Accounting Policies | |
| 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2008
USD / shares
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Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements Disclosure [Text Block] | |
Consolidation, Policy [Text Block] |
CONSOLIDATION. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of UTC and our controlled subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated. |
Use of Estimates | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements [note 1] Summary of Accounting Principles The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates. |
Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block] | |
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy [Text Block] |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS. Cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand, demand deposits and short-term cash investments that are highly liquid in nature and have original maturities of three months or less.
On occasion, we are required to maintain cash deposits with certain banks in respect to contractual obligations related to acquisitions or divestitures or other legal obligations. As of December 31, 2008, the amount of restricted cash was approximately $310 million, of which approximately $35 million is included in current assets and $275 million is included in long-term assets. Restricted cash as of December 31, 2007 was not significant. |
Receivables, Policy [Text Block] |
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE. Current and long-term accounts receivable include retainage of $154 million and $121 million in 2008 and 2007, respectively, and unbilled receivables of $852 million and $643 million in 2008 and 2007, respectively.
Retainage represents amounts that, pursuant to the applicable contract, are not due until project completion and acceptance by the customer. Unbilled receivables represent revenues that are not currently billable to the customer under the terms of the contract. These items are expected to be collected in the normal course of business. Long-term accounts receivable are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. |
Investment, Policy [Text Block] | |
Marketable Securities, Policy | MARKETABLE EQUITY SECURITIES. Equity securities that have a readily determinable fair value and that we do not intend to trade are classified as available for sale and carried at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses are recorded as a separate component of shareowners' equity, net of deferred income taxes. |
Derivatives, Policy [Text Block] |
We have used derivative instruments, including swaps, forward contracts and options, to manage certain foreign currency, interest rate and commodity price exposures. Derivative instruments are viewed as risk management tools by us and are not used for trading or speculative purposes. Derivatives used for hedging purposes may be designated and effective as a hedge of the identified risk exposure at the inception of the contract.
All derivative instruments are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. Derivatives used to hedge foreign-currency-denominated balance sheet items are reported directly in earnings along with offsetting transaction gains and losses on the items being hedged. Derivatives used to hedge forecasted cash flows associated with foreign currency commitments or forecasted commodity purchases may be accounted for as cash flow hedges, as deemed appropriate. Gains and losses on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income and reclassified to earnings in a manner that matches the timing of the earnings impact of the hedged transactions. The ineffective portion of all hedges, if any, is recognized currently in earnings.
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Inventory, Policy [Text Block] |
INVENTORIES AND CONTRACTS IN PROGRESS. Inventories and contracts in progress are stated at the lower of cost or estimated realizable value and are primarily based on first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost methods; however, certain subsidiaries use the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method. If inventories that were valued using the LIFO method had been valued under the FIFO method, they would have been higher by $176 million and $173 million at December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
Costs accumulated against specific contracts or orders are at actual cost. Inventory in excess of requirements for contracts and current or anticipated orders have been reserved as appropriate. Manufacturing costs are allocated to current production and firm contracts.
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Property, Plant and Equipment, Policy [Text Block] |
FIXED ASSETS. Fixed assets are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed over the assets useful lives using the straight-line method, except for aerospace assets acquired prior to January1, 1999, which are depreciated using accelerated methods.
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Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, Policy [Text Block] | |
Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Intangible Assets, Impairment, Policy | OTHER LONG-LIVED ASSETS. We evaluate the potential impairment of other long-lived assets when appropriate. If the carrying value of assets exceeds the sum of the undiscounted expected future cash flows, the carrying value of the asset is written down to fair value. |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Policy [Text Block] | |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Goodwill, Policy | GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS. Goodwill represents costs in excess of fair values assigned to the underlying net assets of acquired businesses. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are subject to annual impairment testing using the guidance and criteria described in Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 142, "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets." This testing compares carrying values to fair values and, when appropriate, the carrying value of these assets is reduced to fair value. During 2008, we were not required to record any impairment on goodwill or indefinite-lived intangibles. |
Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Intangible Assets, Policy | Intangible assets other than goodwill consist of service portfolios, patents and trademarks, customer relationships and other intangible assets. Useful lives of finite lived intangible assets are estimated based upon the nature of the intangible asset and the industry in which the intangible asset is used. Estimated useful lives of service portfolios generally range from 5 to 30 years. Estimated useful lives of patents and finite-lived trademarks range from 3 to 40 years. Estimated useful lives of customer relationships and other assets range from 2 to 32 years. These intangible assets are amortized based on the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed. If a pattern of economic benefit cannot be reliably determined, a straight-line amortization method is used. |
Asset Retirement Obligations and Environmental Cost, Policy [Text Block] | |
Asset Retirement Obligations, Policy | ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS. We record the fair value of legal obligations associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets in the period in which it is determined to exist, if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. Upon initial recognition of a liability, we capitalize the cost of the asset retirement obligation by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Over time, the liability is increased for changes in its present value and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the useful life of the related asset. We have determined that conditional legal obligations exist for certain of our worldwide owned and leased facilities related primarily to building materials. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, the outstanding liability for asset retirement obligations was $163 million and $171 million, respectively. |
Environmental Costs, Policy | ENVIRONMENTAL. Environmental investigatory, remediation, operating and maintenance costs are accrued when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The most likely cost to be incurred is accrued based on an evaluation of currently available facts with respect to each individual site, including existing technology, current laws and regulations and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, the minimum is accrued. For sites with multiple responsible parties, we consider our likely proportionate share of the anticipated remediation costs and the ability of the other parties to fulfill their obligations in establishing a provision for those costs. Liabilities with fixed or reliably determinable future cash payments are discounted. Accrued environmental liabilities are not reduced by potential insurance reimbursements. |
Revenue Recognition, Policy [Text Block] |
REVENUE RECOGNITION. Sales under government and commercial fixed-price contracts and government fixed-price-incentive contracts are recorded at the time deliveries are made or, in some cases, on a percentage-of-completion basis. Sales under cost-reimbursement contracts are recorded as work is performed.
Sales under elevator and escalator sales, installation and modernization contracts are accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method.
Losses, if any, on contracts are provided for when anticipated. Loss provisions on original equipment contracts are recognized to the extent that estimated inventoriable manufacturing, engineering, product warranty and product performance guarantee costs exceed the projected revenue from the products contemplated under the contractual arrangement. For new commitments, we generally record loss provisions at the earlier of contract announcement or contract signing. For existing commitments, anticipated losses on contracts are recognized in the period in which losses become evident. Products contemplated under contractual arrangement include products purchased under contract and, in the large commercial engine business, future highly probable sales of replacement parts required by regulation that are expected to be purchased subsequently for incorporation into the original equipment. Revenue projections used in determining contract loss provisions are based upon estimates of the quantity, pricing and timing of future product deliveries. Losses are recognized on shipment to the extent that inventoriable manufacturing costs, estimated warranty costs and product performance guarantee costs exceed revenue realized. Contract accounting requires estimates of future costs over the performance period of the contract as well as estimates of award fees and other sources of revenue. These estimates are subject to change and result in adjustments to margins on contracts in progress. The extent of progress toward completion on our long-term commercial aerospace equipment and helicopter contracts is measured using units of delivery. In addition, we use the cost-to-cost method for development contracts in the aerospace businesses and for elevator and escalator sales, installation and modernization contracts in the commercial businesses. For long-term aftermarket contracts, revenue is recognized over the contract period in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred in performing services under the contract. We review our cost estimates on significant contracts on a quarterly basis, and for others, no less frequently than annually or when circumstances change and warrant a modification to a previous estimate. Adjustments to contract loss provisions are recorded in earnings upon identification.
Service sales, representing aftermarket repair and maintenance activities, are recognized over the contractual period or as services are performed. In the commercial businesses, revenue is generally recognized on a straight line basis. In the aerospace businesses, revenue is generally recognized in proportion to cost.
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Compensation Related Costs, Policy [Text Block] | |
Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, Policy | PENSION AND POSTRETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS. In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 158, "Employers' Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans - an amendment of FASB Statement Nos. 87, 88, 106 and 132(R)" (SFAS 158). This statement requires balance sheet recognition of the overfunded or underfunded status of pension and postretirement benefit plans. Under SFAS 158, actuarial gains and losses, prior service costs or credits, and any remaining transition assets or obligations that have not been recognized under previous accounting standards must be recognized in Accumulated Other Non-Shareowners' Changes in Equity, net of tax effects, until they are amortized as a component of net periodic benefit cost. SFAS 158 was effective for publicly-held companies for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2006, except for the measurement date provisions, which were effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2008. Based on the funded status of our plans as of December 31, 2006, the adoption of SFAS 158 decreased total assets by approximately $2.4 billion, decreased total liabilities by approximately $549 million and reduced total shareowners' equity by approximately $1.8 billion, net of taxes. SFAS 158 also requires the measurement date (the date at which plan assets and the benefit obligation are measured) to be the company's fiscal year end. We early-adopted the measurement date provisions of SFAS 158 effective January 1, 2007. The majority of our pension and postretirement plans previously used a November 30 measurement date. All plans are now measured as of December 31, consistent with our company's fiscal year end. The non-cash effect of the adoption of the measurement date provisions of SFAS 158 increased shareowners' equity by approximately $425 million and decreased long-term liabilities by approximately $620 million in 2007. The adoption of SFAS 158 did not affect our results of operations. |
Research, Development, and Computer Software, Policy [Text Block] |
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. Research and development costs not specifically covered by contracts and those related to the company sponsored share of research and development activity in connection with cost-sharing arrangements are charged to expense as incurred. Government research and development support, not associated with specific contracts, is recorded as a reduction to research and development expense in the period earned. Repayment, if any, is in the form of future royalties and is conditioned upon the achievement of certain financial targets.
Research and development costs incurred under contracts with customers are expensed as incurred and are reported as a component of cost of products sold. Revenue from such contracts is recognized as product sales when earned.
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Collaborative Arrangement Disclosure [Text Block] |
Revenues from engine programs under collaboration agreements are recorded as earned and the collaborator share of revenue is recorded as a reduction of revenue at that time. The collaborator share of revenues under Pratt& Whitneys engine programs was approximately $1.1 billion, $.9 billion and $.8 billion for 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Costs associated with engine programs under collaboration agreements are expensed as incurred. The collaborator share of program costs is recorded as a reduction of the related expense item at that time.
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Income Tax, Policy [Text Block] |
INCOME TAXES. In the ordinary course of business there is inherent uncertainty in quantifying our income tax positions. We assess our income tax positions and record tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon managements evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have recorded the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized in the financial statements. Where applicable, associated interest has also been recognized.
We adopted the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Interpretation No.48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, (FIN 48) on January1, 2007. As a result of this adoption, we recognized a charge of approximately $19 million to the January1, 2007 retained earnings balance. We recognize interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense. Penalties, if incurred, would be recognized as a component of income tax expense.
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Foreign Currency Transactions and Translations Policy [Text Block] |
FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND HEDGING ACTIVITY. We conduct business in many different currencies and, accordingly, are subject to the inherent risks associated with foreign exchange rate movements. The financial position and results of operations of substantially all of our foreign subsidiaries are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates existing at the respective balance sheet dates, and income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates during the respective periods. The aggregate effects of translating the balance sheets of these subsidiaries are deferred as a separate component of Shareowners Equity.
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