policies, in proportion to the ratio of annual premium revenues to total anticipated premium revenues. Such anticipated premium revenues are estimated using the same assumptions used for computing liabilities for future policy benefits and are generally “locked in” at the date the policies are issued. For participating traditional life insurance and interest sensitive products, these costs are amortized generally in proportion to expected gross profits from surrender charges and investment, mortality and expense margins. This amortization is adjusted (also known as “unlocked”) when we revise our estimate of current or future gross profits or margins. For example, deferred acquisition costs are amortized earlier than originally estimated when policy terminations are higher than originally estimated or when investments backing the related policyholder liabilities are sold at a gain prior to their anticipated maturity.
Death and other policyholder benefits reflect exposure to mortality risk and fluctuate from year to year based on the level of claims incurred under insurance retention limits.
Pension assets and liabilities are affected by the estimated fair value of plan assets, estimates of the expected return on plan assets and/or discount rates. Actual changes in the fair value of plan assets and differences between the actual return on plan assets and the expected return on plan assets will affect the amount of pension expense ultimately recognized. The December 31, 2018 pension obligation was computed based on an average 4.24% discount rate, which was based on yields for high-quality corporate bonds with a maturity approximating the duration of our pension liability. The long-term return on plan assets is based on current and projected asset allocations. Declines in comparable bond and equity yields would decrease our net pension asset.
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The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. It is reasonably possible that actual experience could differ from the estimates and assumptions utilized, which could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. A summary of our significant accounting estimates and the hypothetical effects of changes in the material assumptions used to develop each estimate, are included in the following table. We have discussed the identification, selection and disclosure of these critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
| Balance Sheet Caption | Description of Critical Estimate | Assumptions / Approach Used | Effect if Different Assumptions / Approach Used |
| Fixed maturities - available for sale | Excluding U.S. Government treasury securities, very few of our fixed maturity securities trade on the balance sheet date. For those securities without a trade on the balance sheet date, fair values are determined using valuation processes that require judgment. | Fair values are obtained primarily from a variety of independent pricing sources, whose results we evaluate internally. Details regarding valuation techniques and processes are summarized in Notes 1 and 3 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. | At December 31, 2018, our fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale had a fair value of $7,033.0 million, with gross unrealized gains totaling $305.7 million and gross unrealized losses totaling $128.9 million. Due to the large number of fixed maturity securities held, the unique attributes of each security and the complexity of valuation methods, it is not practical to estimate a potential range of fair values for different assumptions and methods that could be used in the valuation process. |
| Fixed maturities - available for sale | We are required to exercise judgment to determine when a decline in the value of a security is other than temporary. Whether a realized loss needs to be recognized in earnings and the amount of the loss primarily depends on whether (1) a decline in fair value is other than temporary, (2) the extent to which a decline is related to credit versus non-credit related factors, (3) our intent to sell the security and (4) whether or not we could be required to sell prior to recovery. The previous amortized cost is adjusted by the loss reported in earnings to provide a new cost basis for fixed maturity securities. | We evaluate the operating results of the underlying issuer, near-term prospects of the issuer, general market conditions, causes for the decline in value, the length of time there has been a decline in value, other key economic measures and our intent to sell and whether or not we would be required to sell prior to recovery. | At December 31, 2018, we had 709 fixed maturity securities with gross unrealized losses totaling $128.9 million. Included in the gross unrealized losses are losses attributable to both movements in market interest rates as well as temporary credit issues. Details regarding these securities are included in the “Financial Condition - Investments” section above. Due to the large number of securities within the investment portfolio and the unique credit characteristic of each, it is not practical to estimate a range of other-than-temporary impairment losses. As discussed in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, we believe that all other-than-temporary impairment losses within the portfolio have been recognized. |
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| Balance Sheet Caption | Description of Critical Estimate | Assumptions / Approach Used | Effect if Different Assumptions / Approach Used |
| Deferred acquisition costs | Amortization of deferred acquisition costs for participating life insurance and interest sensitive products is dependent upon estimates of future gross profits or margins on this business. Key assumptions used include the following: - amount of death and surrender benefits and the length of time the policies will stay in force, - yield on investments supporting the liabilities, - amount of interest or dividends credited to the policies, - amount of policy fees and charges and - amount of expenses necessary to maintain the policies. | Estimates used in the calculation of amortization of deferred acquisition costs, which are revised at least annually, are based on historical results and our best estimate of future experience. | Amortization of deferred acquisition costs for participating life insurance and interest sensitive products is expected to total approximately $24.5 million for 2019, excluding the impact of new production in 2019. Based upon a historical analysis of fluctuations in estimated gross profits, we believe it is reasonably likely that a 10% change in estimated gross profits could occur. A 10% increase in estimated gross profits for 2018 would result in $1.9 million of additional amortization expense. Correspondingly, a 10% decrease in estimated gross profits would result in a $1.9 million reduction of amortization expense. The information above is for illustrative purposes only and does not reflect our expectations regarding future changes in estimated gross profits. |
| Future policy benefits | Reserving for future policy benefits for traditional life insurance products requires the use of many assumptions, including the duration of the policies, mortality experience, lapse rates, surrender rates and dividend crediting rates. | These assumptions are made based upon historical experience, industry standards and a best estimate of future results and, for traditional life products, include a provision for adverse deviation. For traditional life insurance, once established for a particular series of products, these assumptions are generally held constant. | Due to the number of independent variables inherent in the calculation of traditional life insurance reserves, it is not practical to perform a sensitivity analysis on the impact of reasonable changes in the underlying assumptions. The cost of performing detailed calculations using different assumption scenarios outweighs the benefit that would be derived. We believe our assumptions are realistic and produce reserves that are fairly stated in accordance with GAAP. |
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| Balance Sheet Caption | Description of Critical Estimate | Assumptions / Approach Used | Effect if Different Assumptions / Approach Used |
| Other assets/liabilities | The determination of net periodic pension cost and related accrued/prepaid pension expense requires the use of estimates as to the expected return on plan assets, discount rate on plan liabilities and other accrual assumptions. Pension expense for 2018 totaled $11.6 million. | To determine our net periodic pension costs for 2018, we assumed an expected long-term rate of return on plan assets of 6.50% and a discount rate of 3.72%. Details regarding the method used to determine the discount rate are summarized in Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. | The long-term rate of return may fluctuate over time based on asset mix and if investment returns over a long period of time significantly differ from historical returns. The discount rate changes annually as it is based on current yields for high-quality corporate bonds with a maturity approximating the duration of our pension obligations. As fluctuations in the expected long-term rate of return and discount rate have been historically moderate and we have no current plans to change our investment strategy significantly, we believe a change of up to 100 basis points is reasonably likely. A 100 basis point decrease in the expected return on assets would result in a $1.0 million increase in pension expense and a 100 basis point increase would result in a $1.0 million decrease to pension expense. A 100 basis point decrease in the assumed discount rate would result in a $2.3 million increase in pension expense while a 100 basis point increase would result in a $2.1 million decrease to pension expense. The information above is for illustrative purposes only and does not reflect our expectations regarding future changes in the long-term rate of return or discount rates. |
| Deferred income taxes | The amount of deferred tax assets we hold is dependent on our estimate of the future deductibility of certain items. A valuation allowance against deferred income tax assets is established if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. No valuation allowance was recorded on deferred tax assets at December 31, 2018. | We utilize tax planning strategies, which require forward-looking assumptions and management judgment, to determine the deductibility of certain items and to assess the need for a valuation allowance.�� During periods in which we have deferred tax assets related to unrealized investment losses, we utilize tax planning strategies, including a buy-and-hold investment philosophy for securities experiencing unrealized losses and the sale of appreciated securities to ensure the deductibility of such losses in future periods. | At December 31, 2018, we held gross deferred tax assets totaling $34.4 million, primarily related to future policy benefits, employee benefits and loss carryforwards. Utilization of these deferred tax assets is dependent on our future earnings. No valuation allowance has been established for these deferred tax assets, as we believe future earnings will be sufficient to ensure their utilization. If future earnings are no longer expected to be sufficient, a valuation allowance will need to be established. Given the number of variables that impact the level of future earnings, it is not practicable to estimate a range of possible outcomes to the valuation of the deferred tax assets. Future changes in tax rates and other tax laws may also impact the utilization of deferred tax assets. |
Recent Accounting Changes
During 2018, we voluntarily changed our accounting policy for LIHTC investments from the equity method to the proportional amortization method. Other accounting pronouncements adopted during the year did not have a material impact on our
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consolidated financial statements. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
See Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Market Risks of Financial Instruments,” for our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk.
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ITEM 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a - 15(f). Under the supervision and the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018.
We engage Ernst & Young LLP as the independent registered public accounting firm to audit our financial statements and internal control over financial reporting and express their opinion thereon. A copy of Ernst & Young LLP’s audit opinions follows.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
FBL Financial Group, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited FBL Financial Group, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, FBL Financial Group, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of FBL Financial Group, Inc. as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Des Moines, Iowa
February 27, 2019
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
FBL Financial Group, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of FBL Financial Group, Inc (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Adoption of ASU No. 2016-01
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for equity securities, other than those equity securities that are consolidated or accounted for under the equity method, to measure equity securities at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statement of operations in the period ended December 31, 2018 due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has elected to change its method of accounting for low income housing tax credit (LIHTC) investments from the equity method to the proportional amortization method in each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018.
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Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1993.
Des Moines, Iowa
February 27, 2019
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FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands)
| December 31, | |||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
| Assets | |||||||
| Investments: | |||||||
| Fixed maturities - available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2018 - $6,856,277; 2017 - $6,757,250) | $ | 7,033,045 | $ | 7,291,967 | |||
| Equity securities at fair value (cost: 2018 - $93,564; 2017 - $96,715) | 92,857 | 104,145 | |||||
| Mortgage loans | 1,039,829 | 971,812 | |||||
| Real estate | 1,543 | 1,543 | |||||
| Policy loans | 197,366 | 191,398 | |||||
| Short-term investments | 15,713 | 17,007 | |||||
| Other investments | 33,765 | 42,371 | |||||
| Total investments | 8,414,118 | 8,620,243 | |||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 19,035 | 52,696 | |||||
| Securities and indebtedness of related parties | 60,962 | 47,823 | |||||
| Accrued investment income | 74,524 | 76,468 | |||||
| Amounts receivable from affiliates | 3,812 | 3,561 | |||||
| Reinsurance recoverable | 102,386 | 108,948 | |||||
| Deferred acquisition costs | 418,802 | 302,611 | |||||
| Value of insurance in force acquired | 10,385 | 4,560 | |||||
| Current income taxes recoverable | 4,807 | 6,764 | |||||
| Other assets | 163,518 | 177,764 | |||||
| Assets held in separate accounts | 561,281 | 651,963 | |||||
| Total assets | $ | 9,833,630 | $ | 10,053,401 | |||
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FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands)
| December 31, | |||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
| Liabilities and stockholders’ equity | |||||||
| Liabilities: | |||||||
| Future policy benefits: | |||||||
| Interest sensitive products | $ | 5,403,125 | $ | 5,299,961 | |||
| Traditional life insurance and accident and health products | 1,802,346 | 1,750,504 | |||||
| Other policy claims and benefits | 51,298 | 44,475 | |||||
| Supplementary contracts without life contingencies | 303,627 | 322,630 | |||||
| Advance premiums and other deposits | 260,252 | 267,023 | |||||
| Amounts payable to affiliates | 1,461 | 1,164 | |||||
| Long-term debt payable to non-affiliates | 97,000 | 97,000 | |||||
| Deferred income taxes | 75,449 | 130,425 | |||||
| Other liabilities | 93,532 | 111,131 | |||||
| Liabilities related to separate accounts | 561,281 | 651,963 | |||||
| Total liabilities | 8,649,371 | 8,676,276 | |||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | |||||||
| FBL Financial Group, Inc. stockholders’ equity | |||||||
| Preferred stock, without par value, at liquidation value - authorized 10,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding 5,000,000 Series B shares | 3,000 | 3,000 | |||||
| Class A common stock, without par value - authorized 88,500,000 shares, issued and outstanding 24,707,402 shares in 2018 and 24,919,113 shares in 2017 | 152,652 | 153,589 | |||||
| Class B common stock, without par value - authorized 1,500,000 shares, issued and outstanding 11,413 shares in 2018 and 2017 | 72 | 72 | |||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | 91,318 | 284,983 | |||||
| Retained earnings | 937,097 | 935,423 | |||||
| Total FBL Financial Group, Inc. stockholders’ equity | 1,184,139 | 1,377,067 | |||||
| Noncontrolling interest | 120 | 58 | |||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 1,184,259 | 1,377,125 | |||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 9,833,630 | $ | 10,053,401 | |||
See accompanying notes.
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FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product charges | $ | 122,789 | $ | 112,936 | $ | 111,928 | |||||
| Traditional life insurance premiums | 198,312 | 195,330 | 196,914 | ||||||||
| Net investment income | 394,618 | 415,199 | 404,170 | ||||||||
| Net realized capital gains (losses) on sales of investments | (7,276 | ) | 599 | 3,106 | |||||||
| Total other-than-temporary impairment losses | (5,072 | ) | (1,553 | ) | (7,320 | ) | |||||
| Non-credit portion in other comprehensive income/loss | 74 | — | 2,451 | ||||||||
| Net impairment losses recognized in earnings | (4,998 | ) | (1,553 | ) | (4,869 | ) | |||||
| Other income | 16,181 | 15,400 | 15,165 | ||||||||
| Total revenues | 719,626 | 737,911 | 726,414 | ||||||||
| Benefits and expenses: | |||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product benefits | 253,753 | 251,878 | 238,586 | ||||||||
| Traditional life insurance benefits | 175,209 | 173,023 | 177,682 | ||||||||
| Policyholder dividends | 10,130 | 10,140 | 10,574 | ||||||||
| Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses | 152,055 | 134,878 | 135,967 | ||||||||
| Interest expense | 4,851 | 4,850 | 4,850 | ||||||||
| Other expenses | 22,595 | 18,382 | 16,966 | ||||||||
| Total benefits and expenses | 618,593 | 593,151 | 584,625 | ||||||||
| 101,033 | 144,760 | 141,789 | |||||||||
| Income tax benefit (expense) | (11,650 | ) | 39,983 | (41,220 | ) | ||||||
| Equity income, net of related income taxes | 4,439 | 2,590 | 2,269 | ||||||||
| Net income | 93,822 | 187,333 | 102,838 | ||||||||
| Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest | (29 | ) | (28 | ) | 4 | ||||||
| Net income attributable to FBL Financial Group, Inc. | $ | 93,793 | $ | 187,305 | $ | 102,842 | |||||
| Earnings per common share | $ | 3.76 | $ | 7.47 | $ | 4.11 | |||||
| Earnings per common share - assuming dilution | $ | 3.75 | $ | 7.47 | $ | 4.10 | |||||
See accompanying notes.
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FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Dollars in thousands)
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Net income | $ | 93,822 | $ | 187,333 | $ | 102,838 | |||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) (1) | |||||||||||
| Change in net unrealized investment gains/losses | (190,114 | ) | 88,685 | 38,077 | |||||||
| Non-credit impairment losses | (58 | ) | — | (1,476 | ) | ||||||
| Change in underfunded status of postretirement benefit plans | 1,987 | (1,483 | ) | (1,578 | ) | ||||||
| Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (188,185 | ) | 87,202 | 35,023 | |||||||
| Total comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (94,363 | ) | 274,535 | 137,861 | |||||||
| Comprehensive loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest | (29 | ) | (28 | ) | 4 | ||||||
| Total comprehensive income (loss) applicable to FBL Financial Group, Inc. | $ | (94,392 | ) | $ | 274,507 | $ | 137,865 | ||||
| (1) | Other comprehensive income (loss) is recorded net of deferred income taxes and other adjustments for assumed changes in deferred acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, unearned revenue reserve and policyholder liabilities. |
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FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Dollars in thousands)
| FBL Financial Group, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Series B Preferred Stock | Class A and Class B Common Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Retained Earnings | Non- controlling Interest | Total Stockholders’ Equity | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at January 1, 2016 | $ | 3,000 | $ | 149,320 | $ | 114,532 | $ | 867,574 | $ | 48 | $ | 1,134,474 | |||||||||||
| Cumulative effect of accounting change for low income housing tax credit investments | — | — | — | (322 | ) | — | (322 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | 102,842 | (4 | ) | 102,838 | ||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | 35,023 | — | — | 35,023 | |||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under compensation plans | — | 3,718 | — | — | — | 3,718 | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of common stock | — | (63 | ) | — | (523 | ) | — | (586 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Dividends on preferred stock | — | — | — | (150 | ) | — | (150 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Dividends on common stock | — | — | — | (91,452 | ) | — | (91,452 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Receipts related to noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | 12 | 12 | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | 3,000 | 152,975 | 149,555 | 877,969 | 56 | 1,183,555 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | 187,305 | 28 | 187,333 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | 87,202 | — | — | 87,202 | |||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification related to the Tax Act | — | — | 48,226 | (48,226 | ) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under compensation plans | — | 708 | — | — | — | 708 | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of common stock | — | (22 | ) | — | (224 | ) | — | (246 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Dividends on preferred stock | — | — | — | (150 | ) | — | (150 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Dividends on common stock | — | — | — | (81,251 | ) | — | (81,251 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Disbursements related to noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | (26 | ) | (26 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | 3,000 | 153,661 | 284,983 | 935,423 | 58 | 1,377,125 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle related to net unrealized gains on equity securities | — | — | (5,480 | ) | 5,480 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | 93,793 | 29 | 93,822 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | (188,185 | ) | — | — | (188,185 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under compensation plans | — | 499 | — | — | — | 499 | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchase of common stock | — | (1,436 | ) | — | (14,471 | ) | — | (15,907 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Dividends on preferred stock | — | — | — | (150 | ) | — | (150 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Dividends on common stock | — | — | — | (82,978 | ) | — | (82,978 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Receipts related to noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | 33 | 33 | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 3,000 | $ | 152,724 | $ | 91,318 | $ | 937,097 | $ | 120 | $ | 1,184,259 | |||||||||||
See accompanying notes.
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FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in thousands)
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Operating activities | |||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 93,822 | $ | 187,333 | $ | 102,838 | |||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Interest credited to account balances | 164,623 | 163,111 | 153,856 | ||||||||
| Charges for mortality, surrenders and administration | (120,944 | ) | (112,682 | ) | (111,792 | ) | |||||
| Net realized losses on investments | 12,274 | 3,387 | 1,763 | ||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives | 7,162 | (8,007 | ) | (828 | ) | ||||||
| Increase in liabilities for life insurance and other future policy benefits | 77,786 | 87,489 | 91,080 | ||||||||
| Deferral of acquisition costs | (47,771 | ) | (44,409 | ) | (42,553 | ) | |||||
| Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and value of insurance in force | 36,371 | 25,016 | 30,898 | ||||||||
| Change in reinsurance recoverable | 4,081 | (5,097 | ) | (1,392 | ) | ||||||
| Provision for deferred income taxes | (4,952 | ) | (73,094 | ) | 9,409 | ||||||
| Other | 16,725 | 16,587 | 1,883 | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 239,177 | 239,634 | 235,162 | ||||||||
| Investing activities | |||||||||||
| Sales, maturities or repayments: | |||||||||||
| Fixed maturities - available for sale | 590,106 | 619,627 | 539,657 | ||||||||
| Equity securities | 7,039 | 9,880 | 5,532 | ||||||||
| Mortgage loans | 69,208 | 62,285 | 81,425 | ||||||||
| Derivative instruments | 16,754 | 13,220 | 2,987 | ||||||||
| Policy loans | 36,720 | 36,330 | 35,458 | ||||||||
| Securities and indebtedness of related parties | 8,359 | 8,999 | 10,079 | ||||||||
| Other investments | 6,831 | 164 | 171 | ||||||||
| Real estate | — | 717 | — | ||||||||
| Acquisitions: | |||||||||||
| Fixed maturities - available for sale | (705,250 | ) | (690,013 | ) | (829,184 | ) | |||||
| Equity securities | (4,447 | ) | (2,692 | ) | (11,057 | ) | |||||
| Mortgage loans | (139,836 | ) | (217,409 | ) | (160,005 | ) | |||||
| Derivative instruments | (14,425 | ) | (9,311 | ) | (6,847 | ) | |||||
| Policy loans | (42,688 | ) | (39,474 | ) | (37,928 | ) | |||||
| Securities and indebtedness of related parties | (21,146 | ) | (13,555 | ) | (13,288 | ) | |||||
| Other investments | (7,891 | ) | — | — | |||||||
| Short-term investments, net change | 1,294 | (659 | ) | 11,903 | |||||||
| Purchases and disposals of property and equipment, net | (12,520 | ) | (11,427 | ) | (11,787 | ) | |||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (211,892 | ) | (233,318 | ) | (382,884 | ) | |||||
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FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands)
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Financing activities | |||||||||||
| Contract holder account deposits | $ | 668,482 | $ | 534,449 | $ | 600,383 | |||||
| Contract holder account withdrawals | (631,181 | ) | (440,581 | ) | (344,664 | ) | |||||
| Dividends paid | (83,128 | ) | (81,401 | ) | (91,602 | ) | |||||
| Proceeds from the issuance of short-term debt | 27,000 | — | — | ||||||||
| Repayments of short-term debt | (27,000 | ) | — | (15,000 | ) | ||||||
| Issuance (repurchase) of common stock, net | (15,152 | ) | 356 | 1,840 | |||||||
| Other financing activities | 33 | (26 | ) | 858 | |||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (60,946 | ) | 12,797 | 151,815 | |||||||
| Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (33,661 | ) | 19,113 | 4,093 | |||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 52,696 | 33,583 | 29,490 | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 19,035 | $ | 52,696 | $ | 33,583 | |||||
| Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information | |||||||||||
| Cash (paid) during the year for: | |||||||||||
| Interest | $ | (4,868 | ) | $ | (4,850 | ) | $ | (4,854 | ) | ||
| Income taxes | (3,005 | ) | (16,347 | ) | (20,894 | ) | |||||
See accompanying notes.
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FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Business
FBL Financial Group, Inc. (we or the Company), majority owned by the Iowa Farm Bureau Federation (IFBF), operates predominantly in the life insurance industry through its principal subsidiary, Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company (Farm Bureau Life). Farm Bureau Life markets individual life insurance policies and annuity contracts to Farm Bureau members and other individuals and businesses in the Midwestern and Western sections of the United States through an exclusive agency force. Greenfields Life Insurance Company (Greenfields), a subsidiary of Farm Bureau Life, offers life and annuity products in the state of Colorado. Several subsidiaries support various functional areas of Farm Bureau Life and other affiliates by providing investment advisory, marketing and distribution, and leasing services. In addition, we manage two Farm Bureau affiliated property-casualty companies.
Consolidation
Our consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated.
Voluntary Accounting Policy Change
During 2018, we voluntarily changed our accounting policy for low income housing tax credit (LIHTC) investments from the equity method to the proportional amortization method. We believe the proportional amortization method is preferable because it better reflects the economics of an investment that is made for the primary purpose of receiving tax credits and other tax benefits and is consistent with the accounting method used by most life insurance companies who have disclosed their accounting policies for LIHTC investments. In addition to a change in the timing of the recognition of income or loss on LIHTC investments, there are also differences in how these investments are reported within our consolidated financial statements. The unamortized cost of the LIHTC investments is now reflected in the "Other asset" line instead of the "Securities and indebtedness of related parties" line on the consolidated balance sheets and income/expense from LIHTC investments is now reflected in the "Income taxes" line instead of the "Equity income" line on the consolidated statements of operations.
As a result of this accounting policy change, the opening balance as of January 1, 2016 of retained earnings was reduced by $0.3 million, as shown on the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity. In addition, the following presents the effect of the change on financial statement line items for prior periods that were retrospectively adjusted:
| Consolidated Balance Sheet Impact | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||
| As Originally Reported | As Adjusted | Effect of Change | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Securities and indebtedness of related parties | $ | 130,240 | $ | 47,823 | $ | (82,417 | ) | ||||
| Current income taxes recoverable | 3,269 | 6,764 | 3,495 | ||||||||
| Other assets | 112,054 | 177,764 | 65,710 | ||||||||
| Total assets | $ | (13,212 | ) | ||||||||
| Liabilities and stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | 131,912 | 130,425 | $ | (1,487 | ) | ||||||
| Retained earnings | 947,148 | 935,423 | (11,725 | ) | |||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | (13,212 | ) | ||||||||
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| Consolidated Statements of Operations Impact | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2017 | Year ended December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| As Originally Reported | As Adjusted | Effect of Change | As Originally Reported | As Adjusted | Effect of Change | ||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net impairment loss recognized in earnings | $ | (3,986 | ) | $ | (1,553 | ) | $ | 2,433 | $ | (4,869 | ) | $ | (4,869 | ) | $ | — | |||||||
| Income taxes | 40,729 | 39,983 | (746 | ) | (46,010 | ) | (41,220 | ) | 4,790 | ||||||||||||||
| Equity income (loss), net of related income taxes | 11,299 | 2,590 | (8,709 | ) | 11,440 | 2,269 | (9,171 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to FBL Financial Group, Inc. | $ | (7,022 | ) | $ | (4,381 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Earnings (loss) per common share - basic and assuming dilution | $ | (0.28 | ) | $ | (0.18 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Net income would have been $0.8 million lower ($0.03 per basic and diluted share) for the year ended December 31, 2018 if the company had continued to record LIHTC investments using the equity method.
Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
| Description | Date of adoption | Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters |
| Standards adopted: | ||
Share-based compensation In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance that impacted the accounting for share-based compensation, including the accounting for excess tax benefits and deficiencies, classification of excess tax benefits within the consolidated statement of cash flows, and the accounting for forfeitures. | January 1, 2017 | The guidance was adopted prospectively. Application of this guidance resulted in a federal income tax benefit of $0.2 million ($0.01 per basic and diluted common share) for the year ended December 31, 2018 and $0.6 million ($0.02 per basic and diluted common share) for the year ended December 31, 2017. Prior periods were not restated. |
Stockholders’ Equity In February 2018 the FASB issued guidance allowing a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from changes in the federal income tax rate due to enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 on December 22, 2017 (Tax Act). Accounting guidance requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities, including those associated with components of AOCI, be remeasured during the period new tax laws are enacted, with any changes reflected as a component of income tax expense (benefit). Under the previous guidance, retained earnings would reflect the full amount of the change and AOCI would not be adjusted for the portion of the change related to its components, leaving the unadjusted change “stranded” in AOCI. The new guidance allows AOCI to be adjusted to reclassify these stranded tax effects to retained earnings. | October 1, 2017 | The new guidance was effective for 2018, with early adoption permitted for public companies during periods for which financial statements have not been issued. We adopted the new guidance in 2017, and have reported the reclassification in our Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity. The adjustment does not impact earnings, but rather is a reclassification of amounts between stockholders’ equity accounts. |
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| Description | Date of adoption | Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters |
| Standards adopted continued: | ||
Financial instruments - recognition and measurement In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amended certain aspects of the recognition and measurement of financial instruments. The new guidance primarily affected the accounting for equity securities, which are now carried at fair value with valuation changes recognized in the statement of operations rather than as other comprehensive income. The presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments and the methodology for assessing the need for a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets resulting from unrealized losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities were also revised under the new guidance. The new standard required the use of a modified retrospective method at adoption. | January 1, 2018 | Upon adoption, we reclassified $5.5 million of net unrealized investment gains, net of adjustments to deferred acquisition costs, interest sensitive policy reserves and income taxes, on our equity securities from AOCI to retained earnings as a cumulative effect adjustment. Application of this guidance resulted in a decrease to net income of $6.2 million ($0.25 per basic and diluted earnings per share) for the year ended December 31, 2018. Prior periods were not restated. |
Revenue recognition In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance that outlined a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. Insurance contract and investment related revenue, which make up the majority of our earnings, were specifically excluded from the scope of this guidance. The new guidance was based on the principle that an entity should recognize revenue to reflect the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance also required disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to fulfill a contract. We had the option of using either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach for the adoption of the new standard. | January 1, 2018 | Our revenues that fall under the scope of the new guidance primarily consist of the net commissions on insurance and investment products we broker for others. We have evaluated those contracts and concluded that there was no change in timing or measurement of revenues, as the historical accounting is consistent with the new guidance. Accordingly, there was no impact from adoption. |
| Standards not yet adopted: | ||
Leases In February 2016, the FASB issued a new lease accounting standard, which, for most lessees, will result in a gross-up of the balance sheet. Under the new standard, lessees will recognize the leased assets on the balance sheet and will recognize a corresponding liability for the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The new standard requires the application of judgment and estimates. Also, there are accounting policy elections that may be taken both at transition and for the accounting post-transition, including whether to adopt a short-term lease recognition exemption. | January 1, 2019 | Our most significant lease is for our home office building. Our other leases are primarily shorter term in nature, relating to additional office space and equipment. We anticipate adoption of this standard will result in an increase to both other assets and other liabilities. We will apply this standard prospectively, recognizing a cumulative effect adjustment, which we expect to be immaterial. Additionally, we do not expect there to be a significant difference in our pattern of lease expense recognition under this guidance. |
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| Description | Date of adoption | Effect on our consolidated financial statements or other significant matters |
| Standards not yet adopted - continued: | ||
Financial Instruments - credit impairment In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance amending the accounting for the credit impairment of financial instruments. Under the new guidance, impairment losses are required to be estimated using an expected loss model under which a valuation allowance is established and adjusted over time. The valuation allowance will be based on the probability of loss over the life of the instrument, considering historical, current and forecasted information. The new guidance differs significantly from the incurred loss model used today, and will result in the earlier recognition of impairment losses. The new guidance may also increase the volatility of earnings to the extent actual results differ from the assumptions used in the establishment of the valuation allowance. The financial instruments for which we will be required to use the new model include but are not limited to, mortgage loans, lease receivables and reinsurance recoverables. Our available-for-sale fixed maturities will continue to apply the incurred loss model. However, rather than impairment losses resulting in a permanent reduction of carrying value as they do today, such losses will be in the form of a valuation allowance, which can be increased in the case of future credit losses or decreased should conditions improve. | January 1, 2020 | We are currently evaluating the impact of this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements. We believe the most significant impact upon adoption will be the establishment of an additional valuation allowance for our mortgage loan investments. We will apply this guidance using a modified retrospective approach by recording a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. |
Targeted improvements: long-duration contracts In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance that will change the accounting for long-duration insurance contracts. The new guidance impacts several facets of the accounting for such contracts including the accounting for future policy benefits associated with traditional non-participating and limited payment insurance contracts as well as for guaranteed minimum benefits and the amortization model used for deferred acquisition costs. Disclosures as well as presentation of financial results will also change under the new guidance. | January 1, 2021 | We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements, but expect the impact to the timing of profit emergence for the impacted insurance contracts to be significant. Adoption of certain portions of the guidance may be applied on a modified retrospective basis and others on a full retrospective basis. Early adoption is allowed. |
Reclassifications
In addition to reclassifications related to LIHTC investments discussed above, in 2018 we began reporting our holdings of Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (FHLB) common stock, which we are required to hold as a member of the FHLB system, as other investments rather than equity securities as the stock is restricted in nature. The 2017 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation.
Investments
Fixed Maturities and Equity Securities
Fixed maturities are comprised of bonds and redeemable preferred stock and are designated as “available for sale.” Available-for-sale securities, with the exception of interest-only bonds, are reported at fair value and unrealized gains and losses on these securities are included directly in stockholders’ equity as a component of AOCI. The unrealized gains and losses, included in AOCI, are reduced by a provision for deferred income taxes and adjustments to deferred acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, unearned revenue reserves and policyholder liabilities that would have been required as a charge or credit to income had such amounts been realized. Interest-only bonds are considered to have an embedded derivative feature. Accordingly, unrealized gains and losses relating to these securities are recorded as a component of net investment income in the consolidated statements of operations.
Premiums and discounts for all fixed maturity securities are amortized/accreted into investment income over the life of the security using the effective interest method. Amortization/accrual of premiums and discounts on mortgage- and asset-backed securities incorporates prepayment assumptions to estimate the securities’ expected lives. Subsequent revisions in assumptions are recorded using the retrospective or prospective method. Under the retrospective method used for mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities of high credit quality (ratings equal to or greater than “AA” or an equivalent rating by a nationally
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recognized rating agency at the time of acquisition or that are backed by a U.S. agency), amortized cost of the security is adjusted to the amount that would have existed had the revised assumptions been in place at the date of acquisition. The adjustments to amortized cost are recorded as a charge or credit to net investment income. Under the prospective method, which is used for all other mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, future cash flows are estimated and interest income is recognized going forward using the new internal rate of return.
Beginning in 2018, equity securities, comprised of mutual funds and common and non-redeemable preferred stocks are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in the statement of operations. Prior to 2018, these securities were designated as “available for sale” and reported at fair value with the change in unrealized gains and losses included in AOCI. See the preceding table regarding new accounting pronouncements for further discussion of the accounting change.
Mortgage Loans
Mortgage loans are reported at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums, accrual of discounts and net of allowance for loan losses. If we determine that the value of any mortgage loan is impaired (i.e., when it is probable we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement), the carrying value of the mortgage loan is reduced to its estimated value, which is based upon the present value of expected future cash flows from the loan, the estimated market price of the loan, or the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated costs to sell. Mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status if we have concerns regarding the collectability of future payments. Interest income on non-performing loans is generally recognized on a cash basis. Once mortgage loans are classified as nonaccrual loans, the resumption of the interest accrual would commence only after all past due interest has been collected or the mortgage loan has been restructured such that the collection of interest is considered likely.
Real Estate
Our real estate is held for investment and consists of land reported at cost, net of allowance for losses. The carrying value of these assets is subject to regular review. For properties held for investment, if indicators of impairment are present and a property’s expected undiscounted cash flows are not sufficient to recover the property’s carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized and the property’s cost basis is reduced to fair value. No properties were held for investment with impairment charges as of December 31, 2018 or 2017.
Other Investments
Policy loans are reported at unpaid principal balance. Short-term investments, which include investments with remaining maturities of one year or less, but greater than three months at the time of acquisition, are reported at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts. Other investments include common stock issued by the FHLB carried at the current redemption value; call options carried at fair value; a promissory note acquired in a sale of a partnership interest carried at the remaining basis of the partnership; and our ownership interest in aircraft acquired in a troubled debt restructuring carried at cost less accumulated depreciation.
We have embedded derivatives associated with modified coinsurance contracts, which are included within reinsurance recoverable. These instruments are carried at fair value with changes reflected in net investment income. See Note 2 for more information regarding our derivative instruments.
Securities and indebtedness of related parties include investments in corporations and partnerships over which we may exercise significant influence and those investments for which we use the equity method of accounting. These corporations and partnerships operate predominately in the investment company, real estate, broker/dealer and insurance industries. In applying the equity method, we record our share of income or loss reported by the equity investees. In accounting for these investments, we consistently use the most recent financial information available, which is generally for periods not more than three months prior to the ending date of the period for which we are reporting. For partnerships operating in the investment company industry, this income or loss includes changes in unrealized gains and losses in the partnerships’ investment portfolios.
Accrued Investment Income
We discontinue the accrual of investment income on invested assets when it is determined that it is probable that we will not collect the income.
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Realized Gains and Losses on Investments
Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are determined on the basis of specific identification. The carrying values of all our investments are reviewed on an ongoing basis for credit deterioration. When our review indicates a decline in fair value for a fixed maturity security is an other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) and we do not intend to sell or believe we will be required to sell the security before recovery of our amortized cost, a specific write down is charged to earnings for the credit loss and a specific charge is recognized in AOCI for the non-credit loss component. If we intend to sell or believe we will be required to sell a fixed maturity security before its recovery, the full amount of the impairment write down to fair value is charged to earnings.
We monitor the financial condition and operations of the issuers of fixed maturities that could potentially have a credit impairment that is OTTI. In determining whether or not an unrealized loss is OTTI, we review factors such as:
| • | historical operating trends; |
| • | business prospects; |
| • | status of the industry in which the issuer operates; |
| • | analyst ratings on the issuer and sector; |
| • | quality of management; |
| • | size of the unrealized loss; |
| • | level of current market interest rates compared to market interest rates when the security was purchased; and |
| • | length of time the security has been in an unrealized loss position. |
In order to determine the credit and non-credit impairment loss for fixed maturities, every quarter we estimate the future cash flows we expect to receive over the remaining life of the instrument as well as review our plans to hold or sell the instrument. Significant assumptions regarding the present value of expected cash flows for each security are used when an OTTI occurs and there is a non-credit portion of the unrealized loss that will not be recognized in earnings. Our assumptions for residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities include collateral pledged, guarantees, vintage, anticipated principal and interest payments, prepayments, default levels, severity assumptions, delinquency rates and the level of nonperforming assets for the remainder of the investments’ expected term. We use a single best estimate of cash flows approach and use the effective yield prior to the date of impairment to calculate the present value of cash flows. Our assumptions for corporate and other fixed maturities include anticipated principal and interest payments and an estimated recovery value, generally based on a percentage return of the current fair value.
After an OTTI write down of fixed maturities with a credit-only impairment, the cost basis is not adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value. For fixed maturities for which we can reasonably estimate future cash flows after a write down, the discount or reduced premium recorded, based on the new cost basis, is amortized over the remaining life of the security. Amortization in this instance is computed using the prospective method and the current estimate of the amount and timing of future cash flows.
Fair Values
Fair values of fixed maturities are based on quoted market prices in active markets when available. Fair values of fixed maturities that are not actively traded are estimated using valuation methods that vary by asset class. Fair values of redeemable preferred stocks, equity securities and derivative investments are based on the latest quoted market prices, or for those items not readily marketable, generally at values that are representative of the fair values of comparable issues. Fair values for all securities are reviewed for reasonableness by considering overall market conditions and values for similar securities. See Note 3 for more information on our fair value policies, including assumptions and the amount of securities priced using the valuation models.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
For purposes of our consolidated statements of cash flows, we consider all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
Reinsurance Recoverable
We use reinsurance to manage certain risks associated with our insurance operations. These reinsurance arrangements provide for greater diversification of business, allow management to control exposure to potential risks arising from large claims and
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provide additional capacity for growth. For business ceded to other companies, reinsurance recoverable includes the reinsurers’ share of policyholder liabilities, claims and expenses, net of amounts due the reinsurers for premiums. We monitor the financial condition of these reinsurers, establishing an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverables as necessary. We have concluded that no such allowance was required at December 31, 2018 or 2017. For business assumed from other companies, reinsurance recoverable includes premium receivable net of our share of benefits and expenses we owe to the ceding company.
Fair values for the embedded derivatives in our modified coinsurance contracts are based on the difference between the fair value and the cost basis of the underlying investments. See Note 2 for more information regarding derivatives and Note 4 for additional details on our reinsurance agreements.
Deferred Acquisition Costs and Value of Insurance in Force Acquired
Deferred acquisition costs include certain costs of successfully acquiring new insurance business, including commissions and other expenses related to the production of new business, to the extent recoverable from future policy revenues and gross profits. Also included are premium bonuses and bonus interest credited to contracts during the first contract year only. The value of insurance in force acquired represents the cost assigned to insurance contracts when an insurance company is acquired. The initial value was determined by an actuarial study using expected future gross profits as a measurement of the net present value of the insurance acquired. Value of insurance in force acquired is being amortized on a fixed amortization schedule.
For participating traditional life insurance and interest sensitive products, these costs are being amortized generally in proportion to expected gross margins or gross profits. That amortization is adjusted retrospectively through an unlocking process when estimates of current or future gross profits/margins (including the impact of investment gains and losses) to be realized from a group of products are revised. For nonparticipating traditional life products, these costs are amortized over the premium paying period of the related policies, in proportion to the ratio of annual premium revenues to total anticipated premium revenues. Such anticipated premium revenues are estimated using the same assumptions used for computing liabilities for future policy benefits.
All insurance and investment contract modifications and replacements are reviewed to determine if the internal replacement results in a substantially changed contract. If so, the acquisition costs, sales inducements and unearned revenue associated with the new contract are deferred and amortized over the lifetime of the new contract. In addition, the existing deferred policy acquisition costs, sales inducement costs and unearned revenue balances associated with the replaced contract are written off. If an internal replacement results in a substantially unchanged contract, the acquisition costs, sales inducements and unearned revenue associated with the new contract are immediately recognized in the period incurred. In addition, the existing deferred policy acquisition costs, sales inducement costs or unearned revenue balance associated with the replaced contract is not written off, but instead is carried over to the new contract.
Other Assets
Other assets include property and equipment, primarily comprised of capitalized software costs and furniture and equipment, which are reported at cost less allowances for depreciation and amortization. We expense costs incurred in the preliminary stages of developing internal-use software as well as costs incurred post-implementation for maintenance. Capitalization of internal-use software costs occurs after management has authorized the project and it is probable that the software will be used as intended. Amortization of software costs begins after the software has been placed in production. Depreciation and amortization expense is computed primarily using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to twenty years. Property and equipment had a carrying value of $38.5 million at December 31, 2018 and $35.8 million at December 31, 2017, and accumulated depreciation and amortization of $79.2 million at December 31, 2018 and $78.7 million at December 31, 2017. Depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment was $9.9 million in 2018 and $8.7 million in 2017 and 2016.
Other assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017, also includes goodwill of $9.9 million related to the excess of the amounts paid to acquire companies over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to annual impairment testing. We evaluate our goodwill balance by comparing the fair value of our reporting units to the carrying value of the goodwill. We conduct a qualitative impairment review at least annually as well as when indicators suggest an impairment may have occurred to determine if indicators of deterioration in the business would suggest its value has declined below the carrying value of goodwill. Such circumstances include changes in the competitive or overall economic environment or other business condition changes that may negatively impact the value of the underlying business. On a periodic basis, as well as in the event circumstances indicate the value of the business may have declined significantly, we will estimate the value of the business using discounted cash flow techniques. We believe this approach better approximates the fair value of our goodwill than a
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market capitalization approach. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the discounted cash flow model to forecast operating cash flows, including future premiums, product lapses, investment yields and discount rate. Underlying assumptions are based on historical experience and our best estimates given information available at the time of testing. As a result of this analysis, we have determined our goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2018 or 2017.
Future Policy Benefits
Future policy benefit reserves for interest sensitive products are computed under a retrospective deposit method and represent policy account balances before applicable surrender charges. We also have additional benefit reserves that are established for annuity or universal life-type contracts that provide benefit guarantees, or for contracts that are expected to produce profits followed by losses. The liabilities are accrued in relation to estimated contract assessments. Policy benefits and claims that are charged to expense include benefit claims incurred in the period in excess of related policy account balances. Interest crediting rates for our interest sensitive products ranged from 1.00% to 5.50% in 2018, 2017 and 2016.
The liability for future policy benefits for direct participating traditional life insurance is based on net level premium reserves, including assumptions as to interest, mortality and other factors underlying the guaranteed policy cash values. Reserve interest assumptions are level and range from 2.00% to 6.00%. The average rate of assumed investment yields used in estimating gross margins was 5.48% in 2018, 5.47% in 2017 and 5.51% in 2016. The liability for future policy benefits for non-participating traditional life insurance is computed using a net level method, including assumptions as to mortality, persistency and interest and includes provisions for possible unfavorable deviations.
The liabilities for future policy benefits for accident and health insurance are computed using a net level (or an equivalent) method, including assumptions as to morbidity, mortality and interest and include provisions for possible unfavorable deviations. Policy benefit claims are charged to expense in the period that the claims are incurred.
Other Policy Claims and Benefits
We have unearned revenue reserves that reflect the unamortized balance of charges assessed to interest sensitive contract holders to compensate us for services to be performed over future periods (policy initiation fees). These charges have been deferred and are being recognized in income over the period benefited using the same assumptions and factors used to amortize deferred acquisition costs.
We have accrued dividends for participating business that are established for anticipated amounts earned to date that have not been paid. The declaration of future dividends for participating business is at the discretion of the Board of Directors of Farm Bureau Life. Participating business accounted for 28% of receipts from policyholders during 2018 (2017 - 29% and 2016 - 32%) and represented 10% of life insurance in force at December 31, 2018 and 2017 and 11% at December 31, 2016.
Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred income tax assets or liabilities are computed based on the difference between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when the assets or liabilities are recovered or settled. Deferred income tax expenses or credits are based on the changes in the asset or liability from period to period. A valuation allowance against deferred income tax assets is established if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized.
Separate Accounts
The separate account assets and liabilities reported in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets represent funds that are separately administered for the benefit of certain policyholders that bear the underlying investment risk. The separate account assets are carried at fair value and separate account liabilities represent policy account balances before applicable surrender charges. Revenues and expenses related to the separate account assets and liabilities, to the extent of benefits paid or provided to the separate account policyholders, are excluded from the amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
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Recognition of Premium Revenues and Costs
Revenues for interest sensitive and variable products consist of policy charges for the cost of insurance and product guarantees, asset charges, administration charges, amortization of policy initiation fees and surrender charges assessed against policyholder account balances. The timing of revenue recognition as it relates to these charges and fees is determined based on the nature of such charges and fees. Policy charges for the cost of insurance, asset charges and policy administration charges are assessed on a daily or monthly basis and are recognized as revenue when assessed and earned. Certain policy initiation fees that represent compensation for services to be provided in the future are reported as unearned revenue and recognized in income over the periods benefited. Surrender charges are determined based upon contractual terms and are recognized upon surrender of a contract. Policy benefits and claims charged to expense include interest amounts credited to policyholder account balances and benefit claims incurred in excess of policyholder account balances during the period. Amortization of deferred acquisition costs is recognized as expense over the life of the policy.
Traditional life insurance premiums are recognized as revenues over the premium-paying period. Future policy benefits and policy acquisition costs are recognized as expenses over the life of the policy by means of the provision for future policy benefits and amortization of deferred acquisition costs.
All insurance-related revenues, benefits and expenses are reported net of reinsurance ceded. The cost of reinsurance ceded is recognized over the contract periods of the reinsurance agreements. Policies and contracts assumed are accounted for in a manner similar to that followed for direct business.
| Underwriting, Acquisition and Insurance Expenses | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Components of our underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses: | |||||||||||
| Commission expense, net of deferrals | $ | 23,801 | $ | 24,356 | $ | 22,735 | |||||
| Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 33,137 | 22,507 | 28,225 | ||||||||
| Amortization of value of insurance in force acquired | 2,167 | 2,178 | 2,392 | ||||||||
| Other underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses, net of deferrals | 92,950 | 85,837 | 82,615 | ||||||||
| Total | $ | 152,055 | $ | 134,878 | $ | 135,967 | |||||
Other Income and Other Expenses
Other income and other expenses primarily consist of revenue and expenses generated by our various non-insurance subsidiaries for investment advisory, marketing and distribution, and leasing services. They also include revenues and expenses generated by our parent company for management services. Certain of these activities are performed on behalf of our affiliates. Revenues are recognized for the performance of these services to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those services.
Lease income from leases with affiliates totaled $4.9 million in 2018, $4.6 million in 2017 and $4.8 million in 2016. Investment advisory fee income from affiliates totaled $2.9 million in 2018, $2.7 million in 2017 and $2.5 million in 2016. In addition, Farm Bureau Life has certain items, including fees earned from brokered products, reported as other income and other expense, which netted to $2.7 million in 2018, $2.5 million in 2017 and $3.4 million in 2016. We expense legal costs associated with a loss contingency as incurred.
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Retirement and Compensation Plans
We participate with affiliates and an unaffiliated organization in defined benefit pension plans, including a multiemployer plan. The multiemployer plan records an asset or liability based on the difference between contributions made to the plan to date and expense recognized for the plan to date. The obligations for the single employer plans are based on an actuarial valuation of future benefits. For the multiemployer plan, our contributions are commingled with those of the other employers to fund the plan benefit obligations. Should a participating employer be unable to provide funding, the remaining employers would be required to continue funding all future obligations. The multiemployer plan employs a long-term investment strategy of maintaining diversified assets. The expected return on plan assets is set at the long-term rate expected to be earned based on the long-term investment strategy of the plans for assets at the end of the reporting period.
We have a Cash-Based Restricted Stock Unit Plan. Performance and non-performance units are awarded under this plan. In addition to meeting the performance goals, the performance units are subject to a five-year vesting schedule. The non-performance units awarded under this plan vest over five years. The amount payable per unit awarded is equal to the price per share of the Company’s common stock at settlement of the award, and as such, we measure the value of the award each reporting period based on the current stock price. The expense related to the performance units is based on the number of units expected to vest and is recognized over the required service period. The expense related to the non-performance units is recognized over the five-year vesting schedule. The impact of forfeitures is estimated and compensation expense is recognized only for those units expected to vest.
We also have share-based payment arrangements under our Class A Common Stock Compensation Plan, although no new awards have been made since 2011.
See Note 8 for additional details on these plans.
Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive income includes net income, as well as other comprehensive income items not recognized through net income. Other comprehensive income includes unrealized gains and losses on our available-for-sale securities as well as the underfunded obligation for certain retirement and postretirement benefit plans. These items are included in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax and other offsets, in stockholders’ equity. The changes in unrealized gains and losses reported in our Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss), excludes net investment gains and losses included in net income that represent transfers from unrealized to realized gains and losses. These transfers are further discussed in Note 7. The components of the underfunded obligation for certain retirement and postretirement benefit plans are provided in Note 8.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. For example, significant estimates and assumptions are utilized in the valuation of investments, determination of other-than-temporary impairments of investments, amortization of deferred acquisition costs, calculation of policyholder liabilities and accruals and determination of pension expense. It is reasonably possible that actual experience could differ from the estimates and assumptions utilized, which could have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
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2. Investment Operations
Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities
| Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturity Securities by Investment Category | |||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||
Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Non-credit losses on other-than-temporary impairments (1) | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 3,231,846 | $ | 138,972 | $ | (90,933 | ) | $ | 3,279,885 | $ | — | ||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed | 584,133 | 29,969 | (7,242 | ) | 606,860 | 2,823 | |||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 873,672 | 24,284 | (19,390 | ) | 878,566 | — | |||||||||||||
| Other asset-backed | 697,332 | 15,567 | (5,329 | ) | 707,570 | 1,143 | |||||||||||||
| United States Government and agencies | 19,673 | 996 | (134 | ) | 20,535 | — | |||||||||||||
| States and political subdivisions | 1,449,621 | 95,921 | (5,913 | ) | 1,539,629 | — | |||||||||||||
| Total fixed maturities | $ | 6,856,277 | $ | 305,709 | $ | (128,941 | ) | $ | 7,033,045 | $ | 3,966 | ||||||||
| Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities by Investment Category | |||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||
Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Non-credit losses on other-than-temporary impairments (1) | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 3,374,927 | $ | 329,299 | $ | (15,955 | ) | $ | 3,688,271 | $ | (504 | ) | |||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed | 483,671 | 35,890 | (3,280 | ) | 516,281 | 339 | |||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 674,076 | 34,464 | (3,233 | ) | 705,307 | — | |||||||||||||
| Other asset-backed | 818,071 | 18,645 | (3,214 | ) | 833,502 | 845 | |||||||||||||
| United States Government and agencies | 23,378 | 1,606 | (79 | ) | 24,905 | — | |||||||||||||
| States and political subdivisions | 1,383,127 | 141,813 | (1,239 | ) | 1,523,701 | — | |||||||||||||
| Total fixed maturities | $ | 6,757,250 | $ | 561,717 | $ | (27,000 | ) | $ | 7,291,967 | $ | 680 | ||||||||
| Equity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Non-redeemable preferred stocks | $ | 92,951 | $ | 7,146 | $ | (265 | ) | $ | 99,832 | ||||||||||
| Common stocks | 3,764 | 549 | — | 4,313 | |||||||||||||||
| Total equity securities | $ | 96,715 | $ | 7,695 | $ | (265 | ) | $ | 104,145 | ||||||||||
| (1) | Non-credit losses subsequent to the initial impairment measurement date on OTTI losses are included in the gross unrealized gains and gross unrealized losses columns above. The non-credit loss component of OTTI losses for residential mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were in an unrealized gain position due to increases in estimated fair value subsequent to initial recognition of non-credit losses on such securities. |
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| Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities by Maturity Date | |||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||
Amortized Cost | Fair Value | ||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||
| Due in one year or less | $ | 123,881 | $ | 125,458 | |||
| Due after one year through five years | 517,489 | 531,498 | |||||
| Due after five years through ten years | 698,549 | 708,191 | |||||
| Due after ten years | 3,361,221 | 3,474,902 | |||||
| 4,701,140 | 4,840,049 | ||||||
| Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed | 2,155,137 | 2,192,996 | |||||
| Total fixed maturities | $ | 6,856,277 | $ | 7,033,045 | |||
Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Fixed maturities not due at a single maturity date have been included in the above table in the year of final contractual maturity.
| Net Unrealized Gains on Investments in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | |||||||
| December 31, | |||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||
| Net unrealized appreciation on: | |||||||
| Fixed maturities - available for sale | $ | 176,768 | $ | 534,718 | |||
| Equity securities | — | 7,430 | |||||
| 176,768 | 542,148 | ||||||
| Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization pattern of: | |||||||
| Deferred acquisition costs | (46,732 | ) | (147,173 | ) | |||
| Value of insurance in force acquired | (6,878 | ) | (14,870 | ) | |||
| Unearned revenue reserve | 5,134 | 12,705 | |||||
| Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities | (1,642 | ) | (18,499 | ) | |||
| Provision for deferred income taxes (see Note 5) | (26,596 | ) | (78,605 | ) | |||
| Net unrealized investment gains | $ | 100,054 | $ | 295,706 | |||
| Change in Unrealized Appreciation/Depreciation of Investments - Recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Fixed maturities - available for sale | $ | (357,950 | ) | $ | 187,639 | $ | 89,222 | ||||
| Equity securities | — | 4,941 | (2,842 | ) | |||||||
| Change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation of investments | $ | (357,950 | ) | $ | 192,580 | $ | 86,380 | ||||
The changes in net unrealized investment gains and losses are recorded net of deferred income taxes and other adjustments for assumed changes in deferred acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, unearned revenue reserve and policyholder liabilities. Subsequent changes in the fair value of securities for which a previous non-credit OTTI loss was recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income are reported along with changes in fair value for which no OTTI losses were previously recognized.
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| Fixed Maturity Securities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than one year | One year or more | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Percent of Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 1,035,176 | $ | (60,299 | ) | $ | 207,381 | $ | (30,634 | ) | $ | 1,242,557 | $ | (90,933 | ) | 70.5 | % | ||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed | 191,365 | (4,482 | ) | 74,113 | (2,760 | ) | 265,478 | (7,242 | ) | 5.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 302,159 | (9,947 | ) | 148,855 | (9,443 | ) | 451,014 | (19,390 | ) | 15.0 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other asset-backed | 250,119 | (3,397 | ) | 149,997 | (1,932 | ) | 400,116 | (5,329 | ) | 4.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| United States Government and agencies | — | — | 6,474 | (134 | ) | 6,474 | (134 | ) | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| States and political subdivisions | 144,681 | (3,885 | ) | 16,943 | (2,028 | ) | 161,624 | (5,913 | ) | 4.7 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed maturities | $ | 1,923,500 | $ | (82,010 | ) | $ | 603,763 | $ | (46,931 | ) | $ | 2,527,263 | $ | (128,941 | ) | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||
| Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than one year | One year or more | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description of Securities | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Percent of Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 85,019 | $ | (1,261 | ) | $ | 183,820 | $ | (14,694 | ) | $ | 268,839 | $ | (15,955 | ) | 59.1 | % | ||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed | 76,393 | (1,757 | ) | 31,779 | (1,523 | ) | 108,172 | (3,280 | ) | 12.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 151,158 | (2,078 | ) | 16,398 | (1,155 | ) | 167,556 | (3,233 | ) | 12.0 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other asset-backed | 159,111 | (2,006 | ) | 71,064 | (1,208 | ) | 230,175 | (3,214 | ) | 11.9 | |||||||||||||||||
| United States Government and agencies | 5,698 | (47 | ) | 1,864 | (32 | ) | 7,562 | (79 | ) | 0.3 | |||||||||||||||||
| States and political subdivisions | 5,904 | (96 | ) | 20,505 | (1,143 | ) | 26,409 | (1,239 | ) | 4.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total fixed maturities | $ | 483,283 | $ | (7,245 | ) | $ | 325,430 | $ | (19,755 | ) | $ | 808,713 | $ | (27,000 | ) | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||
| Equity securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-redeemable preferred stocks | $ | 2,819 | $ | (71 | ) | $ | 4,807 | $ | (194 | ) | $ | 7,626 | $ | (265 | ) | ||||||||||||
| Total equity securities | $ | 2,819 | $ | (71 | ) | $ | 4,807 | $ | (194 | ) | $ | 7,626 | $ | (265 | ) | ||||||||||||
Fixed maturities in the above tables include 709 securities from 465 issuers at December 31, 2018 and 247 securities from 154 issuers at December 31, 2017.
Unrealized losses increased during 2018 primarily due to higher market interest rates. We do not consider securities to be OTTI when the market decline is attributable to factors such as interest rate movements, market volatility, liquidity, spread widening and credit quality when recovery of all amounts due under the contractual terms of the security is anticipated. Based on our intent not to sell or our belief that we will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, we do not consider these investments to be OTTI at December 31, 2018. We will continue to monitor the investment portfolio for future changes in issuer facts and circumstances that could result in future impairments beyond those currently identified.
Mortgage Loans
Our mortgage loan portfolio consists of commercial mortgage loans that we have originated. Our lending policies require that the loans be collateralized by the value of the related property, establish limits on the amount that can be loaned to one borrower and require diversification by geographic location and collateral type. We originate loans with an initial loan-to-value ratio that provides sufficient collateral to absorb losses should we be required to foreclose and take possession of the collateral. In order to identify impairment losses, management maintains and regularly reviews a watch list of mortgage loans that have heightened risk. These loans may include those with borrowers delinquent on contractual payments, borrowers experiencing financial
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difficulty, increases in rental real estate vacancies and significant declines in collateral value. We evaluate each of our mortgage loans individually and establish an estimated loss, if needed, for each impaired loan identified. An estimated loss is needed for loans for which we do not believe we will collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the respective loan agreements.
Any loan delinquent on contractual payments is considered non-performing. Mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status if we have concerns regarding the collectability of future payments. Interest income on non-performing loans is generally recognized on a cash basis. Once mortgage loans are classified as non-accrual loans, the resumption of the interest accrual would commence only after all past due interest has been collected or the mortgage loan has been restructured such that the collection of interest is considered likely. At December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no non-performing loans over 90 days past due on contractual payments. At December 31, 2018, we had committed to provide additional funding for mortgage loans totaling $5.7 million. These commitments arose in the normal course of business at terms that are comparable to similar investments.
| Mortgage Loans by Collateral Type | ||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||
| Collateral Type | Carrying Value | Percent of Total | Carrying Value | Percent of Total | ||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
| Office | $ | 443,048 | 42.6 | % | $ | 410,090 | 42.2 | % | ||||||
| Retail | 310,625 | 29.9 | 292,257 | 30.1 | ||||||||||
| Industrial | 211,138 | 20.3 | 207,180 | 21.3 | ||||||||||
| Other | 75,018 | 7.2 | 62,285 | 6.4 | ||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,039,829 | 100.0 | % | $ | 971,812 | 100.0 | % | ||||||
| Mortgage Loans by Geographic Location within the United States | ||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||
| Region of the United States | Carrying Value | Percent of Total | Carrying Value | Percent of Total | ||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
| South Atlantic | $ | 301,206 | 29.0 | % | $ | 296,947 | 30.5 | % | ||||||
| Pacific | 162,824 | 15.7 | 146,320 | 15.0 | ||||||||||
| West North Central | 126,320 | 12.1 | 127,096 | 13.1 | ||||||||||
| East North Central | 117,768 | 11.3 | 91,971 | 9.5 | ||||||||||
| Mountain | 101,335 | 9.7 | 105,627 | 10.9 | ||||||||||
| West South Central | 85,919 | 8.3 | 85,566 | 8.8 | ||||||||||
| East South Central | 76,098 | 7.3 | 67,228 | 6.9 | ||||||||||
| Middle Atlantic | 34,843 | 3.4 | 16,052 | 1.7 | ||||||||||
| New England | 33,516 | 3.2 | 35,005 | 3.6 | ||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,039,829 | 100.0 | % | $ | 971,812 | 100.0 | % | ||||||
| Mortgage Loans by Loan-to-Value Ratio | ||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||
| Loan-to-Value Ratio | Carrying Value | Percent of Total | Carrying Value | Percent of Total | ||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
| 0% - 50% | $ | 409,089 | 39.3 | % | $ | 334,037 | 34.4 | % | ||||||
| 51% - 60% | 314,038 | 30.2 | 258,359 | 26.6 | ||||||||||
| 61% - 70% | 264,973 | 25.5 | 297,404 | 30.6 | ||||||||||
| 71% - 80% | 37,418 | 3.6 | 63,116 | 6.5 | ||||||||||
| 81% - 90% | 14,311 | 1.4 | 18,896 | 1.9 | ||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,039,829 | 100.0 | % | $ | 971,812 | 100.0 | % | ||||||
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The loan-to-value ratio is determined using the most recent appraised value. Appraisals are updated periodically when there is indication of a possible significant collateral decline or there are loan modifications or refinance requests.
| Mortgage Loans by Year of Origination | ||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||
| Carrying Value | Percent of Total | Carrying Value | Percent of Total | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | $ | 137,519 | 13.2 | % | $ | — | — | % | ||||||
| 2017 | 207,540 | 20.0 | 214,365 | 22.1 | ||||||||||
| 2016 | 149,437 | 14.4 | 154,359 | 15.9 | ||||||||||
| 2015 | 128,877 | 12.4 | 144,890 | 14.9 | ||||||||||
| 2014 | 72,827 | 7.0 | 77,866 | 8.0 | ||||||||||
| 2013 and prior | 343,629 | 33.0 | 380,332 | 39.1 | ||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,039,829 | 100.0 | % | $ | 971,812 | 100.0 | % | ||||||
| Impaired Mortgage Loans | |||||||
| December 31, | |||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||
| Unpaid principal balance | $ | 18,622 | $ | 19,027 | |||
| Less: | |||||||
| Related allowance | (3,107 | ) | (497 | ) | |||
| Carrying value of impaired mortgage loans | $ | 15,515 | $ | 18,530 | |||
| Allowance on Mortgage Loans | |||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | 497 | $ | 713 | |||
| Allowances established | 2,778 | — | |||||
| Recoveries | (168 | ) | (216 | ) | |||
| Balance at end of period | $ | 3,107 | $ | 497 | |||
Mortgage Loan Modifications
Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio can include loans that have been modified. We assess loan modifications on a loan-by-loan basis to evaluate whether a troubled-debt restructuring has occurred. Generally, the types of concessions include: reduction of the contractual interest rate to a below-market rate, extension of the maturity date and/or a reduction of accrued interest. The amount, timing and extent of the concession granted is considered in determining if an impairment loss is needed for the restructuring. There were no loan modifications during 2018 or 2017.
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| Components of Net Investment Income | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Fixed maturities - available for sale | $ | 340,498 | $ | 344,302 | $ | 342,657 | |||||
| Equity securities | 8,488 | 6,502 | 6,558 | ||||||||
| Mortgage loans | 45,294 | 42,185 | 38,098 | ||||||||
| Policy loans | 9,210 | 9,014 | 8,956 | ||||||||
| Short-term investments, cash and cash equivalents | 772 | 506 | 365 | ||||||||
| Derivative income (loss) | (10,405 | ) | 7,687 | 3,935 | |||||||
| Prepayment fee income and other | 9,208 | 12,470 | 10,992 | ||||||||
| 403,065 | 422,666 | 411,561 | |||||||||
| Less investment expenses | (8,447 | ) | (7,467 | ) | (7,391 | ) | |||||
| Net investment income | $ | 394,618 | $ | 415,199 | $ | 404,170 | |||||
Realized Gains (Losses) - Recorded in Income | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Realized gains (losses) on sales of investments | |||||||||||
| Fixed maturities: | |||||||||||
| Gross gains | $ | 2,195 | $ | 1,426 | $ | 9,793 | |||||
| Gross losses | (363 | ) | (1,081 | ) | (8,523 | ) | |||||
| Equity securities | — | (90 | ) | 529 | |||||||
| Mortgage loans | — | — | 817 | ||||||||
| Real estate | — | 304 | — | ||||||||
| Other | (19 | ) | 40 | 490 | |||||||
| 1,813 | 599 | 3,106 | |||||||||
| Net gains and (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities | (9,089 | ) | — | — | |||||||
| Less net gains and (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period | (952 | ) | — | — | |||||||
| Net losses recognized during the period on equity securities held at the end of the period (1) | (8,137 | ) | — | — | |||||||
| Net realized gains (losses) | (7,276 | ) | 599 | 3,106 | |||||||
| Impairment losses recognized in earnings: | |||||||||||
| Credit-related portion of fixed maturity losses (2) | (32 | ) | — | (4,767 | ) | ||||||
| Other credit-related (3) | (4,966 | ) | (1,553 | ) | (102 | ) | |||||
| Net realized gains (losses) on investments recorded in income | $ | (12,274 | ) | $ | (954 | ) | $ | (1,763 | ) | ||
| (1) | See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of change in accounting policy for equity securities during 2018. |
| (2) | Amount represents the credit-related losses recognized for fixed maturities that were impaired through income but not written down to fair value. As discussed above, the non-credit portion of the losses have been recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). |
| (3) | Amount represents credit-related losses for fixed maturities, mortgage loans, and other investments written down to fair value through income. |
Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities were $82.9 million in 2018, $58.7 million in 2017 and $109.5 million in 2016.
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Realized losses on sales were on securities that we did not intend to sell at the prior balance sheet date or on securities that were impaired in a prior period, but decreased in value and were sold during the current reporting period.
| Credit Loss Component of Other-Than-Temporary Impairments on Fixed Maturities | ||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | |||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | (12,392 | ) | $ | (14,500 | ) | ||
| Increases to previously impaired investments | (32 | ) | — | |||||
| Reductions due to investments sold | 3,932 | 1,521 | ||||||
| Reduction for credit loss that no longer has a portion of the OTTI loss recognized in other comprehensive income | 2,529 | 587 | ||||||
| Balance at end of period | $ | (5,963 | ) | $ | (12,392 | ) | ||
This table sets forth the amount of credit loss impairments on fixed maturities held by the Company for which the non-credit portion of the OTTI was recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) and corresponding changes in such amounts. Credit loss impairments with no portion of the loss recognized in other comprehensive income, such as securities for which OTTI were measured at fair value, are excluded from the table.
Variable Interest Entities
We evaluate our variable interest entity (VIE) investees to determine whether the level of our direct ownership interest, our rights to manage operations or our obligation to provide ongoing financial support are such that we are the primary beneficiary of the entity, and would therefore be required to consolidate it for financial reporting purposes. After determining that we have a variable interest, we review our involvement in the VIE to determine whether we have both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and the obligation to absorb losses or the rights to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. This analysis includes a review of the purpose and design of the VIE, as well as the role that we played in the formation of the entity and how that role could impact our ability to control the VIE. We also review the activities and decisions considered significant to the economic performance of the VIE and assess what power we have in directing those activities and decisions. Finally, we review the agreements in place to determine if there are any guarantees that would affect our maximum exposure to loss.
We have reviewed the circumstances surrounding our investments in VIEs, which consist of (i) limited partnerships or limited liability companies accounted for under the equity method included in securities and indebtedness of related parties and (ii) non-guaranteed federal LIHTC investments included in other assets. In addition, we have reviewed the ownership interests in our VIEs and determined that we do not hold direct majority ownership or have other contractual rights (such as kick out rights) that give us effective control over these entities resulting in us having both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The maximum loss exposure relative to our VIEs is limited to the carrying value and any unfunded commitments that exist for each particular VIE. We also have not provided additional support or other guarantees that were not previously contractually required (financial or otherwise) to any of the VIEs as of December 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017. Based on this analysis, none of our VIEs were required to be consolidated at December 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017.
LIHTC investments take the form of limited partnerships or limited liability companies, which in turn invest in a number of low income housing projects. We use the proportional amortization method of accounting for these investments. The proportional amortization method amortizes the cost of the investment over the period in which the investor expects to receive tax credits and other tax benefits, and the resulting amortization is recognized along with the tax benefit as a component of federal income tax expense on our consolidated statements of operations. The net benefits reflected in federal income tax expense related to LIHTC investments were $3.8 million at December 31, 2018, $1.2 million at December 31, 2017 and $4.7 million at December 31, 2016. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of a change in accounting method applied to these investments.
At December 31, 2018, we had committed to provide additional funds for limited partnerships and limited liability companies in which we invest. The amounts of these unfunded commitments totaled $47.6 million, including $1.6 million for LIHTC investment commitments, which are summarized by year in the following table.
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| Commitments to LIHTC Investments by Year | |||
| December 31, 2018 | |||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||
| 2019 | $ | 564 | |
| 2020 | 165 | ||
| 2021-2025 | 831 | ||
| Total | $ | 1,560 | |
| VIE Investments by Category | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Carrying Value | Maximum Exposure to Loss | Carrying Value | Maximum Exposure to Loss | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| LIHTC investments | $ | 54,037 | $ | 55,597 | $ | 65,710 | $ | 67,396 | |||||||
| Investment companies | 40,236 | 79,578 | 25,335 | 62,372 | |||||||||||
| Real estate limited partnerships | 8,945 | 15,673 | 8,589 | 20,590 | |||||||||||
| Other | 483 | 493 | 1,182 | 1,488 | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | 103,701 | $ | 151,341 | $ | 100,816 | $ | 151,846 | |||||||
In addition, we make passive investments in the normal course of business in structured securities issued by VIEs for which we are not the investment manager. These structured securities include all of the residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities included in our fixed maturities. Our maximum exposure to loss on these securities is limited to our carrying value of the investment. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these structured securities because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance.
Derivative Instruments
Our primary derivative exposure relates to purchased call options, which provide an economic hedge against the embedded derivatives in our indexed products. We also have embedded derivatives within our modified coinsurance agreements as well as an interest-only fixed maturity investment. We do not apply hedge accounting to any of our derivative positions, and they are held at fair value.
| Derivatives Instruments by Type | |||||||
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||
| Assets | |||||||
| Freestanding derivatives: | |||||||
| Call options (reported in other investments) | $ | 4,745 | $ | 14,824 | |||
| Embedded derivatives: | |||||||
| Modified coinsurance (reported in reinsurance recoverable) | 157 | 2,125 | |||||
| Interest-only security (reported in fixed maturities) | 855 | 2,096 | |||||
| Total assets | $ | 5,757 | $ | 19,045 | |||
| Liabilities | |||||||
| Embedded derivatives: | |||||||
| Indexed products (reported in liability for future policy benefits) | $ | 40,028 | $ | 27,774 | |||
| Modified coinsurance (reported in other liabilities) | 7,426 | 268 | |||||
| Total liabilities | $ | 47,454 | $ | 28,042 | |||
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| Derivative Income (Loss) | ||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of free standing derivatives: | ||||||||||||
| Call options | $ | (7,749 | ) | $ | 9,372 | $ | 2,990 | |||||
| Change in fair value of embedded derivatives: | ||||||||||||
| Modified coinsurance | (2,480 | ) | (1,440 | ) | 716 | |||||||
| Interest-only security | (176 | ) | (246 | ) | 229 | |||||||
| Indexed products | 3,243 | 321 | (2,390 | ) | ||||||||
| Total income (loss) from derivatives | $ | (7,162 | ) | $ | 8,007 | $ | 1,545 | |||||
Derivative income (loss) is reported in net investment income except for the change in fair value of the embedded derivatives on our indexed products, which is reported in interest sensitive product benefits.
We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance of the derivative counterparties. This credit risk is minimized by purchasing such agreements from financial institutions with high credit ratings (currently rated A or better by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations). We have also entered into credit support agreements with the counterparties requiring them to post collateral when net exposures exceed pre-determined thresholds that vary by counterparty. The net amount of such exposure is essentially the market value less collateral held for such agreements with each counterparty. The call options are supported by securities collateral received of $3.8 million at December 31, 2018, which is held in a separate custodial account. Subject to certain constraints, we are permitted to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but do not have legal rights to the collateral; accordingly, it has not been recorded on our balance sheet. At December 31, 2018, none of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. As of December 31, 2018, our net derivative exposure was $1.0 million.
Other
At December 31, 2018, affidavits of deposits covering investments with a carrying value totaling $7,819.0 million were on deposit with state agencies to meet regulatory requirements. Fixed maturities with a carrying value of $484.3 million were on deposit with the FHLB as collateral for funding agreements.
The carrying value of investments which have been non-income producing for the twelve months preceding December 31, 2018 includes real estate totaling $1.5 million.
No investment in any entity or its affiliates (other than bonds issued by agencies of the United States Government) exceeded 10.0% of stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2018.
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3. Fair Values
Fair value is based on an exit price, which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As not all financial instruments are actively traded, various valuation methods may be used to estimate fair value. These methods rely on observable market data or, if observable market data is not available, the best information available. Significant judgment may be required to interpret the data and select the assumptions used in the valuation estimates, particularly when observable market data is not available.
In the discussion that follows, we have ranked our financial instruments by the level of judgment used in the determination of the fair values presented above. The levels are defined as follows:
| • | Level 1 - Fair values are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. |
| • | Level 2 - Fair values are based on inputs, other than quoted prices from active markets, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. |
| • | Level 3 - Fair values are based on significant unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. |
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, a financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the financial instrument. From time to time there may be movements between levels as inputs become more or less observable, which may depend on several factors including the activity of the market for the specific security, the activity of the market for similar securities, the level of risk spreads and the source from which we obtain the information. Transfers into or out of any level are measured as of the beginning of the period.
The following methods and assumptions were used in estimating the fair value of our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Fixed maturities:
Level 1 fixed maturities consist of U.S. Treasury issues that are actively traded, allowing us to use current market prices as an estimate of their fair value.
Level 2 fixed maturities consist of corporate, mortgage- and asset-backed, United States Government agencies, state and political subdivisions and private placement corporate securities with observable market data, and in some circumstances recent trade activity. When quoted prices of identical assets in active markets are not available, our first priority is to obtain prices from third party pricing vendors. We have regular interaction with these vendors to ensure we understand their pricing methodologies and to confirm they are utilizing observable market information. Their methodologies vary by asset class and include inputs such as estimated cash flows, benchmark yields, reported trades, credit quality, industry events and economic events. Fixed maturities with validated prices from pricing services, which includes the majority of our public fixed maturities in all asset classes, are generally reflected in Level 2.
Also included in Level 2 are private placement corporate bonds with no quoted market prices available, for which an internal model using substantially all observable inputs or a matrix pricing valuation approach is used. In the matrix approach, securities are grouped into pricing categories that vary by sector, rating and average life. Each pricing category is assigned a risk spread based on studies of observable public market data. The expected cash flows of the security are then discounted back at the current Treasury curve plus the appropriate risk spread.
Level 3 fixed maturities include corporate, mortgage- and asset-backed and private placement corporate securities for which there is little or no current market data available. We use external pricing sources, or if prices are not available, we will estimate fair value internally. Fair values of private corporate investments in Level 3 are determined by reference to the public market, private transactions or valuations for comparable companies or assets in the relevant asset class when such amounts are available. For other securities for which an exit price based on relevant observable inputs is not obtained, the fair value is determined using a matrix calculation. Fair values estimated through the use of matrix pricing methods rely on an estimate of credit spreads to a risk-free U.S. Treasury yield. Selecting the credit spread requires judgment based on an understanding of the security and may include a market liquidity premium. Our selection of comparable companies as well as the level of spread requires significant judgment. Increases in spreads used in our matrix models, or those used to value comparable companies, will result in a decrease in discounted cash flows used, and accordingly in the estimated fair value of the security.
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We obtain fixed maturity fair values from a variety of external independent pricing services, including brokers, with access to observable data including recent trade information, if available. In certain circumstances in which an external price is not available for a Level 3 security, we will internally estimate its fair value. Our process for evaluation and selection of the fair values includes:
| • | We follow a “pricing waterfall” policy, which establishes the pricing source preference for a particular security or security type. The order of preference is based on our evaluation of the valuation methods used, the source’s knowledge of the instrument and the reliability of the prices we have received from the source in the past. Our valuation policy dictates that fair values are initially sought from third party pricing services. If our review of the prices received from our preferred source indicates an inaccurate price, we will use an alternative source within the waterfall and document the decision. In the event that fair values are not available from one of our external pricing services or upon review of the fair values provided it is determined that they may not be reflective of market conditions, those securities are submitted to brokers familiar with the security to obtain non-binding price quotes. Broker quotes tend to be used in limited circumstances such as for newly issued, private placement corporate bonds and other instruments that are not widely traded. For those securities for which an externally provided fair value is not available, we use cash flow modeling techniques to estimate fair value. |
| • | We evaluate third party pricing source estimation methodologies to assess whether they will provide a fair value that approximates a market exit price. |
| • | We perform an overall analysis of portfolio fair value movement against general movements in interest rates and spreads. |
| • | We compare period-to-period price trends to detect unexpected price fluctuations based on our knowledge of the market and the particular instrument. As fluctuations are noted, we will perform further research that may include discussions with the original pricing source or other external sources to ensure we are in agreement with the valuation. |
| • | We compare prices between different pricing sources for unusual disparity. |
| • | We meet at least quarterly with our Investment Committee, the group that oversees our valuation process, to discuss valuation practices and observations during the pricing process. |
Equity securities:
Level 1 equity securities consist of mutual funds that are actively traded, allowing us to use current market prices as an estimate of their fair value.
Level 2 equity securities consist of non-redeemable preferred stock. Estimated fair value for the non-redeemable preferred stock is obtained from external pricing sources using a matrix pricing approach.
Level 3 equity securities consist of non-redeemable preferred stock for which fair value estimates are based on the value of comparable securities that are actively traded. Increases in spreads used to value comparable companies, will result in a decrease in discounted cash flows used, and accordingly in the estimated fair value of the security.
In the case that external pricing services are used for certain Level 1 and Level 2 equity securities, our review process is consistent with the process used to determine the fair value of fixed maturities discussed above.
Other investments:
Level 2 other investments measured at fair value include call options with fair values based on counterparty market prices adjusted for a credit component of the counterparty, net of collateral received.
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments:
Level 1 cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are highly liquid instruments for which historical cost approximates fair value.
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Reinsurance recoverable:
Level 2 reinsurance recoverable includes embedded derivatives in our modified coinsurance contracts under which we cede or assume business. Fair values of these embedded derivatives are based on the difference between the fair value and the cost basis of the underlying fixed maturities, which are valued consistent with the discussion of fixed maturities above.
Assets held in separate accounts:
Level 1 assets held in separate accounts consist of mutual funds that are actively traded, allowing us to use current market prices as an estimate of their fair value.
Future policy benefits - indexed product embedded derivatives:
Indexed product contracts include embedded derivatives that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. These embedded derivatives are a Level 3 measurement. The fair value of the embedded derivatives is based on the discounted excess of projected account values (including a risk margin) over projected guaranteed account values. The key unobservable inputs required in the projection of future values that require management judgment include the risk margin as well as our credit risk. Should the risk margin increase or the credit risk decrease, the discounted cash flows and the estimated fair value of the obligation will increase.
Other liabilities:
Level 2 other liabilities include the embedded derivatives in our modified coinsurance contracts under which we cede business. Fair values for the embedded derivatives are based on the difference between the fair value and the cost basis of the underlying fixed maturities.
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| Valuation of our Financial Instruments Measured on a Recurring Basis by Hierarchy Levels | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Fair Value | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities: | |||||||||||||||
| Corporate securities | $ | — | $ | 3,257,874 | $ | 22,011 | $ | 3,279,885 | |||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | — | 606,860 | — | 606,860 | |||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | 810,626 | 67,940 | 878,566 | |||||||||||
| Other asset-backed securities | — | 703,969 | 3,601 | 707,570 | |||||||||||
| United States Government and agencies | 7,917 | 12,618 | — | 20,535 | |||||||||||
| States and political subdivisions | — | 1,539,629 | — | 1,539,629 | |||||||||||
| Total fixed maturities | 7,917 | 6,931,576 | 93,552 | 7,033,045 | |||||||||||
| Non-redeemable preferred stocks | — | 77,433 | 6,862 | 84,295 | |||||||||||
| Common stocks (1) | 5,261 | — | — | 5,261 | |||||||||||
| Other investments | — | 4,745 | — | 4,745 | |||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | 34,748 | — | — | 34,748 | |||||||||||
| Reinsurance recoverable | — | 157 | — | 157 | |||||||||||
| Assets held in separate accounts | 561,281 | — | — | 561,281 | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 609,207 | $ | 7,013,911 | $ | 100,414 | $ | 7,723,532 | |||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||
| Future policy benefits - indexed product embedded derivatives | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 40,028 | $ | 40,028 | |||||||
| Other liabilities | — | 780 | — | 780 | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | — | $ | 780 | $ | 40,028 | $ | 40,808 | |||||||
| (1) | A private equity fund with a fair value estimate of $3.3 million using net asset value per share as a practical expedient, has not been classified in the fair value hierarchy above in accordance with fair value reporting guidance. This fund invests in senior secured middle market loans and has unfunded commitments totaling $6.8 million at December 31, 2018. The investment is not currently eligible for redemption. |
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| Valuation of our Financial Instruments Measured on a Recurring Basis by Hierarchy Levels | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Fair Value | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities: | |||||||||||||||
| Corporate securities | $ | — | $ | 3,654,671 | $ | 33,600 | $ | 3,688,271 | |||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | — | 507,157 | 9,124 | 516,281 | |||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — | 619,606 | 85,701 | 705,307 | |||||||||||
| Other asset-backed securities | — | 780,022 | 53,480 | 833,502 | |||||||||||
| United States Government and agencies | 9,078 | 15,827 | — | 24,905 | |||||||||||
| States and political subdivisions | — | 1,523,701 | — | 1,523,701 | |||||||||||
| Total fixed maturities | 9,078 | 7,100,984 | 181,905 | 7,291,967 | |||||||||||
| Non-redeemable preferred stocks | — | 92,425 | 7,407 | 99,832 | |||||||||||
| Common stocks | 4,313 | — | — | 4,313 | |||||||||||
| Other investments | — | 14,824 | — | 14,824 | |||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | 69,703 | — | — | 69,703 | |||||||||||
| Reinsurance recoverable | — | 2,125 | — | 2,125 | |||||||||||
| Assets held in separate accounts | 651,963 | — | — | 651,963 | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 735,057 | $ | 7,210,358 | $ | 189,312 | $ | 8,134,727 | |||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||
| Future policy benefits - indexed product embedded derivatives | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 27,774 | $ | 27,774 | |||||||
| Other liabilities | — | 268 | — | 268 | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | — | $ | 268 | $ | 27,774 | $ | 28,042 | |||||||
| Level 3 Assets by Valuation Source - Recurring Basis | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||
| Third-party vendors | Priced internally | Fair Value | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Corporate securities | $ | 1,940 | $ | 20,071 | $ | 22,011 | |||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 67,940 | — | 67,940 | ||||||||
| Other asset-backed securities | — | 3,601 | 3,601 | ||||||||
| Non-redeemable preferred stocks | — | 6,862 | 6,862 | ||||||||
| Total level 3 assets | $ | 69,880 | $ | 30,534 | $ | 100,414 | |||||
| Percent of total | 69.6 | % | 30.4 | % | 100.0 | % | |||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||
| Third-party vendors | Priced internally | Fair Value | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Corporate securities | $ | 4,555 | $ | 29,045 | $ | 33,600 | |||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 9,124 | — | 9,124 | ||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 85,701 | — | 85,701 | ||||||||
| Other asset-backed securities | 47,080 | 6,400 | 53,480 | ||||||||
| Non-redeemable preferred stocks | — | 7,407 | 7,407 | ||||||||
| Total level 3 assets | $ | 146,460 | $ | 42,852 | $ | 189,312 | |||||
| Percent of total | 77.4 | % | 22.6 | % | 100.0 | % | |||||
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| Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements - Recurring Basis | |||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||
| Fair Value | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted Average) | ||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||
| Corporate securities | $ | 19,178 | Discounted cash flow | Credit spread | 1.23% - 7.00% (4.01%) | ||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 55,866 | Discounted cash flow | Credit spread | 1.45% - 3.55% (2.58%) | |||||
| Non-redeemable preferred stocks | 6,862 | Discounted cash flow | Credit spread | 4.36% (4.36%) | |||||
| Total assets | $ | 81,906 | |||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||
| Future policy benefits - indexed product embedded derivatives | $ | 40,028 | Discounted cash flow | Credit risk Risk margin | 0.55% - 1.80% (1.25%) 0.15% - 0.40% (0.25%) | ||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||
| Fair Value | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted Average) | ||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||
| Corporate securities | $ | 27,682 | Discounted cash flow | Credit spread | 0.91% - 6.20% (4.17%) | ||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 72,224 | Discounted cash flow | Credit spread | 1.40% - 4.10% (2.50%) | |||||
| Non-redeemable preferred stocks | 7,407 | Discounted cash flow | Credit spread | 2.94% (2.94%) | |||||
| Total assets | $ | 107,313 | |||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||
| Future policy benefits - indexed product embedded derivatives | $ | 27,774 | Discounted cash flow | Credit risk Risk margin | 0.40% - 1.60% (0.90%) 0.15% - 0.40% (0.25%) | ||||
The tables above exclude certain securities with the fair value based on non-binding broker quotes for which we could not reasonably obtain the quantitative unobservable inputs.
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| Level 3 Financial Instruments Changes in Fair Value - Recurring Basis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Realized and unrealized gains (losses), net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2017 | Purchases | Disposals | Included in net income | Included in other compre-hensive income | Transfers into Level 3 (1) | Transfers out of Level 3 (1) | Amort-ization included in net income | Balance, December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate securities | $ | 33,600 | $ | — | $ | (9,432 | ) | $ | — | $ | (974 | ) | $ | 7,082 | $ | (8,530 | ) | $ | 265 | $ | 22,011 | ||||||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 9,124 | 27,818 | — | — | — | — | (36,942 | ) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 85,701 | 36,008 | (1,337 | ) | — | (3,599 | ) | — | (48,787 | ) | (46 | ) | 67,940 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other asset-backed securities | 53,480 | 28,855 | (2,799 | ) | — | (12 | ) | — | (75,923 | ) | — | 3,601 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-redeemable preferred stocks | 7,407 | — | — | (545 | ) | — | — | — | — | 6,862 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 189,312 | $ | 92,681 | $ | (13,568 | ) | $ | (545 | ) | $ | (4,585 | ) | $ | 7,082 | $ | (170,182 | ) | $ | 219 | $ | 100,414 | |||||||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Future policy benefits - indexed product embedded derivatives | $ | 27,774 | $ | 11,514 | $ | (4,447 | ) | $ | 5,187 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 40,028 | ||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Realized and unrealized gains (losses), net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2016 | Purchases | Disposals | Included in net income | Included in other compre-hensive income | Transfers into Level 3 (1) | Transfers out of Level 3 (1) | Amort-ization included in net income | Balance, December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate securities | $ | 59,119 | $ | 5,000 | $ | (12,230 | ) | $ | 84 | $ | (1,365 | ) | $ | 13,440 | $ | (30,409 | ) | $ | (39 | ) | $ | 33,600 | |||||||||||||
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | — | 32,455 | — | — | (1 | ) | — | (23,331 | ) | 1 | 9,124 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 81,434 | 25,591 | (802 | ) | — | 6,218 | — | (26,658 | ) | (82 | ) | 85,701 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other asset-backed securities | 54,368 | 126,867 | (8,886 | ) | — | 499 | 13,353 | (132,700 | ) | (21 | ) | 53,480 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-redeemable preferred stocks | 7,411 | — | — | — | (4 | ) | — | — | — | 7,407 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 202,332 | $ | 189,913 | $ | (21,918 | ) | $ | 84 | $ | 5,347 | $ | 26,793 | $ | (213,098 | ) | $ | (141 | ) | $ | 189,312 | ||||||||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Future policy benefits - indexed product embedded derivatives | $ | 15,778 | $ | 6,594 | $ | (2,128 | ) | $ | 7,530 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 27,774 | ||||||||||||||||
| (1) | Transfers into Level 3 represent assets previously priced using an external pricing service with access to observable inputs no longer available and therefore, were priced using non-binding broker quotes. Transfers out of Level 3 include those assets that we are now able to obtain pricing from a third party pricing vendor that uses observable inputs. The fair values of newly issued securities often require additional estimation until a market is created, which is generally within a few months after issuance. Once a market is created, as was the case for the majority of the security transfers out of the Level 3 category above, Level 2 valuation sources become available. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the periods presented above. |
The Company has other financial assets and financial liabilities that are not carried at fair value but for which fair value disclosure is required. The following table presents the carrying value, fair value and fair value hierarchy level of these financial assets and financial liabilities.
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| Valuation of our Financial Instruments Not Reported at Fair Value by Hierarchy Levels | |||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Fair Value | Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mortgage loans | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,045,497 | $ | 1,045,497 | $ | 1,039,829 | |||||||||
| Policy loans | — | — | 237,496 | 237,496 | 197,366 | ||||||||||||||
| Other investments | — | — | 30,087 | 30,087 | 29,020 | ||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,313,080 | $ | 1,313,080 | $ | 1,266,215 | |||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||
| Future policy benefits | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 3,981,947 | $ | 3,981,947 | $ | 4,217,904 | |||||||||
| Supplementary contracts without life contingencies | — | — | 298,869 | 298,869 | 303,627 | ||||||||||||||
| Advance premiums and other deposits | — | — | 252,318 | 252,318 | 252,318 | ||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | — | — | 65,999 | 65,999 | 97,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Liabilities related to separate accounts | — | — | 559,799 | 559,799 | 561,281 | ||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 5,158,932 | $ | 5,158,932 | $ | 5,432,130 | |||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Fair Value | Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||||||||||
| Mortgage loans | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 989,503 | $ | 989,503 | $ | 971,812 | |||||||||
| Policy loans | — | — | 236,223 | 236,223 | 191,398 | ||||||||||||||
| Other investments | 28,619 | 28,619 | 27,547 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,254,345 | $ | 1,254,345 | $ | 1,190,757 | |||||||||
| Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||||
| Future policy benefits | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 4,119,880 | $ | 4,119,880 | $ | 4,164,593 | |||||||||
| Supplementary contracts without life contingencies | — | — | 327,151 | 327,151 | 322,630 | ||||||||||||||
| Advance premiums and other deposits | — | — | 259,099 | 259,099 | 259,099 | ||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | — | — | 78,628 | 78,628 | 97,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Liabilities related to separate accounts | — | — | 649,610 | 649,610 | 651,963 | ||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 5,434,368 | $ | 5,434,368 | $ | 5,495,285 | |||||||||
Level 3 Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, generally mortgage loans or real estate that have been deemed to be impaired during the reporting period. During 2018, one mortgage loan was impaired to a fair value totaling $11.1 million which resulted in an impairment charge of $2.8 million. There were no mortgage loans or real estate impaired to fair value during 2017.
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4. Reinsurance and Policy Provisions
Reinsurance
In the normal course of business, we seek to limit our exposure to loss on any single insured or event and to recover a portion of benefits paid by ceding a portion of our exposure to other insurance companies. Our reinsurance coverage for life insurance varies according to the age and risk classification of the insured with current retention limits ranging up to $1.0 million of coverage per individual life. Certain term life products are reinsured on a first dollar quota share basis. We do not use financial or surplus relief reinsurance. We have assumed closed blocks of certain life and annuity business through coinsurance and modified coinsurance agreements.
Farm Bureau Life may cede certain losses under an annual 100% quota share accidental death reinsurance agreement. Coverage includes all acts of terrorism including those of a nuclear, chemical or biological origin. Coverage is subject to an annual aggregate retention of $17.0 million. A maximum occurrence limit of $50.0 million per aircraft applies to policies written on agents of the Company who are participating in company-sponsored incentive trips. Additionally, a $200.0 million occurrence limit applies to employees in the home office building, net of reinsurance on group life policies. All other occurrence catastrophes are unlimited in amount.
Reinsurance contracts do not relieve us of our obligations to policyholders. To the extent that reinsuring companies are later unable to meet their obligations under reinsurance agreements, our insurance subsidiaries would be liable for these obligations, and payment of these obligations could result in losses. To limit the possibility of such losses, we evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and monitor concentrations of credit risk. No allowance for uncollectible amounts has been established against our asset for reinsurance recoverable since none of our receivables are deemed to be uncollectible.
Ceded reinsurance reduces our revenues by the amount that we pay for premium or forego in product charges and reduces our benefits and expenses by reimbursements of claims by our reinsurers. Assumed reinsurance adds to our premiums or product charges and to benefits and expenses related to the business we assume. These impacts are shown in the table below.
| Impact of Reinsurance on our Financial Statements | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Ceded (reductions to financial statement items): | |||||||||||
| Premiums and product charges | $ | 32,450 | $ | 32,922 | $ | 33,058 | |||||
| Insurance benefits | 21,358 | 24,159 | 22,515 | ||||||||
| Allowances for expenses and commissions | 4,231 | 4,548 | 4,709 | ||||||||
| Assumed (additions to financial statement items): | |||||||||||
| Premiums and product charges | 2,508 | 2,637 | 2,670 | ||||||||
| Insurance benefits | 2,752 | 6,356 | 2,302 | ||||||||
| Allowances for expenses and commissions | 1,410 | 1,543 | 1,427 | ||||||||
| Reinsurance in Force and Percentage of Direct Life Insurance in Force | |||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in millions) | |||||||||||||
| Ceded reinsurance | $ | 14,030 | 21.8 | % | $ | 14,087 | 22.5 | % | |||||
| Assumed reinsurance | 455 | 0.7 | % | 487 | 0.8 | % | |||||||
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Policy Provisions
Analysis of the Value of Insurance in Force Acquired
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 19,430 | $ | 21,608 | $ | 24,000 | |||||
| Amortization per fixed schedule | (2,167 | ) | (2,178 | ) | (2,198 | ) | |||||
| Impact of unlocking actuarial assumptions | — | — | (194 | ) | |||||||
| Balance at end of year | 17,263 | 19,430 | 21,608 | ||||||||
| Impact of net unrealized investment gains and losses | (6,878 | ) | (14,870 | ) | (12,382 | ) | |||||
| Value of insurance in force acquired | $ | 10,385 | $ | 4,560 | $ | 9,226 | |||||
We amortize the value of insurance in force based on a fixed amortization schedule. Net amortization for the next five years is expected to be as follows: 2019 - $2.1 million; 2020 - $2.2 million; 2021 - $2.0 million; 2022 - $2.0 million; and 2023 - $2.0 million.
Certain variable annuity and variable universal life contracts in our separate accounts and in variable business we have assumed through reinsurance partners have minimum interest guarantees on funds deposited in our general account. In addition, we have certain variable annuity contracts that include a) guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB), b) an incremental death benefit (IDB) rider that pays a percentage of the gain on the contract upon the death of the contract holder, and/or c) a guaranteed minimum income benefit (GMIB) that provides monthly income to the contract holder after the eighth policy year.
| GMDB, IDB and GMIB Net Amount at Risk by Type of Guarantee | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||
Separate Account Balance | Net Amount at Risk | Separate Account Balance | Net Amount at Risk | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Guaranteed minimum death benefit: | |||||||||||||||
| Return of net deposits | $ | 147,567 | $ | 430 | $ | 173,761 | $ | 442 | |||||||
| Return the greater of highest anniversary value or net deposits | 252,361 | 29,146 | 292,112 | 1,068 | |||||||||||
| Incremental death benefit | 228,863 | 53,727 | 265,456 | 67,350 | |||||||||||
| Guaranteed minimum income benefit | 24,357 | 37 | 29,987 | — | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | 83,340 | $ | 68,860 | |||||||||||
The separate account assets are primarily comprised of stock and bond mutual funds. The net amount at risk for these contracts is based on the amount by which GMDB, IDB or GMIB exceeds account value. The reserve for GMDBs, IDBs or GMIBs, determined using modeling techniques and industry mortality assumptions, that is included in future policy benefits, totaled $7.7 million at December 31, 2018 and $6.9 million at December 31, 2017. The weighted average age of the contract holders with GMDB, IDB or GMIB rider exposure was 58 years at December 31, 2018 and 66 years at December 31, 2017. This average age fluctuates due to the small pool of participants that move in and out of exposure dependent upon market performance and terminations. Benefits paid for GMDBs, IDBs and GMIBs totaled $0.2 million for 2018, $0.8 million for 2017 and $0.5 million for 2016.
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5. Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes have been established based upon the temporary differences between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities. The reversal of the temporary differences will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years when the related asset or liability is recovered or settled. A valuation allowance is required if it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we considered the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies. Based on the available positive and negative evidence regarding future sources of taxable income, we have determined that the establishment of a valuation allowance was not necessary at December 31, 2018 and 2017.
The Tax Act made broad changes to the U.S. tax code impacting our companies, including reducing the federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% and numerous base-broadening provisions. At December 31, 2017, we recorded a provisional estimate of the impact of the Tax Act, which resulted in a reduction of net deferred tax liabilities of $84.8 million, which includes $48.2 million related to deferred taxes previously recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income. At December 31, 2018, the accounting for the Tax Act is complete, as the provisional estimates used have been finalized by filing the 2017 income tax return. This resulted in no significant impact to earnings. Additional estimates have been adjusted, resulting only in reclassification between deferred tax items, such as the deferred tax asset on future policy benefits. In these cases, the overall impact of the Tax Act did not change from 2017.
We invest in LIHTC investments, which generate pre-tax losses but after-tax gains as the related tax credits are realized. The timing of the realization of tax credits is subject to fluctuation from period to period due to the timing of housing project completions and the approval of tax credits. During 2018, we voluntarily changed our accounting policy for LIHTC investments from the equity method to the proportional amortization method. The net income and expense from LIHTC investments are now reflected in the "Income taxes" line instead of the "Equity income" line on the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of this accounting change.
| Income Tax Expenses (Credits) | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Taxes provided in consolidated statements of operations on: | |||||||||||
| Income before equity loss: | |||||||||||
| Current | $ | 20,429 | $ | 34,301 | $ | 36,461 | |||||
| Deferred | (4,953 | ) | (73,094 | ) | 9,409 | ||||||
| LIHTC | (3,826 | ) | (1,190 | ) | (4,650 | ) | |||||
| 11,650 | (39,983 | ) | 41,220 | ||||||||
| Equity income | 1,179 | 1,394 | 1,221 | ||||||||
| Taxes provided in consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | (50,025 | ) | 43,448 | 18,882 | |||||||
| Class A and Class B common stock (1) | — | — | (846 | ) | |||||||
| (50,025 | ) | 43,448 | 18,036 | ||||||||
| $ | (37,196 | ) | $ | 4,859 | $ | 60,477 | |||||
| (1) | Beginning in 2017, accounting guidance requires tax benefits of equity-based compensation to be recorded through net income rather than directly to stockholders’ equity. Accordingly, we do not expect to have a provision for taxes on Class A and B common stock for years after 2016. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of this accounting change. |
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| Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation to Federal Income Tax Rate | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Income before income taxes and equity loss | $ | 101,033 | $ | 144,760 | $ | 141,789 | |||||
| Income tax at federal statutory rate | $ | 21,217 | $ | 50,666 | $ | 49,626 | |||||
| Tax effect (decrease) of: | |||||||||||
| Tax-exempt dividend and interest income | (3,762 | ) | (3,384 | ) | (2,950 | ) | |||||
| Net impact of LIHTC | (3,826 | ) | (1,190 | ) | (4,650 | ) | |||||
| Remeasurement of deferred taxes under the Tax Act | — | (84,806 | ) | — | |||||||
| Other items | (1,979 | ) | (1,269 | ) | (806 | ) | |||||
| Income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 11,650 | $ | (39,983 | ) | $ | 41,220 | ||||
In 2018 and 2017, other items affecting the effective tax rate include excess tax benefits from equity-based compensation deductions. Prior to 2017, these tax benefits were recorded to stockholders equity, so they did not impact the effective tax rate.
| Tax Effect of Temporary Differences Giving Rise to Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities | |||||||
| December 31, | |||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||
| Deferred income tax assets: | |||||||
| Future policy benefits | $ | 25,137 | $ | 21,926 | |||
| Accrued benefit and compensation costs | 3,854 | 3,435 | |||||
| Loss carryforwards | 2,870 | 3,452 | |||||
| Other | 2,555 | 2,669 | |||||
| 34,416 | 31,482 | ||||||
| Deferred income tax liabilities: | |||||||
| Fixed maturity and equity securities | 42,961 | 118,716 | |||||
| Deferred acquisition costs | 55,810 | 33,177 | |||||
| Value of insurance in force acquired | 2,181 | 958 | |||||
| Property and equipment | 7,021 | 5,883 | |||||
| Other | 1,892 | 3,173 | |||||
| 109,865 | 161,907 | ||||||
| Net deferred income tax liability | $ | 75,449 | $ | 130,425 | |||
We recognize the benefits of uncertain tax positions when the benefits are more-likely-than-not to be sustained. We had no reserve for uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2018 or 2017. We recognize interest related to uncertain tax positions in interest expense and related penalties in other expenses. We paid no such interest and penalties related to federal income taxes during 2018, 2017 or 2016. We do not expect any significant changes in the amount of our reserve for uncertain tax positions within the next twelve months. We are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for tax years prior to 2015.
At December 31, 2018, we had non-life net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes totaling $12.7 million, which begin to expire after 2032. We also had non-life net operating loss carryforwards in several state jurisdictions, with varying expiration dates. State deferred taxes are not generally provided on any temporary differences or carryforwards, as state taxes have historically been insignificant.
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6. Credit Arrangements
Long-term debt includes $97.0 million of our subordinated debt obligation to FBL Financial Group Capital Trust (the Trust). We issued 5% Subordinated Deferrable Interest Notes due June 30, 2047 (the Notes) with a principal amount of $100.0 million to support $97.0 million of 5% Preferred Securities issued by the Trust. We also have a $3.0 million equity investment in the Trust, which is netted against the Notes on the consolidated balance sheets due to a contractual right of offset. The sole assets of the Trust are and will be the Notes and any interest accrued thereon. The interest payment dates on the Notes correspond to the distribution dates on the 5% Preferred Securities. The 5% Preferred Securities, which have a liquidation value of $1,000.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid distributions, mature simultaneously with the Notes. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, 97,000 shares of 5% Preferred Securities were outstanding, all of which we unconditionally guarantee.
7. Stockholders’ Equity
Share Repurchases
We periodically repurchase our Class A common stock under programs approved by our Board of Directors. These repurchase programs authorize us to make repurchases in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, with the timing and terms of the purchases to be determined by management based on market conditions. Under these programs, we repurchased 232,837 shares of stock for $15.9 million in 2018, 3,511 shares of stock for $0.2 million in 2017 and 10,322 shares of stock for $0.6 million in 2016. Completion of this program is dependent on market conditions and other factors. There is no guarantee as to the exact timing of any repurchases or the number of shares, if any, that we will repurchase. The share repurchase program may be modified or terminated at any time without prior notice. There was $40.9 million remaining available for repurchases at December 31, 2018 under the active repurchase program.
| Dividends | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Class A and B common stock: | |||||||||||
| Cash dividends per common share | $ | 1.84 | $ | 1.76 | $ | 1.68 | |||||
| Special cash dividend per common share | 1.50 | 1.50 | 2.00 | ||||||||
| Total common stock dividends per share | $ | 3.34 | $ | 3.26 | $ | 3.68 | |||||
| Series B preferred stock cash dividends per share | $ | 0.03 | $ | 0.03 | $ | 0.03 | |||||
Special cash dividends paid to our Class A and Class B common shareholders totaled $37.3 million in 2018, $37.4 million in 2017 and $49.7 million in 2016.
Dividend Restrictions
We have agreed that we will not pay dividends on the Class A or Class B Common Stock, nor on the Series B Preferred Stock, if we are in default of the Subordinated Deferrable Interest Note Agreement dated May 30, 1997 with FBL Financial Group Capital Trust. We are compliant with all terms of this agreement at December 31, 2018. See Note 6 for additional information regarding this agreement.
The amount of dividends we have available to pay our common shareholders is limited to a certain extent by the amount of dividends our primary operating subsidiary, Farm Bureau Life, is able to pay to its parent, FBL Financial Group, Inc. See Note 12 for discussion on our statutory dividend restrictions.
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| Reconciliation of Outstanding Common Stock | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Class A | Class B (1) | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Dollars | Shares | Dollars | Shares | Dollars | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at January 1, 2016 | 24,796,763 | $ | 149,248 | 11,413 | $ | 72 | 24,808,176 | $ | 149,320 | |||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under compensation plans | 96,101 | 3,718 | — | — | 96,101 | 3,718 | ||||||||||||||
| Purchase of common stock | (10,322 | ) | (63 | ) | — | — | (10,322 | ) | (63 | ) | ||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2016 | 24,882,542 | 152,903 | 11,413 | 72 | 24,893,955 | 152,975 | ||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under compensation plans | 40,082 | 708 | — | — | 40,082 | 708 | ||||||||||||||
| Purchase of common stock | (3,511 | ) | (22 | ) | — | — | (3,511 | ) | (22 | ) | ||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2017 | 24,919,113 | 153,589 | 11,413 | 72 | 24,930,526 | 153,661 | ||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under compensation plans | 21,126 | 499 | — | — | 21,126 | 499 | ||||||||||||||
| Purchase of common stock | (232,837 | ) | (1,436 | ) | — | — | (232,837 | ) | (1,436 | ) | ||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2018 | 24,707,402 | $ | 152,652 | 11,413 | $ | 72 | 24,718,815 | $ | 152,724 | |||||||||||
| (1) | There is no established market for our Class B common stock, although it is convertible upon demand of the holder into Class A common stock on a share-for-share basis. |
Holders of the Class A common stock and Series B preferred stock vote together to elect Class A Directors (four to ten). Holders of the Class B common stock elect the Class B Directors (five to seven). Voting for the Directors is noncumulative. All of the holders of our Class B common stock are parties to a Stockholders’ Agreement. The IFBF’s ownership in the three classes of stock results in IFBF owning 71% of our voting stock as of December 31, 2018, and having the ability to control the Company. Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock receive equal per-share cash dividends.
The IFBF owns all of our outstanding Series B preferred stock. Each share of Series B preferred stock has a liquidation preference of $0.60 and voting rights identical to that of Class A common stock with the exception that each Series B share is entitled to two votes while each Class A share is entitled to one vote. The Series B preferred stock pays cumulative cash dividends and is redeemable by us, at our option, at $0.60 per share plus unpaid dividends if the stock ceases to be beneficially owned by a Farm Bureau organization.
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| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax and Other Offsets | |||||||||||||||
Unrealized Net Investment Gains (Losses) (1) | Accumulated Non-Credit Impairment Gains (Losses) | Underfunded Portion of Certain Benefit Plans (2) | Total | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Balance at January 1, 2016 | $ | 120,787 | $ | (114 | ) | $ | (6,141 | ) | $ | 114,532 | |||||
| Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 37,895 | 1,901 | — | 39,796 | |||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustments | (1,719 | ) | (1,476 | ) | (1,578 | ) | (4,773 | ) | |||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | 156,963 | 311 | (7,719 | ) | 149,555 | ||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 88,534 | 136 | — | 88,670 | |||||||||||
| Reclassification related to the Tax Act (3) | 49,657 | 90 | (1,521 | ) | 48,226 | ||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustments | 15 | — | (1,483 | ) | (1,468 | ) | |||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | 295,169 | 537 | (10,723 | ) | 284,983 | ||||||||||
| Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle related to net unrealized gains on equity securities (4) | (5,480 | ) | — | — | (5,480 | ) | |||||||||
| Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | (191,158 | ) | 2,654 | — | (188,504 | ) | |||||||||
| Reclassification adjustments | (1,610 | ) | (58 | ) | 1,987 | 319 | |||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 96,921 | $ | 3,133 | $ | (8,736 | ) | $ | 91,318 | ||||||
| (1) | Unrealized net investment gains (losses) relate to available-for-sale securities and include the impact of taxes, deferred acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, unearned revenue reserves and policyholder liabilities. See Note 2 for further information. |
| (2) | For descriptions of the underfunded portion of our postretirement benefit plans, see Note 8 - Other Retirement Plans, and for certain other defined benefit plans, see Note 8 - Defined Benefit Pension Plans. |
| (3) | Reclassification of the initial impact of the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities upon enactment of the Tax Act. See discussion of this accounting change as discussed in Note 1. |
| (4) | See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion on this one-time adjustment related to an accounting change. |
| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Reclassification Adjustments | |||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||
Unrealized Net Investment Gains (Losses) (1) | Accumulated Non-Credit Impairment Losses (1) | Underfunded Portion of Certain Benefit Plans (2) | Total | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Realized capital gains on sales of fixed maturities | $ | (1,832 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (1,832 | ) | |||||
| Adjustments for assumed changes in deferred policy acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, unearned revenue reserve and policyholder liabilities | (206 | ) | 1 | — | (205 | ) | |||||||||
| Other than temporary impairment losses | — | (74 | ) | — | (74 | ) | |||||||||
| Other expenses - change in unrecognized postretirement items: | |||||||||||||||
| Net actuarial gain | — | — | 2,515 | 2,515 | |||||||||||
| Reclassifications before income taxes | (2,038 | ) | (73 | ) | 2,515 | 404 | |||||||||
| Income taxes | 428 | 15 | (528 | ) | (85 | ) | |||||||||
| Reclassification adjustments | $ | (1,610 | ) | $ | (58 | ) | $ | 1,987 | $ | 319 | |||||
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| Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Reclassification Adjustments | |||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||
Unrealized Net Investment Gains (Losses) (1) | Accumulated Non-Credit Impairment Losses (1) | Underfunded Portion of Certain Benefit Plans (2) | Total | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Realized capital gains on sales of investments | $ | (255 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (255 | ) | |||||
| Adjustments for assumed changes in deferred policy acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, unearned revenue reserve and policyholder liabilities | 274 | — | — | 274 | |||||||||||
| Other expenses - change in unrecognized postretirement items: | |||||||||||||||
| Net actuarial loss | — | — | (1,702 | ) | (1,702 | ) | |||||||||
| Reclassifications before income taxes | 19 | — | (1,702 | ) | (1,683 | ) | |||||||||
| Income taxes | (4 | ) | — | 219 | 215 | ||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustments | $ | 15 | $ | — | $ | (1,483 | ) | $ | (1,468 | ) | |||||
| Year ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||
Unrealized Net Investment Gains (Losses) (1) | Accumulated Non-Credit Impairment Losses (1) | Underfunded Portion of Certain Benefit Plans (2) | Total | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Realized capital gains on sales of investments | $ | (1,799 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (1,799 | ) | |||||
| Adjustments for assumed changes in deferred policy acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, unearned revenue reserve and policyholder liabilities | (845 | ) | 180 | — | (665 | ) | |||||||||
| Other than temporary impairment losses | — | (2,451 | ) | — | (2,451 | ) | |||||||||
| Other expenses - change in unrecognized postretirement items: | |||||||||||||||
| Prior service costs | — | — | (1 | ) | (1 | ) | |||||||||
| Net actuarial loss | — | — | (2,425 | ) | (2,425 | ) | |||||||||
| Reclassifications before income taxes | (2,644 | ) | (2,271 | ) | (2,426 | ) | (7,341 | ) | |||||||
| Income taxes | 925 | 795 | 848 | 2,568 | |||||||||||
| Reclassification adjustments | $ | (1,719 | ) | $ | (1,476 | ) | $ | (1,578 | ) | $ | (4,773 | ) | |||
| (1) | See Note 2 for further information. |
| (2) | For descriptions of the underfunded portion of our postretirement benefit plans, see Note 8 - Other Retirement Plans, and for certain other defined benefit plans, see Note 8 - Defined Benefit Plans. |
8. Retirement and Compensation Plans
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
We participate in various defined benefit pension plans (the Plans), including a multiemployer plan. The multiemployer plan is considered qualified under Internal Revenue Service regulations, and covers our employees and the employees of the other participating companies who had attained age 21, had one year of service and were employed prior to January 1, 2013. We also have a plan that provides supplemental pension benefits to certain highly compensated employees who have salaries and/or pension benefits in excess of the qualified limits imposed by federal law and were employed prior to January 1, 2013. Benefits under these plans are based on years of service and the employee’s compensation. The plans are discussed below.
Multiemployer Defined Benefit Plan
The FBL Financial Group Retirement Plan (the Multiemployer Plan) is considered a multiemployer plan, with the participation of affiliated and unaffiliated employers along with FBL Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Under the multiemployer plan structure, our contributions are commingled with those of the other employers to fund the plan benefit obligations. Should a participating employer be unable to provide funding, the remaining employers would be required to continue funding all
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future obligations. If an employer elects to discontinue participation, prior to departure they will be required to contribute their portion of the underfunded pension obligation associated with their employees. This required contribution will be based on an actuarial estimate of future benefit obligations, which as an estimate may not ultimately be sufficient to fund future actual benefits. None of the participating employers have provided notice that they would be discontinuing participation in the Multiemployer Plan or would otherwise be unable to continue providing their share of required funding as of December 31, 2018.
Contributions are made each year, resulting in the Multiemployer Plan being partially funded for payment of projected future benefit obligations. Effective in 2013, the Multiemployer Plan was closed to new participants and those participants who had not attained age 40 and 10 years of service as of December 31, 2012 no longer accrue additional years of service in the Multiemployer Plan.
| Multiemployer Plan name | FBL Financial Group Retirement Plan | |
| Employer identification number | 42-1411715 | |
| Plan number | 001 | |
| FBL’s contributions (in thousands) | ||
| 2018 | $30,000 | |
| 2017 | $45,000 | |
| 2016 | $30,000 | |
Net periodic pension cost of the Multiemployer Plan is allocated between participating employers on a basis of time incurred by the respective employees for each employer. Such allocations are reviewed annually. The Multiemployer Plan is not subject to collective bargaining agreements, a financial improvement plan or a rehabilitation plan. No surcharges were required to be paid to the Multiemployer Plan during 2018, 2017 or 2016. We are the primary employer in the Multiemployer Plan, providing more than 5 percent of the total contributions during 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Other Defined Benefit Plans
The other defined benefit plans (the Other Plans) provide benefits in addition to those offered under the Multiemployer Plan to certain of our employees or affiliated employers. These non-qualified benefit plans are not funded, whereby contributions are made as current benefit obligations become due. Net periodic pension cost of the Other Plans is allocated between the subsidiaries of FBL Financial Group, Inc. and the Farm Bureau affiliated property-casualty companies on a basis of time incurred by the respective employees for each company.
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Funding Status and Net Periodic Pension Costs
| Multiemployer Plan | Other Plans | ||||||||||||||
As of and for the year ended December 31, | As of and for the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Change in projected benefit obligation: | |||||||||||||||
| Net benefit obligation at beginning of the year | $ | 375,999 | $ | 336,454 | $ | 26,914 | $ | 24,585 | |||||||
| Service cost | 5,973 | 5,552 | 539 | 436 | |||||||||||
| Interest cost | 13,642 | 14,124 | 958 | 1,003 | |||||||||||
| Actuarial loss (gain) | (20,594 | ) | 41,855 | (1,170 | ) | 2,728 | |||||||||
| Benefits paid | (4,001 | ) | (21,986 | ) | (1,878 | ) | (1,838 | ) | |||||||
| Settlements | (56,256 | ) | — | — | — | ||||||||||
| Special termination benefit | 5,168 | — | — | — | |||||||||||
| Projected benefit obligation | 319,931 | 375,999 | 25,363 | 26,914 | |||||||||||
| Change in plan assets: | |||||||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets at beginning of the year | 345,396 | 291,071 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Actual return on plan assets | 869 | 31,311 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Employer contributions | 30,000 | 45,000 | 1,878 | 1,838 | |||||||||||
| Benefits paid | (4,001 | ) | (21,986 | ) | (1,878 | ) | (1,838 | ) | |||||||
| Settlements | (56,256 | ) | — | — | — | ||||||||||
| Fair value of plan assets at end of the year | 316,008 | 345,396 | — | — | |||||||||||
| Underfunded status at end of the year | $ | (3,923 | ) | $ | (30,603 | ) | $ | (25,363 | ) | $ | (26,914 | ) | |||
| Accumulated benefit obligation | $ | 287,052 | $ | 334,462 | $ | 22,753 | $ | 23,504 | |||||||
The fair value of plan assets of the Multiemployer Plan exceeded the accumulated benefit obligation at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Net Periodic Pension Costs Incurred by the Plans
| Multiemployer Plan | Other Plans | ||||||||||||||||||||||
As of and for the year ended December 31, | As of and for the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service cost | $ | 5,973 | $ | 5,552 | $ | 5,795 | $ | 539 | $ | 436 | $ | 335 | |||||||||||
| Interest cost | 13,642 | 14,124 | 14,447 | 958 | 1,003 | 966 | |||||||||||||||||
| Expected return on plan assets | (22,247 | ) | (19,184 | ) | (17,865 | ) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of prior service cost | 46 | 131 | 144 | — | — | (1 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of actuarial loss | 12,507 | 10,121 | 9,432 | 1,353 | 1,172 | 918 | |||||||||||||||||
| Effect of settlement | 17,406 | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Effect of special termination benefit | 5,168 | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Net periodic pension cost | $ | 32,495 | $ | 10,744 | $ | 11,953 | $ | 2,850 | $ | 2,611 | $ | 2,218 | |||||||||||
| FBL Financial Group, Inc. share of net periodic pension cost | $ | 9,956 | $ | 3,404 | $ | 3,807 | $ | 1,671 | $ | 1,551 | $ | 1,260 | |||||||||||
Pension settlement charges were recognized after determining the total cash payments exceeded the sum of the service and interest cost for 2018. For years in which settlement charges occur, benefits paid as lump sum distributions are included with settlements. The special termination benefit represents a voluntary early retirement window offered in the Multiemployer Plan during 2018 that provided an additional two years of service and two years of age benefit enhancement.
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The Plans’ prior service costs are amortized using a straight-line amortization method over the average remaining service period or life expectancy of the employees, depending upon who is covered under each plan. For actuarial gains and losses, a corridor (10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market value of plan assets) is used to determine the amounts to amortize. For the Multiemployer Plan it is expected that net periodic pension cost in 2019 will include $9.4 million for amortization of the actuarial loss. For the Other Plans it is expected that net periodic pension cost in 2019, included in accumulated other comprehensive income, will include $1.1 million for amortization of the actuarial loss.
We expect contributions to be paid to the Multiemployer Plan by us and our affiliated and unaffiliated employers for 2019 to be approximately $15.0 million, of which $4.7 million is expected to be contributed by us. Expected benefits to be paid under the Multiemployer Plan are as follows: 2019 - $13.8 million, 2020 - $15.2 million, 2021 - $18.1 million, 2022 - $18.8 million, 2023 - $19.9 million and 2024 through 2028 - $111.8 million. Since the Other Plans are not funded, contributions are made as benefit obligations become due. Expected benefits to be paid under the Other Plans are as follows: 2019 - $3.9 million, 2020 - $2.2 million, 2021 - $3.2 million, 2022 - $2.5 million, 2023 - $2.2 million and 2024 through 2028 - $15.5 million.
FBL’s Proportionate Share of Prepaid or Accrued Pension Cost
| Multiemployer Plan | Other Plans | ||||||||||||||
As of and for the year ended December 31, | As of and for the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Amount recognized in FBL’s consolidated balance sheets | |||||||||||||||
| Prepaid benefit cost | $ | 36,105 | $ | 36,858 | $ | 726 | $ | 740 | |||||||
| Accrued benefit cost | (12 | ) | — | (19,480 | ) | (21,245 | ) | ||||||||
| Net amount recognized | $ | 36,093 | $ | 36,858 | $ | (18,754 | ) | $ | (20,505 | ) | |||||
| Amount recognized in FBL’s accumulated other comprehensive income, before taxes (1) | |||||||||||||||
| Net actuarial loss | $ | 11,126 | $ | 13,649 | |||||||||||
| Net amount recognized | $ | 11,126 | $ | 13,649 | |||||||||||
| (1) | For our Multiemployer Plan, the underfunded portion of the pension benefit obligation is not required to be recognized as a liability in our consolidated balance sheets. The unrecognized liability for the underfunded status of our Multiemployer Plan totaled $3.9 million at December 31, 2018 and $30.6 million at December 31, 2017. |
| Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Determine Benefit Obligation | |||||
| December 31 | |||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||
| Discount rate | 4.24 | % | 3.72 | % | |
| Annual salary increases | 3.21 | % | 3.27 | % | |
The discount rate is estimated by projecting and discounting future benefit payments inherent in the projected benefit obligation using a commercially available “spot” yield curve constructed using techniques and a bond universe specifically selected to meet the accounting standard requirements.
| Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Determine Net Periodic Pension Cost | ||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||
| Discount rate | 3.72 | % | 4.29 | % | 4.65 | % | ||
| Expected long-term return on plan assets | 6.50 | % | 6.60 | % | 6.75 | % | ||
| Annual salary increases | 3.27 | % | 3.31 | % | 3.31 | % | ||
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The Multiemployer Plan’s expected long-term return on assets represents the rate of earnings expected in the funds invested to provide for anticipated benefit payments. We have analyzed the expected rates of return and determined that the long-term return assumption should be revised downward in 2018 to 6.50%.
Multiemployer Plan Assets
The Multiemployer Plan assets are primarily invested in annuity products and insurance company pooled separate accounts that invest predominately in equity securities and real estate. Certain pension obligations that are fully funded through annuity contracts with Farm Bureau Life, are presented as funded annuity contracts below. For much of 2018, excluding the funded annuity contracts, the Multiemployer Plan’s long-term investment allocation targets were as follows: 55% in fixed income investments, 35% in equities and 10% in alternative investments. During the fourth quarter of 2018, a portion of the fixed income investment and equities were transferred to a liability driven investing strategy. Upon implementing the liability driven investing strategy, the Multiemployer Plan’s long-term target investment allocation is 46.75% in fixed income investments, 29.75% in equities, 15% in the liability driven investing strategy and 8.5% in alternative investments. At December 31, 2018, the Multiemployer Plan assets were invested approximately 53% in fixed income investments, 27% in equities, 16% in the liability driven investing strategy and 4% in alternative investments. The fixed income investments consist primarily of the group annuity contract and fixed income securities held in pooled separate accounts. The equity securities are in pooled separate accounts and mutual funds. The liability driven investing strategy consists of holdings of corporate bonds, United States government treasuries and cash. The alternative investments consist of interests in limited partnerships that own various liquid and illiquid assets. The investment strategy for the Multiemployer Plan is to (1) achieve a long-term return sufficient to satisfy all Multiemployer Plan obligations, (2) assume a prudent level of risk and (3) maintain adequate liquidity. The expected return on Multiemployer Plan assets is set at the long-term rate expected to be earned based on the long-term investment strategy of the Multiemployer Plan. In estimating the expected rate of return for each asset class, factors such as historical rates of return, expected future risk-free rates of return and anticipated returns given the risk profile of each asset class are analyzed.
The valuation methodologies used for assets measured at fair value are:
| • | Group and funded annuity contracts: contract value is equivalent to fair value, as the interest-crediting rates are periodically reset to align with market rates at the discretion of the issuer. |
| • | Pooled separate accounts: the net asset value of separate account shares is based on the latest quoted market price of the underlying investments or in the case of a real estate separate account, estimates of the current market value of the underlying property held. |
| • | Mutual funds: the net asset value of mutual funds is based on quoted market prices available in active markets. |
| • | Fixed maturities: the fair value of U.S. Treasuries is estimated using quoted market prices available in active markets. The fair value of corporate securities is obtained from third party pricing vendors. We have regular interaction with these vendors to ensure we understand their pricing methodologies and confirm they are utilizing observable market information. |
| • | Cash and cash equivalents: due to the short-term nature, the carrying amounts approximate fair value. |
| • | Alternative investments: the carrying value of the limited partnership interests reflects the Plan’s proportionate share of the net asset value of those partnerships, which is derived from the fair value of the underlying holdings, and as of December 31, 2018, excludes the net asset value of one limited partnership because that partnership’s fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. |
The pension financial instruments measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets that are accessible to us at the measurement date.
Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets that are either directly or indirectly observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3 - Inputs are unobservable and require management’s judgment about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets.
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| Fair Values of the Multiemployer Plan Assets by Asset Category and Hierarchy Levels | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Total | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Mutual funds: (1) | |||||||||||||||
| U.S. equity funds | $ | 20,138 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 20,138 | |||||||
| International funds | 35,854 | — | — | 35,854 | |||||||||||
| Pooled separate accounts: (1) | |||||||||||||||
| Short-term fixed income funds | — | 510 | — | 510 | |||||||||||
| Fixed income funds | — | 12,117 | — | 12,117 | |||||||||||
| U.S. equity funds | — | 13,788 | — | 13,788 | |||||||||||
| Real estate fund | — | 12,455 | — | 12,455 | |||||||||||
| Annuities: (2) | |||||||||||||||
| Group annuity contract | — | — | 148,106 | 148,106 | |||||||||||
| Funded annuity contracts | — | — | 10,500 | 10,500 | |||||||||||
| Fixed maturities: (3) | |||||||||||||||
| Corporate | — | 24,002 | — | 24,002 | |||||||||||
| United States government and agencies | 25,039 | — | — | 25,039 | |||||||||||
| Alternative investments: (4) | |||||||||||||||
| Limited partnerships | — | — | 12,410 | 12,410 | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents (5) | 538 | — | — | 538 | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | 81,569 | $ | 62,872 | $ | 171,016 | $ | 315,457 | |||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) | Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) | Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) | Total | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Mutual funds: (1) | |||||||||||||||
| U.S. equity funds | $ | 39,563 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 39,563 | |||||||
| International funds | 40,349 | — | — | 40,349 | |||||||||||
| Pooled separate accounts: (1) | |||||||||||||||
| Short-term fixed income funds | — | 793 | — | 793 | |||||||||||
| Fixed income funds | — | 14,689 | — | 14,689 | |||||||||||
| U.S. equity funds | — | 32,726 | — | 32,726 | |||||||||||
| Real estate fund | — | 15,526 | — | 15,526 | |||||||||||
| Annuities: (2) | |||||||||||||||
| Group annuity contract | — | — | 181,403 | 181,403 | |||||||||||
| Funded annuity contracts | — | — | 10,776 | 10,776 | |||||||||||
| Alternative investments: (4) | |||||||||||||||
| Limited partnerships | — | — | 9,571 | 9,571 | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | 79,912 | $ | 63,734 | $ | 201,750 | $ | 345,396 | |||||||
| (1) | Represents mutual funds and pooled separate account investments with Principal Life Insurance Company. |
| (2) | Represents group annuity contracts with Farm Bureau Life. |
| (3) | Represents bonds to support liability driven investing strategy. |
| (4) | Represents interests in several limited partnerships. As of December 31, 2018, a limited partnership with a fair value estimate of $0.6 million using net asset value per share as a practical expedient has not been classified in the fair value hierarchy above in accordance with fair value reporting guidance. |
| (5) | Represents approximate fair value of cash held. |
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| Level 3 Multiemployer Plan Asset Changes in Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | Purchases (disposals), net | Held at year end | Sold during year | Transfers into (out) of level 3 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group annuity contract | $ | 181,403 | $ | (21,353 | ) | $ | 7,056 | $ | — | $ | (19,000 | ) | $ | 148,106 | |||||||||
| Funded annuity contracts | 10,776 | (896 | ) | 620 | — | — | 10,500 | ||||||||||||||||
| Limited partnerships | 9,571 | 1,789 | 1,050 | — | — | 12,410 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 201,750 | $ | (20,460 | ) | $ | 8,726 | $ | — | $ | (19,000 | ) | $ | 171,016 | |||||||||
| December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return on assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2016 | Purchases (disposals), net | Held at year end | Sold during year | Transfers into (out) of level 3 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group annuity contract | $ | 141,782 | $ | 33,221 | $ | 6,400 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 181,403 | |||||||||||
| Funded annuity contracts | 11,382 | (1,258 | ) | 652 | — | — | 10,776 | ||||||||||||||||
| Limited partnerships | 8,447 | 314 | 810 | — | — | 9,571 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 161,611 | $ | 32,277 | $ | 7,862 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 201,750 | |||||||||||
Other Retirement Plans
We participate with affiliated and unaffiliated employers in a 401(k) defined contribution plan, which covers substantially all employees. We match employee contributions and provide an additional discretionary contribution as summarized in the table below. Costs are allocated among the affiliates on a basis of time incurred by the respective employees for each company. Our expense related to this plan totaled $2.9 million in 2018, $2.6 million in 2017 and $2.4 million in 2016.
Attained age 40 and 10 years of service at December 31, 2012 | Accruing years of service in the Multiemployer Plan | 100% Employer Match | 50% Employer Match | Discretionary Employer Contribution |
| Yes | Yes | first 2% of employee’s contributions | employee contributions between 2% and 4% | No |
| No | No | first 4% of employee’s contributions | employee contributions between 4% and 6% | 2.75% to 5.75% |
We have established deferred compensation plans for certain key current and former employees and have certain other benefit plans that provide for retirement and other benefits. Liabilities for these plans are accrued as the related benefits are earned.
Certain of the assets related to these plans are on deposit with us and amounts relating to these plans are included in our financial statements. In addition, certain amounts included in the policy liabilities for interest sensitive products relate to deposit administration funds maintained by us on behalf of affiliates.
In addition to benefits offered under the aforementioned benefit plans, we participate with affiliated and unaffiliated employers in a plan that provides group term life insurance benefits to retirees. We froze our portion of the plan on December 31, 2016 such that no new participants will enter the plan. During 2016, we recognized $0.2 million in curtailment gain related to freezing the group term life benefits to retirees. We also have two single-employer plans, frozen to new participants, that provide health and medical benefits to a small group of retirees. Postretirement benefit (income)/expense for this plan is allocated in a manner consistent with pension expense discussed above and totaled less than ($0.1) million in 2018 and ($0.1) million in 2017 and 2016. Changes in the underfunded portion of these plans, reported in other comprehensive income, aggregated less than ($0.1) million in 2018, ($0.1) million in 2017 and less than ($0.1) million in 2016. During 2018, our
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allocated expense totaled $0.4 million related to 18 months of medical benefits to be provided to employees who accepted the voluntary early retirement window offered during 2018.
Share-based Compensation Plans
The share-based payment arrangements under our Class A Common Stock Compensation Plan are described below. Expenses have been fully recognized under this plan.
We also have a Cash-Based Restricted Stock Unit Plan. We allocate a portion of the expense for these arrangements to affiliates; expense amounts below represent our share of these expenses. Compensation expense for arrangements under this plan totaled $1.7 million for 2018, $1.9 million for 2017 and $2.3 million for 2016. The income tax benefit recognized in the statements of operations for this arrangement totaled $0.6 million in 2018, $1.0 million in 2017 and $1.2 million in 2016.
Stock Option Awards
Prior to 2012, we granted stock options for Class A common stock to officers and employees, which have a contractual term of 10 years. Prior to 2009, we also granted stock options for Class A common stock to directors, which were fully vested upon grant and had a contractual term that varied with the length of time the director remained on the Board, up to 10 years. The exercise price for all options is equal to the fair value of the common stock on the grant date.
| Stock Option Activity | |||||||||||||
| Number of Shares | Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) | ||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||
| Shares under option at January 1, 2018 | 23,868 | $ | 21.92 | ||||||||||
| Exercised | (12,692 | ) | 19.12 | ||||||||||
| Forfeited or expired | — | — | |||||||||||
| Shares under option at December 31, 2018 | 11,176 | 25.11 | 1.42 | $ | 453 | ||||||||
| Vested at December 31, 2018 | 11,176 | $ | 25.11 | 1.42 | $ | 453 | |||||||
| Exercisable options at December 31, 2018 | 11,176 | $ | 25.11 | 1.42 | $ | 453 | |||||||
| (1) | Represents the difference between the share price and exercise price for each option, excluding options for which the exercise price is above the share price, at December 31, 2018. |
The intrinsic value of options exercised during the year totaled $0.7 million for 2018, $0.8 million for 2017 and $3.2 million for 2016.
We issue new shares to satisfy stock option exercises. Cash received from stock options exercised totaled $0.3 million for 2018, $0.7 million for 2017 and $2.5 million for 2016. The actual tax benefit realized from stock options exercised totaled $0.1 million for 2018, $0.2 million for 2017 and $1.0 million for 2016.
Cash-Based Restricted Stock Units
We annually grant performance and non-performance cash-based restricted stock units to certain executives. The restricted stock units will vest and be paid out in cash over 5 years, contingent on continued employment with us. The performance units have the same vesting requirements, but are also contingent upon meeting a financial goal.
The amount payable per unit awarded is equal to the price per share of the Company’s common stock at settlement of the award, and as such, we measure the value of the award each reporting period based on the current stock price. The effects of changes in the stock price during the service period are recognized as compensation cost over the service period.
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| Restricted Stock Unit Activity | ||||||
| Number of Units | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value per Unit | |||||
| Restricted stock units at January 1, 2018 | 102,578 | $ | 52.85 | |||
| Granted | 24,639 | 71.20 | ||||
| Vested | (40,231 | ) | 46.99 | |||
| Forfeited or canceled | (9,795 | ) | 60.73 | |||
| Restricted stock units at December 31, 2018 | 77,191 | 60.76 | ||||
The weighted average grant-date fair value per common share of restricted stock units granted was $71.20 in 2018, $69.10 in 2017 and $60.34 in 2016. Unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock units based on the stock price at December 31, 2018 totaled $2.0 million. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.89 years. Dividends are paid on restricted stock units upon vesting. Cash payments including dividends for restricted stock units totaled $3.3 million in 2018 and 2017 and 2.7 million in 2016.
Other
We have a Director Compensation Plan under which non-employee directors on our Board may elect to receive a portion of their compensation in the form of cash or deferred cash-based stock units. Cash-based stock units outstanding under this plan totaled 25,016 at December 31, 2018 and 25,243 at December 31, 2017. Prior to 2012, deferred stock units were used instead of deferred cash-based stock units. Under this plan, we have deferred stock units outstanding totaling 50,194 at December 31, 2018 and 53,254 at December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2018, there were 105,687 shares of Class A common stock available for future issuance under the Director Compensation Plan.
We also have an Executive Salary and Bonus Deferred Compensation Plan under which certain officers of the Company were allowed to use their base salary and annual cash bonus to purchase deferred cash-based stock units. Cash-based stock units outstanding under this plan totaled 10,743 at December 31, 2018 and 11,661 at December 31, 2017. Prior to 2012, deferred stock units were used instead of deferred cash-based stock units. Under this plan, we have deferred stock units outstanding totaling 48,312 at December 31, 2018 and 50,208 at December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2018, shares of Class A common stock available for future issuance under this plan totaled 95,304. This plan was frozen to future deferrals on December 31, 2013.
We also have an Executive Excess 401(k) Plan under which officers of the Company who met salary guidelines and 401(k) contribution guidelines were allowed to purchase unregistered deferred stock units. Under this plan, we have deferred stock units outstanding totaling 3,327 at December 31, 2018 and 3,175 at December 31, 2017. This plan was frozen to future deferrals on December 31, 2013.
9. Management and Other Agreements
We have management agreements under which we provide general business, administrative and management services to Farm Bureau Property & Casualty Insurance Company and other affiliates. Fee income for these services totaled $2.0 million in 2018 and 2017 and $2.2 million in 2016. In addition, as discussed in Note 1, we provide investment advisory services and lease property and equipment under agreements with Farm Bureau Property & Casualty, other affiliates and non-affiliates.
We share certain office facilities and services with the IFBF and its affiliated companies. These expenses are allocated based on cost and time studies that are updated annually and consist primarily of rent, salaries and related expenses, travel and other operating costs. In addition, Farm Bureau Management Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the IFBF, provides certain services to us under a separate arrangement. We incurred related expenses totaling $1.2 million in 2018, $1.1 million in 2017 and $1.0 million in 2016.
We also have an expense allocation agreement with Farm Bureau Property & Casualty Insurance Company for the use of property and equipment. Expense relating to this agreement totaled $0.3 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016.
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We have service agreements with the Farm Bureau-affiliated property-casualty companies operating within our marketing territory, including Farm Bureau Property & Casualty Insurance Company and another affiliate. Under the service agreements, the property-casualty companies are responsible for development and management of our agency force for a fee. We incurred expenses totaling $9.2 million in 2018, $9.1 million in 2017 and $8.6 million in 2016 relating to these arrangements.
We are licensed by the IFBF to use the “Farm Bureau” and “FB” designations in Iowa. In connection with this license, we incurred royalty expense totaling $0.6 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016. We have similar arrangements with other state Farm Bureau organizations in our market territory. Total royalty expense to Farm Bureau organizations other than the IFBF totaled $1.8 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016. The royalty agreement with the IFBF provides IFBF an option to terminate the agreement if our quarterly common stock dividend is less than $0.10 per share.
10. Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Proceedings
In the normal course of business, we may be involved in litigation in which damages are alleged that are substantially in excess of contractual policy benefits or certain other agreements. We are not aware of any claims threatened or pending against FBL Financial Group, Inc. or any of its subsidiaries for which a material loss is reasonably possible.
Other
We self-insure our employee health and dental claims. However, claims in excess of our self-insurance limits are fully insured. We fund insurance claims through a self-insurance trust. Deposits to the trust are made at an amount equal to our best estimate of claims to be paid during the period and a liability is established at each balance sheet date for any unpaid claims. Adjustments, if any, resulting in changes in the estimate of claims incurred are reflected in operations in the periods in which such adjustments are known.
We lease our home office properties under a 10-year operating lease, which expires in 2021, from a wholly-owned subsidiary of the IFBF. Future remaining minimum lease payments under this lease, as of December 31, 2018, are as follows: 2019 - $2.2 million, 2020 - $2.2 million and 2021 - $2.2 million. Rent expense for the lease totaled $4.3 million in 2018 and $4.1 million in 2017 and 2016. These amounts are net of $0.2 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016 in amortization of a deferred gain on the exchange of our home office properties for common stock in 1998. The remaining unamortized deferred gain totaled $0.5 million at December 31, 2018 and $0.7 million at December 31, 2017.
From time to time, assessments are levied on our insurance subsidiaries by life and health guaranty associations in most states in which the subsidiaries are licensed. These assessments, which are accrued for, are to cover losses of policyholders of insolvent or rehabilitated companies. In some states, these assessments can be partially recovered through a reduction in future premium taxes. Expenses for guaranty fund assessments, net of related premium tax offsets, totaled less than $0.1 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016.
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11. Earnings per Share
Computation of Earnings per Common Share
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||
| Numerator: | |||||||||||
| Net income attributable to FBL Financial Group, Inc. | $ | 93,793 | $ | 187,305 | $ | 102,842 | |||||
| Less: Dividends on Series B preferred stock | 150 | 150 | 150 | ||||||||
| Income available to common stockholders | $ | 93,643 | $ | 187,155 | $ | 102,692 | |||||
| Denominator: | |||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares - basic | 24,932,189 | 25,038,334 | 24,985,400 | ||||||||
| Effect of dilutive securities - stock-based compensation | 12,412 | 19,111 | 43,683 | ||||||||
| Weighted-average shares - diluted | 24,944,601 | 25,057,445 | 25,029,083 | ||||||||
| Earnings per common share | $ | 3.76 | $ | 7.47 | $ | 4.11 | |||||
| Earnings per common share - assuming dilution | $ | 3.75 | $ | 7.47 | $ | 4.10 | |||||
There were no antidilutive stock options outstanding in any period presented.
12. Statutory Insurance Information
The statutory financial statements of Farm Bureau Life and Greenfields are prepared in accordance with the accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the Insurance Division of the state of Iowa. The insurance division has adopted the accounting guidance contained in the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) Accounting Practices and Procedures manual (NAIC SAP) as the prescribed accounting practice for insurance companies domiciled in Iowa. The insurance division may permit accounting practices that differ from those prescribed by NAIC SAP. Farm Bureau Life has adopted such practices related to index products and option accounting which resulted in $7.5 million lower net income and $2.6 million higher statutory surplus than NAIC SAP in 2018. These practices resulted in an immaterial difference to net income and no difference to statutory surplus in 2017 or 2016. Several differences exist between GAAP and statutory accounting practices. Principally, under statutory accounting, deferred acquisition costs are not capitalized, fixed maturity securities are generally carried at amortized cost, insurance liabilities are presented net of reinsurance, contract holder liabilities are generally valued using more conservative assumptions and certain assets are non-admitted.
| Statutory Information of our Insurance Subsidiaries | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Farm Bureau Life: | |||||||||||
| Net gain from operations (excludes impact of realized gains and losses on investments) | $ | 100,819 | $ | 106,062 | $ | 106,143 | |||||
| Net income | 103,923 | 104,947 | 100,657 | ||||||||
| Greenfields: | |||||||||||
| Net loss from operations (excludes impact of realized gains and losses on investments) | (321 | ) | (192 | ) | (443 | ) | |||||
| Net loss | (321 | ) | (192 | ) | (443 | ) | |||||
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| Statutory Information of our Insurance Subsidiaries - Continued | |||||||||||||||
| Farm Bureau Life | Greenfields | ||||||||||||||
| December 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| Total capital and surplus | $ | 637,205 | $ | 615,973 | $ | 8,677 | $ | 9,006 | |||||||
| Unassigned surplus (deficit) | 503,722 | 482,490 | (2,123 | ) | (1,794 | ) | |||||||||
| Risk-Based Capital measurements: | |||||||||||||||
| Total adjusted capital | 704,541 | 682,570 | 8,688 | 9,028 | |||||||||||
| Company action level capital | 127,632 | 123,628 | 218 | 172 | |||||||||||
| RBC Ratio | 552 | % | 552 | % | 3,978 | % | 5,249 | % | |||||||
State laws specify regulatory actions if an insurer’s risk-based capital (RBC) ratio, a measure of solvency, falls below certain levels. The NAIC has a standard formula for annually assessing RBC based on the various risk factors related to an insurance company’s capital and surplus, including insurance, business, asset and interest rate risks. The insurance regulators monitor the level of RBC against a statutory “authorized control level” RBC at which point regulators have the option to assume control of the insurance company. The company action level RBC is 200% of the authorized control level and is the first point at which any action would be triggered.
Farm Bureau Life’s ability to pay dividends to the parent company is restricted by the Iowa Insurance Holding Company Act to earned surplus arising from its business as of the date the dividend is paid. In addition, prior approval of the Iowa Insurance Commissioner is required for a dividend distribution of cash or other property whose fair value, together with that of other dividends made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater of (i) 10% of policyholders’ surplus as of the preceding year end, or (ii) the statutory net gain from operations of the insurer for the preceding calendar year. As shown in the tables above, at December 31, 2018, Farm Bureau Life’s net gain from operations of $100.8 million, exceeded 10% of statutory surplus; accordingly, that amount is the maximum available for distribution to FBL Financial Group, Inc. without regulatory approval during 2019. Timing of such dividends during the year is limited based on the timing of dividends paid within the preceding 12 months.
13. Segment Information
We analyze operations by reviewing financial information regarding our primary products that are aggregated into the Annuity and Life Insurance product segments. In addition, our Corporate and Other segment includes various support operations, corporate capital and other product lines that are not currently underwritten by the Company.
The Annuity segment primarily consists of fixed rate and indexed annuities and supplementary contracts (some of which involve life contingencies). Fixed rate and indexed annuities provide for tax-deferred savings and supplementary contracts provide for the systematic repayment of funds that accumulate interest. Fixed rate annuities primarily consist of flexible premium deferred annuities, but also include single premium deferred and immediate contracts. With fixed rate annuities, we bear the underlying investment risk and credit interest to the contracts at rates we determine, subject to interest rate guarantees. With indexed annuities, we bear the underlying investment risk and credit interest in an amount equal to a percentage of the gain in a specified market index, subject to minimum guarantees.
The Life Insurance segment consists of whole life, term life and universal life policies, including indexed universal life (IUL). These policies provide benefits upon the death of the insured and may also allow the customer to build cash value on a tax-deferred basis. With IUL, we bear the underlying investment risk and credit interest in an amount equal to a percentage of the gain in a specified market index, subject to minimum guarantees.
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The Corporate and Other segment consists of the following corporate items and products/services that do not meet the quantitative threshold for separate segment reporting:
| • | investments and related investment income not specifically allocated to our product segments, |
| • | interest expense, |
| • | closed blocks of variable annuity, variable universal life insurance and accident and health insurance products, |
| • | advisory services for the management of investments and other companies, |
| • | marketing and distribution services for the sale of mutual funds and insurance products not issued by us, and |
| • | leasing services with affiliates. |
We use non-GAAP operating income (a measure of earnings not recognized under GAAP), in addition to net income, to measure our performance. Non-GAAP operating income, for the periods presented, consists of net income adjusted to exclude the impact of changes in federal statutory income tax rates and tax laws, realized gains and losses on investments and the change in fair value of derivatives and equity securities, which can fluctuate greatly from period to period. These fluctuations make it difficult to analyze core operating trends. In addition, for derivatives not designated as hedges, there is a mismatch between the valuation of the asset and liability when deriving net income (loss). Specifically, call options relating to our indexed business are one-year assets while the embedded derivatives in the indexed contracts represent the rights of the contract holder to receive index credits over the entire period the indexed annuities are expected to be in force.
Non-GAAP operating income is not a measure used in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but is a common life insurance industry measure of performance. We use non-GAAP operating income for goal setting, determining short-term incentive compensation and evaluating performance on a basis comparable to that used by many in the investment community.
We analyze our segment results based on pre-tax non-GAAP operating income. Accordingly, income taxes are not allocated to the segments. In addition, non-GAAP operating results are reported net of transactions between the segments. Adjustments to net income are net of amortization of unearned revenue reserves, deferred acquisition costs and value of insurance in force acquired, as well as changes in interest sensitive product reserves and income taxes attributable to these items. While not applicable for the periods reported herein, our non-GAAP operating income policy also calls for adjustments to net income relating to the following:
| • | settlements or judgments arising from lawsuits, net of any recoveries from third parties, |
| • | the cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles and |
| • | discontinued operations. |
| Reconciliation Between Net Income and Non-GAAP Operating Income | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Net income attributable to FBL Financial Group, Inc. (1) | $ | 93,793 | $ | 187,305 | $ | 102,842 | |||||
| Net income adjustments: | |||||||||||
| Initial impact of the Tax Act (2) | (617 | ) | (81,157 | ) | — | ||||||
| Net realized gains/losses on investments (3) (4) | 9,546 | 459 | 713 | ||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives (3) | 6,188 | (2,549 | ) | (1,485 | ) | ||||||
| Non-GAAP operating income (1) | $ | 108,910 | $ | 104,058 | $ | 102,070 | |||||
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| Financial Information Concerning our Operating Segments | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Pre-tax non-GAAP operating income: | |||||||||||
| Annuity | $ | 62,846 | $ | 68,821 | $ | 66,025 | |||||
| Life Insurance | 47,680 | 53,856 | 55,977 | ||||||||
| Corporate and Other (1) | 16,013 | 23,350 | 22,095 | ||||||||
| Total pre-tax non-GAAP operating income (1) | 126,539 | 146,027 | 144,097 | ||||||||
| Income taxes on non-GAAP operating income (1) | (17,629 | ) | (41,969 | ) | (42,027 | ) | |||||
| Non-GAAP operating income (1) | $ | 108,910 | $ | 104,058 | $ | 102,070 | |||||
| Non-GAAP operating revenues: | |||||||||||
| Annuity | $ | 223,996 | $ | 224,184 | $ | 214,486 | |||||
| Life Insurance | 430,194 | 418,593 | 414,446 | ||||||||
| Corporate and Other | 93,681 | 94,340 | 92,703 | ||||||||
| 747,871 | 737,117 | 721,635 | |||||||||
| Net realized gains/losses on investments (3) (4) | (12,455 | ) | (1,469 | ) | (1,771 | ) | |||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives (3) | (15,790 | ) | 2,263 | 6,550 | |||||||
| Consolidated revenues | $ | 719,626 | $ | 737,911 | $ | 726,414 | |||||
| Net investment income: | |||||||||||
| Annuity | $ | 218,823 | $ | 219,700 | $ | 210,679 | |||||
| Life Insurance | 158,003 | 158,318 | 154,427 | ||||||||
| Corporate and Other | 33,272 | 34,918 | 32,514 | ||||||||
| 410,098 | 412,936 | 397,620 | |||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives | (15,480 | ) | 2,263 | 6,550 | |||||||
| Consolidated net investment income | $ | 394,618 | $ | 415,199 | $ | 404,170 | |||||
| Depreciation and amortization: | |||||||||||
| Annuity | $ | 9,335 | $ | 6,489 | $ | 8,253 | |||||
| Life Insurance | 16,515 | 18,720 | 15,117 | ||||||||
| Corporate and Other | 7,025 | (1,120 | ) | 5,178 | |||||||
| 32,875 | 24,089 | 28,548 | |||||||||
| Net realized gains (losses) on investments (3) | (184 | ) | (240 | ) | (673 | ) | |||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives (3) | (1,598 | ) | (639 | ) | 562 | ||||||
| Consolidated depreciation and amortization | $ | 31,093 | $ | 23,210 | $ | 28,437 | |||||
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| Operating Segment Assets | |||||||
| December 31, | |||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||
| Assets: | |||||||
| Annuity | $ | 4,627,277 | $ | 4,608,735 | |||
| Life Insurance | 3,528,561 | 3,367,562 | |||||
| Corporate and Other (1) | 1,554,634 | 1,696,999 | |||||
| 9,710,472 | 9,673,296 | ||||||
| Unrealized gains in accumulated other comprehensive income (5) | 123,158 | 380,105 | |||||
| Consolidated assets (1) | $ | 9,833,630 | $ | 10,053,401 | |||
| (1) | Prior period amounts have been adjusted to reflect the accounting change for LIHTC investments. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information. |
| (2) | Amount represents a change in our deferred tax assets and liabilities due to the enactment of the Tax Act. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information. |
| (3) | Amounts are net of adjustments, as applicable, to amortization of unearned revenue reserves, deferred acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, interest sensitive product reserves and income taxes attributable to these items. |
| (4) | Beginning in 2018, amounts include the change in fair value of equity securities due to a change in accounting guidance. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information. |
| (5) | Amounts are net adjustments for assumed changes in deferred acquisition costs and value of insurance in force acquired attributable to these items. |
Depreciation and amortization related to property and equipment are allocated to the product segments while the related property, equipment and capitalized software are allocated to the Corporate and Other segment. Depreciation and amortization for the Corporate and Other segment include $4.5 million for 2018, $4.1 million for 2017 and $4.4 million for 2016 relating to leases with affiliates. In the consolidated statements of operations, we record these depreciation amounts net of related lease income from affiliates.
Interest expense is attributable to the Corporate and Other segment. Expenditures for long-lived assets were not significant during the periods presented above. Goodwill at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was allocated to the segments as follows: Annuity ($3.9 million) and Life Insurance ($6.1 million).
Equity income related to securities and indebtedness of related parties is attributable to the Life Insurance and Corporate and Other segments. As discussed in Note 1, LIHTC investments are no longer included in equity income and prior period amounts have been adjusted to reflect the accounting change. The following chart provides the related equity income by segment.
| Equity Income by Operating Segment | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Pre-tax equity income: | |||||||||||
| Life Insurance | $ | 3,840 | $ | 2,741 | $ | — | |||||
| Corporate and Other | 1,778 | 1,243 | 3,490 | ||||||||
| Total pre-tax equity income | 5,618 | 3,984 | 3,490 | ||||||||
| Income taxes | (1,179 | ) | (1,394 | ) | (1,221 | ) | |||||
| Equity income, net of related income taxes | $ | 4,439 | $ | 2,590 | $ | 2,269 | |||||
Premiums collected, which is not a measure used in financial statements prepared according to GAAP, include premiums received on life insurance policies and deposits on annuities and universal life-type products. Premiums collected is a common life insurance industry measure of agent productivity. Net premiums collected totaled $640.1 million in 2018, $631.0 million in 2017 and $689.7 million in 2016.
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Under GAAP, premiums on whole life and term life policies are recognized as revenues over the premium-paying period and reported in the Life Insurance segment. The following chart provides a reconciliation of life insurance premiums collected to those reported in the GAAP financial statements.
| Reconciliation of Traditional Life Insurance Premiums, Net of Reinsurance | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Traditional and universal life insurance premiums collected | $ | 304,229 | $ | 292,344 | $ | 281,551 | |||||
| Premiums collected on interest sensitive products | (106,609 | ) | (97,963 | ) | (85,622 | ) | |||||
| Traditional life insurance premiums collected | 197,620 | 194,381 | 195,929 | ||||||||
| Change in due premiums and other | 692 | 949 | 985 | ||||||||
| Traditional life insurance premiums as included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. | $ | 198,312 | $ | 195,330 | $ | 196,914 | |||||
There is no comparable GAAP financial measure for premiums collected on annuities and universal life-type products. GAAP revenues for those interest sensitive and variable products consist of various policy charges and fees assessed on those contracts, as summarized in the chart below.
| Interest Sensitive Product Charges by Segment | |||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Annuity | |||||||||||
| Surrender charges and other | $ | 5,173 | $ | 4,484 | $ | 3,803 | |||||
| Life Insurance | |||||||||||
| Administration charges | $ | 16,944 | $ | 15,487 | $ | 14,170 | |||||
| Cost of insurance charges | 50,727 | 46,096 | 48,111 | ||||||||
| Surrender charges | 2,352 | 1,913 | 1,181 | ||||||||
| Amortization of policy initiation fees | 3,972 | 1,437 | (24 | ) | |||||||
| Total | $ | 73,995 | $ | 64,933 | $ | 63,438 | |||||
| Corporate and Other | |||||||||||
| Administration charges | $ | 5,021 | $ | 5,332 | $ | 5,547 | |||||
| Cost of insurance charges | 29,151 | 29,670 | 29,805 | ||||||||
| Surrender charges | 92 | 150 | 213 | ||||||||
| Separate account charges | 8,535 | 8,246 | 7,957 | ||||||||
| Amortization of policy initiation fees | 822 | 121 | 1,165 | ||||||||
| Total | $ | 43,621 | $ | 43,519 | $ | 44,687 | |||||
| Consolidated interest sensitive product charges as included in the Statements of Operations | $ | 122,789 | $ | 112,936 | $ | 111,928 | |||||
Cost of insurance charges in the Life Insurance segment decreased in 2017, compared to 2016, due to a $3.2 million correction of fees charged during prior periods on a closed block of business.
Changes in amortization of policy initiation fees, compared to the prior year periods, is primarily due to the impact of unlocking assumptions used in the calculation of unearned revenue reserves.
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| Premium Concentration by State | ||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | ||||||
| Life and annuity collected premiums: | ||||||||
| Iowa | 25.5 | % | 25.9 | % | 25.1 | % | ||
| Kansas | 19.2 | 18.1 | 19.1 | |||||
| Oklahoma | 7.9 | 8.2 | 8.0 | |||||
14. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)
Unaudited Quarterly Results of Operations
| 2018 | |||||||||||||||
| Quarter ended | March 31, | June 30, | September 30, | December 31, | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||
| Premiums and product charges | $ | 79,595 | $ | 81,997 | $ | 79,285 | $ | 80,224 | |||||||
| Net investment income | 101,022 | 103,974 | 105,757 | 83,865 | |||||||||||
| Realized gains (losses) on investments | (2,787 | ) | 841 | (759 | ) | (9,569 | ) | ||||||||
| Total revenues | 182,430 | 190,449 | 188,111 | 158,636 | |||||||||||
| Net income attributable to FBL Financial Group, Inc. | 23,565 | 32,803 | 31,010 | 6,415 | |||||||||||
| Earnings per common share | $ | 0.94 | $ | 1.31 | $ | 1.24 | $ | 0.26 | |||||||
| Earnings per common share - assuming dilution | $ | 0.94 | $ | 1.31 | $ | 1.24 | $ | 0.26 | |||||||
| 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Quarter ended | March 31, | June 30, | September 30, | December 31, | |||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||
| Premiums and product charges | $ | 77,635 | $ | 79,718 | $ | 75,091 | $ | 75,822 | |||||||
| Net investment income | 100,994 | 103,908 | 102,950 | 107,347 | |||||||||||
| Realized gains (losses) on investments | (469 | ) | 921 | 14 | (1,420 | ) | |||||||||
| Total revenues | 181,920 | 188,997 | 181,556 | 185,438 | |||||||||||
| Net income attributable to FBL Financial Group, Inc. | 25,144 | 32,054 | 26,127 | 103,980 | |||||||||||
| Earnings per common share | $ | 1.00 | $ | 1.28 | $ | 1.04 | $ | 4.15 | |||||||
| Earnings per common share - assuming dilution | $ | 1.00 | $ | 1.28 | $ | 1.04 | $ | 4.15 | |||||||
Net income and earnings per share for the quarter ended December 31, 2017 reflect the initial impact of the Tax Act. See Note 1 and Note 5 for more details. During 2018, we voluntarily changed our accounting policy for low income housing tax credit (LIHTC) investments from the equity method to the proportional amortization method, see Note 1 for more details. Prior periods have been adjusted.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None
117
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
At the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (the Act) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our internal control over financial reporting changes from time-to-time as we modify and enhance our systems and processes to meet our dynamic needs. Changes are also made as we strive to be more efficient in how we conduct our business. Any significant changes in controls are evaluated prior to implementation to help ensure the continued effectiveness of our internal controls and internal control environment. While changes have taken place in our internal controls during the quarter ended December 31, 2018, there have been no changes that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
See Item 8 for Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. There have been no significant changes in our internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls subsequent to the date of this examination.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
There is no information required to be disclosed on Form 8-K for the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that has not been previously reported.
PART III
The information required by Part III, Items 10 through 14, is hereby incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement for our annual shareholders meeting to be held May 15, 2019, to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after December 31, 2018.
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
| (a) | 1. | Financial Statements. See Table of Contents following the cover page for a list of financial statements included in this Report. | |
| 2. | Financial Statement Schedules. The following financial statement schedules are included as part of this Report immediately following the signature page: | ||
| Schedule I - Summary of Investments | |||
| Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company) | |||
| Schedule III - Supplementary Insurance Information | |||
| Schedule IV - Reinsurance | |||
All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, not required or the information they contain is included elsewhere in the consolidated financial statements or notes.
118
| 3. | Exhibits. | ||
| Incorporated by reference | ||||
| Exhibit # | Description | Form | SEC File No. | Report Date |
| 3.1 | 10-Q | 001-11917 | September 30, 2012 | |
| 3.2 | 8-K/A | 001-11917 | March 23, 2017 | |
| 4.1 | S-1/A | 333-04332 | June 19, 1996 | |
| 4.2 | 10-K | 001-11917 | December 31, 2013 | |
| 4.2(a) | 10-K | 001-11917 | December 31, 2013 | |
| 4.3 | 8-K | 001-11917 | June 6, 1997 | |
| 10.1 | 10-K | 001-11917 | December 31, 2017 | |
| 10.2 | 10-K | 001-11917 | December 31, 2009 | |
| 10.3 | 10-K | 001-11917 | December 31, 2017 | |
| 10.4 | 10-K | 001-11917 | December 31, 2012 | |
| 10.5 | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 1998 | |
| 10.5(a) | 10-K | 001-11917 | December 31, 2011 | |
| 10.6 | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 1998 | |
| 10.7* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2011 | |
| 10.7(a)* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2011 | |
| 10.8* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | September 30, 2013 | |
| 10.9* | 10-K | 001-11917 | December 31, 2007 | |
| 10.10* | 10-K | 001-11917 | December 31, 2017 | |
| 10.11* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2016 | |
| 10.12* | 10-K | 001-11917 | December 31, 2011 | |
| 10.13* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | September 30, 2013 | |
119
| Incorporated by reference | ||||
| Exhibit # | Description | Form | SEC File No. | Report Date |
| 10.14* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2014 | |
| 10.15* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2016 | |
| 10.16* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2016 | |
| 10.17* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2017 | |
| 10.18* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2017 | |
| 10.19* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2018 | |
| 10.20* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2018 | |
| 10.21* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2015 | |
| 10.22* | 10-K | 001-11917 | December 31, 2015 | |
| 10.23* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2016 | |
| 10.24* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2016 | |
| 10.25* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2017 | |
| 10.26* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2017 | |
| 10.27* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2018 | |
| 10.28* | 10-Q | 001-11917 | March 31, 2018 | |
| 21+ | ||||
| 23+ | ||||
| 31.1+ | ||||
| 31.2+ | ||||
| 32+ | ||||
| 101+# | Interactive Data Files formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) from FBL Financial Group, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 as follows: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to Financial Statements. | |||
| * | exhibit relates to a compensatory plan for management or directors | |||
| + | filed herewith | |||
| # | In accordance with Rule 402 of Regulation S-T, the XBRL related information in this report shall not be deemed filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and shall not be incorporated by reference into any registration statement or other document filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing. | |||
120
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
FBL Financial Group, Inc.
By: /s/ JAMES P. BRANNEN
James P. Brannen
Chief Executive Officer
Date: February 27, 2019
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||
/s/ JAMES P. BRANNEN James P. Brannen | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director | February 27, 2019 | ||
/s/ DONALD J. SEIBEL Donald J. Seibel | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer) | February 27, 2019 | ||
/s/ ANTHONY J. ALDRIDGE Anthony J. Aldridge | Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) | February 27, 2019 | ||
/s/ CRAIG D. HILL Craig D. Hill | Chairman of the Board and Director | February 27, 2019 | ||
/s/ PAUL E. LARSON Paul E. Larson | Vice Chair and Director | February 27, 2019 | ||
Roger K. Brooks | Director | February 27, 2019 | ||
/s/ RICHARD W. FELTS Richard W. Felts | Director | February 27, 2019 | ||
/s/ JOE D. HEINRICH Joe D. Heinrich | Director | February 27, 2019 | ||
/s/ JAMES A. HOLTE James A. Holte | Director | February 27, 2019 | ||
/s/ PAUL A. JUFFER Paul A. Juffer | Director | February 27, 2019 | ||
/s/ KEVIN D. PAAP Kevin D. Paap | Director | February 27, 2019 | ||
/s/ SCOTT E. VANDERWAL Scott E. VanderWal | Director | February 27, 2019 | ||
121
Schedule I - Summary of Investments - Other
Than Investments in Related Parties
FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
December 31, 2018
| Column A | Column B | Column C | Column D | |||||||||
| Type of Investment | Cost (1) | Value | Amount at which shown in the balance sheet | |||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Fixed maturities, available for sale: | ||||||||||||
| Bonds: | ||||||||||||
| Corporate | $ | 3,231,846 | $ | 3,279,885 | $ | 3,279,885 | ||||||
| Mortgage- and asset-backed | 2,155,137 | 2,192,996 | 2,192,996 | |||||||||
| United States Government and agencies | 19,673 | 20,535 | 20,535 | |||||||||
| States and political subdivisions | 1,449,621 | 1,539,629 | 1,539,629 | |||||||||
| Total | 6,856,277 | $ | 7,033,045 | 7,033,045 | ||||||||
| Equity securities: | ||||||||||||
| Common stocks: | ||||||||||||
| Banks, trusts and insurance companies | 5,303 | $ | 5,261 | 5,261 | ||||||||
| Industrial, miscellaneous and all other | 3,301 | 3,301 | 3,301 | |||||||||
| Non-redeemable preferred stocks | 84,960 | 84,295 | 84,295 | |||||||||
| Total | 93,564 | $ | 92,857 | 92,857 | ||||||||
| Mortgage loans (2) | 1,042,936 | 1,039,829 | ||||||||||
| Investment real estate (2) | 1,703 | 1,543 | ||||||||||
| Policy loans | 197,366 | 197,366 | ||||||||||
| Short-term investments | 15,713 | 15,713 | ||||||||||
| Other investments | 36,704 | 33,765 | ||||||||||
| Total investments | $ | 8,244,263 | $ | 8,414,118 | ||||||||
| (1) | Cost adjusted for repayments and amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts for fixed maturities and short-term investments; original cost for equity securities, real estate and other investments; and unpaid principal balance for mortgage loans and policy loans. |
| (2) | Amount shown on balance sheet differs from cost due to allowance for possible losses. |
122
-Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. (PARENT COMPANY)
Condensed Balance Sheets
(Dollars in thousands)
| December 31, | |||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | ||||||
| Assets | |||||||
| Investments in subsidiaries (eliminated in consolidation) | $ | 1,233,663 | $ | 1,410,937 | |||
| Fixed maturities - available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2018 - $21,420; 2017 - $24,936) | 25,647 | 29,430 | |||||
| Equity securities (cost: 2018 - $5,304; 2017 - $3,764) | 5,262 | 4,313 | |||||
| Short-term investments | 5,607 | 6,460 | |||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 12,116 | 23,954 | |||||
| Amounts receivable from affiliates | 935 | 1,142 | |||||
| Amounts receivable from subsidiaries (eliminated in consolidation) | 3,719 | 3,807 | |||||
| Accrued investment income | 18 | 16 | |||||
| Current income taxes recoverable | 338 | — | |||||
| Deferred income tax assets | 6,474 | 7,098 | |||||
| Other assets | 13,257 | 13,381 | |||||
| Total assets | $ | 1,307,036 | $ | 1,500,538 | |||
| Liabilities and stockholders’ equity | |||||||
| Liabilities: | |||||||
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | $ | 25,896 | $ | 26,093 | |||
| Amounts payable from subsidiaries (eliminated in consolidation) | 1 | 6 | |||||
| Current income taxes | — | 372 | |||||
| Long-term debt payable to non-affiliates | 97,000 | 97,000 | |||||
| Total liabilities | 122,897 | 123,471 | |||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | |||||||
| Preferred stock | 3,000 | 3,000 | |||||
| Class A common stock | 152,652 | 153,589 | |||||
| Class B common stock | 72 | 72 | |||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | 91,318 | 284,983 | |||||
| Retained earnings | 937,097 | 935,423 | |||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 1,184,139 | 1,377,067 | |||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 1,307,036 | $ | 1,500,538 | |||
See accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
123
Schedule II -Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Continued)
FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. (PARENT COMPANY)
Condensed Statements of Operations
(Dollars in thousands)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||
| Net investment income | $ | 2,381 | $ | 1,972 | $ | 2,013 | |||||
| Realized gains (losses) on investments | (591 | ) | — | — | |||||||
| Dividends from subsidiaries (eliminated in consolidation) | 91,997 | 71,500 | 85,900 | ||||||||
| Management fee income from affiliates | 2,001 | 2,001 | 2,179 | ||||||||
| Management fee income from subsidiaries (eliminated in consolidation) | 6,458 | 5,805 | 5,652 | ||||||||
| Other income | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| Total revenues | 102,248 | 81,280 | 95,746 | ||||||||
| Expenses: | |||||||||||
| Interest expense | 4,850 | 4,850 | 4,850 | ||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | 8,605 | 8,408 | 9,002 | ||||||||
| Total expenses | 13,455 | 13,258 | 13,852 | ||||||||
| 88,793 | 68,022 | 81,894 | |||||||||
| Income tax benefit (expense) | 2,175 | (2,321 | ) | 2,349 | |||||||
| Income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries | 90,968 | 65,701 | 84,243 | ||||||||
| Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries (eliminated in consolidation) | 2,825 | 121,604 | 18,599 | ||||||||
| Net income | $ | 93,793 | $ | 187,305 | $ | 102,842 | |||||
See accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
124
Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Continued)
FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. (PARENT COMPANY)
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
(Dollars in thousands)
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (2,102 | ) | $ | 417 | $ | (4,342 | ) | |||
| Investing activities | |||||||||||
| Sales, maturities or redemptions of fixed maturities - available for sale | 4,641 | 5,478 | 5,641 | ||||||||
| Acquisitions of equity securities - available for sale | (1,147 | ) | (702 | ) | (1,397 | ) | |||||
| Short-term investments, net change | 853 | (472 | ) | 7,078 | |||||||
| Dividends from subsidiaries (eliminated in consolidation) | 91,997 | 71,500 | 85,900 | ||||||||
| Net cash provided by investing activities | 96,344 | 75,804 | 97,222 | ||||||||
| Financing activities | |||||||||||
| Excess tax deductions on stock-based compensation | — | — | 846 | ||||||||
| Issuance (repurchase) of common stock, net | (15,152 | ) | 330 | 1,840 | |||||||
| Capital contribution to subsidiary | (7,800 | ) | (2,000 | ) | — | ||||||
| Dividends paid | (83,128 | ) | (81,400 | ) | (91,602 | ) | |||||
| Net cash used in financing activities | (106,080 | ) | (83,070 | ) | (88,916 | ) | |||||
| Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (11,838 | ) | (6,849 | ) | 3,964 | ||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 23,954 | 30,803 | 26,839 | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 12,116 | $ | 23,954 | $ | 30,803 | |||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information | |||||||||||
| Cash received (paid) during the year for: | |||||||||||
| Income taxes | $ | 1,617 | $ | 2,849 | $ | 5,486 | |||||
| Interest | (4,850 | ) | (4,850 | ) | (4,850 | ) | |||||
See accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.
125
Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Continued)
FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. (PARENT COMPANY)
Notes to Condensed Financial Statements
December 31, 2018
1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of FBL Financial Group, Inc.
In the parent company only financial statements, our investments in subsidiaries are stated at cost plus equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries since the date of acquisition. In addition, the carrying value includes net unrealized gains/losses on the subsidiaries’ investments classified as “available for sale.”
2. Dividends from Subsidiaries
The parent company received dividends in the form of cash totaling $92.0 million in 2018, $71.5 million in 2017 and $85.9 million in 2016.
3. Debt
See Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 for a description of the parent company’s debt The company’s debt matures in 2047.
4. Income Taxes
The Tax Act made broad changes to the U.S. tax code impacting our companies, including reducing the federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% and numerous base-broadening provisions. At December 31, 2017, we recorded a provisional estimate of the impact of the Tax Act, which resulted in a reduction of net deferred tax liabilities of $4.2 million. At December 31, 2018, the accounting for the Tax Act is complete, as the provisional estimates used have been finalized by filing the 2017 income tax return. This resulted in no significant impact to earnings. Additional estimates have been adjusted, resulting only in reclassification between deferred tax items, such as the deferred tax asset on future policy benefits. In these cases, the overall impact of the Tax Act did not change from 2017.
126
Schedule III - Supplementary Insurance Information
FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
| Column A | Column B | Column C | Column D | Column E | |||||||||||
| Deferred acquisition costs | Future policy benefits, losses, claims and loss expenses | Unearned revenues | Other policyholder funds | ||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018: | |||||||||||||||
| Annuity | $ | 93,819 | $ | 4,036,152 | $ | — | $ | 338,646 | |||||||
| Life Insurance | 308,937 | 2,776,656 | 19,427 | 194,879 | |||||||||||
| Corporate and Other | 62,778 | 416,403 | 11,623 | 30,354 | |||||||||||
| Impact of unrealized gains/losses | (46,732 | ) | 1,642 | (5,134 | ) | — | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 418,802 | $ | 7,230,853 | $ | 25,916 | $ | 563,879 | |||||||
| December 31, 2017: | |||||||||||||||
| Annuity | $ | 92,116 | $ | 3,963,187 | $ | — | $ | 355,877 | |||||||
| Life Insurance | 287,421 | 2,677,519 | 17,043 | 201,693 | |||||||||||
| Corporate and Other | 70,247 | 419,411 | 11,986 | 32,083 | |||||||||||
| Impact of unrealized gains/losses | (147,173 | ) | 18,499 | (12,705 | ) | — | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 302,611 | $ | 7,078,616 | $ | 16,324 | $ | 589,653 | |||||||
| December 31, 2016: | |||||||||||||||
| Annuity | $ | 88,762 | $ | 3,827,295 | $ | — | $ | 364,966 | |||||||
| Life Insurance | 267,545 | 2,573,276 | 13,526 | 199,944 | |||||||||||
| Corporate and Other | 69,664 | 417,524 | 11,611 | 30,543 | |||||||||||
| Impact of unrealized gains/losses | (95,647 | ) | 3,795 | (4,215 | ) | — | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 330,324 | $ | 6,821,890 | $ | 20,922 | $ | 595,453 | |||||||
127
Schedule III - Supplementary Insurance Information (Continued)
FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
| Column A | Column F | Column G | Column H | Column I | Column J | ||||||||||||||
| Premium revenue | Net investment income | Benefits, claims, losses and settlement expenses | Amortization of deferred acquisition costs | Other operating expenses | |||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Annuity | $ | 5,173 | $ | 218,823 | $ | 124,015 | $ | 11,243 | $ | 25,892 | |||||||||
| Life Insurance | 272,797 | 158,003 | 276,571 | 15,264 | 84,389 | ||||||||||||||
| Corporate and Other | 43,622 | 33,272 | 34,465 | 8,869 | 8,637 | ||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives | (310 | ) | (15,480 | ) | (6,065 | ) | (1,893 | ) | — | ||||||||||
| Impact of realized gains/losses (1) | (181 | ) | — | (24 | ) | (346 | ) | — | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | 321,101 | $ | 394,618 | $ | 428,962 | $ | 33,137 | $ | 118,918 | |||||||||
| December 31, 2017: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Annuity | $ | 4,484 | $ | 219,700 | $ | 122,224 | $ | 8,506 | $ | 24,633 | |||||||||
| Life Insurance | 260,780 | 158,318 | 264,657 | 14,368 | 78,313 | ||||||||||||||
| Corporate and Other | 43,517 | 34,918 | 39,060 | 488 | 9,425 | ||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives | — | 2,263 | (1,021 | ) | (639 | ) | — | ||||||||||||
| Impact of realized gains/losses | (515 | ) | — | (19 | ) | (216 | ) | — | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | 308,266 | $ | 415,199 | $ | 424,901 | $ | 22,507 | $ | 112,371 | |||||||||
| December 31, 2016: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Annuity | $ | 3,803 | $ | 210,679 | $ | 113,543 | $ | 11,185 | $ | 23,733 | |||||||||
| Life Insurance | 260,331 | 154,427 | 261,757 | 11,038 | 75,100 | ||||||||||||||
| Corporate and Other | 44,716 | 32,514 | 37,296 | 6,078 | 8,912 | ||||||||||||||
| Change in fair value of derivatives | — | 6,550 | 3,704 | 562 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Impact of realized gains/losses | (8 | ) | — | (32 | ) | (638 | ) | (3 | ) | ||||||||||
| Total | $ | 308,842 | $ | 404,170 | $ | 416,268 | $ | 28,225 | $ | 107,742 | |||||||||
| (1) | Beginning in 2018, amount includes changes in fair value of equity securities. |
128
Schedule IV - Reinsurance
FBL FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
| Column A | Column B | Column C | Column D | Column E | Column F | |||||||||||||
| Gross amount | Ceded to other companies | Assumed from other companies | Net amount | Percent of amount assumed to net | ||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2018: | ||||||||||||||||||
| Life insurance in force, at end of year | $ | 64,290,040 | $ | 14,029,567 | $ | 455,176 | $ | 50,715,649 | 0.9 | % | ||||||||
| Insurance premiums and other considerations: | ||||||||||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product charges | $ | 121,456 | $ | 1,044 | $ | 2,377 | $ | 122,789 | 1.9 | % | ||||||||
| Traditional life insurance premiums | 223,960 | 25,779 | 131 | 198,312 | 0.1 | % | ||||||||||||
| Accident and health premiums | 6,038 | 5,627 | — | 411 | — | |||||||||||||
| $ | 351,454 | $ | 32,450 | $ | 2,508 | $ | 321,512 | 0.8 | % | |||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2017: | ||||||||||||||||||
| Life insurance in force, at end of year | $ | 62,667,310 | $ | 14,086,576 | $ | 487,284 | $ | 49,068,018 | 1.0 | % | ||||||||
| Insurance premiums and other considerations: | ||||||||||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product charges | $ | 111,616 | $ | 1,021 | $ | 2,341 | $ | 112,936 | 2.1 | % | ||||||||
| Traditional life insurance premiums | 220,866 | 25,832 | 296 | 195,330 | 0.2 | % | ||||||||||||
| Accident and health premiums | 6,486 | 6,069 | — | 417 | — | |||||||||||||
| $ | 338,968 | $ | 32,922 | $ | 2,637 | $ | 308,683 | 0.9 | % | |||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2016: | ||||||||||||||||||
| Life insurance in force, at end of year | $ | 60,753,614 | $ | 14,258,457 | $ | 523,538 | $ | 47,018,695 | 1.1 | % | ||||||||
| Insurance premiums and other considerations: | ||||||||||||||||||
| Interest sensitive product charges | $ | 110,608 | $ | 1,003 | $ | 2,323 | $ | 111,928 | 2.1 | % | ||||||||
| Traditional life insurance premiums | 222,037 | 25,470 | 347 | 196,914 | 0.2 | % | ||||||||||||
| Accident and health premiums | 6,956 | 6,585 | — | 371 | — | |||||||||||||
| $ | 339,601 | $ | 33,058 | $ | 2,670 | $ | 309,213 | 0.9 | % | |||||||||
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