Investment Operations | Investment Operations Fixed Maturity Securities Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturity Securities by Investment Category June 30, 2019 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Non-credit losses on other-than-temporary impairments (1) (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 3,287,380 $ 320,359 $ (21,989 ) $ 3,585,750 $ — Residential mortgage-backed 581,099 49,055 (775 ) 629,379 2,084 Commercial mortgage-backed 937,041 67,240 (526 ) 1,003,755 — Other asset-backed 671,762 22,017 (2,332 ) 691,447 740 United States Government and agencies 17,029 1,572 (16 ) 18,585 — States and political subdivisions 1,415,673 140,791 (758 ) 1,555,706 — Total fixed maturities $ 6,909,984 $ 601,034 $ (26,396 ) $ 7,484,622 $ 2,824 December 31, 2018 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Non-credit losses on other-than-temporary impairments (1) (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 3,231,846 $ 138,972 $ (90,933 ) $ 3,279,885 $ — Residential mortgage-backed 584,133 29,969 (7,242 ) 606,860 2,823 Commercial mortgage-backed 873,672 24,284 (19,390 ) 878,566 — Other asset-backed 697,332 15,567 (5,329 ) 707,570 1,143 United States Government and agencies 19,673 996 (134 ) 20,535 — States and political subdivisions 1,449,621 95,921 (5,913 ) 1,539,629 — Total fixed maturities $ 6,856,277 $ 305,709 $ (128,941 ) $ 7,033,045 $ 3,966 (1) Non-credit losses subsequent to the initial impairment measurement date on other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses are included in the gross unrealized gains and gross unrealized losses columns above. The non-credit loss component of OTTI losses for residential mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were in an unrealized gain position due to increases in estimated fair value subsequent to initial recognition of non-credit losses on such securities. Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities by Maturity Date June 30, 2019 Amortized Cost Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) Due in one year or less $ 73,729 $ 74,777 Due after one year through five years 530,041 556,513 Due after five years through ten years 716,263 771,586 Due after ten years 3,400,049 3,757,165 4,720,082 5,160,041 Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed 2,189,902 2,324,581 Total fixed maturities $ 6,909,984 $ 7,484,622 Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Fixed maturities not due at a single maturity date have been included in the above table in the year of final contractual maturity. Net Unrealized Gains on Investments in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income June 30, December 31, (Dollars in thousands) Net unrealized appreciation on: Fixed maturities - available for sale $ 574,638 $ 176,768 Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization pattern of: Deferred acquisition costs (158,405 ) (46,732 ) Value of insurance in force acquired (12,827 ) (6,878 ) Unearned revenue reserve 15,127 5,134 Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities (24,724 ) (1,642 ) Provision for deferred income taxes (82,699 ) (26,596 ) Net unrealized investment gains $ 311,110 $ 100,054 Net unrealized investment gains and losses are recorded net of deferred income taxes and other adjustments for assumed changes in deferred acquisition costs, value of insurance in force acquired, unearned revenue reserve and policyholder liabilities. Fixed Maturity Securities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time June 30, 2019 Less than one year One year or more Total Description of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 29,173 $ (738 ) $ 252,898 $ (21,251 ) $ 282,071 $ (21,989 ) 83.3 % Residential mortgage-backed 3,857 (329 ) 24,215 (446 ) 28,072 (775 ) 2.9 Commercial mortgage-backed 89 — 18,704 (526 ) 18,793 (526 ) 2.0 Other asset-backed 95,239 (1,401 ) 93,275 (931 ) 188,514 (2,332 ) 8.8 United States Government and agencies — — 2,982 (16 ) 2,982 (16 ) 0.1 States and political subdivisions 4,219 (208 ) 6,426 (550 ) 10,645 (758 ) 2.9 Total fixed maturities $ 132,577 $ (2,676 ) $ 398,500 $ (23,720 ) $ 531,077 $ (26,396 ) 100.0 % December 31, 2018 Less than one year One year or more Total Description of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 1,035,176 $ (60,299 ) $ 207,381 $ (30,634 ) $ 1,242,557 $ (90,933 ) 70.5 % Residential mortgage-backed 191,365 (4,482 ) 74,113 (2,760 ) 265,478 (7,242 ) 5.6 Commercial mortgage-backed 302,159 (9,947 ) 148,855 (9,443 ) 451,014 (19,390 ) 15.0 Other asset-backed 250,119 (3,397 ) 149,997 (1,932 ) 400,116 (5,329 ) 4.1 United States Government and agencies — — 6,474 (134 ) 6,474 (134 ) 0.1 States and political subdivisions 144,681 (3,885 ) 16,943 (2,028 ) 161,624 (5,913 ) 4.7 Total fixed maturities $ 1,923,500 $ (82,010 ) $ 603,763 $ (46,931 ) $ 2,527,263 $ (128,941 ) 100.0 % Fixed maturities in the above tables include 182 securities from 144 issuers at June 30, 2019 and 709 securities from 465 issuers at December 31, 2018 . Unrealized losses decreased during the six months ended June 30, 2019 primarily due to lower market interest rates. We do not consider securities to be OTTI when the market decline is attributable to factors such as interest rate movements, market volatility, liquidity, spread widening and credit quality when recovery of all amounts due under the contractual terms of the security is anticipated. Based on our intent not to sell or our belief that we will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, we do not consider these investments to be OTTI at June 30, 2019 . We will continue to monitor the investment portfolio for future changes in issuer facts and circumstances that could result in future impairments beyond those currently identified. As described more fully in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, we perform a regular evaluation of all investment classes for impairment in order to evaluate whether such investments are OTTI. Credit Loss Component of Other-Than-Temporary Impairments on Fixed Maturities Six months ended June 30, 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ (5,963 ) $ (12,392 ) Reductions due to investments sold or paid down 729 3,369 Reduction for credit loss that no longer has a portion of the OTTI loss recognized in other comprehensive income — 2,529 Balance at end of period $ (5,234 ) $ (6,494 ) The table above sets forth the amount of credit loss impairments on fixed maturities held by the Company as of the dates indicated for which the non-credit portion of the OTTI was recognized in other comprehensive income and corresponding changes in such amounts. Credit loss impairments with no portion of the loss recognized in other comprehensive income, such as securities for which OTTI was measured at fair value, are excluded from the table. Realized Gains (Losses) - Recorded in Income Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Realized gains (losses) on investments Fixed maturities: Gross gains $ 143 $ 1,713 $ 3,137 $ 1,796 Gross losses (304 ) (1 ) (304 ) (1 ) Mortgage loans — — 2,778 — Other — (5 ) (4 ) (18 ) (161 ) 1,707 5,607 1,777 Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held at the end of the period 463 (866 ) 4,882 (2,683 ) Net gains recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period 75 — 45 — Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities 538 (866 ) 4,927 (2,683 ) Net realized gains (losses) 377 841 10,534 (906 ) Impairment losses recognized in earnings: Other credit-related — — (869 ) (1,040 ) Net realized gains (losses) on investments recorded in income $ 377 $ 841 $ 9,665 $ (1,946 ) Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities totaled $22.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and $56.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018 . Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are determined on the basis of specific identification. Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loan portfolio consists of commercial mortgage loans that we have originated. Our lending policies require that the loans be collateralized by the value of the related property, establish limits on the amount that can be loaned to one borrower and require diversification by geographic location and collateral type. We originate loans with an initial loan-to-value ratio that provides sufficient collateral to absorb losses should we be required to foreclose and take possession of the collateral. In order to identify impairment losses, management maintains and regularly reviews a watch list of mortgage loans that have heightened risk. These loans may include those with borrowers delinquent on contractual payments, borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, increases in rental real estate vacancies and significant declines in collateral value. We evaluate each of our mortgage loans individually and establish an estimated loss, if needed, for each impaired loan identified. An estimated loss is needed for loans for which we do not believe we will collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the respective loan agreements. Any loan delinquent on contractual payments is considered non-performing. Mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status if we have concerns regarding the collectability of future payments. Interest income on non-performing loans is generally recognized on a cash basis. Once mortgage loans are classified as non-accrual loans, the resumption of the interest accrual would commence only after all past due interest has been collected or the mortgage loan has been restructured such that the collection of interest is considered likely. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 , there were no non-performing loans over 90 days past due on contractual payments. At June 30, 2019 , we had committed to provide additional funding for mortgage loans totaling $9.3 million . These commitments arose in the normal course of business at terms that are comparable to similar investments. Mortgage Loans by Collateral Type June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Collateral Type Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Office $ 421,867 41.4 % $ 443,048 42.6 % Retail 317,685 31.2 310,625 29.9 Industrial 205,917 20.2 211,138 20.3 Other 73,655 7.2 75,018 7.2 Total $ 1,019,124 100.0 % $ 1,039,829 100.0 % Mortgage Loans by Geographic Location within the United States June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Region of the United States Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) South Atlantic $ 304,277 29.9 % $ 301,206 29.0 % Pacific 156,210 15.3 162,824 15.7 East North Central 120,371 11.8 117,768 11.3 West North Central 112,130 11.0 126,320 12.1 Mountain 89,531 8.8 101,335 9.7 West South Central 85,648 8.4 85,919 8.3 East South Central 83,959 8.2 76,098 7.3 Middle Atlantic 34,271 3.4 34,843 3.4 New England 32,727 3.2 33,516 3.2 Total $ 1,019,124 100.0 % $ 1,039,829 100.0 % Mortgage Loans by Loan-to-Value Ratio June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Loan-to-Value Ratio Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) 0% - 50% $ 415,111 40.7 % $ 409,089 39.3 % 51% - 60% 298,116 29.3 314,038 30.2 61% - 70% 283,310 27.8 264,973 25.5 71% - 80% 18,235 1.8 37,418 3.6 81% - 90% 4,352 0.4 14,311 1.4 Total $ 1,019,124 100.0 % $ 1,039,829 100.0 % The loan-to-value ratio is determined using the most recent appraised value. Appraisals are updated periodically when there is indication of a possible significant collateral decline or there are loan modifications or refinance requests. Mortgage Loans by Year of Origination June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Year of Origination Carrying Value Percent of Total Carrying Value Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) 2019 $ 25,878 2.6 % $ — — % 2018 135,831 13.3 137,519 13.2 2017 203,949 20.0 207,540 20.0 2016 146,900 14.4 149,437 14.4 2015 126,711 12.4 128,877 12.4 2014 & prior 379,855 37.3 416,456 40.0 Total $ 1,019,124 100.0 % $ 1,039,829 100.0 % Impaired Mortgage Loans June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Unpaid principal balance $ 4,681 $ 18,622 Less: Related allowance (329 ) (3,107 ) Carrying value of impaired mortgage loans $ 4,352 $ 15,515 Allowance on Mortgage Loans Six months ended June 30, 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Balance at beginning of period $ 3,107 $ 497 Recoveries (2,778 ) (100 ) Balance at end of period $ 329 $ 397 Mortgage Loan Modifications Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio can include loans that have been modified. We assess loan modifications on a loan-by-loan basis to evaluate whether a troubled debt restructuring has occurred. Generally, the types of concessions include reduction of the contractual interest rate to a below-market rate, extension of the maturity date and/or a reduction of accrued interest. The amount, timing and extent of the concession granted is considered in determining if an impairment loss is needed for the restructuring. There were no loan modifications during the six months ended June 30, 2019 or June 30, 2018 . Variable Interest Entities We evaluate our variable interest entity (VIE) investees to determine whether the level of our direct ownership interest, our rights to manage operations, or our obligation to provide ongoing financial support are such that we are the primary beneficiary of the entity, and would therefore be required to consolidate it for financial reporting purposes. After determining that we have a variable interest, we review our involvement in the VIE to determine whether we have both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and the obligation to absorb losses or the rights to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. This analysis includes a review of the purpose and design of the VIE as well as the role that we played in the formation of the entity and how that role could impact our ability to control the VIE. We also review the activities and decisions considered significant to the economic performance of the VIE and assess what power we have in directing those activities and decisions. Finally, we review the agreements in place to determine if there are any guarantees that would affect our maximum exposure to loss. We have reviewed the circumstances surrounding our investments in VIEs, which consist of (i) limited partnerships or limited liability companies accounted for under the equity method included in securities and indebtedness of related parties and (ii) non-guaranteed federal LIHTC investments included in other assets. In addition, we have reviewed the ownership interest in our VIEs and determined that we do not hold direct majority ownership or have other contractual rights (such as kick out rights) that give us effective control over these entities resulting in us having both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The maximum loss exposure relative to our VIEs is limited to the carrying value and any unfunded commitments that exist for each particular VIE. We also have not provided additional support or other guarantees that were not previously contractually required (financial or otherwise) to any of the VIEs as of June 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018. Based on our analysis, none of our VIEs were required to be consolidated at June 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018. LIHTC investments take the form of limited partnerships or limited liability companies, which in turn invest in a number of low income housing projects. We use the proportional amortization method of accounting for these investments. The proportional amortization method amortizes the cost of the investment over the period in which the investor expects to receive tax credits and other tax benefits, and the resulting amortization is recognized along with the tax benefits as a component of federal income tax expense on our consolidated statements of operations. The net benefits reflected in federal income tax expense related to LIHTC investments were $0.9 million for the second quarter of 2019 and $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to $0.9 million for the second quarter of 2018 and $1.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. VIE Investments by Category June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 Carrying Value Maximum Exposure to Loss Carrying Value Maximum Exposure to Loss (Dollars in thousands) LIHTC investments $ 48,250 $ 49,752 $ 54,037 $ 55,597 Investment companies 47,840 94,091 40,236 79,578 Real estate limited partnerships 9,415 15,938 8,945 15,673 Other 493 493 483 493 Total $ 105,998 $ 160,274 $ 103,701 $ 151,341 In addition, we make passive investments in the normal course of business in structured securities issued by VIEs for which we are not the investment manager. These structured securities include all of the residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities included in our fixed maturities. Our maximum exposure to loss on these securities is limited to our carrying value of the investment. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these structured securities because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. Derivative Instruments Our primary derivative exposure relates to purchased call options, which provide an economic hedge against the embedded derivatives in our indexed products. We also have embedded derivatives within our modified coinsurance agreements as well as an interest-only fixed maturity investment. We do not apply hedge accounting to any of our derivative positions, and they are held at fair value. Derivatives Instruments by Type June 30, 2019 December 31, 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Assets Freestanding derivatives: Call options (reported in other investments) $ 19,698 $ 4,745 Embedded derivatives: Modified coinsurance (reported in reinsurance recoverable) 824 157 Interest-only security (reported in fixed maturities) 676 855 Total assets $ 21,198 $ 5,757 Liabilities Embedded derivatives: Indexed products (reported in liability for future policy benefits) $ 59,375 $ 40,028 Modified coinsurance (reported in other liabilities) 193 7,426 Total liabilities $ 59,568 $ 47,454 Derivative Income (Loss) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2019 2018 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) Change in fair value of free-standing derivatives: Call options $ 3,816 $ 2,193 $ 12,502 $ 1,041 Change in fair value of embedded derivatives: Modified coinsurance 620 125 1,253 (818 ) Interest-only security 69 (44 ) 116 (79 ) Indexed products (3,294 ) 281 (12,629 ) 2,945 Total income from derivatives $ 1,211 $ 2,555 $ 1,242 $ 3,089 Derivative income is reported in net investment income except for the change in fair value of the embedded derivatives on our indexed products, which is reported in interest sensitive product benefits. We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance of the derivative counterparties. This credit risk is minimized by purchasing such agreements from financial institutions with high credit ratings (currently rated A or better by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations). We have also entered into credit support agreements with the counterparties requiring them to post collateral when net exposures exceed pre-determined thresholds that vary by counterparty. The net amount of such exposure is essentially the market value less collateral held for such agreements with each counterparty. The call options are supported by securities collateral received of $16.2 million at June 30, 2019 , which is held in a separate custodial account. Subject to certain constraints, we are permitted to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but do not have legal rights to the collateral; accordingly, it has not been recorded on our balance sheet. At June 30, 2019 , none of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. As of June 30, 2019 , our net derivative exposure was $3.6 million . |