| Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Financial Statement Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016 included in the Apricus Biosciences, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 13, 2017. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. In the opinion of management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements for the periods presented reflect all adjustments, consisting of only normal, recurring adjustments, necessary to fairly state the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Certain prior year items have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. The December 31, 2016 condensed consolidated balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all GAAP disclosures. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year. The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the accompanying notes. The Company’s actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Liquidity The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis which assumes the Company is a going concern and that contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company had an accumulated deficit of approximately $309.7 million and working capital of $6.8 million as of June 30, 2017 and reported net income of approximately $6.6 million and negative cash flows from operations for the six months ended June 30, 2017 . While the Company believes it has enough cash to fund its current operating plans through the third quarter of 2018 , the Company’s history and other factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Company has principally been financed through the sale of its common stock and other equity securities, debt financings, up-front payments received from commercial partners for the Company’s products under development, and through the sale of assets. As of June 30, 2017 , the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $7.8 million . On April 26, 2017, the Company completed an underwritten public offering (the “April 2017 Financing”) for net proceeds of approximately $5.9 million , after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. Pursuant to the underwriting agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (the “Underwriter”), the Company sold to the Underwriter an aggregate of 5,030,000 units. Each unit consisted of one share of common stock and one warrant to purchase 0.75 of a share of common stock, sold at a public offering price of $1.40 per unit. At the time of the offering closing, the Company did not have a sufficient number of authorized common stock to cover shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the warrants. The sufficient number of authorized common stock became available on May 17, 2017 when the Company received stockholder approval of the proposed amendment to the Company’s Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock (the “Charter Amendment”) and the Charter Amendment became effective on that date. The warrants will expire five years from May 17, 2017, the date the warrants became exercisable, and the exercise price of the warrants is $1.55 per share of common stock. In connection with this transaction, the Company issued to the underwriters warrants to purchase up to 251,500 shares of common stock (the “Underwriter Warrants”). The Underwriter Warrants have substantially the same terms as the warrants being sold concurrently to the investors in the offering, except that the Underwriter Warrants have a term of five years from the effective date of the related prospectus, or April 20, 2017, and an exercise price of $1.75 per share. The common shares, warrants and warrant shares were issued and sold pursuant to an effective registration statement on Form S-1, which was previously filed with the SEC and declared effective on April 20, 2017 (File No. 333-217036), and a related prospectus. On April 20, 2017, the Company entered into a warrant amendment with the holders of the Company’s warrants to purchase common stock of the Company, issued in the September 2016 Financing as described below, pursuant to which, among other things, (i) the exercise price of the warrants was reduced to $1.55 per share (the exercise price of the warrants sold in the April 2017 Financing), and (ii) the date upon which such warrants became exercisable was changed to the effective date of the Charter Amendment, or May 17, 2017. On March 8, 2017 , the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Ferring Asset Purchase Agreement”) with Ferring International Center S.A. (“Ferring’), pursuant to which it sold to Ferring its assets and rights related to Vitaros outside of the United States for up to approximately $12.7 million . In addition to an upfront payment of $11.5 million , Ferring paid the Company approximately $0.7 million for the delivery of certain product-related inventory and $0.25 million related to transition services. The Company is eligible to receive a second quarterly payment of $0.25 million related to transition services, subject to certain limitations, during the third quarter of 2017. The Company has retained the U.S. development and commercialization rights for Vitaros, which the Company has in-licensed from Allergan plc (“Allergan”). The Company used approximately $6.6 million of the proceeds from the sale to repay all outstanding amounts due and owed, including applicable termination fees, under its Loan and Security Agreement (the “Credit Facility”) with Oxford Finance LLC (“Oxford”) and Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) (Oxford and SVB are referred to together as the “Lenders”). In September 2016, the Company completed a registered direct offering of 1,082,402 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $3.7 million (the “September 2016 Financing”). Concurrently in a private placement, for each share of common stock purchased by an investor, such investor received from the Company an unregistered warrant to purchase 0.75 of a share of common stock. See note 6 for further description. Under the terms of the securities purchase agreement entered into with such investors, the Company agreed not to sell any shares of common stock or common stock equivalents for a period of 90 days, which expired on December 27, 2016. In July 2016, the Company and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC (“Aspire Capital”) entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Aspire Purchase Agreement”), which provides that Aspire Capital is committed to purchase, if the Company chooses to sell and at the Company’s discretion, an aggregate of up to $7.0 million of shares of the Company’s common stock over the 24 -month term of the Aspire Purchase Agreement. The Aspire Purchase Agreement can be terminated at any time by the Company by delivering notice to Aspire Capital. On July 5, 2016 (the “Aspire Closing Date”), the Company delivered to Aspire Capital a commitment fee of 151,899 shares of the Company’s common stock at a value of $0.6 million (the “Commitment Shares”) in consideration for Aspire Capital entering into the Aspire Purchase Agreement. Additionally, on the Aspire Closing Date, the Company sold 253,165 shares of the Company’s common stock to Aspire Capital for proceeds of $1.0 million . Through June 30, 2017 , 455,064 shares of the Company’s common stock have been sold for gross proceeds of $1.2 million . However, in connection with the September 2016 and April 2017 Financings, the Company agreed to not make any further sales under the Aspire Purchase Agreement for a period of twelve months following the date of each financing, which prohibition will run through April 20, 2018. In January 2016, the Company entered into subscription agreements with certain purchasers pursuant to which it agreed to sell an aggregate of 1,136,364 shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase up to an additional 568,184 shares of its common stock to the purchasers for an aggregate offering price of $10.0 million , to take place in separate closings. Each share of common stock was sold at a price of $8.80 and included one half of a warrant to purchase a share of common stock. The warrants have an exercise price of $8.80 per share, became exercisable six months and one day after the date of issuance and will expire on the seventh anniversary of the date of issuance. During the first closing in January 2016, the Company sold an aggregate of 252,842 shares and warrants to purchase up to 126,421 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of $2.2 million . The remaining shares and warrants were sold in a subsequent closing in March 2016 for gross proceeds of $7.8 million following stockholder approval at a special meeting on March 2, 2016. The Company currently has an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-198066) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under which it may offer from time to time any combination of debt securities, common and preferred stock and warrants. As of June 30, 2017 , the Company had approximately $74.1 million available under its Form S-3 shelf registration statement. Under current SEC regulations, at any time during which the aggregate market value of the Company’s common stock held by non-affiliates (“public float”), is less than $75.0 million , the amount it can raise through primary public offerings of securities in any twelve-month period using shelf registration statements, including sales under the Aspire Purchase Agreement, is limited to an aggregate of one-third of the Company’s public float. SEC regulations permit the Company to use the highest closing sales price of the Company’s common stock (or the average of the last bid and last ask prices of the Company’s common stock) on any day within 60 days of sales under the shelf registration statement. As the Company’s public float was less than $75.0 million as of June 30, 2017 , the Company’s usage of its S-3 shelf registration statement is limited. The Company still maintains the ability to raise funds through other means, such as through the filing of a registration statement on Form S-1 or in private placements. The rules and regulations of the SEC or any other regulatory agencies may restrict the Company’s ability to conduct certain types of financing activities, or may affect the timing of and amounts it can raise by undertaking such activities. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue to operate as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business, and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from uncertainty related to its ability to continue as a going concern. The Company’s future liquidity and capital funding requirements will depend on numerous factors, including: • its ability to raise additional funds to finance its operations; • its ability to maintain compliance with the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market; • the timing and outcome of the Company’s new drug application (“NDA”), resubmission for Vitaros, and any additional development requirements imposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) in connection with such resubmission; • the outcome, costs and timing of clinical trial results for its product candidates; • the extent and amount of any indemnification claims made by Ferring under the Ferring Asset Purchase Agreement; • the emergence and effect of competing or complementary products; • its ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of its intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments the Company may be required to make, or that it may receive, in connection with the licensing, filing, prosecution, defense and enforcement of any patents or other intellectual property rights; • its ability to retain its current employees and the need and ability to hire additional management and scientific and medical personnel; • the terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing or other arrangements that it has or may establish; • the restrictions from using the Company’s committed equity facility with Aspire Capital until April 2018; • the trading price of the Company’s common stock being above the $1.00 closing floor price that is required for the Company to use the committed equity financing facility with Aspire Capital when it becomes available in April 2018; • the trading price of its common stock; and • its ability to increase the number of authorized shares outstanding to facilitate future financing events. In May 2016, the Company received notice from NASDAQ indicating that it was not in compliance with NASDAQ Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) because the closing bid price for its Common Stock had been below $1.00 per share for the previous thirty (30) consecutive business days. In October 2016, the Company regained compliance with NASDAQ Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) by effecting a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of its common stock. In June 2016, the Company received notice from NASDAQ indicating that it was not in compliance with NASDAQ Listing Rule 5550(b)(2) because the market value of the Company’s listed securities (“MVLS”) was below $35 million for the previous thirty (30) consecutive business days and in November 2016, the Company received a further notice from NASDAQ that it was subject to delisting for failing to meet the continued listing requirements in Rule 5550(b)(2). Such delisting was stayed when the Company requested a hearing with the NASDAQ hearings panel, after which the Company was granted a grace period to regain compliance. Under Rule 5550(b)(2), compliance can be achieved in several ways, including meeting the $35 million MVLS requirement, maintaining a stockholder’s equity value of at least $2.5 million or having net income of at least $500,000 for two of the last three fiscal years. On May 2, 2017, the Company was notified that it had evidenced full compliance with all criteria for continued listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market, including the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement. Notwithstanding the proceeds from the closing of the Ferring Asset Purchase Agreement and the proceeds from the April 2017 Financing, in order to fund its operations during the next twelve months from the issuance date, the Company may need to raise substantial additional funds through one or more of the following: issuance of additional debt or equity, or the completion of a licensing transaction for one or more of the Company’s pipeline assets. Specifically, expenses have been significantly reduced as a result of the closing of the Ferring Asset Purchase Agreement. Management has an operating plan in place that focuses almost entirely on the resubmission of the Vitaros NDA during the third quarter of 2017. As part of this plan, there are minimal expenditures for ongoing scientific research, product development or clinical research. If the Company is unable to maintain sufficient financial resources, its business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected. This could affect future development activities, such as the resubmission of the Vitaros NDA, as well as potential future clinical studies for RayVa. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain the needed financing on acceptable terms or at all. Additionally, equity or debt financings may have a dilutive effect on the holdings of the Company’s existing stockholders. Warrant Liabilities The Company’s outstanding common stock warrants issued in connection with its February 2015 and January 2016 financings are classified as liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as they contain provisions that are considered outside of the Company’s control, such as requiring the Company to maintain active registration of the shares underlying such warrants. The warrants were recorded at fair value using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of these warrants is re-measured at each financial reporting period with any changes in fair value being recognized as a component of other income (expense) in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The warrants issued in connection with the September 2016 financing were reclassified from warrant liabilities to stockholders’ equity as a result of an amendment to such warrants executed as part of the April 2017 Financing. The warrants issued in September 2016 were amended so that, under no circumstance or by any event outside of the Company’s control, can these awards be cash settled. As a result, such warrants are no longer accounted for as liabilities. The Company holds other equity-classified warrants in addition to the September 2016 warrants. See note 6 for further details. Fair Value Measurements The Company determines the fair value measurements of applicable assets and liabilities based on a three-tier fair value hierarchy established by accounting guidance and prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted market prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. The Company’s common stock warrant liabilities are measured and disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis, and are classified within the Level 3 designation. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability. The following table presents the Company’s fair value hierarchy for its warrant liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands) as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 : Quoted Market Prices for Identical Assets Significant Other Significant Total Warrant liabilities Balance as of June 30, 2017 $ — $ — $ 339 $ 339 Balance as of December 31, 2016 $ — $ — $ 846 $ 846 The common stock warrant liabilities are recorded at fair value using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following assumptions were used in determining the fair value of the common stock warrant liabilities valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 : June 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 Risk-free interest rate 1.91%-1.92% 1.64%-1.99% Volatility 86.44%-87.16% 77.25%-81.03% Dividend yield — % — % Expected term 5.54-5.68 4.75-6.17 Weighted average fair value $ 0.39 $ 0.49 The following table is a reconciliation for all liabilities measured at fair value using Level 3 unobservable inputs (in thousands): Warrant liabilities Balance as of December 31, 2016 $ 846 Change in fair value measurement of warrant liability 291 Warrant liability reclassified to stockholders' equity (798 ) Balance as of June 30, 2017 $ 339 Of the inputs used to value the outstanding common stock warrant liabilities as of June 30, 2017 , the most subjective input is the Company’s estimate of expected volatility. Revenue Recognition Historically, the Company has generated revenues from licensing technology rights and the sale of products. The Company recognizes revenue when all of the following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (2) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (3) the Company’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and (4) collectability is reasonably assured. Payments received under commercial arrangements, such as licensing technology rights, may include non-refundable fees at the inception of the arrangements, milestone payments for specific achievements designated in the agreements, and royalties on the sale of products. The Company considers a variety of factors in determining the appropriate method of accounting under its license agreements, including whether the various elements can be separated and accounted for individually as separate units of accounting. As a result of the Company’s sale of its assets and rights related to Vitaros outside of the U.S. to Ferring, pursuant to the Ferring Asset Purchase Agreement, all revenues generated related to Vitaros outside of the United States have been reclassifed as discontinued operations. See note 2 for further details. Multiple Element Arrangements Deliverables under the arrangement will be separate units of accounting, provided (i) a delivered item has value to the customer on a standalone basis; and (ii) the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially in the Company’s control. The Company accounts for revenue arrangements with multiple elements by separating and allocating consideration according to the relative selling price of each deliverable. If an element can be separated, an amount is allocated based upon the relative selling price of each element. The Company determines the relative selling price of a separate deliverable using the price it charges other customers when it sells that product or service separately. If the product or service is not sold separately and third party pricing evidence is not available, the Company will use its best estimate of selling price. Milestones Revenue is recognized when earned, as evidenced by written acknowledgment from the collaborator or other persuasive evidence that the milestone has been achieved, provided that the milestone event is substantive. A milestone event is considered to be substantive if its achievability was not reasonably assured at the inception of the arrangement and the Company’s efforts led to the achievement of the milestone (or if the milestone was due upon the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance). Events for which the occurrence is either contingent solely upon the passage of time or the result of a counterparty’s performance are not considered to be milestone events. If both of these criteria are not met, the milestone payment is recognized over the remaining minimum period of the Company’s performance obligations under the arrangement, if any. The Company assesses whether a milestone is substantive at the inception of each arrangement. License Fee Revenue The Company defers recognition of non-refundable upfront license fees if it has continuing performance obligations, without which the licensed data, technology, or product has no utility to the licensee separate and independent of its performance under the other elements of the applicable arrangement. Non-refundable, up-front fees that are not contingent on any future performance by the Company and require no consequential continuing involvement on the Company’s part are recognized as revenue when the license term commences and the last element of the licensed data, technology or product is delivered. The specific methodology for the recognition of the revenue is determined on a case-by-case basis according to the facts and circumstances of the applicable agreement. Product Sales Revenue Historically, the Company’s product sales revenue was comprised of two components: sales of Vitaros to its former commercialization partners and sales of component inventory to its former manufacturing partners. The supply and manufacturing agreements with certain of its former commercialization partners for the manufacture and delivery of Vitaros prior to March 8, 2017, the closing date of the Ferring Asset Purchase Agreement, did not permit the Company’s former commercialization partners to return product, unless the product sold to the licensee partner was delivered with a short-dated shelf life as specified in each respective license agreement, if applicable. In those cases, the Company deferred revenue recognition until the right of return no longer existed, which was the earlier of: (i) evidence that the product had been sold to an end customer or (ii) the right of return had expired. As such, the Company did not have a sales and returns allowance recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2017 or 2016. Historically, sales of component inventory to the former manufacturing partners was accounted for on a net basis since these products were ultimately returned to the Company as finished goods and were then sold onto commercialization partners. Beginning in 2016, the majority of the Company’s former commercialization partners bought the finished goods directly from the manufacturers and therefore, the Company’s component sales were no longer recognized on a net basis. During the six months ended June 30, 2017 , the Company recognized $ 0.1 million in revenues from component sales to its third party manufacturers, which is presented as discontinued operations in the current period presented. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 , the Company recognized $0.01 million and $0.3 million , respectively, in revenues from component sales to its third party manufacturers. Royalty Revenue Historically, the Company relied on its former commercial partners to sell Vitaros in approved markets and received royalty revenue from its former commercial partners based upon the amount of those sales. Royalty revenues are computed and recognized on a quarterly basis, typically one quarter in arrears, and at the contractual royalty rate pursuant to the terms of each respective license agreement. Royalty revenue recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 was $0.1 million and $0.4 million , respectively. Royalty revenue recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 was $0.3 million and $0.7 million , respectively. Both are presented as discontinued operations in the current statement of operations. Cost of Goods Sold Historically, the Company’s cost of goods sold included direct material and manufacturing overhead associated with production of Vitaros and component inventory. Cost of goods sold was also affected by manufacturing efficiencies, allowances for scrap or expired material and additional costs related to initial production quantities of new products. Cost of goods sold also included the cost of one-time manufactured samples provided to the Company’s former commercialization partners free of charge. Income (Loss) Per Common Share Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the same period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares and common equivalent shares outstanding during the same period. Common equivalent shares may be related to stock options, restricted stock, or warrants. The Company excludes common stock equivalents from the calculation of diluted net loss per share when the effect is anti-dilutive. As of June 30, 2017 2016 Outstanding stock options 400 492 Outstanding warrants 6,095 1,452 Restricted stock 934 116 Stock-Based Compensation The estimated grant date fair value of stock options granted to employees and directors is calculated based upon the closing stock price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant and recognized as stock-based compensation expense over the expected service period, which is typically approximated by the vesting period. The Company estimates the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The table below presents the weighted average assumptions used by the Company to estimate the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, as well as the resulting weighted average fair values at their issuance dates during the six months ended June 30, 2016 . No stock options were granted during the first six months of 2017. June 30, 2016 Risk-free interest rate 1.36%-1.78% Volatility 72.35%-80.02% Dividend yield — % Expected term 5.25-6.08 years Forfeiture rate 11.33 % Weighted average grant date fair value $ 7.20 A summary of the Company’s stock option activity under its stock option plans during the six months ended June 30, 2017 is as follows (share amounts in thousands): Number of Weighted Outstanding as of December 31, 2016 415 $ 17.23 Cancelled (14 ) $ 14.96 Outstanding as of June 30, 2017 400 $ 17.31 A summary of the Company’s restricted stock unit activity under its stock option plans during the six months ended June 30, 2017 is as follows (share amounts in thousands): Number of Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Unvested as of December 31, 2016 115 $ 5.11 Granted 873 $ 1.13 Vested (35 ) $ 5.59 Forfeited (19 ) $ 1.78 Unvested as of June 30, 2017 934 $ 1.44 The Company grants restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to its employees in order to retain and incentivize its employees to achieve its strategic objectives. During the first quarter of 2017, the Company granted approximately 0.5 million RSUs, one half of which will vest if the Company receives marketing approval of Vitaros in the United States by the FDA and the remaining half will vest on November 2018. During the second quarter of 2017, the Company granted approximately 0.4 million RSUs to its employees, one half of which will vest upon the resubmission of the NDA to the FDA and the remaining half if the Company receives marketing approval of Vitaros in the United States by the FDA. The RSUs are subject to the employee’s continued employment with the Company through the applicable date and subject to accelerated vesting upon a change in control of the Company. The RSUs granted to the Company’s officers are also subject to accelerated vesting pursuant to the terms of their existing employment agreements. The Company records expense related to its performance RSUs based on the probability of occurrence, which is reassessed each quarter. The following table summarizes the total stock-based compensation expense resulting from share-based awards recorded in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended 2017 2016 2017 2016 Research and development $ 85 $ 362 $ 137 $ 425 General and administrative 202 377 435 669 Total $ 287 $ 739 $ 572 $ 1,094 Segment Information The Company operates under one segment which develops pharmaceutical products. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which clarifies the treatment of several cash flow categories. In addition, ASU 2016-15 clarifies that when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows and cannot be separated, classification will depend on the predominant source or use. This update is effective |
