Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses | 3. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES Loan Origination/Risk Management The Company has certain lending policies and procedures in place that are designed to minimize the level of risk within the loan portfolio. Diversification of the loan portfolio manages the risk associated with fluctuations in economic conditions. Authority levels are established for the extension of credit to ensure consistency throughout the Company. It is necessary that policies, processes, and practices implemented to control the risks of individual credit transactions and portfolio segments are sound and adhered to. The Company maintains an independent loan review department that reviews and validates the risk assessment on a continual basis. Management regularly evaluates the results of the loan reviews. The loan review process complements and reinforces the risk identification and assessment decisions made by lenders and credit personnel, as well as the Company’s policies and procedures. Commercial and industrial loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate profitably and prudently expand its business. Commercial loans are made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of the borrower, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts from its customers. Specialty lending loans include Asset-based and Factoring loans. Asset-based loans are offered primarily in the form of revolving lines of credit to commercial borrowers that do not generally qualify for traditional bank financing. Asset-based loans are underwritten based primarily upon the value of the collateral pledged to secure the loan, rather than on the borrower’s general financial condition. The Company utilizes pre-loan due diligence techniques, monitoring disciplines, and loan management practices common within the asset-based lending industry to underwrite loans to these borrowers. Factoring loans provide working capital through the purchase and/or financing of accounts receivable to borrowers in the transportation industry and to commercial borrowers that do not generally qualify for traditional bank financing. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company sold its factoring loan portfolio to an alternative financing company. The sale included $ 82.6 million of loans, resulting in a gain of $ 2.4 million. Commercial real estate loans are subject to underwriting standards and processes similar to commercial loans, in addition to those of real estate loans. These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts, and the repayment of these loans is largely dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. The Company requires that an appraisal of the collateral be made at origination and on an as-needed basis, in conformity with current market conditions and regulatory requirements. The underwriting standards address both owner and non-owner-occupied real estate. Also included in Commercial real estate are Construction loans that are underwritten using feasibility studies, independent appraisal reviews, sensitivity analysis or absorption and lease rates, and financial analysis of the developers and property owners. Construction loans are based upon estimates of costs and value associated with the complete project. Construction loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project. Sources of repayment for these types of loans may be pre-committed permanent loans, sales of developed property or an interim loan commitment from the Company until permanent financing is obtained. These loans are closely monitored by on-site inspections and are considered to have higher risks than other real estate loans due to their repayment being sensitive to interest rate changes, governmental regulation of real property, economic conditions, and the availability of long-term financing. Consumer real estate loans, including residential real estate and home equity loans, are underwritten based on the borrower’s loan-to-value percentage, collection remedies, and overall credit history. Consumer loans are underwritten based on the borrower’s repayment ability. The Company monitors delinquencies on all of its consumer loans and leases. The underwriting and review practices combined with the relatively small loan amounts that are spread across many individual borrowers, minimizes risk. Consumer loans and leases that are 90 days past due or more are considered non-performing. Credit cards include both commercial and consumer credit cards. Commercial credit cards are generally unsecured and are underwritten with criteria similar to commercial loans, including an analysis of the borrower’s cash flow, available business capital, and overall creditworthiness of the borrower. Consumer credit cards are underwritten based on the borrower’s repayment ability. The Company monitors delinquencies on all of its consumer credit cards and periodically reviews the distribution of credit scores relative to historical periods to monitor credit risk on its consumer credit card loans. Credit risk is a potential loss resulting from nonpayment of either the primary or secondary exposure. Credit risk is mitigated with formal risk management practices and a thorough initial credit-granting process including consistent underwriting standards and approval process. Control factors or techniques to minimize credit risk include knowing the client, understanding total exposure, analyzing the client and debtor’s financial capacity, and monitoring the client’s activities. Credit risk and portions of the portfolio risk are managed through concentration considerations, average risk ratings, and other aggregate characteristics. Loan Aging Analysis The following tables provide a summary of loan classes and an aging of past due loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): December 31, 2022 30-89 Days Past Due and Accruing Greater than 90 Days Past Due and Accruing Nonaccrual Loans Total Past Due Current Total Loans Loans Commercial and industrial $ 2,456 $ 2 $ 11,356 $ 13,814 $ 9,192,172 $ 9,205,986 Specialty lending — — — — 602,706 602,706 Commercial real estate 2,167 191 2,505 4,863 7,611,223 7,616,086 Consumer real estate 10 — 4,882 4,892 2,718,377 2,723,269 Consumer 613 20 61 694 144,972 145,666 Credit cards 3,529 1,404 441 5,374 426,298 431,672 Leases and other — — 24 24 305,780 305,804 Total loans $ 8,775 $ 1,617 $ 19,269 $ 29,661 $ 21,001,528 $ 21,031,189 December 31, 2021 30-89 Days Past Due and Accruing Greater than 90 Days Past Due and Accruing Nonaccrual Loans Total Past Due Current Total Loans Loans Commercial and industrial $ 2,827 $ 896 $ 82,845 $ 86,568 $ 7,171,552 $ 7,258,120 Specialty lending — — — — 522,362 522,362 Commercial real estate 962 — 4,688 5,650 6,261,894 6,267,544 Consumer real estate 246 489 4,210 4,945 2,315,088 2,320,033 Consumer 105 2 75 182 128,953 129,135 Credit cards 2,369 1,246 457 4,072 387,317 391,389 Leases and other — — 25 25 282,263 282,288 Total loans $ 6,509 $ 2,633 $ 92,300 $ 101,442 $ 17,069,429 $ 17,170,871 The Company sold consumer real estate loans with proceeds of $48.1 million, $147.9 million, and $133.2 million in the secondary market without recourse during the periods ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The Company has ceased the recognition of interest on loans with a carrying value of $19.3 million and $92.3 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Restructured loans totaled $5.2 million and $7.3 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Loans 90 days past due and still accruing interest amounted to $1.6 million and $2.6 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. There was an insignificant amount of interest reversed related to loans on nonaccrual during 2022 and 2021. Nonaccrual loans with no related allowance for credit losses totaled $16.7 million and $85.9 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following tables provide the amortized cost of nonaccrual loans with no related allowance for credit losses by loan class at December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): December 31, 2022 Nonaccrual Loans Amortized Cost of Nonaccrual Loans with no related Allowance Loans Commercial and industrial $ 11,356 $ 9,447 Specialty lending — — Commercial real estate 2,505 2,505 Consumer real estate 4,882 4,226 Consumer 61 61 Credit cards 441 441 Leases and other 24 24 Total loans $ 19,269 $ 16,704 December 31, 2021 Nonaccrual Loans Amortized Cost of Nonaccrual Loans with no related Allowance Loans Commercial and industrial $ 82,845 $ 76,493 Specialty lending — — Commercial real estate 4,688 4,688 Consumer real estate 4,210 4,210 Consumer 75 75 Credit cards 457 457 Leases and other 25 25 Total loans $ 92,300 $ 85,948 Amortized Cost The following tables provide a summary of the amortized cost balance of each of the Company’s loan classes disaggregated by collateral type and origination year as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Loan Segment and Type Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year - Term Loans 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total Commercial and industrial: Equipment/Accounts Receivable/Inventory $ 2,140,609 $ 1,562,527 $ 642,649 $ 267,444 $ 96,916 $ 86,787 $ 4,223,358 $ 3,926 $ 9,024,216 Agriculture 13,630 5,415 2,046 1,985 396 541 149,266 562 173,841 Overdrafts — — — — — — 7,929 — 7,929 Total Commercial and industrial 2,154,239 1,567,942 644,695 269,429 97,312 87,328 4,380,553 4,488 9,205,986 Specialty lending: Asset-based lending 18,084 55,469 36,040 — — — 493,113 — 602,706 Total Specialty lending 18,084 55,469 36,040 — — — 493,113 — 602,706 Commercial real estate: Owner-occupied 656,860 593,861 388,519 180,786 136,499 167,628 8,685 — 2,132,838 Non-owner-occupied 1,128,978 855,508 568,489 368,203 64,915 229,826 28,679 — 3,244,598 Farmland 94,989 47,092 220,796 24,057 15,963 24,162 121,054 — 548,113 5+ Multi-family 30,920 35,869 68,996 18,978 1,334 5,776 4,908 — 166,781 1-4 Family construction 61,943 15,217 — — — — 19 — 77,179 General construction 628,820 719,437 43,166 15,492 — 395 39,267 — 1,446,577 Total Commercial real estate 2,602,510 2,266,984 1,289,966 607,516 218,711 427,787 202,612 — 7,616,086 Consumer real estate: HELOC 237 — 618 224 654 5,389 339,066 981 347,169 First lien: 1-4 family 628,703 748,362 607,105 173,466 45,907 140,443 12 — 2,343,998 Junior lien: 1-4 family 13,490 8,445 5,107 2,529 940 1,504 87 — 32,102 Total Consumer real estate 642,430 756,807 612,830 176,219 47,501 147,336 339,165 981 2,723,269 Consumer: Revolving line 467 584 — — — — 58,133 1,403 60,587 Auto 9,124 6,543 4,455 2,743 335 159 — — 23,359 Other 26,306 27,751 1,096 876 1,133 591 3,967 — 61,720 Total Consumer 35,897 34,878 5,551 3,619 1,468 750 62,100 1,403 145,666 Credit cards: Consumer — — — — — — 200,348 — 200,348 Commercial — — — — — — 231,324 — 231,324 Total Credit cards — — — — — — 431,672 — 431,672 Leases and other: Leases — — — 712 — 1,224 — — 1,936 Other 125,095 34,282 22,552 32,055 17,764 1,066 71,054 — 303,868 Total Leases and other 125,095 34,282 22,552 32,767 17,764 2,290 71,054 — 305,804 Total loans $ 5,578,255 $ 4,716,362 $ 2,611,634 $ 1,089,550 $ 382,756 $ 665,491 $ 5,980,269 $ 6,872 $ 21,031,189 December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Loan Segment and Type Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year - Term Loans 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Total Commercial and industrial: Equipment/Accounts Receivable/Inventory $ 2,400,110 $ 945,383 $ 356,348 $ 150,892 $ 115,571 $ 131,900 $ 2,984,740 $ 247 $ 7,085,191 Agriculture 12,077 5,884 3,308 640 344 1,143 130,946 — 154,342 Overdrafts — — — — — — 18,587 — 18,587 Total Commercial and industrial 2,412,187 951,267 359,656 151,532 115,915 133,043 3,134,273 247 7,258,120 Specialty lending: Asset-based lending 34,552 49,373 — — — — 331,282 — 415,207 Factoring — — — — — — 107,155 — 107,155 Total Specialty lending 34,552 49,373 — — — — 438,437 — 522,362 Commercial real estate: Owner-occupied 680,135 519,448 226,631 177,576 91,539 159,482 11,727 — 1,866,538 Non-owner-occupied 1,058,025 689,167 591,886 162,491 135,100 258,541 10,969 — 2,906,179 Farmland 61,505 273,624 34,145 16,969 19,929 34,858 38,239 999 480,268 5+ Multi-family 58,268 95,024 41,426 1,206 511 6,820 2,057 — 205,312 1-4 Family construction 53,004 4,933 17,333 — — — 985 — 76,255 General construction 439,973 160,553 64,283 38,505 203 256 29,219 — 732,992 Total Commercial real estate 2,350,910 1,742,749 975,704 396,747 247,282 459,957 93,196 999 6,267,544 Consumer real estate: HELOC 248 547 327 574 646 6,363 320,410 2,523 331,638 First lien: 1-4 family 830,513 712,264 200,167 58,734 61,641 102,997 19 — 1,966,335 Junior lien: 1-4 family 9,114 6,299 3,361 1,150 820 1,299 17 — 22,060 Total Consumer real estate 839,875 719,110 203,855 60,458 63,107 110,659 320,446 2,523 2,320,033 Consumer: Revolving line 974 — — — — — 60,049 120 61,143 Auto 9,886 7,775 5,462 1,107 479 220 — — 24,929 Other 31,391 2,041 1,949 1,543 2,542 708 2,889 — 43,063 Total Consumer 42,251 9,816 7,411 2,650 3,021 928 62,938 120 129,135 Credit cards: Consumer — — — — — — 180,296 — 180,296 Commercial — — — — — — 211,093 — 211,093 Total Credit cards — — — — — — 391,389 — 391,389 Leases and other: Leases — — 814 — 739 614 — — 2,167 Other 99,952 44,113 58,164 22,344 5,631 779 49,138 — 280,121 Total Leases and other 99,952 44,113 58,978 22,344 6,370 1,393 49,138 — 282,288 Total loans $ 5,779,727 $ 3,516,428 $ 1,605,604 $ 633,731 $ 435,695 $ 705,980 $ 4,489,817 $ 3,889 $ 17,170,871 Accrued interest on loans totaled $90.6 million and $45.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in the Accrued income line on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. The total amount of accrued interest is excluded from the amortized cost basis of loans presented above. Further, the Company has elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable. Credit Quality Indicators As part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, management tracks certain credit quality indicators including trends related to the risk grading of specified classes of loans, net charge-offs, non-performing loans, and general economic conditions. The Company utilizes a risk grading matrix to assign a rating to each of its commercial, commercial real estate, and construction real estate loans. Changes in credit risk are monitored on a continuous basis and changes in risk ratings are made when identified. The loan ratings are summarized into the following categories: Non-watch list, Watch, Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful. Any loan not classified in one of the categories described below is considered to be a Non-watch list loan. A description of the general characteristics of the loan rating categories is as follows: • Watch – This rating represents credit exposure that presents higher than average risk and warrants greater than routine attention by Company personnel due to conditions affecting the borrower, the borrower’s industry, or the economic environment. These conditions have resulted in some degree of uncertainty that results in higher-than-average credit risk. These loans are considered pass-rated credits. • Special Mention – This rating reflects a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or the borrower’s credit position at some future date. The rating is not adversely classified and does not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. • Substandard – This rating represents an asset inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. Loans in this category are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of substandard assets, does not have to exist in individual assets classified as substandard. • Doubtful – This rating represents an asset that has all the weaknesses inherent in an asset classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, based on currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors, which may work to the advantage of strengthening the asset, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, liquidation procedures, capital injection, or perfecting liens. Commercial and industrial A discussion of the credit quality indicators that impact each type of collateral securing Commercial and industrial loans is included below: Equipment, accounts receivable, and inventory General commercial and industrial loans are secured by working capital assets and non-real estate assets. The general purpose of these loans is for financing capital expenditures and current operations for commercial and industrial entities. These assets are short-term in nature. In the case of accounts receivable and inventories, the repayment of debt is reliant upon converting assets into cash or through goods and services being sold and collected. Collateral-based risk is due to aged short-term assets, which can be indicative of underlying issues with the borrower and lead to the value of the collateral being overstated. Agriculture Agricultural loans are secured by non-real estate agricultural assets. These include shorter-term assets such as equipment, crops, and livestock. The risks associated with loans to finance crops or livestock include the borrower’s ability to successfully raise and market the commodity. Adverse weather conditions and other natural perils can dramatically affect farmers’ or ranchers’ production and ability to service debt. Volatile commodity prices present another significant risk for agriculture borrowers. Market price volatility and production cost volatility can affect both revenues and expenses. Overdrafts Commercial overdrafts are typically short-term and unsecured. Some commercial borrowers tie their overdraft obligation to their line of credit, so any draw on the line of credit will satisfy the overdraft. Based on the factors noted above for each type of collateral, the Company assigns risk ratings to borrowers based on their most recently assessed financial position. The following tables provide a summary of the amortized cost balance by collateral type and risk rating as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Risk by Collateral Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year - Term Loans 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total Equipment/Accounts Receivable/Inventory Non-watch list – Pass $ 2,079,002 $ 1,466,120 $ 588,562 $ 246,387 $ 90,656 $ 83,054 $ 3,879,709 $ 3,633 $ 8,437,123 Watch – Pass 28,570 78,523 52,696 7,493 3,617 2,275 213,871 — 387,045 Special Mention 4,072 5,637 1,178 — 1,817 899 34,631 — 48,234 Substandard 26,698 12,247 213 13,564 826 559 92,352 293 146,752 Doubtful 2,267 — — — — — 2,795 — 5,062 Total Equipment/Accounts Receivable/Inventory $ 2,140,609 $ 1,562,527 $ 642,649 $ 267,444 $ 96,916 $ 86,787 $ 4,223,358 $ 3,926 $ 9,024,216 Agriculture Non-watch list – Pass $ 12,252 $ 5,351 $ 1,693 $ 1,985 $ 396 $ 541 $ 137,759 $ — $ 159,977 Watch – Pass 550 — 206 — — — 8,512 562 9,830 Special Mention 828 64 147 — — — 1,539 — 2,578 Substandard — — — — — — 1,456 — 1,456 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total Agriculture $ 13,630 $ 5,415 $ 2,046 $ 1,985 $ 396 $ 541 $ 149,266 $ 562 $ 173,841 December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Risk by Collateral Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year - Term Loans 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Total Equipment/Accounts Receivable/Inventory Non-watch list – Pass $ 2,299,784 $ 874,786 $ 325,630 $ 141,667 $ 106,141 $ 130,153 $ 2,750,764 $ 247 $ 6,629,172 Watch – Pass 68,322 34,324 25,572 5,056 1,794 698 106,177 — 241,943 Special Mention 5,886 — 2,600 592 1,742 997 41,209 — 53,026 Substandard 25,466 3,023 2,546 3,577 1,202 52 45,053 — 80,919 Doubtful 652 33,250 — — 4,692 — 41,537 — 80,131 Total Equipment/Accounts Receivable/Inventory $ 2,400,110 $ 945,383 $ 356,348 $ 150,892 $ 115,571 $ 131,900 $ 2,984,740 $ 247 $ 7,085,191 Agriculture Non-watch list – Pass $ 11,512 $ 5,394 $ 2,608 $ 212 $ 344 $ 1,143 $ 100,630 $ — $ 121,843 Watch – Pass 500 222 328 428 — — 6,532 — 8,010 Special Mention — — 372 — — — 1,361 — 1,733 Substandard 65 268 — — — — 22,423 — 22,756 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total Agriculture $ 12,077 $ 5,884 $ 3,308 $ 640 $ 344 $ 1,143 $ 130,946 $ — $ 154,342 Specialty lending A discussion of the credit quality indicators that impact each type of collateral securing Specialty loans is included below: Asset-based lending General asset-based loans are secured by accounts receivable, inventory, equipment, and real estate. The purpose of these loans is for financing current operations for commercial customers. The repayment of debt is reliant upon collection of the accounts receivable within 30 to 90 days or converting assets into cash or through goods and services being sold and collected. The Company tracks each individual borrower credit risk based on their loan to collateral position. Any borrower position where the underlying value of collateral is below the fair value of the loan is considered out-of-margin and inherently higher risk. Factoring During the first quarter of 2022, the Company sold its factoring loan portfolio to an alternative financing company. Prior to the sale of this portfolio, factoring loans were secured by accounts receivable. The purpose of these loans was for financing current operations for trucking or other commercial customers. The repayment of debt was reliant upon collection of the accounts receivable within 30 to 90 days. The Company tracked each individual borrower’s credit risk based on their loan to collateral position. To assess credit risk, the portfolio was separated into two tiers and a specifically impaired category. Tier 1 were loans that had not experienced collateral coverage rates falling below an internally tracked threshold at any time during their relationship history. The internal threshold was lower than each customers’ actual contractual collateral coverage ratio. Tier 2 were loans that had experienced collateral coverage rates falling below the same internally tracked threshold during their relationship history. Loans individually evaluated were loans that had either experienced collateral coverage rates falling below an internally tracked threshold during their relationship history or had balances that were greater than an internally tracked threshold. Individually evaluated loans utilized a practical expedient for the purpose of determining the expected credit loss. Collateral dependent assets were loans placed on non-accrual and loans considered to be TDRs. The combination of these categories created an associated allowance to this portfolio of $1.0 million as of December 31, 2021. The following table provides a summary of the amortized cost balance by risk rating for asset-based loans as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands): Asset-based lending Risk December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 In-margin $ 602,706 $ 409,844 Out-of-margin — 5,363 Total $ 602,706 $ 415,207 The following table provides a summary of the amortized cost balance by risk rating for factoring loans as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands): Factoring Risk December 31, 2021 Tier 1 $ 9,433 Tier 2 65,149 Evaluated for impairment 32,573 Collateral dependent assets — Total $ 107,155 Commercial real estate A discussion of the credit quality indicators that impact each type of collateral securing Commercial real estate loans is included below: Owner-occupied Owner-occupied loans are secured by commercial real estate. These loans are often longer tenured and susceptible to multiple economic cycles. The loans rely on the owner-occupied operations to service debt which cover a broad spectrum of industries. Real estate debt can carry a significant amount of leverage for a borrower to maintain. Non-owner-occupied Non-owner-occupied loans are secured by commercial real estate. These loans are often longer tenured and susceptible to multiple economic cycles. The key element of risk in this type of lending is the cyclical nature of real estate markets. Although national conditions affect the overall real estate industry, the effect of national conditions on local markets is equally important. Factors such as unemployment rates, consumer demand, household formation, and the level of economic activity can vary widely from state to state and among metropolitan areas. In addition to geographic considerations, markets can be defined by property type. While all sectors are influenced by economic conditions, some sectors are more sensitive to certain economic factors than others. Farmland Farmland loans are secured by real estate used for agricultural purposes such as crop and livestock production. Assets used as collateral are long-term assets that carry the ability to have longer amortizations and maturities. Longer terms carry the risk of added susceptibility to market conditions. The limited purpose of some Agriculture-related collateral affects credit risk because such collateral may have limited or no other uses to support values when loan repayment problems emerge. 5+ Multi-family 5+ multi-family loans are secured by a multi-family residential property. The primary risks associated with this type of collateral are largely driven by economic conditions. The national and local market conditions can change with unemployment rates or competing supply of multi-family housing. Tenants may not be able to afford their housing or have better options and this can result in increased vacancy. Rents may need to be lowered to fill apartment units. Increased vacancy and lower rental rates not only drive the borrower’s ability to repay debt but also contribute to how the collateral is valued. 1-4 Family construction 1-4 family construction loans are secured by 1-4 family residential real estate and are in the process of construction or improvements being made. The predominant risk inherent to this portfolio is the risk associated with a borrower’s ability to successfully complete a project on time and within budget. Market conditions also play an important role in understanding the risk profile. Risk from adverse changes in market conditions from the start of development to completion can result in deflated collateral values. General construction General construction loans are secured by commercial real estate in process of construction or improvements being made and their repayment is dependent on the collateral’s completion. Construction lending presents unique risks not encountered in term financing of existing real estate. The predominant risk inherent to this portfolio is the risk associated with a borrower’s ability to successfully complete a project on time and within budget. Commercial properties under construction are susceptible to market and economic conditions. Demand from prospective customers may erode after construction begins because of a general economic slowdown or an increase in the supply of competing properties. Based on the factors noted above for each type of collateral, the Company assigns risk ratings to borrowers based on their most recently assessed financial position. The following tables provide a summary of the amortized cost balance by collateral type and risk rating as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 December 31, 2022 Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Risk by Collateral Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year - Term Loans 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Total Owner-occupied Non-watch list – Pass $ 628,858 $ 559,067 $ 364,760 $ 149,183 $ 133,339 $ 162,412 $ 7,850 $ — $ 2,005,469 Watch – Pass 19,405 32,581 17,061 9,785 2,664 2,121 — — 83,617 Special Mention 5,435 2,213 5,120 18,946 — — 835 — 32,549 Substandard 3,162 — 1,578 2,872 496 3,095 — — 11,203 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total Owner-occupied $ 656,860 $ 593,861 $ 388,519 $ 180,786 $ 136,499 $ 167,628 $ 8,685 $ — $ 2,132,838 Non-owner-occupied Non-watch list – Pass $ 1,075,444 $ 810,926 $ 568,489 $ 356,896 $ 64,915 $ 214,635 $ 28,679 $ — $ 3,119,984 Watch – Pass 53,534 44,582 — 11,307 — 5,071 — — 114,494 Special Mention — — — — — 10,109 — — 10,109 Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — 11 — — 11 Total Non-owner-occupied $ 1,128,978 $ 855,508 $ 568,489 $ 368,203 $ 64,915 $ 229,826 $ 28,679 $ — $ 3,244,598 Farmland Non-watch list – Pass $ 62,357 $ 36,698 $ 218,704 $ 17,563 $ 2,830 $ 20,285 $ 113,385 $ — $ 471,822 Watch – Pass 20,327 6,454 1,055 101 — 2,559 395 — 30,891 Special Mention 5,505 — 1,001 — — — — — 6,506 Substandard 6,800 3,940 36 6,393 13,133 1,318 7,274 — 38,894 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total Farmland $ 94,989 $ 47,092 $ 220,796 $ 24,057 $ 15,963 $ 24,162 $ 121,054 $ — $ 548,113 5+ Multi-family Non-watch list – Pass $ 30,920 $ 35,869 $ 68,996 $ 18,978 $ 1,334 $ 5,776 $ 4,908 $ — $ 166,781 Watch – Pass — — — — — — — — — Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total 5+ Multi-family $ 30,920 $ 35,869 $ 68,996 $ 18,978 $ 1,334 $ 5,776 $ 4,908 $ — $ 166,781 1-4 Family construction Non-watch list – Pass $ 61,943 $ 15,217 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 19 $ — $ 77,179 Watch – Pass — — — — — — — — — Special Mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard — — — — — — — — — Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total 1-4 Family construction $ 61,943 $ 15,217 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 19 $ — $ 77,179 General construction Non-watch list – Pass $ 628,479 $ 699,698 $ 43,166 $ 15,384 $ — $ 380 $ 39,267 $ — $ 1,426,374 Watch – Pass 341 — — 22 — — — — 363 Special Mention — 8,340 — — — — — — 8,340 Substandard — 11,399 — — — 15 — — 11,414 Doubtful — — — 86 — — — — 86 Total General construction $ 628,820 $ 719,437 $ 43,166 $ 15,492 $ — $ 395 $ 39,267 $ — $ 1,446,577 December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Amortized Cost - Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Risk by Collateral Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year - Term Loans 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Total Owner-occupied Non-watch list – Pass $ 679,662 $ 507,220 $ 208,376 $ 174,352 $ 89,588 $ 154,920 $ 11,627 $ — $ 1,825,745 Watch – Pass 191 10,891 16,493 1,055 1,143 1,572 — — 31,345 Special Mention 93 1,304 — — — — — — 1,397 Substandard 189 33 1,762 2,169 808 2,990 100 — 8,051 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total Owner-occupied $ 680,135 $ 519,448 $ 226,631 $ 177,576 $ 91,539 $ 159,482 $ 11,727 $ — $ 1,866,538 Non-owner-occupied Non-watch list – Pass $ 976,097 $ 679,313 $ 536,084 $ 143,243 $ 129,820 $ 219,701 $ 10,969 $ — $ 2,695,227 Watch – Pass 57,052 1,277 55,802 19,248 5,280 2,587 — — 141,246 Special Mention 24,876 8,577 — — — 36,223 — — 69,676 Substandard — — — — — 30 — — 30 Doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total Non-owner-occupied $ 1,058,025 $ 689,167 $ 591,886 $ 162,491 $ 135,100 $ 258,541 $ 10,969 $ — $ 2,906,179 Farmland Non-watch list – Pass $ 40,526 $ 246,955 $ 26,332 $ 2,147 $ 19,199 $ 29,136 $ 28,276 $ — $ 392,571 Watch – Pass 2,263 10,177 — 823 213 4,889 — — 18,36 |