Investment Operations | Investment Operations Fixed Maturity Securities Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturity Securities by Investment Category March 31, 2020 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains (1) Gross Unrealized Losses (1) Allowance for Credit Losses Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 3,460,539 $ 312,121 $ (103,191 ) $ (12,146 ) $ 3,657,323 Residential mortgage-backed 624,574 44,124 (14,931 ) — 653,767 Commercial mortgage-backed 977,147 167,839 (3,344 ) — 1,141,642 Other asset-backed 742,954 4,191 (48,205 ) — 698,940 United States Government and agencies 10,829 3,375 — — 14,204 States and political subdivisions 1,299,222 152,500 (433 ) — 1,451,289 Total fixed maturities $ 7,115,265 $ 684,150 $ (170,104 ) $ (12,146 ) $ 7,617,165 December 31, 2019 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains (1) Gross Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 3,376,432 $ 418,049 $ (15,531 ) $ 3,778,950 Residential mortgage-backed 626,663 47,654 (1,929 ) 672,388 Commercial mortgage-backed 969,453 77,433 (1,413 ) 1,045,473 Other asset-backed 697,390 19,745 (2,614 ) 714,521 United States Government and agencies 12,417 1,711 (5 ) 14,123 States and political subdivisions 1,332,914 145,125 (866 ) 1,477,173 Total fixed maturities $ 7,015,269 $ 709,717 $ (22,358 ) $ 7,702,628 (1) Includes $0.5 million and $2.5 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, of net unrealized gains on impaired fixed maturities related to changes in fair value subsequent to the impairment date, which are included in AOCI. The amount of accrued interest excluded from the amortized cost basis of fixed maturities and included in accrued investment income on the balance sheet totaled $72.4 million at March 31, 2020. Any fixed maturity delinquent on contractual payments over 90 days past due is placed on non-accrual status. If the fixed maturity is placed on non-accrual status the prior accrued interest income is reversed off through net investment income. Interest income received on non-performing fixed maturities is generally recognized on a cash basis. Once fixed maturities are classified as non-accrual, the resumption of the interest accrual would commence only after all past due interest has been collected. There are currently no fixed maturities in non-accrual status. Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities by Maturity Date March 31, 2020 Amortized Cost Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) Due in one year or less $ 83,447 $ 83,726 Due after one year through five years 571,783 572,846 Due after five years through ten years 786,392 817,847 Due after ten years 3,328,968 3,648,397 4,770,590 5,122,816 Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed 2,344,675 2,494,349 Total fixed maturities $ 7,115,265 $ 7,617,165 Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Fixed maturities not due at a single maturity date have been included in the above table in the year of final contractual maturity. Net Unrealized Gains on Investments in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income March 31, December 31, (Dollars in thousands) Net unrealized appreciation on: Fixed maturities - available for sale $ 514,046 $ 687,359 Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization pattern of: Deferred acquisition costs (152,526 ) (200,227 ) Value of insurance in force acquired (11,747 ) (12,498 ) Unearned revenue reserve 17,362 18,025 Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities (27,382 ) (30,642 ) Provision for deferred income taxes (71,348 ) (97,023 ) Net unrealized investment gains $ 268,405 $ 364,994 Net unrealized investment gains exclude the allowance for credit losses. Fixed Maturity Securities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time without an Allowance for Credit Losses March 31, 2020 Less than one year One year or more Total Description of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 797,924 $ (83,568 ) $ 39,182 $ (19,623 ) $ 837,106 $ (103,191 ) 60.7 % Residential mortgage-backed 283,851 (13,927 ) 4,956 (1,004 ) 288,807 (14,931 ) 8.8 Commercial mortgage-backed 27,094 (3,344 ) — — 27,094 (3,344 ) 2.0 Other asset-backed 494,386 (35,401 ) 81,185 (12,804 ) 575,571 (48,205 ) 28.3 States and political subdivisions 8,389 (56 ) 2,602 (377 ) 10,991 (433 ) 0.2 Total fixed maturities $ 1,611,644 $ (136,296 ) $ 127,925 $ (33,808 ) $ 1,739,569 $ (170,104 ) 100.0 % Fixed Maturity Securities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time December 31, 2019 Less than one year One year or more Total Description of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 114,520 $ (2,476 ) $ 84,719 $ (13,055 ) $ 199,239 $ (15,531 ) 69.5 % Residential mortgage-backed 68,743 (1,435 ) 6,941 (494 ) 75,684 (1,929 ) 8.6 Commercial mortgage-backed 46,537 (1,266 ) 2,610 (147 ) 49,147 (1,413 ) 6.3 Other asset-backed 112,462 (519 ) 102,439 (2,095 ) 214,901 (2,614 ) 11.7 United States Government and agencies — — 2,494 (5 ) 2,494 (5 ) — States and political subdivisions 19,367 (379 ) 5,936 (487 ) 25,303 (866 ) 3.9 Total fixed maturities $ 361,629 $ (6,075 ) $ 205,139 $ (16,283 ) $ 566,768 $ (22,358 ) 100.0 % (1) Non-credit losses reported in AOCI are included with gross unrealized losses resulting in total gross unrealized losses for fixed maturities, available-for-sale being reported in the table. Fixed maturities in the above tables include 566 securities from 407 issuers at March 31, 2020 and 189 securities from 145 issuers at December 31, 2019 . Unrealized losses increased during the three months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to wider credit spreads. We do not consider securities declines in fair value below amortized cost to be due to a credit loss when the market decline is attributable to factors such as interest rate movements, market volatility, liquidity or spread widening when recovery of all amounts due under the contractual terms of the security is anticipated. Based on our intent not to sell or our belief that we will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, we do not consider these investments to have a credit loss, and they do not require a loss allowance established at March 31, 2020 . The following summarizes the more significant unrealized losses of fixed maturity securities by investment category as of March 31, 2020. Corporate securities : The largest unrealized losses were in the energy sector ( $208.0 million fair value and $55.4 million unrealized loss) and in the consumer non-cyclical sector ( $100.5 million fair value and $11.4 million unrealized loss). The majority of losses were attributable to credit spread widening across the energy sector associated with sharp declines in crude oil prices. The price of crude oil has decreased from $61.06 per barrel at December 31, 2019 to $20.48 per barrel at March 31, 2020. Energy-related companies have been negatively impacted by the rapid decline in oil prices due to a decrease in demand and an increase in supply, which has pressured revenues and margins. Spreads widened during the quarter somewhat recovering towards the end of the quarter as the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank has taken a number of actions to stabilize the markets. This includes the establishment of two additional facilities to provide credit to large employers - the Primary Market Corporate Credit Facility (PMCCF) for new bond and loan issuance and the Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility (SMCCF) to provide liquidity for outstanding investment-grade corporate bonds (with a target of maturities 5 years and less). Residential mortgage-backed securities: The unrealized losses on residential mortgage-backed securities were primarily due to price declines on legacy and newer issue bonds. The legacy bonds are still at an unrealized gain overall, but many individual securities are now at an unrealized loss that were previously at a gain. We purchased many of these investments at a discount to their face amount and the contractual cash flows of these investments are based on mortgages and other assets backing the securities. The newer issue residential mortgage-backed securities are comprised of bonds issued during and after 2013 with strong underwriting and collateral characteristics. The majority of losses were attributable to credit spread widening across the asset class, partially offset by lower U.S. Treasury rates. The wider spreads at quarter end were caused by market uncertainty and reduced trading from economic contractions due to the COVID-19 virus. Commercial mortgage-backed securities: The unrealized losses on commercial mortgage-backed securities were primarily due to spread widening, partially offset by lower U.S. Treasury rate during the quarter. The wider spreads were caused by market uncertainty from economic contractions due to the COVID-19 virus. The contractual cash flows of these investments are based on mortgages backing the securities. Other asset-backed securities: The unrealized losses on asset-backed securities (ABS) were primarily due to concerns regarding COVID-19 and the resulting impact on consumer and commercial loans. Spreads widened during the quarter somewhat recovering towards the end of the quarter as the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank has taken a number of actions to stabilize the markets. This includes establishment of a Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF) to facilitate the issuance of ABS collateralized by student loans, auto loans, credit card loans, loans guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (SBA) and certain other assets. The majority of our ABS have a sequential-pay structure that increases credit support as the pool amortizes. The average life of our portfolio is 3.6 years, down from 5.4 years at purchase. Average credit support for the portfolio has increased from 11 percent at time of purchase to 18 percent as of March 31, 2020. The portfolio is rated nearly 70 percent NAIC-1. The unrealized losses on collateralized loan obligations (CLO) are due to concerns regarding COVID-19 and the resulting impact on leveraged loans. The CLO market will also benefit from the programs that the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank is providing to the market. Our CLO portfolio is higher quality, with all of the securities rated NAIC-1. Internal stress testing has indicated that the weighted average constant default rate (CDR) of our portfolio without suffering loss is 17%. The CDR is the constant default rate (annually) that a CLO must suffer before our tranche takes its first dollar loss. State, municipal and other governments: The unrealized losses on state, municipal and other government securities were primarily due to general spread widening relative to spreads at which we acquired the bonds. An allowance for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 includes an energy sector bond and two financial sector bonds experiencing ongoing weakness in operating performance. These securities were also impacted by the recent market stresses discussed above. The allowance was established as the difference between the fair value of the securities and their amortized cost and was considered to be entirely credit related. Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities Allowance for Credit Losses Three months ended March 31, 2020 (Dollars in thousands) Corporate securities: Beginning balance of the allowance for credit losses $ — Additions to the allowance for credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded 12,146 Ending balance of the allowance for credit losses $ 12,146 Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loan portfolio consists of commercial mortgage loans that we have originated. Our lending policies require that the loans be collateralized by the value of the related property, establish limits on the amount that can be loaned to one borrower and require diversification by geographic location and collateral type. We originate loans with an initial loan-to-value ratio that provides sufficient collateral to absorb losses should we be required to foreclose and take possession of the collateral. The amount of accrued interest excluded from the cost basis of the mortgage loans and included in accrued investment income on the balance sheet totaled $3.7 million at March 31, 2020. Any loan delinquent on contractual payments is considered non-performing. Mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status if the loan is over 90 days past due. If the loan is placed on non-accrual status the prior accrued interest income is reversed off through net investment income. Interest income received on non-performing loans is generally recognized on a cash basis. Once mortgage loans are classified as non-accrual loans, the resumption of the interest accrual would commence only after all past due interest has been collected or the mortgage loan has been restructured such that the collection of interest is considered likely. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 , there were no non-performing loans over 30 days past due on contractual payments. At March 31, 2020 , we had committed to provide additional funding for mortgage loans totaling $6.0 million . These commitments arose in the normal course of business at terms that are comparable to similar investments. Mortgage Loans by Collateral Type March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Collateral Type Amortized Cost Percent of Total Amortized Cost Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Office $ 407,723 41.1 % $ 417,746 41.3 % Retail 333,975 33.7 345,870 34.2 Industrial 232,748 23.4 235,274 23.2 Apartment 9,005 0.9 — — Other 8,682 0.9 12,788 1.3 Total $ 992,133 100.0 % $ 1,011,678 100.0 % Mortgage Loans by Geographic Location within the United States March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Region of the United States Amortized Cost Percent of Total Amortized Cost Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) South Atlantic $ 275,752 27.8 % $ 288,299 28.5 % Pacific 168,456 17.0 164,996 16.3 East North Central 126,112 12.7 117,053 11.6 West North Central 101,559 10.2 108,942 10.8 Mountain 95,827 9.7 96,857 9.6 East South Central 80,523 8.1 81,275 8.0 West South Central 67,059 6.8 76,650 7.6 Middle Atlantic 45,337 4.6 45,687 4.5 New England 31,508 3.1 31,919 3.1 Total $ 992,133 100.0 % $ 1,011,678 100.0 % Mortgage Loans by Loan-to-Value Ratio March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Loan-to-Value Ratio Amortized Cost Percent of Total Amortized Cost Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) 0% - 50% $ 430,798 43.4 % $ 412,973 40.8 % 51% - 60% 322,097 32.5 310,869 30.7 61% - 70% 209,801 21.1 256,280 25.4 71% - 80% 29,437 3.0 31,556 3.1 Total $ 992,133 100.0 % $ 1,011,678 100.0 % The loan-to-value ratio is determined using the most recent appraised value. Appraisals are updated periodically when there is indication of a possible significant collateral decline or there are loan modifications or refinance requests. Mortgage loans are rated internally to provide a current qualitative rating of each loan. We review the capital structure, collateral strength, physical occupancy, financial stability of the operating income stream, debt service coverage ratio, outstanding loan balance to estimated value of the collateral, property improvements and the financial strength of the borrower when determining the internal loan rating. Loans of high quality, low risk and with little concern of default or extension risk are rated an A; loans of moderate quality and moderate risk are rated a B; loans of low quality and high risk are rated a C, and loans for which there is concern of credit default are rated a W. Mortgage Loans by Internal Rating and Year of Origination March 31, 2020 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 & prior Total Internal Rating Amortized Cost (Dollars in thousands) A $ 15,750 $ 69,026 $ 127,394 $ 198,421 $ 142,996 $ 407,362 $ 960,949 B — — — — — 5,403 5,403 C — — — — — 21,501 21,501 W — — — — — 4,280 4,280 Total $ 15,750 $ 69,026 $ 127,394 $ 198,421 $ 142,996 $ 438,546 $ 992,133 December 31, 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 & prior Total Internal Rating Amortized Cost (Dollars in thousands) A $ 69,319 $ 128,334 $ 200,283 $ 144,311 $ 119,724 $ 316,079 $ 978,050 B — — — — — 7,512 7,512 C — — — — — 21,812 21,812 W — — — — — 4,304 4,304 Total $ 69,319 $ 128,334 $ 200,283 $ 144,311 $ 119,724 $ 349,707 $ 1,011,678 Our allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans was estimated by incorporating historical information, current conditions as well as conditions for a reasonable and supportable forecast that includes an estimated recessionary period. The loans are segmented by an internal risk rating as well as geographic region with an estimated loss ratio applied against each segment. For the years after our reasonable and supportable forecast period we graded the expected loss ratio over the estimated remaining recessionary period to our actual loss history. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, we increased our recession probability factor for our reasonable and supportable forecast period, which caused our allowance to increase. However, the decrease in our mortgage loan principal balance from December 31, 2019 to March 31, 2020 partially offset the increase in our allowance resulting in a small increase to our allowance, during the first quarter 2020. Amounts on mortgage loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged off and removed from the valuation allowance. Allowance for Credit Losses on Mortgage Loans Three months ended March 31, 2020 (Dollars in thousands) Beginning balance of the allowance for credit losses $ 3,164 Current period provision for expected credit losses 115 Ending balance of the allowance for credit losses $ 3,279 Mortgage Loan Modifications Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio can include loans that have been modified. We assess loan modifications on a loan-by-loan basis to evaluate whether a troubled debt restructuring has occurred. Generally, the types of concessions include reduction of the contractual interest rate to a below-market rate, extension of the maturity date and/or a reduction of accrued interest. The amount, timing and extent of the concession granted is considered in determining if an impairment loss is needed for the restructuring. There were no loan modifications during the three months ended March 31, 2020 or March 31, 2019 . Realized Gains (Losses) - Recorded in Income Three months ended March 31, 2020 2019 (Dollars in thousands) Realized gains (losses) on investments Fixed maturities: Gross gains $ 12 $ 2,994 Gross losses (159 ) — Mortgage loans — 2,778 Other (9 ) (4 ) (156 ) 5,768 Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held at the end of the period (13,231 ) 4,419 Net gains and (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period (14 ) (30 ) Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities (13,245 ) 4,389 Net realized gains (losses) (13,401 ) 10,157 Credit losses recognized in earnings: Other-than-temporary impairment losses — (869 ) Fixed maturity allowance for credit losses (12,146 ) — Mortgage loan allowance for credit losses (115 ) — Net realized gains (losses) on investments recorded in income $ (25,662 ) $ 9,288 Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities totaled $5.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and $6.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2019 . Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are determined based on specific identification. Variable Interest Entities We evaluate our variable interest entity (VIE) investees to determine whether the level of our direct ownership interest, our rights to manage operations, or our obligation to provide ongoing financial support are such that we are the primary beneficiary of the entity, and would therefore be required to consolidate it for financial reporting purposes. After determining that we have a variable interest, we review our involvement in the VIE to determine whether we have both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and the obligation to absorb losses or the rights to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. This analysis includes a review of the purpose and design of the VIE as well as the role that we played in the formation of the entity and how that role could impact our ability to control the VIE. We also review the activities and decisions considered significant to the economic performance of the VIE and assess what power we have in directing those activities and decisions. Finally, we review the agreements in place to determine if there are any guarantees that would affect our maximum exposure to loss. We have reviewed the circumstances surrounding our investments in VIEs, which consist of (i) limited partnerships or limited liability companies accounted for under the equity method included in securities and indebtedness of related parties and (ii) non-guaranteed federal low income housing tax credit (LIHTC) investments included in other assets. In addition, we have reviewed the ownership interests in our VIEs and determined that we do not hold direct majority ownership or have other contractual rights (such as kick out rights) that give us effective control over these entities resulting in us having both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The maximum loss exposure relative to our VIEs is limited to the carrying value and any unfunded commitments that exist for each particular VIE. We also have not provided additional support or other guarantees that were not previously contractually required (financial or otherwise) to any of the VIEs as of March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019 . Based on this analysis, none of our VIEs were required to be consolidated at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019 . LIHTC investments take the form of limited partnerships or limited liability companies, which in turn invest in a number of low income housing projects. We use the proportional amortization method of accounting for these investments. The proportional amortization method amortizes the cost of the investment over the period in which the investor expects to receive tax credits and other tax benefits, and the resulting amortization is recognized along with the tax benefit as a component of federal income tax expense on our consolidated statements of operations. VIE Investments by Category March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Carrying Value Maximum Exposure to Loss Carrying Value Maximum Exposure to Loss (Dollars in thousands) LIHTC investments $ 40,018 $ 40,945 $ 42,907 $ 43,834 Investment companies 55,522 107,523 53,388 103,125 Real estate limited partnerships 10,075 15,379 9,565 15,527 Other 491 491 492 492 Total $ 106,106 $ 164,338 $ 106,352 $ 162,978 In addition, we make passive investments in the normal course of business in structured securities issued by VIEs for which we are not the investment manager. These structured securities include all of the residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities included in our fixed maturity securities. Our maximum exposure to loss on these securities is limited to our carrying value of the investment. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these structured securities because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. Derivative Instruments Our primary derivative exposure relates to purchased call options, which provide an economic hedge against the embedded derivatives in our indexed products. We also have embedded derivatives within our modified coinsurance agreements as well as an interest-only fixed maturity investment. We do not apply hedge accounting to any of our derivative positions, and they are held at fair value. Derivatives Instruments by Type March 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 (Dollars in thousands) Assets Freestanding derivatives: Call options (reported in other investments) $ 5,661 $ 31,469 Embedded derivatives: Modified coinsurance (reported in reinsurance recoverable - assumed) 1,507 2,327 Modified coinsurance (reported in reinsurance recoverable - ceded) 149 — Interest-only security (reported in fixed maturities) 349 385 Total assets $ 7,666 $ 34,181 Liabilities Embedded derivatives: Indexed products (reported in liability for future policy benefits) $ 61,071 $ 76,346 Modified coinsurance (reported in other liabilities) 86 254 Total liabilities $ 61,157 $ 76,600 Derivative Income (Loss) Three months ended March 31, 2020 2019 (Dollars in thousands) Freestanding derivatives: Call options $ (22,163 ) $ 8,685 Embedded derivatives: Modified coinsurance (504 ) 633 Interest-only security 24 47 Indexed products 21,076 (9,336 ) Total income (loss) from derivatives $ (1,567 ) $ 29 Derivative income is reported in net investment income except for the change in fair value of the embedded derivatives on our indexed products, which is reported in interest sensitive product benefits. We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance of the derivative counterparties. This credit risk is minimized by purchasing such agreements from financial institutions with high credit ratings (currently rated A or better by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations). We have also entered into credit support agreements with the counterparties requiring them to post collateral when net exposures exceed pre-determined thresholds that vary by counterparty. The net amount of such exposure is essentially the market value less collateral held for such agreements with each counterparty. The call options are supported by securities collateral received of $6.7 million at March 31, 2020 , which is held in a separate custodial account. Subject to certain constraints, we are permitted to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but do not have legal rights to the collateral; accordingly, it has not been recorded on our balance sheet. We have elected to present our derivative receivables netted with the obligation to return cash collateral received on our balance sheet in other investments. We received cash collateral of $3.5 million included in cash and cash equivalents on our balance sheet as of March 31, 2020. At March 31, 2020 , none of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. As of March 31, 2020 , our net derivative exposure recorded on the balance sheet without the off balance sheet collateral was $5.7 million . |