Allowance for Credit Losses | Allowance for Credit Losses In accordance with ASC 326, the Company is required to measure the allowance for credit losses of financial assets with similar risk characteristics on a collective or pooled basis. In considering the segmentation of financial assets measured at amortized cost into pools, the Company considered various risk characteristics in its analysis. Generally, the segmentation utilized represents the level at which the Company develops and documents its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses for the financial assets held at amortized cost, specifically the Company's loan portfolio and debt securities classified as held-to-maturity. Below is a summary of the Company's loan portfolio segments and major debt security types: Commercial loans, including PPP loans: The Company makes commercial loans for many purposes, including working capital lines and leasing arrangements, that are generally renewable annually and supported by business assets, personal guarantees and additional collateral. Underlying collateral includes receivables, inventory, enterprise value and the assets of the business. Commercial business lending is generally considered to involve a slightly higher degree of risk than traditional consumer bank lending. This portfolio includes a range of industries, including manufacturing, restaurants, franchise, professional services, equipment finance and leasing, mortgage warehouse lending and industrial. Individually assessed collateral dependent commercial loans are primarily collateralized by equipment and the enterprise value or assets of the specific business. The Company also originated loans through the PPP. Administered by the SBA, the PPP provided short-term relief primarily related to the disruption from COVID-19 to companies and non-profits that meet the SBA’s definition of an eligible small business. Under the program, the SBA will forgive all or a portion of the loan if, during a certain period, loans were used for qualifying expenses. If all or a portion of the loan was not forgiven, the borrower is responsible for repayment. PPP loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA, including any portion not forgiven. The SBA guarantee existed at the inception of the loan and throughout its life and is not separated from the loan if the loan is subsequently sold or transferred. As it is not considered a freestanding contract, the Company considers the impact of the SBA guarantee when measuring the allowance for credit losses. Commercial real estate loans, including construction and development, and non-construction: The Company's commercial real estate loans are generally secured by a first mortgage lien and assignment of rents on the underlying property (utilized in related assessment of individually assessed collateral dependent loans). Since most of the Company's bank branches are located in the Chicago metropolitan area and southern Wisconsin, a significant portion of the Company's commercial real estate loan portfolio is located in this region. As the risks and circumstances of such loans in construction phase vary from that of non-construction commercial real estate loans, the Company assesses the allowance for credit losses separately for these two segments. Home equity loans: The Company's home equity loans and lines of credit are primarily originated by each of the bank subsidiaries in their local markets where there is a strong understanding of the underlying real estate value. The Company's banks monitor and manage these loans, and conduct an automated review of all home equity lines of credit at least twice per year. The bank’s subsidiaries use this information to manage loans that may be higher risk and to determine whether to obtain additional credit information or updated property valuations. In a limited number of cases, the Company may issue home equity credit together with first mortgage financing, and requests for such financing are evaluated on a combined basis. Residential real estate loans, including early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies: The Company's residential real estate portfolio includes one- to four-family adjustable rate mortgages that have repricing terms generally over five years, construction loans to individuals and bridge financing loans for qualifying customers, as well as certain long-term fixed rate loans. The Company's residential mortgages relate to properties located principally in the Chicago metropolitan area and southern Wisconsin or vacation homes owned by local residents. Due to interest rate risk considerations, the Company generally sells in the secondary market loans originated with long-term fixed rates, however, certain of these loans may be retained within the banks’ own loan portfolios where they are non-agency conforming, or where the terms of the loans make them favorable to retain. The Company believes that since this loan portfolio consists primarily of locally-originated loans, and since the majority of the borrowers are longer-term customers with lower LTV ratios, the Company faces a relatively low risk of borrower default and delinquency. Collateral dependent residential real estate loans that are individually assessed when measuring the allowance for credit losses are primarily collateralized by such one-to-four family properties noted above. It is not the Company's current practice to underwrite, and there are no plans to underwrite subprime, Alt A, no or little documentation loans, or option ARM loans. Additionally, early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies include loans in which the Company is eligible or has exercised its option under the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) securitization program to repurchase certain delinquent mortgage loans. Such loans were previously transferred by the Company with servicing of such loans retained. Early buy-out loans are insured or guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) or the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, subject to indemnifications and insurance limits for certain loans. Premium finance receivables: The Company makes loans to businesses to finance the insurance premiums they pay on their property and casualty insurance policies. The loans are indirectly originated by working through independent medium and large insurance agents and brokers located throughout the United States and Canada. The insurance premiums financed are primarily for commercial customers’ purchases of liability, property and casualty and other commercial insurance. This lending involves relatively rapid turnover of the loan portfolio and high volume of loan originations. The Company performs ongoing credit and other reviews of the agents and brokers to mitigate against the risk of fraud. The Company also originates life insurance premium finance receivables. These loans are originated directly with the borrowers with assistance from life insurance carriers, independent insurance agents, financial advisors and legal counsel. The life insurance policy is the primary form of collateral. In addition, these loans often are secured with a letter of credit, marketable securities or certificates of deposit. In some cases, the Company may make a loan that has a partially unsecured position. Consumer and other loans: Included in the consumer and other loan category is a wide variety of personal and consumer loans to individuals. The Company originates consumer loans in order to provide a wider range of financial services to its customers. Consumer loans generally have shorter terms and higher interest rates than mortgage loans, but generally involve more credit risk than mortgage loans due to the type and nature of the collateral. U.S. government agency securities: This security type includes debt obligations of certain government-sponsored entities of the U.S. government such as the Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation, Federal Farm Credit Banks Funding Corporation and Fannie Mae. Such securities often contain an explicit or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government. Municipal securities: The Company's municipal securities portfolio includes bond issuances for various municipal government entities located throughout the United States, including the Chicago metropolitan area and southern Wisconsin, some of which are privately placed and non-rated. Though the risk of loss is typically low, including the Company’s own past loss experience with similar investments, default history exists on municipal securities within the United States. Mortgage-backed securities: This security type includes debt obligations supported by pools of individual mortgage loans and issued by certain government-sponsored entities of the U.S. government such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Such securities are considered to contain an implicit guarantee of the U.S. government. Corporate notes: The Company's corporate notes portfolio includes bond issues for various public companies representing a diversified population of industries. The risk of loss in this portfolio is considered low based on the characteristics of the investments, including the Company’s own past history with similar investments. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company elected to not measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest. As such accrued interest is written off in a timely manner when deemed uncollectible. Any such write-off of accrued interest will reverse previously recognized interest income. In addition, the Company elected to not include accrued interest within presentation and disclosures of the carrying amount of financial assets held at amortized cost. This election is applicable to the various disclosures included within the Company's financial statements. Accrued interest related to financial assets held at amortized cost is included within accrued interest receivable and other assets within the Company's Consolidated Statements of The tables below show the aging of the Company’s loan portfolio by the segmentation noted above at September 30, 2022, December 31, 2021 and September 30, 2021: As of September 30, 2022 90+ days and still accruing 60-89 days past due 30-59 days past due (In thousands) Nonaccrual Current Total Loans Loan Balances (includes PCD): Commercial Commercial, industrial and other, excluding PPP loans $ 44,293 $ 237 $ 23,209 $ 31,640 $ 12,116,213 $ 12,215,592 Commercial PPP loans — — 1,432 3,277 38,949 43,658 Commercial real estate Construction and development 889 — — 5,715 1,518,907 1,525,511 Non-construction 9,588 — 6,041 24,256 8,012,788 8,052,673 Home equity 1,320 — 125 848 326,529 328,822 Residential real estate, excluding early buy-out loans 9,787 — 2,149 15 2,074,844 2,086,795 Premium finance receivables Property and casualty insurance loans 13,026 16,624 15,301 21,128 5,647,261 5,713,340 Life insurance loans — 1,831 13,628 44,954 7,944,443 8,004,856 Consumer and other 7 31 26 343 47,295 47,702 Total loans, net of unearned income, excluding early buy-out loans $ 78,910 $ 18,723 $ 61,911 $ 132,176 $ 37,727,229 $ 38,018,949 Early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies (1) 24,020 68,067 489 104 55,984 148,664 Total loans, net of unearned income $ 102,930 $ 86,790 $ 62,400 $ 132,280 $ 37,783,213 $ 38,167,613 As of December 31, 2021 90+ days and still accruing 60-89 days past due 30-59 days past due (In thousands) Nonaccrual Current Total Loans Loan Balances (includes PCD): Commercial Commercial, industrial and other, excluding PPP loans $ 20,399 $ — $ 23,492 $ 42,933 $ 11,258,961 $ 11,345,785 Commercial PPP loans — 15 770 928 556,570 558,283 Commercial real estate Construction and development 1,377 — — 2,809 1,352,018 1,356,204 Non-construction 20,369 — 284 37,634 7,575,795 7,634,082 Home equity 2,574 — — 1,120 331,461 335,155 Residential real estate, excluding early buy-out loans 16,440 — 982 12,145 1,576,704 1,606,271 Premium finance receivables Property and casualty insurance loans 5,433 7,210 15,490 22,419 4,804,935 4,855,487 Life insurance loans — 7 12,614 66,651 6,963,538 7,042,810 Consumer and other 477 137 34 509 23,042 24,199 Total loans, net of unearned income, excluding early buy-out loans $ 67,069 $ 7,369 $ 53,666 $ 187,148 $ 34,443,024 $ 34,758,276 Early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies (1) — — — 275 30,553 30,828 Total loans, net of unearned income $ 67,069 $ 7,369 $ 53,666 $ 187,423 $ 34,473,577 $ 34,789,104 As of September 30, 2021 90+ days and still accruing 60-89 days past due 30-59 days past due (In thousands) Nonaccrual Current Total Loans Loan Balances (includes PCD): Commercial Commercial, industrial and other, excluding PPP loans $ 26,468 $ — $ 9,768 $ 24,086 $ 10,045,662 $ 10,105,984 Commercial PPP loans — — — 1,138 1,080,850 1,081,988 Commercial real estate Construction and development 1,030 — — 12,631 1,330,054 1,343,715 Non-construction 22,676 — 5,395 67,187 7,446,741 7,541,999 Home equity 3,449 164 340 867 342,842 347,662 Residential real estate, excluding early buy-out loans 22,633 — 1,540 1,076 1,495,501 1,520,750 Premium finance receivables Property and casualty insurance loans 7,300 5,811 10,642 14,614 4,578,610 4,616,977 Life insurance loans — — 5,162 7,040 6,643,251 6,655,453 Consumer and other 384 126 16 125 21,878 22,529 Total loans, net of unearned income, excluding early buy-out loans $ 83,940 $ 6,101 $ 32,863 $ 128,764 $ 32,985,389 $ 33,237,057 Early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies (1) — — — — 26,986 26,986 Total loans, net of unearned income $ 83,940 $ 6,101 $ 32,863 $ 128,764 $ 33,012,375 $ 33,264,043 (1) Early buy-out loans are insured or guaranteed by the FHA or the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, subject to indemnifications and insurance limits for certain loans. Credit Quality Indicators Credit quality indicators, specifically the Company's internal risk rating systems, reflect how the Company monitors credit losses and represents factors used by the Company when measuring the allowance for credit losses. The following discusses the Company's credit quality indicators by financial asset. Loan portfolios The Company's ability to manage credit risk depends in large part on its ability to properly identify and manage problem loans. To do so, the Company operates a credit risk rating system under which credit management personnel assign a credit risk rating (1 to 10 rating) to each loan at the time of origination and review loans on a regular basis. For loans measured at amortized cost (or excluding loans measured at fair value, such as early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies), these credit risk ratings are also an important aspect of the Company's allowance for credit losses measurement methodology. The credit risk rating structure and classifications are shown below: Pass (risk rating 1 to 5): Based on various factors (liquidity, leverage, etc.), the Company believes asset quality is acceptable and is deemed to not require additional monitoring by the Company. Special mention (risk rating 6): Assets in this category are currently protected, and potentially weak, but not to the point of substandard classification. Loss potential is moderate if corrective action is not taken. Substandard accrual (risk rating 7): Assets in this category have well defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. Loss potential is distinct but with no discernible impairment. Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful (risk rating 8 and 9): Assets have all the weaknesses in those classified “substandard accrual” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current existing facts, conditions, and values, improbable. Loss/fully charged-off (risk rating 10): Assets in this category are considered fully uncollectible. As such, these assets have no carrying balance on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition. Early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies: As noted above, such loans are measured at fair value and thus excluded from the measurement of the allowance for credit losses. Credit risk ratings assigned to such loans are considered in the measurement of fair value as well as related guarantees provided by the FHA or the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, subject to indemnifications and insurance limits for certain loans. Generally, each loan officer is responsible for monitoring his or her loan portfolio, recommending a credit risk rating for each loan in his or her portfolio and ensuring the credit risk ratings are appropriate. These credit risk ratings are then ratified by the bank’s chief credit officer and/or concurrence credit officer. Credit risk ratings are determined by evaluating a number of factors including: a borrower’s financial strength, cash flow coverage, collateral protection and guarantees. The Company’s Problem Loan Reporting system includes all such loans described above with credit risk ratings of 6 through 9. This system is designed to provide an ongoing detailed tracking mechanism for each problem loan. Once management determines that a loan has deteriorated to a point where it has a credit risk rating of 6 or worse, the Company’s Managed Asset Division performs an overall credit and collateral review. As part of this review, all underlying collateral is identified and the valuation methodology is analyzed and tracked. As a result of this initial review by the Company’s Managed Asset Division, the credit risk rating is reviewed and a portion of the outstanding loan balance may be deemed uncollectible and, as a result, no longer share similar risk characteristics as its related pool. If that is the case, the individual loan is considered collateral dependent and individually assessed for an allowance for credit loss. The Company’s individual assessment utilizes an independent re-appraisal of the collateral (unless such a third-party evaluation is not possible due to the unique nature of the collateral, such as a closely-held business or thinly traded securities). In the case of commercial real estate collateral, an independent third party appraisal is ordered by the Company’s Real Estate Services Group to determine if there has been any change in the underlying collateral value. These independent appraisals are reviewed by the Real Estate Services Group and sometimes by independent third party valuation experts and may be adjusted depending upon market conditions. Through the credit risk rating process, such loans are reviewed to determine if they are performing in accordance with the original contractual terms. If the borrower has failed to comply with the original contractual terms, further action may be required by the Company, including a downgrade in the credit risk rating, movement to nonaccrual status or a charge-off. If the Company determines that a loan amount or portion thereof is uncollectible, the loan’s credit risk rating is immediately downgraded to an 8 or 9 and the uncollectible amount is charged-off. Any loan that has a partial charge-off continues to be assigned a credit risk rating of an 8 or 9 for the duration of time that a balance remains outstanding. The Company undertakes a thorough and ongoing analysis to determine if additional impairment and/or charge-offs are appropriate and to begin a workout plan for the credit to minimize actual losses. In determining the appropriate charge-off for collateral-dependent loans, the Company considers the results of appraisals for the associated collateral. The table below shows the Company’s loan portfolio by credit quality indicator and year of origination at September 30, 2022: Year of Origination Revolving Total (In thousands) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Revolving to Term Loans Loan Balances: Commercial, industrial and other Pass $ 1,871,088 $ 2,485,791 $ 1,166,137 $ 695,054 $ 517,699 $ 899,602 $ 4,088,668 $ 46,525 $ 11,770,564 Special mention 17,507 47,497 10,996 40,081 39,599 15,177 99,424 90 270,371 Substandard accrual 1,783 41,724 25,692 12,938 6,837 3,681 37,709 — 130,364 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful 125 370 4,035 29,497 1,224 5,158 3,813 71 44,293 Total commercial, industrial and other $ 1,890,503 $ 2,575,382 $ 1,206,860 $ 777,570 $ 565,359 $ 923,618 $ 4,229,614 $ 46,686 $ 12,215,592 Commercial PPP Pass $ — $ 30,126 $ 7,963 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 38,089 Special mention — 2,484 289 — — — — — 2,773 Substandard accrual — 2,324 472 — — — — — 2,796 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total commercial PPP $ — $ 34,934 $ 8,724 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 43,658 Construction and development Pass $ 272,843 $ 490,456 $ 380,020 $ 172,107 $ 37,778 $ 99,876 $ 14,783 $ — $ 1,467,863 Special mention — — 12,647 3,554 19,460 84 — — 35,745 Substandard accrual — — 8,407 — — 12,607 — — 21,014 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — — — — — 889 — — 889 Total construction and development $ 272,843 $ 490,456 $ 401,074 $ 175,661 $ 57,238 $ 113,456 $ 14,783 $ — $ 1,525,511 Non-construction Pass $ 1,340,763 $ 1,521,514 $ 1,037,513 $ 883,456 $ 621,687 $ 2,243,859 $ 153,330 $ 5,325 $ 7,807,447 Special mention 4,349 3,954 6,408 15,119 41,036 80,760 — — 151,626 Substandard accrual — — 836 14,286 26,236 42,654 — — 84,012 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — — — — 114 9,474 — — 9,588 Total non-construction $ 1,345,112 $ 1,525,468 $ 1,044,757 $ 912,861 $ 689,073 $ 2,376,747 $ 153,330 $ 5,325 $ 8,052,673 Home equity Pass $ — $ — $ — $ 56 $ — $ 5,122 $ 307,969 $ — $ 313,147 Special mention — — — — 237 100 3,785 — 4,122 Substandard accrual — — — — — 8,520 793 920 10,233 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — — — 18 — 1,302 — — 1,320 Total home equity $ — $ — $ — $ 74 $ 237 $ 15,044 $ 312,547 $ 920 $ 328,822 Residential real estate Early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies $ — $ 1,365 $ 10,109 $ 24,173 $ 21,038 $ 91,979 $ — $ — $ 148,664 Pass 654,064 838,127 231,989 123,610 52,724 156,557 — — 2,057,071 Special mention 1,275 2,454 166 966 1,399 5,068 — — 11,328 Substandard accrual 679 524 2,903 — 319 4,184 — — 8,609 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful 113 362 781 2,210 406 5,915 — — 9,787 Total residential real estate $ 656,131 $ 842,832 $ 245,948 $ 150,959 $ 75,886 $ 263,703 $ — $ — $ 2,235,459 Premium finance receivables - property and casualty Pass $ 5,416,268 $ 172,151 $ 9,279 $ 2,651 $ 53 $ — $ — $ — $ 5,600,402 Special mention 92,043 3,822 84 — — — — — 95,949 Substandard accrual 1,033 2,890 40 — — — — — 3,963 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful 9,206 3,814 6 — — — — — 13,026 Total premium finance receivables - property and casualty $ 5,518,550 $ 182,677 $ 9,409 $ 2,651 $ 53 $ — $ — $ — $ 5,713,340 Premium finance receivables - life Pass $ 389,968 $ 717,377 $ 1,030,974 $ 900,998 $ 751,341 $ 4,214,198 $ — $ — $ 8,004,856 Special mention — — — — — — — — — Substandard accrual — — — — — — — — — Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — — — — — — — — — Total premium finance receivables - life $ 389,968 $ 717,377 $ 1,030,974 $ 900,998 $ 751,341 $ 4,214,198 $ — $ — $ 8,004,856 Consumer and other Pass $ 2,179 $ 1,822 $ 438 $ 539 $ 390 $ 9,029 $ 33,084 $ — $ 47,481 Special mention — 6 — 4 — 115 4 — 129 Substandard accrual — 4 1 — — 71 9 — 85 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful — 6 — 1 — — — — 7 Total consumer and other $ 2,179 $ 1,838 $ 439 $ 544 $ 390 $ 9,215 $ 33,097 $ — $ 47,702 Total loans Early buy-out loans guaranteed by U.S. government agencies $ — $ 1,365 $ 10,109 $ 24,173 $ 21,038 $ 91,979 $ — $ — $ 148,664 Pass 9,947,173 6,257,364 3,864,313 2,778,471 1,981,672 7,628,243 4,597,834 51,850 37,106,920 Special mention 115,174 60,217 30,590 59,724 101,731 101,304 103,213 90 572,043 Substandard accrual 3,495 47,466 38,351 27,224 33,392 71,717 38,511 920 261,076 Substandard nonaccrual/doubtful 9,444 4,552 4,822 31,726 1,744 22,738 3,813 71 78,910 Total loans $ 10,075,286 $ 6,370,964 $ 3,948,185 $ 2,921,318 $ 2,139,577 $ 7,915,981 $ 4,743,371 $ 52,931 $ 38,167,613 Held-to-maturity debt securities The Company conducts an assessment of its investment securities, including those classified as held-to-maturity, at the time of purchase and on at least an annual basis to ensure such investment securities remain within appropriate levels of risk and continue to perform satisfactorily in fulfilling its obligations. The Company considers, among other factors, the nature of the securities and credit ratings or financial condition of the issuer. If available, the Company obtains a credit rating for issuers from a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (“NRSRO”) for consideration. If no such rating is available for an issuer, the Company performs an internal rating based on the scale utilized within the loan portfolio as discussed above. For purposes of the table below, the Company has converted any issuer rating from an NRSRO into the Company’s internal ratings based on Investment Policy and review by the Company’s management. As of September 30, 2022 Year of Origination Total (In thousands) 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 Prior Balance Amortized Cost Balances: U.S. government agencies 1-4 internal grade $ 135,000 $ 147,799 $ 25,000 $ 4,000 $ — $ 2,819 $ 314,618 5-7 internal grade — — — — — — — 8-10 internal grade — — — — — — — Total U.S. government agencies $ 135,000 $ 147,799 $ 25,000 $ 4,000 $ — $ 2,819 $ 314,618 Municipal 1-4 internal grade $ — $ 7,023 $ 275 $ 160 $ 7,423 $ 165,423 $ 180,304 5-7 internal grade — — — — — — — 8-10 internal grade — — — — — — — Total municipal $ — $ 7,023 $ 275 $ 160 $ 7,423 $ 165,423 $ 180,304 Mortgage-backed securities 1-4 internal grade $ 369,719 $ 2,477,108 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2,846,827 5-7 internal grade — — — — — — — 8-10 internal grade — — — — — — — Total mortgage-backed securities $ 369,719 $ 2,477,108 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2,846,827 Corporate notes 1-4 internal grade $ 4,962 $ — $ 6,010 $ 7,334 $ 3,203 $ 26,894 $ 48,403 5-7 internal grade — — — — — — — 8-10 internal grade — — — — — — — Total corporate notes $ 4,962 $ — $ 6,010 $ 7,334 $ 3,203 $ 26,894 $ 48,403 Total held-to-maturity securities $ 3,390,152 Less: Allowance for credit losses (310) Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses $ 3,389,842 Measurement of Allowance for Credit Losses The Company's allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for loan losses, the allowance for unfunded commitment losses and the allowance for held-to-maturity debt security losses. In accordance with ASC 326, the Company measures the allowance for credit losses at the time of origination or purchase of a financial asset, representing an estimate of lifetime expected credit losses on the related asset. When developing its estimate, the Company considers available information relevant to assessing the collectability of cash flows, from both internal and external sources. Historical credit loss experience is one input in the estimation process as well as inputs relevant to current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. In considering past events, the Company considers the relevance, or lack thereof, of historical information due to changes in such things as financial asset underwriting or collection practices, and changes in portfolio mix due to changing business plans and strategies. In considering current conditions and forecasts, the Company considers both the current economic environment and the forecasted direction of the economic environment with emphasis on those factors deemed relevant to or driving changes in expected credit losses. As significant judgment is required, the review of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses is performed quarterly by various committees with participation by the Company's executive management. September 30, December 31, September 30, (In thousands) 2022 2021 2021 Allowance for loan losses $ 246,110 $ 247,835 $ 248,612 Allowance for unfunded lending-related commitments losses 68,918 51,818 47,443 Allowance for loan losses and unfunded lending-related commitments losses 315,028 299,653 296,055 Allowance for held-to-maturity securities losses 310 78 83 Allowance for credit losses $ 315,338 $ 299,731 $ 296,138 The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective or pooled basis when similar risk characteristics exist, based upon the segmentation discussed above. The Company utilizes modeling methodologies that estimate lifetime credit loss rates on each pool, including methodologies estimating the probability of default and loss given default on specific segments. Historical credit loss history is adjusted for reasonable and supportable forecasts developed by the Company on a quantitative or qualitative basis and incorporates third party economic forecasts. Reasonable and supportable forecasts consider the macroeconomic factors that are most relevant to evaluating and predicting expected credit losses in the Company's financial assets. Currently, the Company utilizes an eight quarter forecast period using a single macroeconomic scenario provided by a third party and reviewed within the Company's governance structure. For periods beyond the ability to develop reasonable and supportable forecasts, the Company reverts to historical loss rates at an input level, straight-line over a four quarter reversion period. Expected credit losses are measured over the contractual term of the financial asset with consideration of expected prepayments. Expected extensions, renewals or modifications of the financial asset are only considered when either 1) the expected extension, renewal or modification is contained within the existing agreement and is not unconditionally cancelable, or 2) the expected extension, renewal or modification is reasonably expected to result in a TDR. The methodologies discussed above are applied to both current asset balances on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Condition and off-balance sheet commitments (i.e. unfunded lending-related commitments). Assets that do not share similar risk characteristics with a pool are assessed for the allowance for credit losses on an individual basis. These typically include assets experiencing financial difficulties, including assets rated as substandard nonaccrual and doubtful as well as assets currently classified or expected to be classified as TDRs. If foreclosure is probable or the asset is considered collateral-dependent, expected credit losses are measured based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral adjusted for selling costs, if appropriate. Underlying collateral across the Company's segments consist primarily of real estate, land and construction assets as well as general business assets of the borrower. As of September 30, 2022, excluding loans carried at fair value, substandard nonaccrual loans totaling $32.0 million in carrying balance had no related allowance for credit losses. For certain accruing current and expected TDRs, expected credit losses are measured based upon the present value of future cash flows of the modified asset terms compared to the amortized cost of the asset. Loans identified as being reasonably expected to be modified into TDRs in the future totaled $8.4 million as of September 30, 2022. The Company does not measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable balances because these balances are written off in a timely manner as a reduction to interest income when assets are placed on nonaccrual status. Loan portfolios A summary of activity in the allowance for credit losses, specifically for the loan portfolio (i.e. allowance for loan losses and allowance for unfunded commitment losses), for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 is as follows. Three months ended September 30, 2022 Commercial Real Estate Home Equity Residential Real Estate Premium Finance Receivables Consumer and Other Total Loans (In thousands) Commercial Allowance for credit losses at beginning of period $ 142,919 $ 143,732 $ 6,990 $ 10,479 $ 7,502 $ 487 $ 312,109 Other adjustments — — — — (105) — (105) Charge-offs (780) (24) (43) (5) (6,037) (635) (7,524) Recoveries 2,523 55 38 60 1,648 31 4,355 Provision for credit losses (9,346) 6,955 70 489 7,424 601 6,193 Allowance for credit losses at period end $ 135,316 $ 150,718 $ 7,055 $ 11,023 $ 10,432 $ 484 $ 315,028 By measurement method: Individually measured $ 8,866 $ 378 $ 71 $ 727 $ — $ 1 $ 10,043 Collectively measured 126,450 150,340 6,984 10,296 10,432 483 304,985 Loans at period end Individually measured $ 46,547 $ 27,882 $ 11,421 $ 19,440 $ — $ 75 $ 105,365 Collectively measured 12,212,703 9,550,302 317,401 2,059,126 13,718,196 47,627 37,905,355 Loans held at fair value — — — 156,893 — — 156,893 Three months ended September 30, 2021 Commercial Commercial Real |