Investments | Note 4. Investments The amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, carrying amount, gross unrecognized gains and losses, and the fair value of those investments classified as held-to-maturity at September 30, 2022 are summarized as follows: Amortized Allowance for Credit Losses Carrying Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 434,938 $ ( 44 ) $ 434,894 $ 265 $ ( 30,096 ) $ 405,063 Corporate bonds 62,390 ( 208 ) 62,182 2 ( 4,242 ) 57,942 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 3,812 — 3,812 32 ( 185 ) 3,659 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 13,647 — 13,647 27 ( 504 ) 13,170 Asset-backed securities 78 ( 3 ) 75 3 ( 1 ) 77 Totals $ 514,865 $ ( 255 ) $ 514,610 $ 329 $ ( 35,028 ) $ 479,911 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value, and the allowance for credit losses of those investments classified as available-for-sale at September 30, 2022 are summarized as follows: Amortized Gross Gross Fair Allowance for (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 180,244 $ 118 $ ( 14,201 ) $ 166,161 $ — Corporate bonds 149,008 — ( 8,960 ) 140,048 — U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 6,208 — ( 629 ) 5,579 — U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 15,658 6 ( 1,561 ) 14,103 — Totals $ 351,118 $ 124 $ ( 25,351 ) $ 325,891 $ — The cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and the fair value of equity securities at September 30, 2022 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 50,394 $ 6,981 $ — $ 57,375 Total equity securities $ 50,394 $ 6,981 $ — $ 57,375 The amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, carrying amount, gross unrecognized gains and losses, and the fair value of those investments classified as held-to-maturity at December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows: Amortized Allowance for Credit Losses Carrying Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 471,688 $ ( 48 ) $ 471,640 $ 25,175 $ ( 263 ) $ 496,552 Corporate bonds 56,756 ( 143 ) 56,613 1,344 ( 114 ) 57,843 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 4,623 — 4,623 377 — 5,000 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 16,251 — 16,251 132 ( 36 ) 16,347 Asset-backed securities 108 ( 4 ) 104 4 — 108 Totals $ 549,426 $ ( 195 ) $ 549,231 $ 27,032 $ ( 413 ) $ 575,850 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value, and the allowance for credit losses of those investments classified as available-for-sale at December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows: Amortized Gross Gross Fair Allowance for (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 202,008 $ 14,538 $ ( 240 ) $ 216,306 $ — Corporate bonds 93,947 2,751 ( 272 ) 96,426 — U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 7,944 158 ( 13 ) 8,089 — U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 20,698 382 ( 132 ) 20,948 — Totals $ 324,597 $ 17,829 $ ( 657 ) $ 341,769 $ — The cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and the fair value of equity securities at December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 44,175 $ 19,965 $ — $ 64,140 Total equity securities $ 44,175 $ 19,965 $ — $ 64,140 A summary of the carrying amounts and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity, by contractual maturity, is as follows: September 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Carrying Fair Carrying Fair (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 49,585 $ 49,329 $ 70,859 $ 71,455 After one year through five years 170,447 163,167 174,157 180,376 After five years through ten years 113,055 101,641 100,543 104,851 After ten years 177,636 162,038 198,945 214,060 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 3,812 3,659 4,623 5,000 Asset-backed securities 75 77 104 108 Totals $ 514,610 $ 479,911 $ 549,231 $ 575,850 A summary of the amortized cost and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale, by contractual maturity, is as follows: September 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Amortized Fair Amortized Fair (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 38,171 $ 37,570 $ 30,925 $ 31,258 After one year through five years 71,031 67,053 97,830 100,716 After five years through ten years 100,619 91,651 58,050 60,137 After ten years 135,089 124,038 129,848 141,569 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 6,208 5,579 7,944 8,089 Totals $ 351,118 $ 325,891 $ 324,597 $ 341,769 The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2022: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross (in thousands) September 30, 2022 Available-for-Sale States and political subdivisions $ 150,390 $ 11,587 $ 13,456 $ 2,614 $ 163,846 $ 14,201 Corporate bonds 124,596 7,146 15,452 1,814 140,048 8,960 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 5,120 558 458 71 5,578 629 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 7,978 850 5,208 711 13,186 1,561 Total available-for-sale securities $ 288,084 $ 20,141 $ 34,574 $ 5,210 $ 322,658 $ 25,351 At September 30, 2022, we held 222 individual fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale that were in an unrealized loss position. The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2021: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross (in thousands) December 31, 2021 Available-for-Sale States and political subdivisions $ 23,465 $ 240 $ — $ — $ 23,465 $ 240 Corporate bonds 36,443 272 — — 36,443 272 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 1,146 13 — — 1,146 13 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 6,771 132 — — 6,771 132 Total available-for-sale securities $ 67,825 $ 657 $ — $ — $ 67,825 $ 657 The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for credit losses by major security type of the investments classified as held-to-maturity for the quarter ended September 30, 2022. States and Corporate U.S. Agency U.S. Asset-Backed Totals (in thousands) Balance at June 30, 2022 $ 44 $ 228 $ — $ — $ 4 $ 276 Provision for credit loss benefit — ( 20 ) — — ( 1 ) ( 21 ) Balance at September 30, 2022 $ 44 $ 208 $ — $ — $ 3 $ 255 The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for credit losses by major security type of the investments classified as held-to-maturity for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. States and Corporate U.S. Agency U.S. Asset-Backed Totals (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 48 $ 143 $ — $ — $ 4 $ 195 Provision for credit loss expense (benefit) ( 4 ) 65 — — ( 1 ) 60 Balance at September 30, 2022 $ 44 $ 208 $ — $ — $ 3 $ 255 The Company has established an allowance for credit losses on 484 held-to-maturity securities totaling $ 0.3 million. The majority of those securities were issued by states and political subdivisions ( 458 securities) and corporate bonds ( 23 securities). The Company has no allowance for credit losses on investments classified as available-for-sale for the period ended September 30, 2022. The credit rating used for held-to-maturity fixed income securities is the rating for each security as published by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch to determine the probability of default. If there are two ratings, the lower rating is used. If there are three ratings, the median rating is used. If there is one rating, that rating is used. For corporate fixed income securities (given a rating), the probability of default comes from Moody’s annual study of corporate bond defaults published each February. The maximum maturity using the default rate is 20 years (any maturity greater than 20 years will use the 20-year rate). For municipal fixed income securities (given a rating), the probability of default comes from Moody’s annual study of municipal bond defaults published each July/August. The calculation of the credit loss allowance takes the amortized cost of the fixed income security and assumes default and recovery based on the average recovery rates from the Moody’s default studies. The amortized cost of the security, minus the amount recovered, is the estimated full amount the Company could lose in a default scenario. Then this amount is multiplied by the probability of default to determine the allowance for credit loss. The lower the security is rated, the higher likelihood of default, and therefore a higher allowance for credit loss. The longer to the maturity date of a security, the higher the default risk. The table below presents the amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities aggregated by credit quality indicator as of September 30, 2022. States and Corporate U.S. Agency U.S. Asset-Backed Totals Amortized cost (in thousands) AAA/AA/A ratings $ 431,963 $ 26,782 $ 3,812 $ 13,647 $ 56 $ 476,260 Baa/BBB ratings 2,975 35,608 — — 10 38,593 B ratings — — — — 12 12 Total $ 434,938 $ 62,390 $ 3,812 $ 13,647 $ 78 $ 514,865 Net realized gains in the quarter ended September 30, 2022 were $ 0.6 million resulting from the sale of equity securities. Net realized losses in the quarter ended September 30, 2021 were immaterial. Net realized gains in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $ 2.4 million resulting primarily from the sale of equity and fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale. Net realized gains in the nine months ended September 30, 2021 were $ 1.5 million resulting primarily from the sale of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale and from called fixed maturity securities. During the third quarter of 2022, we recognized through income $ 4.1 million of net unrealized losses on equity securities. During the third quarter of 2021, we recognized through income $ 0.8 million of net unrealized losses on equity securities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized through income $ 13.0 million of net unrealized losses on equity securities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized through income $ 8.0 million of net unrealized gains on equity securities. Investment income is recognized as it is earned. The discount or premium on fixed maturity securities is amortized using the “constant yield” method. Anticipated prepayments, where applicable, are considered when determining the amortization of premiums or discounts. Realized investment gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method. |