Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended |
Dec. 31, 2013 |
Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] | ' |
Financial Statement Presentation | ' |
Financial statement presentation |
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The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its only subsidiary, the University. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements. |
Revenue Recognition | ' |
Revenue Recognition |
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The Company’s educational programs are offered on a quarterly basis and such periods coincide with the Company's quarterly financial reporting periods. Approximately 96% of the Company’s revenues during the year ended December 31, 2013, consisted of tuition revenue. Tuition revenue is recognized in the quarter of instruction. Tuition revenue is shown net of any refunds, withdrawals, corporate discounts, scholarships and employee tuition discounts. At the start of each academic term, a liability (unearned tuition) is recorded for academic services to be provided and a tuition receivable is recorded for the portion of the tuition not paid upfront in cash. Any cash received prior to the start of an academic term is recorded as unearned tuition. The estimated value of scholarship awards which will be realized in the future is based on historical experience of students who are expected to realize scholarship awards earned as courses are successfully completed. Unearned tuition is recorded as a current or long-term liability in the consolidated balance sheets based on when the benefit is expected to be realized. Revenues also include textbook-related income, application fees, technology fees, placement test fees, withdrawal fees, certificate revenue, and other income, which are recognized when earned. |
Cash and Cash Equivalents | ' |
Cash and Cash Equivalents |
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Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash maintained in mostly FDIC-insured bank accounts and cash invested in bank overnight deposits and money market mutual funds. The Company places its cash and temporary cash investments with various financial institutions. The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. |
Concentration of Credit Risk | ' |
Concentration of Credit Risk |
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The Company places its cash and temporary cash investments in bank overnight deposits and money market mutual funds with various financial institutions. Cash and cash equivalent balances are in excess of the FDIC insurance limit. The Company has not experienced any losses on its cash and cash equivalents. |
Tuition Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | ' |
Tuition Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts |
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The Company records tuition receivable and unearned tuition for its students upon the start of the academic term. Therefore, at the end of the quarter (and academic term), tuition receivable represents amounts due from students for educational services already provided and unearned tuition represents advance payments from students for academic services to be provided in the future. Tuition receivables are not collateralized; however, credit risk is minimized as a result of the diverse nature of the University’s student base. The University establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts primarily based upon historical collection rates by age of receivable (net of recoveries). The Company periodically assesses its methodologies for estimating bad debts in consideration of actual experience. The Company’s tuition receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts were as follows: |
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| | December 31, | | | | | |
($ in thousands) | | 2012 | | | 2013 | | | | | |
Tuition receivable | | $ | 29,858 | | | $ | 26,145 | | | | | |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | | | (6,596 | ) | | | (10,303 | ) | | | | |
Tuition receivable, net | | $ | 23,262 | | | $ | 15,842 | | | | | |
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Approximately $3.4 million of tuition receivable is included in "Other assets" in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2013, because these amounts are expected to be collected after 12 months. |
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The following table illustrates changes in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts for each of the past three years: |
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| | Year Ended December 31, | |
($ in thousands) | | 2011 | | | 2012 | | | 2013 | |
Beginning allowance for doubtful accounts | | $ | 7,935 | | | $ | 7,279 | | | $ | 6,596 | |
Additions charged to expense | | | 24,877 | | | | 23,728 | | | | 22,225 | |
Write-offs, net of recoveries | | | (25,533 | ) | | | (24,411 | ) | | | (18,518 | ) |
Ending allowance for doubtful accounts | | $ | 7,279 | | | $ | 6,596 | | | $ | 10,303 | |
Property and Equipment | ' |
Property and Equipment |
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Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. In accordance with the Property, Plant and Equipment Topic, ASC 360, the carrying values of the Company’s assets are re-evaluated when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If it is determined that an impairment loss has occurred based on expected undiscounted future cash flows, then a loss is recognized using a fair-value based model. Through 2013, no such impairment loss had occurred. Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 40 years. Depreciation and amortization amounted to $21.5 million, $24.0 and $35.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012, and 2013 respectively. |
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Construction in progress includes costs of computer software developed for internal use, and is accounted for in accordance with the Internal-Use Software Topic, ASC 350-40. Computer software development costs that are incurred in the preliminary project stage are expensed as incurred. During the development stage direct consulting costs, payroll and payroll-related costs for employees that are directly associated with the project are capitalized and will be amortized over the estimated useful life of the software once placed into operation. Purchases of property and equipment and changes in accounts payable for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013 in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows have been adjusted to exclude non-cash purchases of property and equipment transactions during that period. |
Fair Value | ' |
Fair Value |
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The Fair Value Measurement Topic, ASC 820-10 (“ASC 820-10”), establishes a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used to measure fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Under ASC 820-10, fair value of an investment is the price that would be received to sell an asset or to transfer a liability to an entity in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to assets and liabilities with readily available quoted prices in an active market and lowest priority to unobservable inputs which require a higher degree of judgment when measuring fair value, as follows: |
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· | Level 1 assets or liabilities use quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date; | | | | | | | | | | | |
· | Level 2 assets or liabilities use observable inputs, other than quoted market prices, that are either directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace for identical or similar assets and liabilities; and | | | | | | | | | | | |
· | Level 3 assets or liabilities use unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. | | | | | | | | | | | |
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The Company’s assets and liabilities that are subject to fair value measurement are categorized in one of the three levels above. Fair values are based on the inputs available at the measurement dates, and may rely on certain assumptions that may affect the valuation of fair value for certain assets or liabilities. |
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets | ' |
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets |
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Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired business over the amount assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Indefinite-lived intangible assets, which include a trade name, are recorded at fair market value on their acquisition date. An indefinite life was assigned to the trade name because it has the continued ability to generate cash flows indefinitely. |
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Goodwill and the indefinite-lived intangible asset are assessed at least annually for impairment during the three-month period ending September 30, or more frequently if events occur or circumstances change between annual tests that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the respective reporting unit below its carrying amount. Under Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-08, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Goodwill for Impairment , the Company is permitted, but not required, to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the more thorough quantitative goodwill impairment test. Following its qualitative assessment, the Company determined it was not more likely than not that the fair value of its goodwill was less than the carrying amount and, accordingly, no impairment existed in 2013. |
Long-Term Liabilities | ' |
Long-Term Liabilities |
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Included in the Company’s long-term liabilities are the non-current portion of the Company’s borrowings under its term loan and revolving credit facility, liabilities related to the Company's operating leases, deferred payments related to an acquisition, fair value of the Company’s interest rate swap, and the non-current portion of unearned tuition. In conjunction with the opening of some campuses and other facilities, the Company was reimbursed by the lessors for improvements made to those leased properties. In accordance with the Operating Leases Subtopic, ASC 840-20 (“ASC 840-20”), these reimbursements were capitalized as leasehold improvements and a liability was established. The leasehold improvements and the liability are amortized on a straight-line basis over the corresponding lease terms, which generally range from five to ten years. In accordance with ASC 840-20, the Company records rent expense on a straight-line basis over the initial term of a lease. The cumulative difference between the rent payment and the straight-line rent expense is recorded as a liability. The Company also records the non-current portion of the gain related to the sale and lease back of a campus facility as a long-term liability. (See Note 10 below for more information.) |
Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities | ' |
Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities |
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On the date that the Company enters into a derivative contract, it designates the derivative as a hedge of (a) a forecasted transaction or (b) the variability of cash flows that are to be received or paid in connection with a recognized asset or liability (a cash flow hedge). All derivatives are recognized in the balance sheet at their fair value. |
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Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is highly effective and that is designated and qualifies as a cash flow hedge, to the extent that the hedge is effective, are recorded, net of income tax, in other comprehensive income, until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows of the hedged transaction (e.g., until periodic settlements of a variable-rate asset or liability are recorded in earnings). Any hedge ineffectiveness (which represents the amount by which the changes in the fair value of the derivative exceed the variability in the cash flows of the forecasted transaction) is recorded in current-period earnings. |
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The Company formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. The Company also formally assesses (both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis) whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions have been highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of hedged items and whether those derivatives may be expected to remain highly effective in future periods. When it is determined that a derivative is not (or has ceased to be) highly effective as a hedge, the Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively. |
Authorized Stock | ' |
Authorized Stock |
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The Company has authorized 20,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $.01, of which 11,387,299 and 10,797,464 shares were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively. The Company also has authorized 8,000,000 shares of preferred stock, none of which has been issued or outstanding since 2004. Before any preferred stock may be issued in the future, the Board of Directors would need to establish the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends, qualifications, and the terms or conditions of the redemption of the preferred stock. |
Advertising Costs | ' |
Advertising Costs |
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The Company expenses advertising costs in the quarter incurred, except for costs associated with the production of media commercials which are expensed when the commercial is first aired. |
Stock-Based Compensation | ' |
Stock-Based Compensation |
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As required by the Stock Compensation Topic, ASC 718, the Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and directors, including employee stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and employee stock purchases related to the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan, based on estimated fair values. Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income for each of the three years in the period ended December 31 2013, is based on awards ultimately expected to vest and, therefore, has been adjusted for estimated forfeitures. The Company is required to estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise, if necessary, the estimate in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The forfeiture rate used is based on historical experience. The Company also assesses the likelihood that performance criteria associated with performance-based awards will be met. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that performance criteria will not be achieved, the Company revises its estimate of the number of shares it believes will ultimately vest. |
Net Income Per Share | ' |
Net Income Per Share |
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Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the periods. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur assuming conversion or exercise of all dilutive unexercised stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units. The dilutive effect of stock awards was determined using the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, all of the following are assumed to be used to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock: (1) the proceeds received from the exercise of stock options, (2) the amount of compensation cost associated with the stock awards for future service not yet recognized by the Company, and (3) the amount of tax benefits that would be recorded in additional paid-in capital when the stock awards become deductible for income tax purposes. Stock options are not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share when the stock option exercise price of an individual grant exceeds the average market price for the period. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company had no issued and outstanding stock options that were included in the calculation. |
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Set forth below is a reconciliation of shares used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands): |
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| | 2011 | | | 2012 | | | 2013 | |
Weighted average shares outstanding used to compute basic earnings per share | | | 11,906 | | | | 11,390 | | | | 10,584 | |
Incremental shares issuable upon the assumed exercise of stock options | | | 8 | | | | – | | | | – | |
Unvested restricted stock and restricted stock units | | | 29 | | | | 50 | | | | 40 | |
Shares used to compute diluted earnings per share | | | 11,943 | | | | 11,440 | | | | 10,624 | |
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Income Taxes | ' |
Income Taxes |
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The Company provides for deferred income taxes based on temporary differences between financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. |
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The Income Taxes Topic, ASC 740 (“ASC 740”), requires the company to determine whether uncertain tax positions should be recognized within the Company’s financial statements. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. Uncertain tax positions are recognized when a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is determined to be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Upon determination, uncertain tax positions are measured to determine the amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. A tax position is derecognized if it no longer meets the more likely than not threshold of being sustained. |
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The tax years 2012 and 2013 remain open for Federal tax examination and the tax years 2009–2012 remain open to examination by state and local taxing jurisdictions in which the Company is subject. |
Use of Estimates | ' |
Use of Estimates |
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The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the period reported. The most significant management estimates included allowances for doubtful accounts, the useful lives of property and equipment, fair value of future contractual operating lease obligations, potential sublease income and vacancy periods, accrued expenses, forfeiture rates and the likelihood of achieving performance criteria for stock-based awards, value of free courses earned by students that will be redeemed in the future, valuation of goodwill, intangible assets and the interest rate swap arrangement, and the provision for income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. |
Comprehensive Income | ' |
Comprehensive Income |
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Comprehensive income consists of net income and unrealized gains or losses on investments in marketable securities, and the change in the fair value of the Company’s interest rate swap, net of income taxes. |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | ' |
Recent Accounting Pronouncements |
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In February 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2013-02, Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“ASU 2013-02”), which provides guidance on disclosure requirements for items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. The standard requires entities to present (either on the face of the income statement or in the notes to the financial statements) the effects of amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income on income statement line items. ASU 2013-02 was effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012. The adoption of ASU 2013-02 on January 1, 2013, did not have a material impact the Company’s disclosures. |
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In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-11, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists (“ASU 2013-11”). The standard provides that a liability related to an unrecognized tax benefit would be offset against a deferred tax asset instead of presented gross for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward if such settlement is required or expected in the event the uncertain tax position is disallowed. ASU 2013-11 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2013. The Company believes adoption of ASU 2013-11 will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results from operations. |