Investments | Note 4. Investments The amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, carrying amount, gross unrecognized gains and losses, and the fair value of those investments classified as held-to-maturity at June 30, 2022 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Carrying Amount Gross Unrecognized Gains Gross Unrecognized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 453,781 $ (44 ) $ 453,737 $ 2,160 $ (14,707 ) $ 441,190 Corporate bonds 66,419 (228 ) 66,191 37 (3,073 ) 63,155 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 4,102 — 4,102 106 (57 ) 4,151 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 17,182 — 17,182 67 (196 ) 17,053 Asset-backed securities 89 (4 ) 85 4 (1 ) 88 Totals $ 541,573 $ (276 ) $ 541,297 $ 2,374 $ (18,034 ) $ 525,637 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value, and the allowance for credit losses of those investments classified as available-for-sale at June 30, 2022 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Allowance for Credit Losses (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 198,330 $ 1,150 $ (6,933 ) $ 192,547 $ — Corporate bonds 118,677 76 (4,155 ) 114,598 — U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 6,555 — (307 ) 6,248 — U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 17,735 — (993 ) 16,742 — Totals $ 341,297 $ 1,226 $ (12,388 ) $ 330,135 $ — The cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and the fair value of equity securities at June 30, 2022 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 49,422 $ 11,063 $ — $ 60,485 Total equity securities $ 49,422 $ 11,063 $ — $ 60,485 The amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, carrying amount, gross unrecognized gains and losses, and the fair value of those investments classified as held-to-maturity at December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Allowance for Credit Losses Carrying Amount Gross Unrecognized Gains Gross Unrecognized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 471,688 $ (48 ) $ 471,640 $ 25,175 $ (263 ) $ 496,552 Corporate bonds 56,756 (143 ) 56,613 1,344 (114 ) 57,843 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 4,623 — 4,623 377 — 5,000 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 16,251 — 16,251 132 (36 ) 16,347 Asset-backed securities 108 (4 ) 104 4 — 108 Totals $ 549,426 $ (195 ) $ 549,231 $ 27,032 $ (413 ) $ 575,850 The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, fair value, and the allowance for credit losses of those investments classified as available-for-sale at December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows: Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Allowance for Credit Losses (in thousands) States and political subdivisions $ 202,008 $ 14,538 $ (240 ) $ 216,306 $ — Corporate bonds 93,947 2,751 (272 ) 96,426 — U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 7,944 158 (13 ) 8,089 — U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 20,698 382 (132 ) 20,948 — Totals $ 324,597 $ 17,829 $ (657 ) $ 341,769 $ — The cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and the fair value of equity securities at December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows: Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value (in thousands) Equity securities: Domestic common stock $ 44,175 $ 19,965 $ — $ 64,140 Total equity securities $ 44,175 $ 19,965 $ — $ 64,140 A summary of the carrying amounts and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as held-to-maturity, by contractual maturity, is as follows: June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Carrying Amount Fair Value Carrying Amount Fair Value (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 66,348 $ 66,309 $ 70,859 $ 71,455 After one year through five years 172,853 170,260 174,157 180,376 After five years through ten years 111,775 105,557 100,543 104,851 After ten years 186,134 179,272 198,945 214,060 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 4,102 4,151 4,623 5,000 Asset-backed securities 85 88 104 108 Totals $ 541,297 $ 525,637 $ 549,231 $ 575,850 A summary of the amortized cost and fair value of investments in fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale, by contractual maturity, is as follows: June 30, 2022 December 31, 2021 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value (in thousands) Maturity: Within one year $ 40,763 $ 40,363 $ 30,925 $ 31,258 After one year through five years 80,218 78,350 97,830 100,716 After five years through ten years 80,396 75,876 58,050 60,137 After ten years 133,365 129,298 129,848 141,569 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 6,555 6,248 7,944 8,089 Totals $ 341,297 $ 330,135 $ 324,597 $ 341,769 The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2022: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) June 30, 2022 Available-for-Sale States and political subdivisions $ 124,916 $ 6,933 $ — $ — $ 124,916 $ 6,933 Corporate bonds 95,865 4,155 — — 95,865 4,155 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 6,248 307 — — 6,248 307 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 13,741 993 — — 13,741 993 Total available-for-sale securities $ 240,770 $ 12,388 $ — $ — $ 240,770 $ 12,388 At June 30, 2022, we held 178 individual fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale that were in an unrealized loss position, of which none were in a continuous unrealized loss position for longer than 12 months. The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses on securities classified as available-for-sale, aggregated by major investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2021: Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Greater Total Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value of Investments with Unrealized Losses Gross Unrealized Losses (in thousands) December 31, 2021 Available-for-Sale States and political subdivisions $ 23,465 $ 240 $ — $ — $ 23,465 $ 240 Corporate bonds 36,443 272 — — 36,443 272 U.S. agency-based mortgage-backed securities 1,146 13 — — 1,146 13 U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies 6,771 132 — — 6,771 132 Total available-for-sale securities $ 67,825 $ 657 $ — $ — $ 67,825 $ 657 The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for credit losses by major security type of the investments classified as held-to-maturity for the quarter ended June 30, 2022. States and Political Subdivisions Corporate Bonds U.S. Agency -Based Mortgage- Backed Securities U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies Asset-Backed Securities Totals (in thousands) Balance at March 31, 2022 $ 45 $ 241 $ — $ — $ 4 $ 290 Provision for credit loss benefit (1 ) (13 ) — — — (14 ) Balance at June 30, 2022 $ 44 $ 228 $ — $ — $ 4 $ 276 The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for credit losses by major security type of the investments classified as held-to-maturity for the six months ended June 30, 2022. States and Political Subdivisions Corporate Bonds U.S. Agency -Based Mortgage- Backed Securities U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies Asset-Backed Securities Totals (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 48 $ 143 $ — $ — $ 4 $ 195 Provision for credit loss expense (benefit) (4 ) 85 — — — 81 Balance at June 30, 2022 $ 44 $ 228 $ — $ — $ 4 $ 276 The Company has established an allowance for credit losses on 353 held-to-maturity securities totaling $0.3 million. The majority of those securities were issued by states and political subdivisions (325 securities) and corporate bonds (25 securities). The Company has no allowance for credit losses on investments classified as available-for-sale for the period ended June 30, 2022. The credit rating used for held-to-maturity fixed income securities is the rating for each security as published by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch to determine the probability of default. If there are two ratings, the lower rating is used. If there are three ratings, the median rating is used. If there is one rating, that rating is used. For corporate fixed income securities (given a rating), the probability of default comes from Moody’s annual study of corporate bond defaults published each February. The maximum maturity using the default rate is 20 years (any maturity greater than 20 years will use the 20-year rate). For municipal fixed income securities (given a rating), the probability of default comes from Moody’s annual study of municipal bond defaults published each July/August. The calculation of the credit loss allowance takes the amortized cost of the fixed income security and assumes default and recovery based on the average recovery rates from the Moody’s default studies. The amortized cost of the security, minus the amount recovered, is the estimated full amount the Company could lose in a default scenario. Then this amount is multiplied by the probability of default to determine the allowance for credit loss. The lower the security is rated, the higher likelihood of default, and therefore a higher allowance for credit loss. The longer to the maturity date of a security, the higher the default risk. The table below presents the amortized cost of held-to-maturity securities aggregated by credit quality indicator as of June 30, 2022. States and Political Subdivisions Corporate Bonds U.S. Agency -Based Mortgage- Backed Securities U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Agencies Asset-Backed Securities Totals Amortized cost (in thousands) AAA/AA/A ratings $ 450,801 $ 26,995 $ 4,102 $ 17,182 $ 62 $ 499,142 Baa/BBB ratings 2,980 39,424 — — 12 42,416 B ratings — — — — 15 15 Total $ 453,781 $ 66,419 $ 4,102 $ 17,182 $ 89 $ 541,573 Net realized gains in the quarter ended June 30, 2022 were $1.1 million resulting from the sale of equity securities. Net realized gains in the quarter ended June 30, 2021 were $1.2 million resulting from the sale of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale. Net realized gains in the six months ended June 30, 2022 were $1.8 million resulting primarily from the sale of equity and fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale. Net realized gains in the six months ended June 30, 2021 were $1.5 million resulting primarily from the sale of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale and from called fixed maturity securities. During the second quarter of 2022, we recognized through income $9.9 million of net unrealized losses on equity securities. During the second quarter of 2021, we recognized through income $3.3 million of net unrealized gains on equity securities. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized through income $8.9 million of net unrealized losses on equity securities. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, we recognized through income $8.8 million of net unrealized gains on equity securities. Investment income is recognized as it is earned. The discount or premium on fixed maturity securities is amortized using the “constant yield” method. Anticipated prepayments, where applicable, are considered when determining the amortization of premiums or discounts. Realized investment gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method. |