Investment Operations | Investment Operations Fixed Maturity Securities Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturity Securities by Investment Category March 31, 2019 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Non-credit losses on other-than-temporary impairments (1) (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 3,259,853 $ 213,704 $ (40,981 ) $ 3,432,576 $ — Residential mortgage-backed 584,767 36,715 (2,733 ) 618,749 3,035 Commercial mortgage-backed 896,528 31,393 (11,217 ) 916,704 — Other asset-backed 680,507 17,781 (3,472 ) 694,816 968 United States Government and agencies 19,555 1,203 (45 ) 20,713 — States and political subdivisions 1,432,007 118,037 (2,018 ) 1,548,026 — Total fixed maturities $ 6,873,217 $ 418,833 $ (60,466 ) $ 7,231,584 $ 4,003 December 31, 2018 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Non-credit losses on other-than-temporary impairments (1) (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 3,231,846 $ 138,972 $ (90,933 ) $ 3,279,885 $ — Residential mortgage-backed 584,133 29,969 (7,242 ) 606,860 2,823 Commercial mortgage-backed 873,672 24,284 (19,390 ) 878,566 — Other asset-backed 697,332 15,567 (5,329 ) 707,570 1,143 United States Government and agencies 19,673 996 (134 ) 20,535 — States and political subdivisions 1,449,621 95,921 (5,913 ) 1,539,629 — Total fixed maturities $ 6,856,277 $ 305,709 $ (128,941 ) $ 7,033,045 $ 3,966 (1) Non-credit losses subsequent to the initial impairment measurement date on other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses are included in the gross unrealized gains and gross unrealized losses columns above. The non-credit loss component of OTTI losses for residential mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were in an unrealized gain position due to increases in estimated fair value subsequent to initial recognition of non-credit losses on such securities. Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities by Maturity Date March 31, 2019 Amortized Cost Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) Due in one year or less $ 106,619 $ 107,635 Due after one year through five years 534,193 555,588 Due after five years through ten years 697,348 729,149 Due after ten years 3,373,255 3,608,943 4,711,415 5,001,315 Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed 2,161,802 2,230,269 Total fixed maturities $ 6,873,217 $ 7,231,584 Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Fixed maturities not due at a single maturity date have been included in the above table in the year of final contractual maturity. Net Unrealized Gains on Investments in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income March 31, December 31, (Dollars in thousands) Net unrealized appreciation on: Fixed maturities - available for sale $ 358,367 $ 176,768 Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization pattern of: Deferred acquisition costs (96,710 ) (46,732 ) Value of insurance in force acquired (10,469 ) (6,878 ) Unearned revenue reserve 11,297 5,134 Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities (12,240 ) (1,642 ) Provision for deferred income taxes (52,551 ) (26,596 ) Net unrealized investment gains $ 197,694 $ 100,054 Net unrealized investment gains and losses are recorded net of deferred income taxes and other adjustments for assumed changes in deferred acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, unearned revenue reserve and policyholder liabilities. Fixed Maturity Securities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time March 31, 2019 Less than one year One year or more Total Description of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 211,512 $ (7,452 ) $ 445,481 $ (33,529 ) $ 656,993 $ (40,981 ) 67.8 % Residential mortgage-backed 16,335 (590 ) 89,982 (2,143 ) 106,317 (2,733 ) 4.5 Commercial mortgage-backed 41,535 (673 ) 294,545 (10,544 ) 336,080 (11,217 ) 18.6 Other asset-backed 142,050 (2,218 ) 170,790 (1,254 ) 312,840 (3,472 ) 5.7 United States Government and agencies — — 3,699 (45 ) 3,699 (45 ) 0.1 States and political subdivisions 7,872 (571 ) 23,357 (1,447 ) 31,229 (2,018 ) 3.3 Total fixed maturities $ 419,304 $ (11,504 ) $ 1,027,854 $ (48,962 ) $ 1,447,158 $ (60,466 ) 100.0 % December 31, 2018 Less than one year One year or more Total Description of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 1,035,176 $ (60,299 ) $ 207,381 $ (30,634 ) $ 1,242,557 $ (90,933 ) 70.5 % Residential mortgage-backed 191,365 (4,482 ) 74,113 (2,760 ) 265,478 (7,242 ) 5.6 Commercial mortgage-backed 302,159 (9,947 ) 148,855 (9,443 ) 451,014 (19,390 ) 15.0 Other asset-backed 250,119 (3,397 ) 149,997 (1,932 ) 400,116 (5,329 ) 4.1 United States Government and agencies — — 6,474 (134 ) 6,474 (134 ) 0.1 States and political subdivisions 144,681 (3,885 ) 16,943 (2,028 ) 161,624 (5,913 ) 4.7 Total fixed maturities $ 1,923,500 $ (82,010 ) $ 603,763 $ (46,931 ) $ 2,527,263 $ (128,941 ) 100.0 % Fixed maturities in the above tables include 412 securities from 271 issuers at March 31, 2019 and 709 securities from 465 issuers at December 31, 2018 . Unrealized losses decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2019 primarily due to lower market interest rates. We do not consider securities to be OTTI when the market decline is attributable to factors such as interest rate movements, market volatility, liquidity, spread widening and credit quality when recovery of all amounts due under the contractual terms of the security is anticipated. Based on our intent not to sell or our belief that we will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, we do not consider these investments to be OTTI at March 31, 2019 . We will continue to monitor the investment portfolio for future changes in issuer facts and circumstances that could result in future impairments beyond those currently identified. As described more fully in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, we perform a regular evaluation of all investment classes for impairment in order to evaluate whether such investments are OTTI. Credit Loss Component of Other-Than-Temporary Impairments on Fixed Maturities Three months ended March 31, 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ (5,963 ) $ (12,392 ) Reductions due to investments sold or paid down 230 271 Reduction for credit loss that no longer has a portion of the OTTI loss recognized in other comprehensive income — 2,529 Balance at end of period $ (5,733 ) $ (9,592 ) The table above sets forth the amount of credit loss impairments on fixed maturities held by the Company as of the dates indicated for which the non-credit portion of the OTTI was recognized in other comprehensive income and corresponding changes in such amounts. Credit loss impairments with no portion of the loss recognized in other comprehensive income, such as securities for which OTTI was measured at fair value, are excluded from the table. Realized Gains (Losses) - Recorded in Income Three months ended March 31, 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Realized gains (losses) on investments Fixed maturities: Gross gains $ 2,994 $ 83 Mortgage loans 2,778 — Other (4 ) (13 ) 5,768 70 Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities 4,419 (1,817 ) Less net gains and (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period (30 ) — Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held at the end of the period 4,389 (1,817 ) Net realized gains (losses) 10,157 (1,747 ) Impairment losses recognized in earnings: Other credit-related (869 ) (1,040 ) Net realized gains (losses) on investments recorded in income $ 9,288 $ (3,042 ) Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities totaled $6.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and $5.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018 . Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are determined on the basis of specific identification. Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loan portfolio consists of commercial mortgage loans that we have originated. Our lending policies require that the loans be collateralized by the value of the related property, establish limits on the amount that can be loaned to one borrower and require diversification by geographic location and collateral type. We originate loans with an initial loan-to-value ratio that provides sufficient collateral to absorb losses should we be required to foreclose and take possession of the collateral. In order to identify impairment losses, management maintains and regularly reviews a watch list of mortgage loans that have heightened risk. These loans may include those with borrowers delinquent on contractual payments, borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, increases in rental real estate vacancies and significant declines in collateral value. We evaluate each of our mortgage loans individually and establish an estimated loss, if needed, for each impaired loan identified. An estimated loss is needed for loans for which we do not believe we will collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the respective loan agreements. Any loan delinquent on contractual payments is considered non-performing. Mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status if we have concerns regarding the collectability of future payments. Interest income on non-performing loans is generally recognized on a cash basis. Once mortgage loans are classified as non-accrual loans, the resumption of the interest accrual would commence only after all past due interest has been collected or the mortgage loan has been restructured such that the collection of interest is considered likely. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 , there were no non-performing loans over 90 days past due on contractual payments. At March 31, 2019 , we had committed to provide additional funding for mortgage loans totaling $9.5 million . These commitments arose in the normal course of business at terms that are comparable to similar investments. Mortgage Loans by Collateral Type March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Collateral Type Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Office $ 438,068 42.8 % $ 443,048 42.6 % Retail 312,276 30.5 310,625 29.9 Industrial 198,973 19.4 211,138 20.3 Other 74,338 7.3 75,018 7.2 Total $ 1,023,655 100.0 % $ 1,039,829 100.0 % Mortgage Loans by Geographic Location within the United States March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Region of the United States Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) South Atlantic $ 297,927 29.1 % $ 301,206 29.0 % Pacific 157,713 15.4 162,824 15.7 West North Central 127,499 12.5 126,320 12.1 East North Central 121,913 11.9 117,768 11.3 Mountain 90,475 8.8 101,335 9.7 West South Central 85,003 8.3 85,919 8.3 East South Central 75,442 7.4 76,098 7.3 Middle Atlantic 34,559 3.4 34,843 3.4 New England 33,124 3.2 33,516 3.2 Total $ 1,023,655 100.0 % $ 1,039,829 100.0 % Mortgage Loans by Loan-to-Value Ratio March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Loan-to-Value Ratio Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) 0% - 50% $ 404,912 39.6 % $ 409,089 39.3 % 51% - 60% 304,608 29.8 314,038 30.2 61% - 70% 270,610 26.4 264,973 25.5 71% - 80% 37,186 3.6 37,418 3.6 81% - 90% 6,339 0.6 14,311 1.4 Total $ 1,023,655 100.0 % $ 1,039,829 100.0 % The loan-to-value ratio is determined using the most recent appraised value. Appraisals are updated periodically when there is indication of a possible significant collateral decline or there are loan modifications or refinance requests. Mortgage Loans by Year of Origination March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Year of Origination Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) 2019 $ 5,650 0.6 % $ — — % 2018 136,693 13.4 137,519 13.2 2017 205,744 20.1 207,540 20.0 2016 148,175 14.4 149,437 14.4 2015 127,800 12.5 128,877 12.4 2014 & prior 399,593 39.0 416,456 40.0 Total $ 1,023,655 100.0 % $ 1,039,829 100.0 % Impaired Mortgage Loans March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Unpaid principal balance $ 4,706 $ 18,622 Less: Related allowance (329 ) (3,107 ) Carrying value of impaired mortgage loans $ 4,377 $ 15,515 Allowance on Mortgage Loans Three months ended March 31, 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ 3,107 $ 497 Recoveries (2,778 ) (50 ) Balance at end of period $ 329 $ 447 Mortgage Loan Modifications Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio can include loans that have been modified. We assess loan modifications on a loan-by-loan basis to evaluate whether a troubled debt restructuring has occurred. Generally, the types of concessions include: reduction of the contractual interest rate to a below-market rate, extension of the maturity date and/or a reduction of accrued interest. The amount, timing and extent of the concession granted is considered in determining if an impairment loss is needed for the restructuring. There were no loan modifications during the three months ended March 31, 2019 or March 31, 2018 . Variable Interest Entities We evaluate our variable interest entity (VIE) investees to determine whether the level of our direct ownership interest, our rights to manage operations, or our obligation to provide ongoing financial support are such that we are the primary beneficiary of the entity, and would therefore be required to consolidate it for financial reporting purposes. After determining that we have a variable interest, we review our involvement in the VIE to determine whether we have both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and the obligation to absorb losses or the rights to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. This analysis includes a review of the purpose and design of the VIE as well as the role that we played in the formation of the entity and how that role could impact our ability to control the VIE. We also review the activities and decisions considered significant to the economic performance of the VIE and assess what power we have in directing those activities and decisions. Finally, we review the agreements in place to determine if there are any guarantees that would affect our maximum exposure to loss. We have reviewed the circumstances surrounding our investments in VIEs, which consist of (i) limited partnerships or limited liability companies accounted for under the equity method included in securities and indebtedness of related parties and (ii) non-guaranteed federal LIHTC investments included in other assets. In addition, we have reviewed the ownership interest in our VIEs and determined that we do not hold direct majority ownership or have other contractual rights (such as kick out rights) that give us effective control over these entities resulting in us having both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The maximum loss exposure relative to our VIEs is limited to the carrying value and any unfunded commitments that exist for each particular VIE. We also have not provided additional support or other guarantees that were not previously contractually required (financial or otherwise) to any of the VIEs as of March 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018. Based on our analysis, none of our VIEs were required to be consolidated at March 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018. LIHTC investments take the form of limited partnerships or limited liability companies, which in turn invest in a number of low income housing projects. We use the proportional amortization method of accounting for these investments. The proportional amortization method amortizes the cost of the investment over the period in which the investor expects to receive tax credits and other tax benefits, and the resulting amortization is recognized along with the tax benefits as a component of federal income tax expense on our consolidated statements of operations. The net benefits reflected in federal income tax expense related to LIHTC investments were $0.9 million for the first quarter of 2019 , compared to $0.9 million for the first quarter of 2018 . At March 31, 2019 , we had committed to provide additional funds for limited partnerships and limited liability companies in which we invest. The amounts of these unfunded commitments totaled $44.8 million , including $1.5 million for LIHTC investment commitments, which are summarized by year in the following table. LIHTC Investment Commitments by Year March 31, 2019 (Dollars in thousands) 2019 $ 505 2020 165 2021-2025 831 Total $ 1,501 VIE Investments by Category March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Carrying Value Maximum Exposure to Loss Carrying Value Maximum Exposure to Loss (Dollars in thousands) LIHTC investments $ 51,156 $ 52,657 $ 54,037 $ 55,597 Investment companies 44,164 80,590 40,236 79,578 Real estate limited partnerships 8,489 15,344 8,945 15,673 Other 494 504 483 493 Total $ 104,303 $ 149,095 $ 103,701 $ 151,341 In addition, we make passive investments in the normal course of business in structured securities issued by VIEs for which we are not the investment manager. These structured securities include all of the residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities included in our fixed maturities. Our maximum exposure to loss on these securities is limited to our carrying value of the investment. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these structured securities because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. Derivative Instruments Our primary derivative exposure relates to purchased call options, which provide an economic hedge against the embedded derivatives in our indexed products. We also have embedded derivatives within our modified coinsurance agreements as well as an interest-only fixed maturity investment. We do not apply hedge accounting to any of our derivative positions, and they are held at fair value. Derivatives Instruments by Type March 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Assets Freestanding derivatives: Call options (reported in other investments) $ 15,741 $ 4,745 Embedded derivatives: Modified coinsurance (reported in reinsurance recoverable) 110 157 Interest-only security (reported in fixed maturities) 786 855 Total assets $ 16,637 $ 5,757 Liabilities Embedded derivatives: Indexed products (reported in liability for future policy benefits) $ 51,891 $ 40,028 Modified coinsurance (reported in other liabilities) 99 7,426 Total liabilities $ 51,990 $ 47,454 Derivative Income (Loss) Three months ended March 31, 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Change in fair value of free standing derivatives: Call options $ 8,685 $ (1,152 ) Change in fair value of embedded derivatives: Modified coinsurance 633 (943 ) Interest-only security 47 (35 ) Indexed products (9,336 ) 2,664 Total income from derivatives $ 29 $ 534 Derivative income is reported in net investment income except for the change in fair value of the embedded derivatives on our indexed products, which is reported in interest sensitive product benefits. We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance of the derivative counterparties. This credit risk is minimized by purchasing such agreements from financial institutions with high credit ratings (currently rated A or better by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations). We have also entered into credit support agreements with the counterparties requiring them to post collateral when net exposures exceed pre-determined thresholds that vary by counterparty. The net amount of such exposure is essentially the market value less collateral held for such agreements with each counterparty. The call options are supported by securities collateral received of $11.9 million at March 31, 2019 , which is held in a separate custodial account. Subject to certain constraints, we are permitted to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but do not have legal rights to the collateral; accordingly, it has not been recorded on our balance sheet. At March 31, 2019 , none of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. As of March 31, 2019 , our net derivative exposure was $4.0 million |