Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2019 totaled $4,358,000 at an average cost of 1.02% compared to $2,443,000 and 0.61% for the similar period in 2018. The increase in average cost reflects the rising rates on borrowed funds and certificates of deposit. The average cost of time deposits, which is the most significant component of funding, increased to 1.78% from 1.13% for the similar period in the prior year.
Provision for Loan Losses
The Company’s provision for loan losses for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $750,000 compared to $975,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The Company makes provisions for loan losses in an amount necessary to maintain the allowance for loan losses at an acceptable level. Net charge-offs were $974,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $283,000 for the similar period in 2018. The increase in charge-offs was due primarily to two commercial credits which were written down by $787,000 in the aggregate during the 2019 period. At June 30, 2019, the allowance for loan losses represented 0.93% of loans receivable and 607% ofnon-performing loans.
Other Income
Other income totaled $3,201,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $3,468,000 for the similar period in 2018. The decrease was due primarily to a $144,000 decrease in earnings and proceeds on bank-owned life insurance policies and a $135,000 decline in net gains realized on sales of securities. All other items included in other income increased $12,000, net.
Other Expense
Other expense for the six months ended June 30, 2019 totaled $13,433,000 which was $833,000 higher than the same period of 2018 due primarily to a $380,000 increase in salaries and benefits expenses and a $262,000 increase in data processing costs. All other operating expenses increased $191,000, net.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense totaled $1,188,000 for an effective tax rate of 15.0% for the period ending June 30, 2019 compared to $1,273,000 for an effective tax rate of 16.1% for the similar period in 2018.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Market Risk
Interest rate sensitivity and the repricing characteristics of assets and liabilities are managed by the Asset and Liability Management Committee (ALCO). The principal objective of ALCO is to maximize net interest income within acceptable levels of risk, which are established by policy. Interest rate risk is monitored and managed by using financial modeling techniques to measure the impact of changes in interest rates.
Net interest income, which is the primary source of the Company’s earnings, is impacted by changes in interest rates and the relationship of different interest rates. To manage the impact of the rate changes, the balance sheet must be structured so that repricing opportunities exist for both assets and liabilities at approximately the same time intervals. The Company uses net interest simulation to assist in interest rate risk management. The process includes simulating various interest rate environments and their impact on net interest income. As of June 30, 2019, the level of net interest income at risk in a rising or declining 200 basis point change in interest rates was within the Company’s policy limits. The Company’s policy allows for a decline of no more than 10% of net interest income for a ± 200 basis point shift in interest rates.
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