Investment Operations | Investment Operations Fixed Maturity Securities Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturity Securities by Investment Category June 30, 2020 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains (1) Gross Unrealized Losses (1) Allowance for Credit Losses Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 3,512,003 $ 542,370 $ (20,773 ) $ (12,902 ) $ 4,020,698 Residential mortgage-backed 629,713 64,039 (1,935 ) — 691,817 Commercial mortgage-backed 982,761 158,077 (437 ) — 1,140,401 Other asset-backed 760,127 17,294 (15,670 ) (317 ) 761,434 United States Government and agencies 35,578 3,065 — — 38,643 States and political subdivisions 1,281,890 173,335 (719 ) — 1,454,506 Total fixed maturities $ 7,202,072 $ 958,180 $ (39,534 ) $ (13,219 ) $ 8,107,499 December 31, 2019 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains (1) Gross Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 3,376,432 $ 418,049 $ (15,531 ) $ 3,778,950 Residential mortgage-backed 626,663 47,654 (1,929 ) 672,388 Commercial mortgage-backed 969,453 77,433 (1,413 ) 1,045,473 Other asset-backed 697,390 19,745 (2,614 ) 714,521 United States Government and agencies 12,417 1,711 (5 ) 14,123 States and political subdivisions 1,332,914 145,125 (866 ) 1,477,173 Total fixed maturities $ 7,015,269 $ 709,717 $ (22,358 ) $ 7,702,628 (1) Includes $2.0 million and $2.5 million as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, of net unrealized gains on impaired fixed maturities related to changes in fair value subsequent to the impairment date, which are included in AOCI. The amount of accrued interest excluded from the amortized cost basis of fixed maturities and included in accrued investment income on the balance sheet totaled $67.9 million at June 30, 2020. Any fixed maturity delinquent on contractual payments over 90 days past due is placed on non-accrual status. If the fixed maturity is placed on non-accrual status the prior accrued interest income is reversed through net investment income. Interest income received on non-performing fixed maturities is generally recognized on a cash basis. Once fixed maturities are classified as non-accrual, the resumption of the interest accrual would commence only after all past due interest has been collected. The amount of interest reversed during the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $0.3 million on corporate fixed maturity securities. Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities by Maturity Date June 30, 2020 Amortized Cost Fair Value (Dollars in thousands) Due in one year or less $ 109,204 $ 110,607 Due after one year through five years 596,612 625,295 Due after five years through ten years 775,685 861,545 Due after ten years 3,347,970 3,916,400 4,829,471 5,513,847 Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed 2,372,601 2,593,652 Total fixed maturities $ 7,202,072 $ 8,107,499 Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Fixed maturities not due at a single maturity date have been included in the above table in the year of final contractual maturity. Net Unrealized Gains on Investments in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income June 30, December 31, (Dollars in thousands) Net unrealized appreciation on: Fixed maturities - available for sale $ 918,646 $ 687,359 Adjustments for assumed changes in amortization pattern of: Deferred acquisition costs (262,054 ) (200,227 ) Value of insurance in force acquired (11,567 ) (12,498 ) Unearned revenue reserve 24,777 18,025 Adjustments for assumed changes in policyholder liabilities (47,828 ) (30,642 ) Provision for deferred income taxes (130,614 ) (97,023 ) Net unrealized investment gains $ 491,360 $ 364,994 Net unrealized investment gains exclude the allowance for credit losses. Fixed Maturity Securities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time without an Allowance for Credit Losses June 30, 2020 Less than one year One year or more Total Description of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 202,154 $ (10,674 ) $ 52,598 $ (10,099 ) $ 254,752 $ (20,773 ) 52.6 % Residential mortgage-backed 55,181 (1,241 ) 5,165 (694 ) 60,346 (1,935 ) 4.9 Commercial mortgage-backed 12,019 (437 ) — — 12,019 (437 ) 1.1 Other asset-backed 216,276 (10,230 ) 75,683 (5,440 ) 291,959 (15,670 ) 39.6 States and political subdivisions 14,730 (278 ) 2,538 (441 ) 17,268 (719 ) 1.8 Total fixed maturities $ 500,360 $ (22,860 ) $ 135,984 $ (16,674 ) $ 636,344 $ (39,534 ) 100.0 % Fixed Maturity Securities with Unrealized Losses by Length of Time December 31, 2019 Less than one year One year or more Total Description of Securities Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Fair Value Unrealized Losses (1) Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Fixed maturities: Corporate $ 114,520 $ (2,476 ) $ 84,719 $ (13,055 ) $ 199,239 $ (15,531 ) 69.5 % Residential mortgage-backed 68,743 (1,435 ) 6,941 (494 ) 75,684 (1,929 ) 8.6 Commercial mortgage-backed 46,537 (1,266 ) 2,610 (147 ) 49,147 (1,413 ) 6.3 Other asset-backed 112,462 (519 ) 102,439 (2,095 ) 214,901 (2,614 ) 11.7 United States Government and agencies — — 2,494 (5 ) 2,494 (5 ) — States and political subdivisions 19,367 (379 ) 5,936 (487 ) 25,303 (866 ) 3.9 Total fixed maturities $ 361,629 $ (6,075 ) $ 205,139 $ (16,283 ) $ 566,768 $ (22,358 ) 100.0 % (1) Non-credit losses reported in AOCI are included with gross unrealized losses resulting in total gross unrealized losses for fixed maturities, available-for-sale being reported in the table. Fixed maturities in the above tables include 292 securities from 236 issuers at June 30, 2020 and 189 securities from 145 issuers at December 31, 2019 . Unrealized losses increased during the six months ended June 30, 2020 primarily due to wider credit spreads. We do not consider securities declines in fair value below amortized cost to be due to a credit loss when the market decline is attributable to factors such as interest rate movements, market volatility, liquidity or spread widening when recovery of all amounts due under the contractual terms of the security is anticipated. Based on our intent not to sell and our belief that we will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, we do not consider these investments to have a credit loss, and they do not require a loss allowance established at June 30, 2020 . The following summarizes the more significant unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities by investment category as of June 30, 2020. Corporate securities : The largest unrealized losses were in the energy sector ( $75.0 million fair value and $10.7 million unrealized loss) and in the consumer non-cyclical sector ( $39.6 million fair value and $2.8 million unrealized loss). The majority of losses were attributable to credit spread widening across the energy sector associated with sharp declines in crude oil prices. The price of crude oil has decreased from $61.06 per barrel at December 31, 2019 to $39.27 per barrel at June 30, 2020. Energy-related companies have been negatively impacted by the decline in oil prices due to a decrease in demand brought on by COVID-19. Spreads are wider compared to December 2019 due to a weakened economy and the risk of higher defaults. However, the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank has taken a number of actions to stabilize the markets. This includes the establishment of two additional facilities to provide credit to large employers - the Primary Market Corporate Credit Facility (PMCCF) for new bond and loan issuance and the Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility (SMCCF) to provide liquidity for outstanding investment-grade corporate bonds (with a target of maturities 5 years and less). Residential mortgage-backed securities: The unrealized losses on residential mortgage-backed securities were primarily due to price declines on legacy and newer issue bonds. The legacy bonds are still at an unrealized gain overall, but some individual securities moved to an unrealized loss. We purchased many of these investments at a discount to their face amount and the contractual cash flows of these investments are based on mortgages and other assets backing the securities. The newer issue residential mortgage-backed securities are comprised of bonds issued during and after 2013 with strong underwriting and collateral characteristics. Primarily, losses were attributable to credit spread widening which led to lower prices on some securities. The wider spreads were caused by continued market uncertainty brought on by the COVID-19 virus. These securities tend to have higher credit scores with higher credit enhancement and lower loan-to-value ratios which position them favorably against default during economic disruptions such as those caused by COVID-19. Commercial mortgage-backed securities: The unrealized losses on commercial mortgage-backed securities were primarily due to spread widening. The wider spreads were caused by continued market uncertainty brought on by the COVID-19 virus. The contractual cash flows of these investments are based on mortgages backing the securities. Other asset-backed securities: The unrealized losses on asset-backed securities (ABS) were primarily due to concerns regarding COVID-19 and the resulting impact on consumer and commercial loans. Spreads tightened and prices recovered during the second quarter of 2020 as the actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank helped stabilize the markets. The majority of our ABS have a sequential-pay structure that increases credit support as the pool amortizes. The average life of our ABS is 3.0 years, down from 5.0 years at purchase. Average credit support for the portfolio has increased from 10% at time of purchase to 18% as of June 30, 2020. The portfolio is rated nearly 70% NAIC-1. The unrealized losses on collateralized loan obligations (CLO) are due to concerns regarding COVID-19 and the resulting impact on leveraged loans. The CLO market is also benefiting from the programs that the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank is providing to the market. Our CLO portfolio is of high quality, with all of the securities rated NAIC-1. Internal stress testing has indicated that the weighted average constant default rate (CDR) of our portfolio without suffering loss is 17 percent. The CDR is the constant default rate (annually) that a CLO must suffer before our tranche takes its first dollar loss. State, municipal and other governments: The unrealized losses on state, municipal and other government securities were primarily due to general spread widening relative to spreads at which we acquired the bonds. Our allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2020 includes an energy sector bond, two financial sector bonds, and a consumer non-cyclical bond experiencing ongoing weakness in operating performance. The allowance for these bonds was established as the difference between the fair value of the securities and their amortized cost and was considered to be entirely credit related. Our allowance for credit losses also includes an asset backed security due to the difference between the amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows. Available-For-Sale Fixed Maturities Allowance for Credit Losses Three months ended June 30, 2020 Corporate Other ABS Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning balance $ 12,146 $ — $ 12,146 Additions for credit losses not previously recorded 972 317 1,289 Net decrease to previously recorded allowance (216 ) — (216 ) Ending balance $ 12,902 $ 317 $ 13,219 Six months ended June 30, 2020 Corporate Other ABS Total (Dollars in thousands) Beginning balance $ — $ — $ — Additions for credit losses not previously recorded 13,118 317 13,435 Net decrease to previously recorded allowance (216 ) — (216 ) Ending balance $ 12,902 $ 317 $ 13,219 Mortgage Loans Our mortgage loan portfolio consists of commercial mortgage loans that we have originated. Our lending policies require that the loans be collateralized by the value of the related property, establish limits on the amount that can be loaned to one borrower and require diversification by geographic location and collateral type. We originate loans with an initial loan-to-value ratio that provides sufficient collateral to absorb losses should we be required to foreclose and take possession of the collateral. The amount of accrued interest excluded from the cost basis of the mortgage loans and included in accrued investment income on the balance sheet totaled $3.7 million at June 30, 2020. Any loan delinquent on contractual payments is considered non-performing. Mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status if the loan is over 90 days past due. If the loan is placed on non-accrual status the prior accrued interest income is reversed through net investment income. Interest income received on non-performing loans is generally recognized on a cash basis. Once mortgage loans are classified as non-accrual loans, the resumption of the interest accrual would commence only after all past due interest has been collected or the mortgage loan has been restructured such that the collection of interest is considered likely. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 , there were no non-performing loans over 30 days past due on contractual payments. At June 30, 2020 , we had committed to provide additional funding for mortgage loans totaling $11.2 million . These commitments arose in the normal course of business at terms that are comparable to similar investments. Mortgage Loans by Collateral Type June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Collateral Type Amortized Cost Percent of Total Amortized Cost Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) Office $ 403,505 40.6 % $ 417,746 41.3 % Retail 329,651 33.2 345,870 34.2 Industrial 236,097 23.7 235,274 23.2 Other 12,595 1.3 12,788 1.3 Apartment 11,727 1.2 — — Total $ 993,575 100.0 % $ 1,011,678 100.0 % Mortgage Loans by Geographic Location within the United States June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Region of the United States Amortized Cost Percent of Total Amortized Cost Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) South Atlantic $ 272,670 27.5 % $ 288,299 28.5 % Pacific 166,870 16.8 164,996 16.3 East North Central 131,170 13.2 117,053 11.6 Mountain 100,784 10.1 96,857 9.6 West North Central 100,040 10.1 108,942 10.8 East South Central 79,757 8.0 81,275 8.0 West South Central 66,199 6.7 76,650 7.6 Middle Atlantic 44,983 4.5 45,687 4.5 New England 31,102 3.1 31,919 3.1 Total $ 993,575 100.0 % $ 1,011,678 100.0 % Mortgage Loans by Loan-to-Value Ratio June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Loan-to-Value Ratio Amortized Cost Percent of Total Amortized Cost Percent of Total (Dollars in thousands) 0% - 50% $ 440,674 44.4 % $ 412,973 40.8 % 51% - 60% 323,324 32.5 310,869 30.7 61% - 70% 200,325 20.2 256,280 25.4 71% - 80% 29,252 2.9 31,556 3.1 Total $ 993,575 100.0 % $ 1,011,678 100.0 % The loan-to-value ratio is determined using the most recent appraised value. Appraisals are updated periodically when there is indication of a possible significant collateral decline or there are loan modifications or refinance requests. Mortgage loans are rated internally to provide a current qualitative rating of each loan. We review the capital structure, collateral strength, physical occupancy, financial stability of the operating income stream, debt service coverage ratio, outstanding loan balance to estimated value of the collateral, property improvements and the financial strength of the borrower when determining the internal loan rating. Loans of high quality, low risk and with little concern of default or extension risk are rated an A; loans of moderate quality and moderate risk are rated a B; loans of low quality and high risk are rated a C, and loans for which there is concern of credit default are rated a W. Mortgage Loans by Internal Rating and Year of Origination June 30, 2020 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 & prior Total Internal Rating Amortized Cost (Dollars in thousands) A $ 28,444 $ 56,831 $ 120,109 $ 193,005 $ 137,785 $ 404,575 $ 940,749 B — 11,895 1,917 3,534 — 5,393 22,739 C — — 4,507 — 3,985 17,338 25,830 W — — — — — 4,257 4,257 Total $ 28,444 $ 68,726 $ 126,533 $ 196,539 $ 141,770 $ 431,563 $ 993,575 December 31, 2019 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 & prior Total Internal Rating Amortized Cost (Dollars in thousands) A $ 69,319 $ 128,334 $ 200,283 $ 144,311 $ 119,724 $ 316,079 $ 978,050 B — — — — — 7,512 7,512 C — — — — — 21,812 21,812 W — — — — — 4,304 4,304 Total $ 69,319 $ 128,334 $ 200,283 $ 144,311 $ 119,724 $ 349,707 $ 1,011,678 Our allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans was estimated by incorporating historical internal information, historical industry averages, current conditions as well as conditions for a reasonable and supportable forecast that includes an estimated recessionary period. The loans are segmented by an internal risk rating as well as geographic region with an estimated loss ratio applied against each segment. For the years after our reasonable and supportable forecast period we graded the expected loss ratio over the estimated remaining recessionary period to our actual loss history. During the quarter ended June 30, 2020, positive trends in the historical industry averages more than offset our negative internal rating migrations for the quarter which led to a decrease in our allowance. Amounts on mortgage loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged off and removed from the valuation allowance. Allowance for Credit Losses on Mortgage Loans Three months ended June 30, 2020 Six months ended June 30, 2020 (Dollars in thousands) Beginning balance $ 3,279 $ 3,164 Current period provision for expected credit losses (576 ) (461 ) Ending balance $ 2,703 $ 2,703 Mortgage Loan Modifications Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio can include loans that have been modified. We assess loan modifications on a loan-by-loan basis to evaluate whether a troubled debt restructuring has occurred. Generally, the types of concessions include reduction of the contractual interest rate to a below-market rate, extension of the maturity date and/or a reduction of accrued interest. The amount, timing and extent of the concession granted is considered in determining if an impairment loss is needed for the restructuring. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act allows lenders to make loan modifications under certain circumstances without triggering troubled debt restructuring status, including extension of the maturity date and payment of interest only. Other than those modifications intended to comply with these provisions of the CARES Act, there were no loan modifications during the six months ended June 30, 2020 or June 30, 2019 . Realized Gains (Losses) - Recorded in Income Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 (Dollars in thousands) Realized gains (losses) on investments Fixed maturities: Gross gains $ 182 $ 143 $ 194 $ 3,137 Gross losses (1,560 ) (304 ) (1,719 ) (304 ) Mortgage loans — — — 2,778 Other — — (9 ) (4 ) (1,378 ) (161 ) (1,534 ) 5,607 Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held at the end of the period 4,318 463 (8,913 ) 4,882 Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period (187 ) 75 (201 ) 45 Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities 4,131 538 (9,114 ) 4,927 Net realized gains (losses) 2,753 377 (10,648 ) 10,534 Credit losses recognized in earnings: Other-than-temporary impairment losses — — — (869 ) Allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities (1,073 ) — (13,219 ) — Allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans 576 — 461 — Net realized gains (losses) on investments recorded in income $ 2,256 $ 377 $ (23,406 ) $ 9,665 Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities totaled $9.7 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and $22.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2019 . Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are determined based on specific identification. Variable Interest Entities We evaluate our variable interest entity (VIE) investees to determine whether the level of our direct ownership interest, our rights to manage operations, or our obligation to provide ongoing financial support are such that we are the primary beneficiary of the entity, and would therefore be required to consolidate it for financial reporting purposes. After determining that we have a variable interest, we review our involvement in the VIE to determine whether we have both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE, and the obligation to absorb losses or the rights to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. This analysis includes a review of the purpose and design of the VIE as well as the role that we played in the formation of the entity and how that role could impact our ability to control the VIE. We also review the activities and decisions considered significant to the economic performance of the VIE and assess what power we have in directing those activities and decisions. Finally, we review the agreements in place to determine if there are any guarantees that would affect our maximum exposure to loss. We have reviewed the circumstances surrounding our investments in VIEs, which consist of (i) limited partnerships or limited liability companies accounted for under the equity method included in securities and indebtedness of related parties and (ii) non-guaranteed federal low income housing tax credit (LIHTC) investments included in other assets. In addition, we have reviewed the ownership interests in our VIEs and determined that we do not hold direct majority ownership or have other contractual rights (such as kick out rights) that give us effective control over these entities resulting in us having both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be potentially significant to the VIE. The maximum loss exposure relative to our VIEs is limited to the carrying value and any unfunded commitments that exist for each particular VIE. We also have not provided additional support or other guarantees that were not previously contractually required (financial or otherwise) to any of the VIEs as of June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019 . Based on this analysis, none of our VIEs were required to be consolidated at June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019 . LIHTC investments take the form of limited partnerships or limited liability companies, which in turn invest in a number of low income housing projects. We use the proportional amortization method of accounting for these investments. The proportional amortization method amortizes the cost of the investment over the period in which the investor expects to receive tax credits and other tax benefits, and the resulting amortization is recognized along with the tax benefit as a component of federal income tax expense on our consolidated statements of operations. VIE Investments by Category June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Carrying Value Maximum Exposure to Loss Carrying Value Maximum Exposure to Loss (Dollars in thousands) LIHTC investments $ 37,177 $ 38,104 $ 42,907 $ 43,834 Investment companies 60,433 113,092 53,388 103,125 Real estate limited partnerships 10,024 15,139 9,565 15,527 Other 491 491 492 492 Total $ 108,125 $ 166,826 $ 106,352 $ 162,978 In addition, we make passive investments in the normal course of business in structured securities issued by VIEs for which we are not the investment manager. These structured securities include all of the residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities included in our fixed maturity securities. Our maximum exposure to loss on these securities is limited to our carrying value of the investment. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these structured securities because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. Derivative Instruments Our primary derivative exposure relates to purchased call options, which provide an economic hedge against the embedded derivatives in our indexed products. We also have embedded derivatives within our modified coinsurance agreements as well as an interest-only fixed maturity investment. We do not apply hedge accounting to any of our derivative positions, and they are held at fair value. Derivatives Instruments by Type June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 (Dollars in thousands) Assets Freestanding derivatives: Call options (reported in other investments) $ 14,859 $ 31,469 Embedded derivatives: Modified coinsurance (reported in reinsurance recoverable) 2,515 2,327 Interest-only security (reported in fixed maturities) 259 385 Total assets $ 17,633 $ 34,181 Liabilities Embedded derivatives: Indexed products (reported in liability for future policy benefits) $ 79,544 $ 76,346 Modified coinsurance (reported in other liabilities) 238 254 Total liabilities $ 79,782 $ 76,600 Derivative Income (Loss) Three months ended June 30, Six months ended June 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 (Dollars in thousands) Freestanding derivatives: Call options $ 13,595 $ 3,816 $ (8,568 ) $ 12,502 Embedded derivatives: Modified coinsurance 708 620 204 1,253 Interest-only security 17 69 41 116 Indexed products (14,657 ) (3,294 ) 6,419 (12,629 ) Total income (loss) from derivatives $ (337 ) $ 1,211 $ (1,904 ) $ 1,242 Derivative income is reported in net investment income except for the change in fair value of the embedded derivatives on our indexed products, which is reported in interest sensitive product benefits. We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance of the derivative counterparties. This credit risk is minimized by purchasing such agreements from financial institutions with high credit ratings (currently rated A or better by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations). We have also entered into credit support agreements with the counterparties requiring them to post collateral when net exposures exceed pre-determined thresholds that vary by counterparty. The net amount of such exposure is essentially the market value less collateral held for such agreements with each counterparty. The call options are supported by securities collateral received of $12.8 million at June 30, 2020 , which is held in a separate custodial account. Subject to certain constraints, we are permitted to sell or re-pledge this collateral, but do not have legal rights to the collateral; accordingly, it has not been recorded on our balance sheet. We have elected to present our derivative receivables netted with the obligation to return cash collateral received on our balance sheet in other investments. We received cash collateral of $7.3 million included in cash and cash equivalents on our balance sheet as of June 30, 2020. At June 30, 2020 , none of the collateral had been sold or re-pledged. As of June 30, 2020 , our net derivative exposure recorded on the balance sheet without the off balance sheet collateral was $14.9 million . |