Investments | Note 4. Investments The amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, carrying amount, gross unrecognized gains and losses, and the fair value of those investments classified as held-to-maturity at March 31, 2023 are summarized as follows: Amortized Allowance for Credit Losses Carrying Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 412,038 $ ( 40 ) $ 411,998 $ 1,965 $ ( 14,777 ) $ 399,186 Corporate bonds 53,528 ( 178 ) 53,350 2 ( 3,170 ) 50,182 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 3,606 — 3,606 30 ( 126 ) 3,510 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 11,125 — 11,125 25 ( 276 ) 10,874 Asset-backed securities 65 ( 2 ) 63 — ( 1 ) 62 Totals $ 480,362 $ ( 220 ) $ 480,142 $ 2,022 $ ( 18,350 ) $ 463,814 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value, and the allowance for credit losses of those investments classified as available-for-sale at March 31, 2023 are summarized as follows: Amortized Gross Gross Fair Allowance for (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 159,914 $ 904 $ ( 7,384 ) $ 153,434 $ — Corporate bonds 175,574 1,200 ( 4,960 ) 171,814 — U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 5,803 — ( 468 ) 5,335 — U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 15,693 22 ( 1,210 ) 14,505 — Totals $ 356,984 $ 2,126 $ ( 14,022 ) $ 345,088 $ — The cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and the fair value of equity securities at March 31, 2023 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 50,115 $ 13,242 $ — $ 63,357 Total equity securities $ 50,115 $ 13,242 $ — $ 63,357 The amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, carrying amount, gross unrecognized gains and losses, and the fair value of those investments classified as held-to-maturity at December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows: Amortized Allowance for Credit Losses Carrying Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 415,136 $ ( 40 ) $ 415,096 $ 922 $ ( 20,074 ) $ 395,944 Corporate bonds 59,903 ( 196 ) 59,707 1 ( 3,857 ) 55,851 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 3,696 — 3,696 33 ( 153 ) 3,576 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 13,123 — 13,123 25 ( 442 ) 12,706 Asset-backed securities 69 ( 3 ) 66 2 ( 1 ) 67 Totals $ 491,927 $ ( 239 ) $ 491,688 $ 983 $ ( 24,527 ) $ 468,144 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value, and the allowance for credit losses of those investments classified as available-for-sale at December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows: Amortized Gross Gross Fair Allowance for (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 166,019 $ 463 $ ( 9,826 ) $ 156,656 $ — Corporate bonds 150,915 530 ( 6,657 ) 144,788 — U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 5,984 — ( 538 ) 5,446 — U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 15,675 9 ( 1,453 ) 14,231 — Totals $ 338,593 $ 1,002 $ ( 18,474 ) $ 321,121 $ — The cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and the fair value of equity securities at December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 50,185 $ 11,873 $ — $ 62,058 Total equity securities $ 50,185 $ 11,873 $ — $ 62,058 A summary of the carrying amounts and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity, by contractual maturity, is as follows: March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Carrying Fair Carrying Fair (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 41,342 $ 41,136 $ 41,878 $ 41,652 After one year through five years 157,097 152,035 165,216 159,006 After five years through ten years 122,498 116,231 121,739 112,665 After ten years 155,536 150,840 159,093 151,178 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 3,606 3,510 3,696 3,576 Asset-backed securities 63 62 66 67 Totals $ 480,142 $ 463,814 $ 491,688 $ 468,144 A summary of the amortized cost and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale, by contractual maturity, is as follows: March 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Amortized Fair Amortized Fair (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 34,379 $ 34,006 $ 28,290 $ 27,814 After one year through five years 84,849 81,150 68,876 65,406 After five years through ten years 103,517 99,831 102,296 95,366 After ten years 128,436 124,766 133,147 127,089 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 5,803 5,335 5,984 5,446 Totals $ 356,984 $ 345,088 $ 338,593 $ 321,121 The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2023: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross (in thousands) March 31, 2023 Available-for-Sale States and political subdivisions $ 31,492 $ 299 $ 62,296 $ 7,085 $ 93,788 $ 7,384 Corporate bonds 97,774 2,018 46,059 2,942 143,833 4,960 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities — — 5,335 468 5,335 468 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations — — 13,564 1,210 13,564 1,210 Total available-for-sale securities $ 129,266 $ 2,317 $ 127,254 $ 11,705 $ 256,520 $ 14,022 At March 31, 2023, we held 170 individual fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale that were in an unrealized loss position. The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2022: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross (in thousands) December 31, 2022 Available-for-Sale States and political subdivisions $ 87,522 $ 5,319 $ 24,980 $ 4,507 $ 112,502 $ 9,826 Corporate bonds 98,590 4,549 30,011 2,108 128,601 6,657 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 4,732 444 714 94 5,446 538 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 5,589 313 7,719 1,140 13,308 1,453 Total available-for-sale securities $ 196,433 $ 10,625 $ 63,424 $ 7,849 $ 259,857 $ 18,474 The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for credit losses by major security type of the investments classified as held-to-maturity for the three months ended March 31, 2023. States and Corporate U.S. Agency U.S. Asset-Backed Totals (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 40 $ 196 $ — $ — $ 3 $ 239 Provision for credit loss benefit — ( 18 ) — — ( 1 ) ( 19 ) Balance at March 31, 2023 $ 40 $ 178 $ — $ — $ 2 $ 220 The Company has established an allowance for credit losses on 455 held-to-maturity securities totaling $ 0.2 million. The majority of those securities were issued by states and political subdivisions ( 434 securities) and corporate bonds ( 18 securities). The Company has no allowance for credit losses on investments classified as available-for-sale for the period ended March 31, 2023. The credit rating used for held-to-maturity fixed income securities is the rating for each security as published by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch to determine the probability of default. If there are two ratings, the lower rating is used. If there are three ratings, the median rating is used. If there is one rating, that rating is used. For corporate fixed income securities, the probability of default (given a rating) comes from Moody’s annual study of corporate bond defaults published each February. The maximum maturity using the default rate is 20 years (any maturity greater than 20 years will use the 20-year rate). For municipal fixed income securities, the probability of default (given a rating) comes from Moody’s annual study of municipal bond defaults published each July/August. The calculation of the credit loss allowance takes the amortized cost of the fixed income security and assumes default and recovery based on the average recovery rates from the Moody’s default studies. The amortized cost of the security, minus the amount recovered, is the estimated full amount the Company could lose in a default scenario. Then this amount is multiplied by the probability of default to determine the allowance for credit loss. The lower the security is rated, the higher likelihood of default, and therefore a higher allowance for credit loss. The longer to the maturity date of a security, the higher the default risk. The table below presents the amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities aggregated by credit quality indicator as of March 31, 2023. States and Corporate U.S. Agency U.S. Asset-Backed Totals Amortized cost (in thousands) AAA/AA/A ratings $ 409,073 $ 26,353 $ 3,606 $ 11,125 $ 56 $ 450,213 Baa/BBB ratings 2,965 27,175 — — 9 30,149 B ratings — — — — — — Total $ 412,038 $ 53,528 $ 3,606 $ 11,125 $ 65 $ 480,362 Net realized gains in the quarter ended March 31, 2023 were $ 0.3 million resulting from the sale of equity and fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale. Net realized gains in the quarter ended March 31, 2022 were $ 0.7 million resulting primarily from the sale of equity and fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale. During the first quarter of 2023, we recognized through income $ 1.4 million of net unrealized gains on equity securities. During the first quarter of 2022, we recognized through income $ 1.0 million of net unrealized gains on equity securities. Investment income is recognized as it is earned. The discount or premium on fixed maturity securities is amortized using the “constant yield” method. Anticipated prepayments, where applicable, are considered when determining the amortization of premiums or discounts. Realized investment gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method. |