Investments | 2. Investments Short-term investments held at December 31, 2020 include $30.7 million of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies, $9.1 million of obligations of states and political subdivisions and $6.1 million of corporate bonds. Short-term investments held at December 31, 2019 include $54.6 million of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies and $1.9 million of obligations of states and political subdivisions. The gross unrecognized gains and losses on, and the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, carrying amount, and fair value of, those investments classified as held-to-maturity at December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Carrying Amount Gross Unrecognized Gains Gross Unrecognized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 494,374 $ (42 ) $ 494,332 $ 32,489 $ — $ 526,821 Corporate bonds 69,981 (225 ) 69,756 3,144 — 72,900 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 7,261 — 7,261 645 — 7,906 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 13,626 — 13,626 239 — 13,865 Asset-backed securities 162 (7 ) 155 7 — 162 Totals $ 585,404 $ (274 ) $ 585,130 $ 36,524 $ — $ 621,654 The gross unrealized gains and losses on, and the amortized cost and fair value of, those investments classified as available-for-sale at December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Allowance for Credit Losses (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 256,492 $ 20,050 $ — $ 276,542 $ — Corporate bonds 83,646 5,256 (3 ) 88,899 — U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 18,654 400 (2 ) 19,052 — U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 28,873 913 — 29,786 — Totals $ 387,665 $ 26,619 $ (5 ) $ 414,279 $ — The gross unrealized gains and losses on, and the cost of equity securities at December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 35,787 $ 7,650 $ — $ 43,437 Total equity securities $ 35,787 $ 7,650 $ — $ 43,437 The gross unrealized gains and losses on, and the amortized cost and fair value of, those investments classified as held-to-maturity at December 31, 2019 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 466,270 $ 19,570 $ (193 ) $ 485,647 Corporate bonds 109,241 1,684 — 110,925 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 10,967 544 — 11,511 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 12,723 330 (12 ) 13,041 Asset-backed securities 220 — (1 ) 219 Totals $ 599,421 $ 22,128 $ (206 ) $ 621,343 The gross unrealized gains and losses on, and the amortized cost and fair value of, those investments classified as available-for-sale at December 31, 2019 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 225,895 $ 11,906 $ (26 ) $ 237,775 Corporate bonds 130,453 3,326 (1 ) 133,778 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 29,499 64 (96 ) 29,467 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 39,851 317 (42 ) 40,126 Totals $ 425,698 $ 15,613 $ (165 ) $ 441,146 The gross unrealized gains and losses on, and the cost of equity securities at December 31, 2019 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 24,457 $ 3,446 $ — $ 27,903 Total equity securities $ 24,457 $ 3,446 $ — $ 27,903 A summary of the carrying amounts and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity by contractual maturity is as follows: December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 54,316 $ 54,794 $ 49,967 $ 50,348 After one year through five years 195,706 204,289 198,025 202,109 After five years through ten years 107,347 113,643 110,460 113,877 After ten years 220,345 240,860 229,782 243,279 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 7,261 7,906 10,967 11,511 Asset-backed securities 155 162 220 219 Totals $ 585,130 $ 621,654 $ 599,421 $ 621,343 A summary of the amortized cost and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale by contractual maturity is as follows: December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 69,177 $ 69,938 $ 27,160 $ 27,194 After one year through five years 80,593 85,829 144,142 146,469 After five years through ten years 53,835 57,829 47,175 49,419 After ten years 165,406 181,631 177,722 188,597 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 18,654 19,052 29,499 29,467 Totals $ 387,665 $ 414,279 $ 425,698 $ 441,146 Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay certain obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. At December 31, 2020, there were $19.9 million of held-to-maturity investments on deposit with regulatory agencies of states in which the Company does business. A summary of the Company’s realized gains and losses on sales, calls or redemptions of investments for 2020 , 2019 and 2018 is as follows: Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale Equity Securities Other Total (in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2020 Proceeds from sales $ 25,436 $ — $ 46,959 $ 72,395 Gross realized investment gains $ 711 $ — $ 306 $ 1,017 Gross realized investment losses (14 ) — (4 ) (18 ) Net realized investment gains 697 — 302 999 Other, including gains (losses) on calls and redemptions (43 ) — 176 133 Net realized gains on investments $ 654 $ — $ 478 $ 1,132 Year ended December 31, 2019 Proceeds from sales $ 33,113 $ — $ 21,977 $ 55,090 Gross realized investment gains $ 140 $ — $ 36 $ 176 Gross realized investment losses (68 ) — — (68 ) Net realized investment gains 72 — 36 108 Other, including gains (losses) on calls and redemptions (196 ) — 8 (188 ) Net realized gains (losses) on investments $ (124 ) $ — $ 44 $ (80 ) Year ended December 31, 2018 Proceeds from sales $ 15,025 $ 3 $ — $ 15,028 Gross realized investment gains $ 238 $ 1 $ — $ 239 Gross realized investment losses (1,354 ) — — (1,354 ) Net realized investment gains (losses) (1,116 ) 1 — (1,115 ) Other, including losses on calls and redemptions (144 ) — (277 ) (421 ) Net realized gains (losses) on investments $ (1,260 ) $ 1 $ (277 ) $ (1,536 ) Major categories of the Company’s net investment income are summarized as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 (in thousands) Gross investment income: Fixed maturity securities $ 28,414 $ 30,343 $ 28,762 Equity securities 1,006 628 448 Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents 897 2,478 2,208 Total gross investment income 30,317 33,449 31,418 Investment expenses (953 ) (966 ) (966 ) Net investment income $ 29,364 $ 32,483 $ 30,452 The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) December 31, 2020 Available-for-Sale Corporate bonds $ 2,515 $ 3 $ — $ — $ 2,515 $ 3 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 2,133 2 — — 2,133 2 Total available-for-sale securities $ 4,648 $ 5 $ — $ — $ 4,648 $ 5 December 31, 2019 Held-to-Maturity States and political subdivisions $ 21,074 $ 193 $ — $ — $ 21,074 $ 193 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies — — 3,243 12 3,243 12 Asset-backed securities — — 68 1 68 1 Total held-to-maturity securities 21,074 193 3,311 13 24,385 206 Available-for-Sale States and political subdivisions $ 4,140 $ 26 $ — $ — $ 4,140 $ 26 Corporate bonds 6,426 1 — — 6,426 1 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 13,007 95 1,152 1 14,159 96 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies — — 17,068 42 17,068 42 Total available-for-sale securities 23,573 122 18,220 43 41,793 165 Total $ 44,647 $ 315 $ 21,531 $ 56 $ 66,178 $ 371 At December 31, 2020, the Company held 2 individual fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position, of which none were in a continuous unrealized loss position for longer than 12 months. The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for credit losses by major security type of the investments classified as held-to-maturity for the year ended December 31, 2020. States and Political Subdivisions Corporate Bonds U.S. Agency-Based Mortgage-Backed Securities U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies Asset-Backed Securities Totals (in thousands) Balance at January 1, 2020 $ 45 $ 245 $ — $ — $ 11 $ 301 Provision for credit loss benefit (3 ) (20 ) — — (4 ) (27 ) Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 42 $ 225 $ — $ — $ 7 $ 274 The Company has established an allowance for credit losses on 424 held-to-maturity securities totaling $0.3 million as of December 31, 2020. The majority of those securities were states and political subdivisions and corporate bonds at 393 and 28, respectively. The Company has no allowance for credit losses on investments classified as available-for-sale as of December 31, 2020. During 2019, the Company had no impairment losses recognized for other-than-temporary declines in the fair value of our investments. The credit rating used for held-to-maturity fixed income securities is the rating for each security as published by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch to determine the probability of default. If there are two ratings, the lower rating is used. If there are three ratings, the median rating is used. If there is one rating, that rating is used. For corporate fixed income securities the probability of default (given a rating) comes from Moody’s annual study of corporate bond defaults published each February. The maximum maturity using the default rate is 20 years (any maturity greater than 20 years will use the 20-year rate). For municipal fixed income securities the probability of default (given a rating) comes from Moody’s annual study of municipal bond defaults published each July/August. The calculation of the credit loss allowance takes the amortized cost of the fixed income security and assumes default and recovery based on the average recovery rates from the Moody’s default studies. The amortized cost of the security, minus the amount recovered, is the estimated full amount the Company could lose in a default scenario. Then this amount is multiplied by the probability of default to determine the allowance for credit loss. The lower the security is rated, the higher likelihood of default, and therefore a higher allowance for credit loss. The longer to the maturity date of a security, the higher the default risk. The table below presents the amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities aggregated by credit quality indicator as of December 31, 2020. States and Political Subdivisions Corporate Bonds U.S. Agency-Based Mortgage-Backed Securities U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies Asset-Backed Securities Totals Amortized cost (in thousands) AAA/AA/A ratings $ 490,311 $ 29,890 $ 7,261 $ 13,626 $ 111 $ 541,199 Baa/BBB ratings 4,063 40,091 — — 18 44,172 B ratings — — — — 33 33 Total $ 494,374 $ 69,981 $ 7,261 $ 13,626 $ 162 $ 585,404 |