Investments | Note 4. Investments The amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, carrying amount, gross unrecognized gains and losses, and the fair value of those investments classified as held-to-maturity at June 30, 2023 are summarized as follows: Amortized Allowance for Credit Losses Carrying Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 408,779 $ ( 41 ) $ 408,738 $ 1,165 $ ( 18,023 ) $ 391,880 Corporate bonds 53,130 ( 161 ) 52,969 — ( 3,381 ) 49,588 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 3,499 — 3,499 15 ( 150 ) 3,364 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 11,143 — 11,143 18 ( 431 ) 10,730 Asset-backed securities 54 ( 2 ) 52 — ( 1 ) 51 Totals $ 476,605 $ ( 204 ) $ 476,401 $ 1,198 $ ( 21,986 ) $ 455,613 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value, and the allowance for credit losses of those investments classified as available-for-sale at June 30, 2023 are summarized as follows: Amortized Gross Gross Fair Allowance for (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 155,935 $ 321 $ ( 8,340 ) $ 147,916 $ — Corporate bonds 178,426 767 ( 6,066 ) 173,127 — U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 5,598 — ( 536 ) 5,062 — U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 15,711 — ( 1,432 ) 14,279 — Totals $ 355,670 $ 1,088 $ ( 16,374 ) $ 340,384 $ — The cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and the fair value of equity securities at June 30, 2023 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 50,115 $ 15,290 $ — $ 65,405 Total equity securities $ 50,115 $ 15,290 $ — $ 65,405 The amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, carrying amount, gross unrecognized gains and losses, and the fair value of those investments classified as held-to-maturity at December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows: Amortized Allowance for Credit Losses Carrying Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 415,136 $ ( 40 ) $ 415,096 $ 922 $ ( 20,074 ) $ 395,944 Corporate bonds 59,903 ( 196 ) 59,707 1 ( 3,857 ) 55,851 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 3,696 — 3,696 33 ( 153 ) 3,576 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 13,123 — 13,123 25 ( 442 ) 12,706 Asset-backed securities 69 ( 3 ) 66 2 ( 1 ) 67 Totals $ 491,927 $ ( 239 ) $ 491,688 $ 983 $ ( 24,527 ) $ 468,144 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value, and the allowance for credit losses of those investments classified as available-for-sale at December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows: Amortized Gross Gross Fair Allowance for (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 166,019 $ 463 $ ( 9,826 ) $ 156,656 $ — Corporate bonds 150,915 530 ( 6,657 ) 144,788 — U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 5,984 — ( 538 ) 5,446 — U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 15,675 9 ( 1,453 ) 14,231 — Totals $ 338,593 $ 1,002 $ ( 18,474 ) $ 321,121 $ — The cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and the fair value of equity securities at December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Gross Fair (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 50,185 $ 11,873 $ — $ 62,058 Total equity securities $ 50,185 $ 11,873 $ — $ 62,058 A summary of the carrying amounts and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity, by contractual maturity, is as follows: June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Carrying Fair Carrying Fair (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 41,420 $ 41,148 $ 41,878 $ 41,652 After one year through five years 158,329 151,287 165,216 159,006 After five years through ten years 125,395 117,523 121,739 112,665 After ten years 147,706 142,240 159,093 151,178 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 3,499 3,364 3,696 3,576 Asset-backed securities 52 51 66 67 Totals $ 476,401 $ 455,613 $ 491,688 $ 468,144 A summary of the amortized cost and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale, by contractual maturity, is as follows: June 30, 2023 December 31, 2022 Amortized Fair Amortized Fair (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 34,515 $ 34,235 $ 28,290 $ 27,814 After one year through five years 89,175 84,422 68,876 65,406 After five years through ten years 108,099 103,279 102,296 95,366 After ten years 118,283 113,386 133,147 127,089 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 5,598 5,062 5,984 5,446 Totals $ 355,670 $ 340,384 $ 338,593 $ 321,121 The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2023: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross (in thousands) June 30, 2023 Available-for-Sale States and political subdivisions $ 46,548 $ 441 $ 62,315 $ 7,899 $ 108,863 $ 8,340 Corporate bonds 98,553 2,755 51,149 3,311 149,702 6,066 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities — — 5,062 536 5,062 536 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 921 2 13,358 1,430 14,279 1,432 Total available-for-sale securities $ 146,022 $ 3,198 $ 131,884 $ 13,176 $ 277,906 $ 16,374 At June 30, 2023, we held 186 individual fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale that were in an unrealized loss position. The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2022: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross Fair Value of Gross (in thousands) December 31, 2022 Available-for-Sale States and political subdivisions $ 87,522 $ 5,319 $ 24,980 $ 4,507 $ 112,502 $ 9,826 Corporate bonds 98,590 4,549 30,011 2,108 128,601 6,657 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 4,732 444 714 94 5,446 538 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations 5,589 313 7,719 1,140 13,308 1,453 Total available-for-sale securities $ 196,433 $ 10,625 $ 63,424 $ 7,849 $ 259,857 $ 18,474 The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for credit losses by major security type of the investments classified as held-to-maturity for the quarter ended June 30, 2023. States and Corporate U.S. Agency U.S. Asset-Backed Totals (in thousands) Balance at March 31, 2023 $ 40 $ 178 $ — $ — $ 2 $ 220 Provision for credit loss expense (benefit) 1 ( 17 ) — — — ( 16 ) Balance at June 30, 2023 $ 41 $ 161 $ — $ — $ 2 $ 204 The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for credit losses by major security type of the investments classified as held-to-maturity for the six months ended June 30, 2023. States and Corporate U.S. Agency U.S. Asset-Backed Totals (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 40 $ 196 $ — $ — $ 3 $ 239 Provision for credit loss expense (benefit) 1 ( 35 ) — — ( 1 ) ( 35 ) Balance at June 30, 2023 $ 41 $ 161 $ — $ — $ 2 $ 204 The Company has established an allowance for credit losses on 458 held-to-maturity securities totaling $ 0.2 million. The majority of those securities were issued by states and political subdivisions ( 437 securities) and corporate bonds ( 18 securities). The Company has no allowance for credit losses on investments classified as available-for-sale for the period ended June 30, 2023. The credit rating used for held-to-maturity fixed income securities is the rating for each security as published by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch to determine the probability of default. If there are two ratings, the lower rating is used. If there are three ratings, the median rating is used. If there is one rating, that rating is used. For corporate fixed income securities (given a rating), the probability of default comes from Moody’s annual study of corporate bond defaults published each February. The maximum maturity using the default rate is 20 years (any maturity greater than 20 years will use the 20-year rate). For municipal fixed income securities (given a rating), the probability of default comes from Moody’s annual study of municipal bond defaults published each July/August. The calculation of the credit loss allowance takes the amortized cost of the fixed income security and assumes default and recovery based on the average recovery rates from the Moody’s default studies. The amortized cost of the security, minus the amount recovered, is the estimated full amount the Company could lose in a default scenario. Then this amount is multiplied by the probability of default to determine the allowance for credit loss. The lower the security is rated, the higher likelihood of default, and therefore a higher allowance for credit loss. The longer to the maturity date of a security, the higher the default risk. The table below presents the amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities aggregated by credit quality indicator as of June 30, 2023. States and Corporate U.S. Agency U.S. Asset-Backed Totals Amortized cost (in thousands) AAA/AA/A ratings $ 405,819 $ 26,137 $ 3,499 $ 11,143 $ 37 $ 446,635 Baa/BBB ratings 2,960 26,993 — — 17 29,970 B ratings — — — — — — Total $ 408,779 $ 53,130 $ 3,499 $ 11,143 $ 54 $ 476,605 Net realized gains in the quarter ended June 30, 2023 were $ 0.1 million resulting from the sale of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale. Net realized gains in the quarter ended June 30, 2022 were $ 1.1 million resulting from the sale of equity securities. Net realized gains in the six months ended June 30, 2023 were $ 0.3 million resulting primarily from the sale of equity and fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale. Net realized gains in the six months ended June 30, 2022 were $ 1.8 million resulting primarily from the sale of equity and fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale. During the second quarter of 2023, we recognized through income $ 2.0 million of net unrealized gains on equity securities. During the second quarter of 2022, we recognized through income $ 9.9 million of net unrealized losses on equity securities. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized through income $ 3.4 million of net unrealized gains on equity securities. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized through income $ 8.9 million of net unrealized losses on equity securities. Investment income is recognized as it is earned. The discount or premium on fixed maturity securities is amortized using the “constant yield” method. Anticipated prepayments, where applicable, are considered when determining the amortization of premiums or discounts. Realized investment gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method. |