Allowance for Credit Losses | Allowance for Credit Losses In accordance with ASC 326, the Company is required to measure the allowance for credit losses of financial assets with similar risk characteristics on a collective or pooled basis. In considering the segmentation of financial assets measured at amortized cost into pools, the Company considered various risk characteristics in its analysis. Generally, the segmentation utilized represents the level at which the Company develops and documents its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses for the financial asset held at amortized cost, specifically the Company's loan portfolio and debt securities classified as held-to-maturity. Below is a summary of the Company's loan portfolio segments and major debt security types: Commercial loans, including PPP loans: The Company makes commercial loans for many purposes, including working capital lines and leasing arrangements, that are generally renewable annually and supported by business assets, personal guarantees and additional collateral. Underlying collateral includes receivables, inventory, enterprise value and the assets of the business. Commercial business lending is generally considered to involve a slightly higher degree of risk than traditional consumer bank lending. This portfolio includes a range of industries, including manufacturing, restaurants, franchise, professional services, equipment finance and leasing, mortgage warehouse lending and industrial. The Company also originates loans through the PPP. Administered by the SBA, the PPP provides short-term relief primarily related to the disruption from COVID-19 to companies and non-profits that meet the SBA’s definition of an eligible small business. Under the program, the SBA will forgive all or a portion of the loan if, during a certain period, loans are used for qualifying expenses. If all or a portion of the loan is not forgiven, the borrower is responsible for repayment. PPP loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA, including any portion not forgiven. The SBA guarantee exists at the inception of the loan and throughout its life and is not separated from the loan if the loan is subsequently sold or transferred. As it is not considered a freestanding contract, the Company considers the impact of the SBA guarantee when measuring the allowance for credit losses. Commercial real estate loans, including construction and development, and non-construction: The Company's commercial real estate loans are generally secured by a first mortgage lien and assignment of rents on the underlying property. Since most of the Company's bank branches are located in the Chicago metropolitan area and southern Wisconsin, a significant portion of the Company's commercial real estate loan portfolio is located in this region. As the risks and circumstances of such loans in construction phase vary from that of non-construction commercial real estate loans, the Company assessed the allowance for credit losses separately for these two segments. Home equity loans: The Company's home equity loans and lines of credit are primarily originated by each of the bank subsidiaries in their local markets where there is a strong understanding of the underlying real estate value. The Company's banks monitor and manage these loans, and conduct an automated review of all home equity loans and lines of credit at least twice per year. The banks subsidiaries use this information to manage loans that may be higher risk and to determine whether to obtain additional credit information or updated property valuations. In a limited number of cases, the Company may issue home equity credit together with first mortgage financing, and requests for such financing are evaluated on a combined basis. Residential real estate loans: The Company's residential real estate portfolio includes one- to four-family fixed and adjustable rate mortgages with repricing terms generally from one to three years, construction loans to individuals and bridge financing loans for qualifying customers. The Company's residential mortgages relate to properties located principally in the Chicago metropolitan area and southern Wisconsin or vacation homes owned by local residents. Due to interest rate risk considerations, the Company generally sells in the secondary market loans originated with long-term fixed rates, however, certain of these loans may be retained within the banks’ own portfolios where they are non-agency conforming, or where the terms of the loans make them favorable to retain. The Company believes that since this loan portfolio consists primarily of locally originated loans, and since the majority of the borrowers are longer-term customers with lower LTV ratios, the Company faces a relatively low risk of borrower default and delinquency. It is not the Company's current practice to underwrite, and there are no plans to underwrite subprime, Alt A, no or little documentation loans, or option ARM loans. Premium finance receivables: The Company makes loans to businesses to finance the insurance premiums they pay on their commercial insurance policies. The loans are indirectly originated by working through independent medium and large insurance agents and brokers located throughout the United States and Canada. The insurance premiums financed are primarily for commercial customers’ purchases of liability, property and casualty and other commercial insurance. This lending involves relatively rapid turnover of the loan portfolio and high volume of loan originations. The Company performs ongoing credit and other reviews of the agents and brokers to mitigate against the risk of fraud. The Company also originates life insurance premium finance receivables. These loans are originated directly with the borrowers with assistance from life insurance carriers, independent insurance agents, financial advisors and legal counsel. The life insurance policy is the primary form of collateral. In addition, these loans often are secured with a letter of credit, marketable securities or certificates of deposit. In some cases, the Company may make a loan that has a partially unsecured position. Consumer and other loans: Included in the consumer and other loan category is a wide variety of personal and consumer loans to individuals. The Company originates consumer loans in order to provide a wider range of financial services to their customers. Consumer loans generally have shorter terms and higher interest rates than mortgage loans but generally involve more credit risk than mortgage loans due to the type and nature of the collateral. U.S. government agency securities: This security type includes debt obligations of certain government-sponsored entities of the U.S. government such as the Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation, Federal Farm Credit Banks Funding Corporation and Fannie Mae. Such securities often contain an explicit or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government. Municipal securities: The Company's municipal securities portfolio include bond issues for various municipal government entities located throughout the United States, including the Chicago metropolitan area and southern Wisconsin, some of which are privately placed and non-rated. Though the risk of loss is typically low, including within the Company, default history exists on municipal securities within the United States. Mortgage-backed securities: This security type includes debt obligations supported by pools of individual mortgage loans and issued by certain government-sponsored entities of the U.S. government such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Such securities are considered to contain an implicit guarantee of the U.S. government. Corporate notes: The Company's corporate notes portfolio includes bond issues for various public companies representing a diversified population of industries. The risk of loss in this portfolio is considered low based on the characteristics of the investments, including the Company’s own past history with similar investments. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company elected to not measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest as such accrued interest is written off in a timely manner when deemed uncollectible. Any such write-off of accrued interest will reverse previously recognized interest income. In addition, the Company elected to not include accrued interest within presentation and disclosures of the carrying amount of financial assets held at amortized cost. This election is applicable to the various disclosures included within the Company's financial statements. Accrued interest related to financial assets held at amortized cost is included within accrued interest receivable and other assets within the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition and totaled $128.8 million at March 31, 2021, $121.9 million at December 31, 2020 and $116.4 million at March 31, 2020. The tables below show the aging of the Company’s loan portfolio by the segmentation noted above at March 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and March 31, 2020: As of March 31, 2021 90+ days and still accruing 60-89 days past due 30-59 days past due (In thousands) Nonaccrual Current Total Loans Loan Balances (includes PCD): Commercial Commercial, industrial and other, excluding PPP loans $ 22,459 $ — $ 13,292 $ 35,535 $ 9,343,939 $ 9,415,225 Commercial PPP loans — — — 6 3,292,976 3,292,982 Commercial real estate Construction and development 2,673 — 499 23,967 1,326,185 1,353,324 Non-construction 31,707 — 7,657 46,201 7,105,890 7,191,455 Home equity 5,536 — 492 780 383,445 390,253 Residential real estate 21,553 — 944 13,768 1,385,708 1,421,973 Premium finance receivables Commercial insurance loans 9,690 4,592 5,113 16,552 3,922,596 3,958,543 Life insurance loans — 191 — 14,821 6,096,483 6,111,495 Consumer and other 497 161 8 74 35,243 35,983 Total loans, net of unearned income $ 94,115 $ 4,944 $ 28,005 $ 151,704 $ 32,892,465 $ 33,171,233 As of December 31, 2020 90+ days and still accruing 60-89 days past due 30-59 days past due (In thousands) Nonaccrual Current Total Loans Loan Balances (includes PCD): Commercial Commercial, industrial and other, excluding PPP loans $ 21,743 $ 307 $ 6,900 $ 44,345 $ 9,166,751 $ 9,240,046 Commercial PPP loans — — — 36 2,715,885 2,715,921 Commercial real estate Construction and development 5,633 — — 5,344 1,360,825 1,371,802 Non-construction 40,474 — 5,178 26,772 7,049,906 7,122,330 Home equity 6,529 — 47 637 418,050 425,263 Residential real estate 26,071 — 1,635 12,584 1,219,308 1,259,598 Premium finance receivables Commercial insurance loans 13,264 12,792 6,798 18,809 4,002,826 4,054,489 Life insurance loans — — 21,003 30,465 5,805,968 5,857,436 Consumer and other 436 264 24 136 31,328 32,188 Total loans, net of unearned income $ 114,150 $ 13,363 $ 41,585 $ 139,128 $ 31,770,847 $ 32,079,073 As of March 31, 2020 90+ days and still accruing 60-89 days past due 30-59 days past due (In thousands) Nonaccrual Current Total Loans Loan Balances (includes PCD): Commercial Commercial, industrial and other, excluding PPP loans $ 49,916 $ 1,241 $ 8,873 $ 86,129 $ 8,879,727 $ 9,025,886 Commercial PPP loans — — — — — — Commercial real estate Construction and development 7,422 147 1,859 16,938 1,274,987 1,301,353 Non-construction 55,408 369 8,353 58,130 6,761,918 6,884,178 Home equity 7,243 — 214 2,096 485,102 494,655 Residential real estate 18,965 605 345 28,983 1,328,491 1,377,389 Premium finance receivables Commercial insurance loans 21,058 16,505 10,327 32,811 3,384,354 3,465,055 Life insurance loans — — 2,403 37,374 5,181,862 5,221,639 Consumer and other 403 78 625 207 35,853 37,166 Total loans, net of unearned income $ 160,415 $ 18,945 $ 32,999 $ 262,668 $ 27,332,294 $ 27,807,321 Credit Quality Indicators Credit quality indicators, specifically the Company's internal risk rating systems, reflect how the Company monitors credit losses and represents factors used by the Company when measuring the allowance for credit losses. The following discusses the Company's credit quality indicators by financial asset. Loan portfolios The Company's ability to manage credit risk depends in large part on our ability to properly identify and manage problem loans. To do so, the Company operates a credit risk rating system under which credit management personnel assign a credit risk rating (1 to 10 rating) to each loan at the time of origination and review loans on a regular basis. These credit risk ratings are also an important aspect of the Company's allowance for credit losses measurement methodology. The credit risk rating structure and classifications are shown below: Pass (risk rating 1 to 5): Based on various factors (liquidity, leverage, etc.), the Company believes asset quality is acceptable and is deemed to not require additional monitoring by the Company. Special mention (risk rating 6): Assets in this category are currently protected, potentially weak, but not to the point of substandard classification. Loss potential is moderate if corrective action is not taken. Substandard accrual (risk rating 7): Assets in this category have well defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. Loss potential is distinct but with no discernible impairment. Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful (risk rating 8 and 9): Assets have all the weaknesses in those classified “substandard accrual” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current existing facts, conditions, and values, improbable. Loss/fully charged-off (risk rating 10): Assets in this category are considered fully uncollectible. As such, these assets have no carrying balance on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition. Each loan officer is responsible for monitoring his or her loan portfolio, recommending a credit risk rating for each loan in his or her portfolio and ensuring the credit risk ratings are appropriate. These credit risk ratings are then ratified by the bank’s chief credit officer and/or concurrence credit officer. Credit risk ratings are determined by evaluating a number of factors including: a borrower’s financial strength, cash flow coverage, collateral protection and guarantees. The Company’s Problem Loan Reporting system includes all loans with credit risk ratings of 6 through 9. This system is designed to provide an on-going detailed tracking mechanism for each problem loan. Once management determines that a loan has deteriorated to a point where it has a credit risk rating of 6 or worse, the Company’s Managed Asset Division performs an overall credit and collateral review. As part of this review, all underlying collateral is identified and the valuation methodology is analyzed and tracked. As a result of this initial review by the Company’s Managed Asset Division, the credit risk rating is reviewed and a portion of the outstanding loan balance may be deemed uncollectible and, as a result, no longer share similar risk characteristics as its related pool. If that is the case, the individual loan is considered collateral dependent and individually assessed for an allowance for credit loss. The Company’s individual assessment utilizes an independent re-appraisal of the collateral (unless such a third-party evaluation is not possible due to the unique nature of the collateral, such as a closely-held business or thinly traded securities). In the case of commercial real estate collateral, an independent third party appraisal is ordered by the Company’s Real Estate Services Group to determine if there has been any change in the underlying collateral value. These independent appraisals are reviewed by the Real Estate Services Group and sometimes by independent third party valuation experts and may be adjusted depending upon market conditions. Through the credit risk rating process, loans are reviewed to determine if they are performing in accordance with the original contractual terms. If the borrower has failed to comply with the original contractual terms, further action may be required by the Company, including a downgrade in the credit risk rating, movement to non-accrual status or a charge-off. If the Company determines that a loan amount or portion thereof is uncollectible, the loan’s credit risk rating is immediately downgraded to an 8 or 9 and the uncollectible amount is charged-off. Any loan that has a partial charge-off continues to be assigned a credit risk rating of an 8 or 9 for the duration of time that a balance remains outstanding. The Company undertakes a thorough and ongoing analysis to determine if additional impairment and/or charge-offs are appropriate and to begin a workout plan for the credit to minimize actual losses. In determining the appropriate charge-off for collateral-dependent loans, the Company considers the results of appraisals for the associated collateral. The table below shows the Company’s loan portfolio by credit quality indicator and year of origination at March 31, 2021: As of March 31, 2021 Year of Origination Revolving Total (In thousands) 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Revolving to Term Loans Loan Balances: Commercial, industrial and other Pass $ 574,195 $ 1,951,426 $ 1,158,699 $ 840,181 $ 611,479 $ 742,116 $ 2,908,239 $ 4,925 $ 8,791,260 Special mention 965 27,786 83,315 38,930 33,116 24,760 86,729 36 295,637 Substandard accrual 22,738 19,675 65,902 71,312 25,052 61,313 39,766 111 305,869 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — 1,887 1,770 2,117 2,078 14,074 533 — 22,459 Total commercial, industrial and other $ 597,898 $ 2,000,774 $ 1,309,686 $ 952,540 $ 671,725 $ 842,263 $ 3,035,267 $ 5,072 $ 9,415,225 Commercial PPP Pass $ 1,242,766 $ 2,049,342 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 3,292,108 Special mention 874 — — — — — — — 874 Substandard accrual — — — — — — — — — Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total commercial PPP $ 1,243,640 $ 2,049,342 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 3,292,982 Construction and development Pass $ 40,266 $ 346,452 $ 433,184 $ 196,502 $ 89,377 $ 109,596 $ 29,747 $ — $ 1,245,124 Special mention 282 11,935 16,864 21,075 24,465 4,068 — — 78,689 Substandard accrual — — 1,207 21,872 2,929 678 152 — 26,838 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — — — 1,571 — 1,102 — — 2,673 Total construction and development $ 40,548 $ 358,387 $ 451,255 $ 241,020 $ 116,771 $ 115,444 $ 29,899 $ — $ 1,353,324 Non-construction Pass $ 249,241 $ 1,295,535 $ 1,030,111 $ 816,725 $ 772,702 $ 2,189,960 $ 184,304 $ 244 $ 6,538,822 Special mention 3,875 9,905 65,413 66,860 69,759 220,549 — — 436,361 Substandard accrual — 2,023 42,238 9,358 21,352 109,584 10 — 184,565 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — — 266 1,221 2,131 28,089 — — 31,707 Total non-construction $ 253,116 $ 1,307,463 $ 1,138,028 $ 894,164 $ 865,944 $ 2,548,182 $ 184,314 $ 244 $ 7,191,455 Home equity Pass $ — $ 44 $ — $ 47 $ 28 $ 7,082 $ 356,197 $ — $ 363,398 Special mention — — — — — 2,103 4,905 245 7,253 Substandard accrual — — — 317 — 11,953 1,053 743 14,066 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — — — — 157 3,799 1,580 — 5,536 Total home equity $ — $ 44 $ — $ 364 $ 185 $ 24,937 $ 363,735 $ 988 $ 390,253 Residential real estate Pass $ 301,904 $ 346,823 $ 265,543 $ 100,023 $ 115,609 $ 240,205 $ — $ — $ 1,370,107 Special mention 80 302 237 2,017 2,163 8,467 — — 13,266 Substandard accrual 291 2,304 1,025 897 2,300 10,230 — — 17,047 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — 186 1,121 745 5,034 14,467 — — 21,553 Total residential real estate $ 302,275 $ 349,615 $ 267,926 $ 103,682 $ 125,106 $ 273,369 $ — $ — $ 1,421,973 Premium finance receivables - commercial Pass $ 2,001,412 $ 1,896,547 $ 27,366 $ 2,961 $ 54 $ — $ — $ — $ 3,928,340 Special mention 8,051 11,093 8 — — — — — 19,152 Substandard accrual 1 1,267 13 80 — — — — 1,361 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful 512 7,898 1,252 28 — — — — 9,690 Total premium finance receivables - commercial $ 2,009,976 $ 1,916,805 $ 28,639 $ 3,069 $ 54 $ — $ — $ — $ 3,958,543 Premium finance receivables - life Pass $ 112,896 $ 636,815 $ 658,163 $ 620,034 $ 678,197 $ 3,404,823 $ — $ — $ 6,110,928 Special mention — — — — 567 — — — 567 Substandard accrual — — — — — — — — — Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total premium finance receivables - life $ 112,896 $ 636,815 $ 658,163 $ 620,034 $ 678,764 $ 3,404,823 $ — $ — $ 6,111,495 Consumer and other Pass $ 1,204 $ 1,955 $ 1,749 $ 1,389 $ 179 $ 14,366 $ 14,206 $ — $ 35,048 Special mention 3 10 19 — 86 91 6 — 215 Substandard accrual — 4 1 — — 215 3 — 223 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — 1 — 104 — 392 — — 497 Total consumer and other $ 1,207 $ 1,970 $ 1,769 $ 1,493 $ 265 $ 15,064 $ 14,215 $ — $ 35,983 Total loans (1) Pass $ 4,523,884 $ 8,524,939 $ 3,574,815 $ 2,577,862 $ 2,267,625 $ 6,708,148 $ 3,492,693 $ 5,169 $ 31,675,135 Special mention 14,130 61,031 165,856 128,882 130,156 260,038 91,640 281 852,014 Substandard accrual 23,030 25,273 110,386 103,836 51,633 193,973 40,984 854 549,969 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful 512 9,972 4,409 5,786 9,400 61,923 2,113 — 94,115 Total loans $ 4,561,556 $ 8,621,215 $ 3,855,466 $ 2,816,366 $ 2,458,814 $ 7,224,082 $ 3,627,430 $ 6,304 $ 33,171,233 (1) Includes $164.7 million of loans with COVID-19 related modifications that migrated from pass as of March 1, 2020 to special mention or substandard accrual as of March 31, 2021. These loans were further qualitatively evaluated as a part of the measurement of the allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2021. Held-to-maturity debt securities The Company conducts an assessment of its investment securities, including those classified as held-to-maturity, at the time of purchase and on at least an annual basis to ensure such investment securities remain within appropriate levels of risk and continue to perform satisfactorily in fulfilling its obligations. The Company considers, among other factors, the nature of the securities and credit ratings or financial condition of the issuer. If available, the Company obtains a credit rating for issuers from a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (“NRSRO”) for consideration. If no such rating is available for an issuer, the Company performs an internal rating based on the scale utilized within the loan portfolio as discussed above. For purposes of the table below, the Company has converted any issuer rating from an NRSRO into the Company’s internal ratings based on Investment Policy and review by the Company’s management. As of March 31, 2021 Year of Origination Total (In thousands) 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 Prior Balance Amortized Cost Balances: U.S. government agencies 1-4 internal grade $ 97,786 $ 25,000 $ — $ 50,000 $ — $ 3,374 $ 176,160 5-7 internal grade — — — — — — — 8-10 internal grade — — — — — — — Total U.S. government agencies $ 97,786 $ 25,000 $ — $ 50,000 $ — $ 3,374 $ 176,160 Municipal 1-4 internal grade $ 1,377 $ — $ 161 $ 7,549 $ 43,603 $ 145,175 $ 197,865 5-7 internal grade — — — — — — — 8-10 internal grade — — — — — — — Total municipal $ 1,377 $ — $ 161 $ 7,549 $ 43,603 $ 145,175 $ 197,865 Mortgage-backed securities 1-4 internal grade $ 1,737,115 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,737,115 5-7 internal grade — — — — — — — 8-10 internal grade — — — — — — — Total mortgage-backed securities $ 1,737,115 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,737,115 Corporate notes 1-4 internal grade $ — $ 13,661 $ 7,462 $ 3,325 $ 3,282 $ 27,648 $ 55,378 5-7 internal grade — — — — — — — 8-10 internal grade — — — — — — — Total corporate notes $ — $ 13,661 $ 7,462 $ 3,325 $ 3,282 $ 27,648 $ 55,378 Total held-to-maturity securities $ 2,166,518 Less: Allowance for credit losses (99) Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses $ 2,166,419 Measurement of Allowance for Credit Losses The Company's allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for loan losses, the allowance for unfunded commitment losses and the allowance for held-to-maturity debt security losses. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company measures the allowance for credit losses at the time of origination or purchase of a financial asset, representing an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses on the related asset. When developing its estimate, the Company considers available information relevant to assessing the collectability of cash flows, from both internal and external sources. Historical credit loss experience is one input in the estimation process as well as inputs relevant to current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In considering past events, the Company considers the relevance, or lack thereof, of historical information due to changes in such things as financial asset underwriting or collection practices, and changes in portfolio mix due to changing business plans and strategies. In considering current conditions and forecasts, the Company considers both the current economic environment and the forecasted direction of the economic environment with emphasis on those factors deemed relevant to or driving changes in expected credit losses. As significant judgment is required, the review of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses is performed quarterly by various committees with participation by the Company's executive management. March 31, December 31, March 31, (In thousands) 2021 2020 2020 Allowance for loan losses $ 277,709 $ 319,374 $ 216,050 Allowance for unfunded lending-related commitments losses 43,500 60,536 37,362 Allowance for loan losses and unfunded lending-related commitments losses 321,209 379,910 253,412 Allowance for held-to-maturity securities losses 99 59 70 Allowance for credit losses $ 321,308 $ 379,969 $ 253,482 The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective or pooled basis when similar risk characteristics exist, based upon the segmentation discussed above. The Company utilizes modeling methodologies that estimate lifetime credit loss rates on each pool, including methodologies estimating the probability of default and loss given default on specific segments. Historical credit loss history is adjusted for reasonable and supportable forecasts developed by the Company on a quantitative or qualitative basis and incorporates third party economic forecasts. Reasonable and supportable forecasts consider the macroeconomic factors that are most relevant to evaluating and predicting expected credit losses in the Company's financial assets. Currently, the Company utilizes an eight quarter forecast period using a single macroeconomic scenario provided by a third-party and reviewed within the Company's governance structure. For periods beyond the ability to develop reasonable and supportable forecasts, the Company reverts to historical loss rates at an input level, straight-line over a four quarter reversion period. Expected credit losses are measured over the contractual term of the financial asset with consideration of expected prepayments. Expected extensions, renewals or modifications of the financial asset are only considered when either 1) the expected extension, renewal or modification is contained within the existing agreement and is not unconditionally cancelable, or 2) the expected extension, renewal or modification is reasonably expected to result in a TDR. The methodologies discussed above are applied to both current asset balances on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition and off-balance sheet commitments (i.e. unfunded lending-related commitments). Assets that do not share similar risk characteristics with a pool are assessed for the allowance for credit losses on an individual basis. These typically include assets experiencing financial difficulties, including assets rated as substandard nonaccrual and doubtful as well as assets currently classified or expected to be classified as TDRs. If foreclosure is probable or the asset is considered collateral-dependent, expected credit losses are measured based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral adjusted for selling costs, if appropriate. Underlying collateral across the Company's segments consist primarily of real estate, land and construction assets as well as general business assets of the borrower. As of March 31, 2021, substandard nonaccrual loans totaling $56.8 million in carrying balance had no related allowance for credit losses. For certain accruing current and expected TDRs, expected credit losses are measured based upon the present value of future cash flows of the modified asset terms compared to the amortized cost of the asset. Considering accounting relief provided under Section 4013 of the CARES Act, loans identified as being reasonably expected to be modified into TDRs in the future totaled $198,000 as of March 31, 2021. The Company does not measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable balances because these balances are written off in a timely manner as a reduction to interest income when assets are placed on nonaccrual status. Loan portfolios A summary of activity in the allowance for credit losses, specifically for the loan portfolio (i.e. allowance for loan losses and allowance for unfunded commitment losses), for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows. Three months ended March 31, 2021 Commercial Real Estate Home Equity Residential Real Estate Premium Finance Receivables Consumer and Other Total Loans (In thousands) Commercial Allowance for credit losses at beginning of period $ 94,212 $ 243,603 $ 11,437 $ 12,459 $ 17,777 $ 422 $ 379,910 Other adjustments — — — — 30 — 30 Charge-offs (11,781) (980) — (2) (3,239) (114) (16,116) Recoveries 452 200 101 204 1,782 32 2,771 Provision for credit losses 12,757 (61,031) (156) 1,581 1,127 336 (45,386) Allowance for credit losses at period end $ 95,640 $ 181,792 $ 11,382 $ 14,242 $ 17,477 $ 676 $ 321,209 Individually measured $ 5,046 $ 2,042 $ 338 $ 822 $ — $ 81 $ 8,329 Collectively measured 90,594 179,750 11,044 13,420 17,477 595 312,880 Loans at period end Individually measured $ 30,144 $ 43,858 $ 21,167 $ 28,675 $ — $ 560 $ 124,404 Collectively measured 12,678,063 8,500,921 369,086 1,341,382 10,070,038 35,423 32,994,913 Loans held at fair value — — — 51,916 — — 51,916 Three months ended March 31, 2020 Commercial Commercial Real Estate Home Equity Residential Real Estate Premium Finance Receivables Consumer and Other Total Loans (In thousands) Allowance for credit losses at beginning of period $ 64,920 $ 68,511 $ 3,878 $ 9,800 $ 9,647 $ 1,705 $ 158,461 Cumulative effect adjustment from the adoption of ASU 2016-13 9,039 32,064 9,061 3,002 (4,959) (863) 47,344 Other adjustments — — — — (73) — (73) Charge-offs (2,153) (570) (1,001) (401) (3,184) (128) (7,437) Recoveries 384 263 294 60 1,110 41 2,152 Provision for credit losses 35,156 12,528 162 89 5,339 (309) 52,965 Allowance for credit losses at period end $ 107,346 $ 112,796 $ 12,394 $ 12,550 $ 7,880 $ 446 $ 253,412 Individually measured $ 12,524 $ 9,108 $ 290 $ 466 $ — $ 104 $ 22,492 Collectively measured 94,822 103,688 12,104 12,084 7,880 342 230,920 Loans at period end Individually measured $ 56,416 $ 80,873 $ 23,060 $ 27,854 $ — $ 537 $ 188,740 Collectively measured 8,969,470 8,104,658 471,595 1,207,268 8,686,694 36,629 27,476,314 Loans held at fair value — — — 142,267 — — 142,267 At January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, which replaced the previous incurred loss methodology for measuring the allowance for credit losses with a lifetime expected loss methodology. At adoption, the allowance for credit losses related to loans and lending agreements increased approximately $47.3 million, including an increase of approximately $33.2 million recorded to the allowance for unfunded commitment losses within accrued interest and other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition, with an offsetting amount recorded directly to retained earnings, net of taxes. The remaining $14.2 million cumulative effect adjustment was recorded to the allowance for loan losses, presented separately on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition. Of the amount recorded to the allowance for loan losses, $11.0 million related to PCD loans with such offsetting amount added directly to the carrying balance of the loans and the remaining $3.2 million not related to PCD loans recorded directly to retained earnings, net of taxes, on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition. For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized approximately $(45.4) million and $53.0 million of provision for credit losses, respectively, related to loans and lending agreements. The decreased provision was primarily the result of improvements in the forecasted macroeconomic conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting impact on the |