Investments | 2. Investments Short-term investments held at December 31, 2021 include $55.8 million of corporate bonds and $1.6 million of obligations of states and political subdivisions. Short-term investments held at December 31, 2020 include $30.7 million of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies, $9.1 million of obligations of states and political subdivisions, and $6.1 million of corporate bonds. The amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, carrying amount, gross unrecognized gains and losses, and the fair value of those investments classified as held-to-maturity at December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Carrying Amount Gross Unrecognized Gains Gross Unrecognized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 471,688 $ (48 ) $ 471,640 $ 25,175 $ (263 ) $ 496,552 Corporate bonds 56,756 (143 ) 56,613 1,344 (114 ) 57,843 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 4,623 — 4,623 377 — 5,000 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 16,251 — 16,251 132 (36 ) 16,347 Asset-backed securities 108 (4 ) 104 4 — 108 Totals $ 549,426 $ (195 ) $ 549,231 $ 27,032 $ (413 ) $ 575,850 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value, and the allowance for credit losses of those investments classified as available-for-sale at December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Allowance for Credit Losses (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 202,008 $ 14,538 $ (240 ) $ 216,306 $ — Corporate bonds 93,947 2,751 (272 ) 96,426 — U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 7,944 158 (13 ) 8,089 — U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 20,698 382 (132 ) 20,948 — Totals $ 324,597 $ 17,829 $ (657 ) $ 341,769 $ — The cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and the fair value of equity securities at December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 44,175 $ 19,965 $ — $ 64,140 Total equity securities $ 44,175 $ 19,965 $ — $ 64,140 The amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, carrying amount, gross unrealized gains and losses, and the fair value of those investments classified as held-to-maturity at December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Carrying Amount Gross Unrecognized Gains Gross Unrecognized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 494,374 $ (42 ) $ 494,332 $ 32,489 $ — $ 526,821 Corporate bonds 69,981 (225 ) 69,756 3,144 — 72,900 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 7,261 — 7,261 645 — 7,906 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 13,626 — 13,626 239 — 13,865 Asset-backed securities 162 (7 ) 155 7 — 162 Totals $ 585,404 $ (274 ) $ 585,130 $ 36,524 $ — $ 621,654 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value, and the allowance for credit losses of those investments classified as available-for-sale at December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Allowance for Credit Losses (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 256,492 $ 20,050 $ — $ 276,542 $ — Corporate bonds 83,646 5,256 (3 ) 88,899 — U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 18,654 400 (2 ) 19,052 — U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 28,873 913 — 29,786 — Totals $ 387,665 $ 26,619 $ (5 ) $ 414,279 $ — The cost, gross unrealized gains and losses on, and fair value of equity securities at December 31, 2020 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 35,787 $ 7,650 $ — $ 43,437 Total equity securities $ 35,787 $ 7,650 $ — $ 43,437 A summary of the carrying amounts and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity, by contractual maturity, is as follows: December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 70,859 $ 71,455 $ 54,316 $ 54,794 After one year through five years 174,157 180,376 195,706 204,289 After five years through ten years 100,543 104,851 107,347 113,643 After ten years 198,945 214,060 220,345 240,860 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 4,623 5,000 7,261 7,906 Asset-backed securities 104 108 155 162 Totals $ 549,231 $ 575,850 $ 585,130 $ 621,654 A summary of the amortized cost and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale, by contractual maturity, is as follows: December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 30,925 $ 31,258 $ 69,177 $ 69,938 After one year through five years 97,830 100,716 80,593 85,829 After five years through ten years 58,050 60,137 53,835 57,829 After ten years 129,848 141,569 165,406 181,631 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 7,944 8,089 18,654 19,052 Totals $ 324,597 $ 341,769 $ 387,665 $ 414,279 Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay certain obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. At December 31, 2021, there were $23.2 million of held-to-maturity investments on deposit with regulatory agencies of states in which the Company does business. A summary of the Company’s realized gains and losses on sales, calls or redemptions of investments for 2021, 2020 and 2019 is as follows: Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale Equity Securities Other Total (in thousands) Year ended December 31, 2021 Proceeds from sales $ 28,191 $ — $ 12,388 $ 40,579 Gross realized investment gains $ 1,751 $ — $ 3 $ 1,754 Gross realized investment losses (21 ) — — (21 ) Net realized investment gains 1,730 — 3 1,733 Other, including losses on calls and redemptions (6 ) — (32 ) (38 ) Net realized gains (losses) on investments $ 1,724 $ — $ (29 ) $ 1,695 Year ended December 31, 2020 Proceeds from sales $ 25,436 $ — $ 46,959 $ 72,395 Gross realized investment gains $ 711 $ — $ 306 $ 1,017 Gross realized investment losses (14 ) — (4 ) (18 ) Net realized investment gains 697 — 302 999 Other, including gains (losses) on calls and redemptions (43 ) — 176 133 Net realized gains on investments $ 654 $ — $ 478 $ 1,132 Year ended December 31, 2019 Proceeds from sales $ 33,113 $ — $ 21,977 $ 55,090 Gross realized investment gains $ 140 $ — $ 36 $ 176 Gross realized investment losses (68 ) — — (68 ) Net realized investment gains 72 — 36 108 Other, including gains (losses) on calls and redemptions (196 ) — 8 (188 ) Net realized gains (losses) on investments $ (124 ) $ — $ 44 $ (80 ) Major categories of the Company’s net investment income are summarized as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 (in thousands) Gross investment income: Fixed maturity securities $ 24,882 $ 28,414 $ 30,343 Equity securities 1,236 1,006 628 Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents 304 897 2,478 Total gross investment income 26,422 30,317 33,449 Investment expenses (987 ) (953 ) (966 ) Net investment income $ 25,435 $ 29,364 $ 32,483 The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) December 31, 2021 Available-for-Sale States and political subdivisions $ 23,465 $ 240 $ — $ — $ 23,465 $ 240 Corporate bonds 36,443 272 — — 36,443 272 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 1,146 13 — — 1,146 13 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 6,771 132 — — 6,771 132 Total available-for-sale securities $ 67,825 $ 657 $ — $ — $ 67,825 $ 657 December 31, 2020 Available-for-Sale Corporate bonds 2,515 3 — — 2,515 3 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 2,133 2 — — 2,133 2 Total available-for-sale securities 4,648 5 — — 4,648 5 Total $ 4,648 $ 5 $ — $ — $ 4,648 $ 5 At December 31, 2021, the Company held 42 individual fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale that were in an unrealized loss position, of which none were in a continuous unrealized loss position for longer than 12 months. The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for credit losses by major security type of the investments classified as held-to-maturity for the year ended December 31, 2021. States and Political Subdivisions Corporate Bonds U.S. Agency-Based Mortgage-Backed Securities U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies Asset-Backed Securities Totals (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 42 $ 225 $ — $ — $ 7 $ 274 Provision for credit loss expense (benefit) 6 (82 ) — — (3 ) (79 ) Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 48 $ 143 $ — $ — $ 4 $ 195 The Company has established an allowance for credit losses on 372 held-to-maturity securities totaling $0.2 million as of December 31, 2021. The majority of those securities were issued by states and political subdivisions and corporate bonds at 347 and 22, respectively. The Company has no allowance for credit losses on investments classified as available-for-sale as of December 31, 2021. The credit rating used for held-to-maturity fixed income securities is the rating for each security as published by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch to determine the probability of default. If there are two ratings, the lower rating is used. If there are three ratings, the median rating is used. If there is one rating, that rating is used. For corporate fixed income securities (given a rating), the probability of default comes from Moody’s annual study of corporate bond defaults published each February. The maximum maturity using the default rate is 20 years (any maturity greater than 20 years will use the 20-year rate). For municipal fixed income securities (given a rating), the probability of default comes from Moody’s annual study of municipal bond defaults published each July/August. The calculation of the credit loss allowance takes the amortized cost of the fixed income security and assumes default and recovery based on the average recovery rates from the Moody’s default studies. The amortized cost of the security, minus the amount recovered, is the estimated full amount the Company could lose in a default scenario. Then this amount is multiplied by the probability of default to determine the allowance for credit loss. The lower the security is rated, the higher likelihood of default, and therefore a higher allowance for credit loss. The longer to the maturity date of a security, the higher the default risk. The table below presents the amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities aggregated by credit quality indicator as of December 31, 2021. States and Political Subdivisions Corporate Bonds U.S. Agency-Based Mortgage-Backed Securities U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies Asset-Backed Securities Totals Amortized cost (in thousands) AAA/AA/A ratings $ 468,698 $ 24,719 $ 4,623 $ 16,251 $ 75 $ 514,366 Baa/BBB ratings 2,990 32,037 — — 14 35,041 B ratings — — — — 19 19 Total $ 471,688 $ 56,756 $ 4,623 $ 16,251 $ 108 $ 549,426 |