Allowance for Loan Loss | Allowance for Loan Losses While the Company seeks to manage its loan portfolio to avoid concentration by industry and loan size to lessen its credit risk exposure, inherent in the lending process is the risk of loss due to customer non-payment, or "credit risk." The Company endeavors to minimize this risk through sound underwriting practices and the risk management function; however, management recognizes that loan losses will occur and that the amount of these losses will fluctuate depending on the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio and economic conditions. The allowance for loan losses is an estimate of probable credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio as of the specified balance sheet dates. The Company maintains the allowance at a level that it deems adequate to absorb all reasonably anticipated probable losses from specifically known and other credit risks associated with the portfolio. In making its assessment on the adequacy of the allowance, management considers several quantitative and qualitative factors that could have an effect on the credit quality of the portfolio, including individual assessment of larger and high risk credits, delinquency trends and the level of non-performing loans, impaired and restructured loans, net charge-offs, the growth and composition of the loan portfolio, expansion in the geographic market area, the experience level of lenders and changes in underwriting criteria, and the strength of the local and national economies, among other factors. Allowance for probable loan losses methodology On a quarterly basis, management prepares an estimate of the allowance necessary to cover estimated probable credit losses. The Company uses a systematic methodology to measure the amount of estimated loan loss exposure inherent in the portfolio for purposes of establishing a sufficient allowance for loan losses. The methodology makes use of specific reserves for loans individually evaluated and deemed impaired, and general reserves for larger groups of homogeneous loans, which are collectively evaluated relying on a combination of qualitative and quantitative factors that may affect credit quality of the pool. There have been no material changes to the Company's underwriting practices, credit risk management system, or to the allowance assessment methodology used to estimate loan loss exposure as reported in the 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Refer to heading "Allowance for probable loan losses methodology" contained in Note 4 "Allowance For Loan Losses," to the Company's consolidated financial statements contained in the 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of management's methodology used to estimate the loan loss exposure inherent in the portfolio for purposes of establishing a sufficient allowance. The balances of loans as of March 31, 2016 by segment and evaluation method are summarized as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Loans individually evaluated for impairment Loans collectively evaluated for impairment Total Loans Commercial real estate $ 9,926 $ 926,981 $ 936,907 Commercial and industrial 7,853 448,583 456,436 Commercial construction 2,989 204,225 207,214 Residential 307 170,278 170,585 Home equity 309 84,356 84,665 Consumer 21 10,518 10,539 Deferred Fees — (1,654 ) (1,654 ) Total loans $ 21,405 $ 1,843,287 $ 1,864,692 The balances of loans as of December 31, 2015 by segment and evaluation method are summarized as follows: (Dollars in thousands) Loans individually evaluated for impairment Loans collectively evaluated for impairment Total Loans Commercial real estate $ 12,287 $ 924,634 $ 936,921 Commercial and industrial 7,810 450,743 458,553 Commercial construction 3,032 199,961 202,993 Residential 366 168,822 169,188 Home equity 169 83,204 83,373 Consumer 24 10,723 10,747 Deferred Fees — (1,813 ) (1,813 ) Total loans $ 23,688 $ 1,836,274 $ 1,859,962 Credit quality indicators Early detection of credit issues is critical to minimize credit losses. Accordingly, management regularly monitors internal credit quality indicators such as the risk classification of individual loans, adversely classified loans, past due and non-accrual loans, impaired and restructured loans, and the level of foreclosure activity, as well as trends in the general levels of these indicators. However, despite prudent loan underwriting and ongoing credit risk management, adverse changes within the Company's market area or deterioration in the local, regional or national economic conditions could negatively impact the portfolio's credit risk profile and the Company's asset quality in the future. Adversely classified loans The Company's loan risk rating system classifies loans depending on risk of loss characteristics. The classifications range from "substantially risk free" for the highest quality loans and loans that are secured by cash collateral, through a satisfactory range of "minimal," "moderate," "better than average," and "average" risk, to the regulatory problem-asset classifications of "criticized," for loans that may need additional monitoring, and the more severe adverse classifications of "substandard," "doubtful," and "loss" based on criteria established under banking regulations. Loans classified as substandard include those loans characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected. These loans are inadequately protected by the sound net worth and paying capacity of the borrower; repayment has become increasingly reliant on collateral liquidation or reliance on guarantees; credit weaknesses are well-defined; and borrower cash flow is insufficient to meet required debt service specified in loan terms and to meet other obligations, such as trade debt and tax payments. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in a substandard rated loan with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or full payment from liquidation, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. The probability of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors which may work to the advantage and strengthening of the loan, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until more exact status may be determined. Loans classified as loss are generally considered uncollectible at present, although long-term recovery of part or all of loan proceeds may be possible. These "loss" loans would require a specific loss reserve or charge-off. Adversely classified loans may be accruing or in non-accrual status and may be additionally designated as impaired or restructured, or some combination thereof. Loans which are evaluated to be of weaker credit quality are reviewed on a more frequent basis by management. The following tables present the Company's credit risk profile for each class of loan in its portfolio by internally assigned risk rating category at the periods indicated. March 31, 2016 Adversely Classified Not Adversely (Dollars in thousands) Substandard Doubtful Loss Classified Gross Loans Commercial real estate $ 11,586 $ — $ — $ 925,321 $ 936,907 Commercial and industrial 9,100 42 3 447,291 456,436 Commercial construction 1,734 — — 205,480 207,214 Residential 1,213 — — 169,372 170,585 Home equity 644 — — 84,021 84,665 Consumer 37 11 — 10,491 10,539 Total gross loans $ 24,314 $ 53 $ 3 $ 1,841,976 $ 1,866,346 December 31, 2015 Adversely Classified Not Adversely (Dollars in thousands) Substandard Doubtful Loss Classified Gross Loans Commercial real estate $ 12,487 $ — $ — $ 924,434 $ 936,921 Commercial and industrial 8,670 — 3 449,880 458,553 Commercial construction 1,776 — — 201,217 202,993 Residential 1,278 — — 167,910 169,188 Home equity 503 — 5 82,865 83,373 Consumer 38 11 — 10,698 10,747 Total gross loans $ 24,752 $ 11 $ 8 $ 1,837,004 $ 1,861,775 Total adversely classified loans amounted to 1.31% of total loans at March 31, 2016 , as compared to 1.33% at December 31, 2015 . At March 31, 2016 , as compared to December 31, 2015 , adversely classified balances decreased, due primarily to several larger commercial loan payoffs and principal payments, partially offset by additional credit downgrades during the period. Past due and non-accrual loans Loans on which the accrual of interest has been discontinued are designated as non-accrual and are credit downgraded to one of the adversely classified categories noted above. Accrual of interest on loans is generally discontinued when a loan becomes contractually past due, with respect to interest or principal, by 90 days, or when reasonable doubt exists as to the full and timely collection of interest or principal. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Interest payments received on loans in a non-accrual status are generally applied to principal on the books of the Company. Interest accruals are resumed on such loans only when payments are brought current and have remained current for a period of 180 days and when, in the judgment of management, the collectability of both principal and interest is reasonably assured. Additionally, deposit accounts overdrawn for 90 or more days are included in the consumer non-accrual balances below. The following tables present age analysis of past due loans as of the dates indicated. Balance at March 31, 2016 (Dollars in thousands) Loans 30-59 Days Past Due Loans 60-89 Days Past Due Loans 90 or More Days Past Due (non- accrual) Total Past Due Loans Current Loans Gross Loans Commercial real estate $ 4,665 $ 398 $ 6,188 $ 11,251 $ 925,656 $ 936,907 Commercial and industrial 833 238 4,106 5,177 451,259 456,436 Commercial construction 175 — 213 388 206,826 207,214 Residential — 553 307 860 169,725 170,585 Home equity — — 424 424 84,241 84,665 Consumer 7 19 26 52 10,487 10,539 Total gross loans $ 5,680 $ 1,208 $ 11,264 $ 18,152 $ 1,848,194 $ 1,866,346 Balance at December 31, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) Loans 30-59 Days Past Due Loans 60-89 Days Past Due Loans 90 or More Days Past Due (non- accrual) Total Past Due Loans Current Loans Gross Loans Commercial real estate $ 1,124 $ 1,140 $ 8,506 $ 10,770 $ 926,151 $ 936,921 Commercial and industrial 1,218 691 4,323 6,232 452,321 458,553 Commercial construction 581 — 335 916 202,077 202,993 Residential 250 180 366 796 168,392 169,188 Home equity 622 — 288 910 82,463 83,373 Consumer 35 10 27 72 10,675 10,747 Total gross loans $ 3,830 $ 2,021 $ 13,845 $ 19,696 $ 1,842,079 $ 1,861,775 At March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015 , all loans 90 days or more past due were carried as non-accrual. Non-accrual loans which were not adversely classified amounted to $337 thousand at March 31, 2016 and $402 thousand at December 31, 2015 . These balances primarily represented the guaranteed portions of non-performing SBA loans. The majority of the non-accrual loan balances were also carried as impaired loans during the periods noted, and are discussed further below. The ratio of non-accrual loans to total loans amounted to 0.60% at March 31, 2016 , 0.74% at December 31, 2015 , and 1.07% at March 31, 2015 . Non-accrual loan balances decreased due primarily to several larger commercial loan payoffs and principal payments, partially offset by additional loans added to non-accrual status during the period. The increase in loans 30 - 59 days past due occurred within the commercial real estate portfolio at March 31, 2016 , with the majority of these loans having subsequent payments made by mid-April. The Company's obligation to fulfill the additional funding commitments on non-accrual loans is generally contingent on the borrower's compliance with the terms of the credit agreement. If the borrower is not in compliance, additional funding commitments may or may not be made at the Company's discretion. At March 31, 2016 , there were no additional funding commitments for loans on non-accrual status. Impaired loans Impaired loans are individually significant loans for which management considers it probable that not all amounts due (principal and interest) in accordance with the original contractual terms will be collected. The majority of impaired loans are included within the non-accrual balances; however, not every loan on non-accrual status has been designated as impaired. Impaired loans include loans that have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring (or "TDR," see below). Impaired loans exclude large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans, such as residential mortgage loans and consumer loans, which are collectively evaluated for impairment, and loans that are measured at fair value, unless the loan is amended in a TDR. Management does not set any minimum delay of payments as a factor in reviewing for impaired classification. Management considers the individual payment status, net worth and earnings potential of the borrower, and the value and cash flow of the collateral as factors to determine if a loan will be paid in accordance with its contractual terms. An impaired or TDR loan classification will be considered for upgrade based on the borrower's sustained performance over time and their improving financial condition. Consistent with the criteria for returning non-accrual loans to accrual status, the borrower must demonstrate the ability to continue to service the loan in accordance with the original or modified terms and, in the judgment of management, the collectability of the remaining balances, both principal and interest, are reasonably assured. In the case of TDR loans having had a modified interest rate, that rate must be at, or greater than, a market rate for a similar credit at the time of modification for an upgrade to be considered. Impaired loans are individually evaluated for credit loss and a specific allowance reserve is assigned for the amount of the estimated probable credit loss. Refer to heading "Allowance for probable loan losses methodology" contained in Note 4 "Allowance For Loan Losses," to the Company's consolidated financial statements contained in the 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of management's methodology used to estimate specific reserves for impaired loans. The carrying value of impaired loans amounted to $21.4 million and $23.7 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. Total accruing impaired loans amounted to $10.3 million and $10.1 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively, while non-accrual impaired loans amounted to $11.1 million and $13.6 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. The decrease was due primarily to the several larger commercial loan payoffs and principal payments discussed above. However, in the current period, the credit ratings of three larger commercial relationships were downgraded to criticized or adverse risk-ratings, based on a review of their individual business circumstances, including one commercial and industrial loan designated as impaired requiring additional specific reserves as of March 31, 2016 . The following tables set forth the recorded investment in impaired loans and the related specific allowance allocated as of the dates indicated. Balance at March 31, 2016 (Dollars in thousands) Unpaid contractual principal balance Total recorded investment in impaired loans Recorded investment with no allowance Recorded investment with allowance Related specific allowance Commercial real estate $ 11,810 $ 9,926 $ 9,165 $ 761 $ 179 Commercial and industrial 9,932 7,853 4,615 3,238 1,420 Commercial construction 3,024 2,989 1,552 1,437 488 Residential 395 307 307 — — Home equity 450 309 309 — — Consumer 23 21 — 21 21 Total $ 25,634 $ 21,405 $ 15,948 $ 5,457 $ 2,108 Balance at December 31, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) Unpaid contractual principal balance Total recorded investment in impaired loans Recorded investment with no allowance Recorded investment with allowance Related specific allowance Commercial real estate $ 14,903 $ 12,287 $ 11,734 $ 553 $ 186 Commercial and industrial 9,816 7,810 5,253 2,557 1,078 Commercial construction 3,147 3,032 1,583 1,449 499 Residential 453 366 366 — — Home equity 308 169 164 5 5 Consumer 25 24 — 24 24 Total $ 28,652 $ 23,688 $ 19,100 $ 4,588 $ 1,792 The following table presents the average recorded investment in impaired loans and the related interest recognized during the periods indicated: Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 Three Months Ended March 31, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Average recorded investment Interest income recognized Commercial real estate $ 9,668 $ 43 $ 15,479 $ 45 Commercial and industrial 8,424 26 11,256 34 Commercial construction 2,975 37 2,624 26 Residential 308 — 459 — Home equity 246 (2 ) 179 1 Consumer 22 — 49 — Total $ 21,643 $ 104 $ 30,046 $ 106 At March 31, 2016 , additional funding commitments for impaired loans totaled $469 thousand . The Company's obligation to fulfill the additional funding commitments on impaired loans is generally contingent on the borrower's compliance with the terms of the credit agreement. If the borrower is not in compliance, additional funding commitments may or may not be made at the Company's discretion. Troubled debt restructurings Loans are designated as a TDR when, as part of an agreement to modify the original contractual terms of the loan as a result of financial difficulties of the borrower, the Bank grants the borrower a concession on the terms, that would not otherwise be considered. Typically, such concessions may consist of a reduction in interest rate to a below market rate, taking into account the credit quality of the note, or a deferment or reduction of payments (principal or interest) which materially alters the Bank's position or significantly extends the note's maturity date, such that the present value of cash flows to be received is materially less than those contractually established at the loan's origination. All loans that are modified are reviewed by the Company to identify if a TDR has occurred. TDR loans are included in the impaired loan category and, as such, these loans are individually evaluated and a specific reserve is assigned for the amount of the estimated probable credit loss. Total TDR loans, included in the impaired loan balances above, as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , were $15.6 million and $17.1 million , respectively. TDR loans on accrual status amounted to $10.3 million and $10.1 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. TDR loans included in non-performing loans amounted to $5.3 million and $7.1 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 , respectively. The Company continues to work with commercial relationships and enters into loan modifications to the extent deemed to be necessary or appropriate while attempting to achieve the best mutual outcome given the current economic environment. At March 31, 2016 , additional funding commitments for TDR loans totaled $469 thousand . The Company's obligation to fulfill the additional funding commitments on TDR loans is generally contingent on the borrower's compliance with the terms of the credit agreement. If the borrower is not in compliance, additional funding commitments may or may not be made at the Company's discretion. The following tables present certain information regarding loan modifications classified as troubled debt restructures. Loans modified as troubled debt restructurings during the three months ended March 31, 2016 are detailed below. Three months ended March 31, 2016 (Dollars in thousands) Number of restructurings Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment Post-modification outstanding recorded investment Commercial real estate — $ — $ — Commercial and industrial 1 264 264 Commercial construction — — — Residential — — — Home equity — — — Consumer — — — Total 1 $ 264 $ 264 There were no loans modified as troubled debt restructurings within the preceding twelve month period for which there was a subsequent payment default during the three months ended March 31, 2016 . There were no subsequent charge-offs associated with the TDRs noted in the table above during the three months ended months ended March 31, 2016 . At March 31, 2016 , there were no specific reserves allocated to the TDRs entered into during the 2016 period as management considered it likely that the unreserved principal will ultimately be collected. The TDR noted in the table above was on accrual status pre and post modification. Loans modified as troubled debt restructurings during the three month period ended March 31, 2015 are detailed below. Three months ended March 31, 2015 (Dollars in thousands) Number of restructurings Pre-modification outstanding recorded investment Post-modification outstanding recorded investment Commercial real estate — $ — $ — Commercial and industrial 4 869 869 Commercial construction — — — Residential — — — Home equity — — — Consumer — — — Total 4 $ 869 $ 869 There were no loans modified as troubled debt restructurings within the preceding twelve month period for which there was a subsequent payment default during the period. At March 31, 2015 , there were specific reserves of $61 thousand allocated to the TDRs entered into during the 2015 period as management considered it likely that the unreserved principal would ultimately be collected. Interest payments received on non-accruing TDRs in the table above which were applied to principal and not recognized in interest income during the three months ended months ended amounted to $1 thousand . There were no subsequent charge-offs associated with the TDRs noted in the table above during the three months ended March 31, 2015 . Other real estate owned ( " OREO " ) Real estate acquired by the Company through foreclosure proceedings or the acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure is classified as OREO. When property is acquired, it is generally recorded at the lesser of the loan's remaining principal balance, net of any unamortized deferred fees, or the estimated fair value of the property acquired, less estimated costs to sell, establishing a new cost basis. The estimated fair value is based on market appraisals and the Company's internal analysis. Any loan balance in excess of the estimated realizable fair value on the date of transfer is charged to the allowance for loan losses on that date. All costs incurred thereafter in maintaining the property, as well as subsequent declines in fair value, are charged to non-interest expense. The Company carried no OREO at both March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 . There were no sales on OREO during the three months ended March 31, 2016 ; there were also no additions to OREO, or subsequent impairment write-downs during the period. During the three months ended March 31, 2015 , the Company recorded $154 thousand of net gains on OREO sales; however there were no subsequent write downs of OREO during that period. Allowance for loan loss activity The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses, a direct charge to earnings. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes that the collectability of the loan principal is unlikely. Recoveries on loans previously charged-off are credited to the allowance. The allowance for loan losses amounted to $29.9 million at March 31, 2016 , compared to $29.0 million at December 31, 2015 , and $27.8 million at March 31, 2015 . For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015 , the provision for loan losses amounted to $850 thousand and $625 thousand , respectively. The increase in the provision for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was due primarily to additional reserves allocated to criticized and adversely classified commercial loans. In determining the provision to the allowance for loan losses, management takes into consideration the level of loan growth and an estimate of credit risk, which includes such items as adversely classified and non-performing loans, the estimated specific reserves needed for impaired loans, the level of net charge-offs, and the estimated impact of current economic conditions on credit quality. Loan growth for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was $4.7 million compared to $9.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2015 . Total non-performing loans as a percentage of total loans declined to 0.60% at March 31, 2016 , compared to 1.07% at March 31, 2015 . The balance of the allowance for loan losses allocated to impaired loans amounted to $2.1 million at March 31, 2016 , compared to $2.7 million at March 31, 2015 . The balance of the allowance for loan losses allocated to non-impaired classified loans amounted to $2.2 million at March 31, 2016 , compared to $1.6 million at March 31, 2015 . The Company recorded net recoveries of $52 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2016 , compared to net recoveries of $57 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2015 . The allowance for loan losses to total loans ratio was 1.60% at March 31, 2016 , 1.56% at December 31, 2015 and 1.65% at March 31, 2015 . The decline in the allowance ratio reflects the generally improving credit quality of the loan portfolio due, in part, to improved economic conditions. However, in the current period, the credit ratings of three larger commercial relationships were downgraded to "criticized" or "adverse" risk-ratings, based on a review of their individual business circumstances, requiring higher levels of reserves in the current period which increased the allowance to total loan ratio compared to December 31, 2015 . Management continues to closely monitor the non-performing assets, charge-offs and necessary allowance levels, including specific reserves. Based on management's judgment as to the existing credit risks inherent in the loan portfolio, as discussed above under the heading "Credit Quality Indicators," management believes that the Company's allowance for loan losses is adequate to absorb probable losses from specifically known and other credit risks associated with the portfolio as of March 31, 2016 . Changes in the allowance for loan losses by segment for the three months ended months ended March 31, 2016 are presented below: (Dollars in thousands) Cmml Real Estate Cmml and Industrial Cmml Constr Resid. Mortgage Home Equity Consumer Total Beginning Balance at December 31, 2015 $ 13,514 $ 9,758 $ 3,905 $ 1,061 $ 540 $ 230 $ 29,008 Provision 294 463 64 16 6 7 850 Recoveries 19 129 — — — 2 150 Less: Charge offs — 72 5 — 5 16 98 Ending Balance at March 31, 2016 $ 13,827 $ 10,278 $ 3,964 $ 1,077 $ 541 $ 223 $ 29,910 Ending allowance balance: Allotted to loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 179 $ 1,420 $ 488 $ — $ — $ 21 $ 2,108 Allotted to loans collectively evaluated for impairment $ 13,648 $ 8,858 $ 3,476 $ 1,077 $ 541 $ 202 $ 27,802 Changes in the allowance for loan losses by segment for the three months ended months ended March 31, 2015 are presented below: (Dollars in thousands) Cmml Real Estate Cmml and Industrial Cmml Constr Resid. Mortgage Home Equity Consumer Total Beginning Balance at December 31, 2014 $ 12,664 $ 9,245 $ 3,384 $ 989 $ 608 $ 231 $ 27,121 Provision 78 530 11 (29 ) 7 28 625 Recoveries 5 84 13 — — 8 110 Less: Charge offs — 17 — — — 36 53 Ending Balance at March 31, 2015 $ 12,747 $ 9,842 $ 3,408 $ 960 $ 615 $ 231 $ 27,803 Ending allowance balance: Allotted to loans individually evaluated for impairment $ 165 $ 1,951 $ 528 $ — $ 22 $ 49 $ 2,715 Allotted to loans collectively evaluated for impairment $ 12,582 $ 7,891 $ 2,880 $ 960 $ 593 $ 182 $ 25,088 |