Interest rates in Japanese financial and capital markets are affected by the monetary policy measures of the Bank of Japan (“BOJ”). In January 2016, in addition to the existing provision of ample funds, the BOJ announced the introduction of “quantitative and qualitative monetary easing with a negative interest rate.” Thereafter, the BOJ announced the introduction of a new policy framework, “quantitative and qualitative monetary easing with yield curve control” in September 2016. Under this policy framework, the BOJ would keep short-term interest rates down by maintaining its policy of applying a negative interest rate of minus 0.1% to certain excess reserves of financial institutions held at the BOJ. Moreover, the BOJ indicated it would purchase Japanese government bonds so that the yield of the
10-year
Japanese government bonds would be close to around 0% to control long-term interest rates. In July 2018, the BOJ decided to introduce forward guidance for policy rates with a view to persistently continuing with powerful monetary easing. Further, in October 2019, the BOJ amended its forward guidance to indicate that it expects short- and long-term interest rates to remain at or below their present levels so long as the BOJ believes it is necessary to pay close attention to the possibility of a loss in momentum toward achieving its 2% price stability target. In March 2020, the BOJ announced “enhancement of monetary easing in light of the impact of the outbreak of
COVID-19.”
Thereafter, in April and May 2020, the BOJ decided to further enhance monetary easing and introduce measures to support corporate financing. Moreover, in March 2021, the BOJ announced the establishment of a scheme to apply interest rates, which would be linked to the short-term policy interest rate, as an incentive to a certain amount of financial institutions’ current account balances, based on the recognition of the importance of continuing with monetary easing in a sustainable manner and making nimble and effective responses to counter changes in developments in economic activity and prices, as well as in financial conditions. In addition, the BOJ made clear that the range of the
10-year
Japanese government bonds yield fluctuations would be between around plus and minus 0.25% from the target level. Under such circumstances, the uncollateralized overnight call rate, which is the benchmark for short-term interest rates, remained negative for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The yield on newly issued Japanese government bonds with a maturity of 10 years, which is the benchmark for long-term interest rates, was around 0.2% for the same period, and was 0.24% at September 30, 2022. This is close to the BOJ’s upper limit target of yield fluctuations.
The yen depreciated against the U.S. dollar from ¥121.64 at March 31, 2022 to ¥144.32 at September 30, 2022, according to the statistical data published by the BOJ.
The Nikkei Stock Average, which is a price-weighted average of 225 stocks listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, fell from ¥27,821.43 at March 31, 2022 to ¥25,937.21 at September 30, 2022.
According to a report published by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan, the average residential land price and the average commercial land price in Japan increased by 0.1% and 0.5%, respectively, from July 1, 2021 to July 1, 2022.
For the six months ended September 30, 2022, the global economy, as a whole, recovered gradually, primarily due to an increase in private consumption reflecting the easing of restrictions related to
COVID-19.
However, the pace of its recovery was slow primarily due to downward pressure on the global economy affected by higher commodity prices and the continuous global monetary tightening. The U.S. economy slightly shrank in the first half of the six months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in private residential investments and changes in private inventories. Although increasing inflation and the subsequent monetary tightening put downward pressure on the U.S. economy, it recovered gradually in the latter half of the period, primarily due to an increase in private consumption supported by the good employment situation. The European economy recovered gradually in the first half of the six months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to an increase in private consumption reflecting the easing of restrictions related to
COVID-19.
However, the pace of its recovery was relatively weak in the latter half of the period, primarily due to downward pressure on the European economy, which has experienced higher energy prices caused by Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. In Asia, the Chinese economy slowed down in the first half of the six months ended September 30, 2022, due to the
zero-COVID
policy, which includes restrictions such as the restraint on movement. However, it showed signs of picking up in the latter half of the six months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to an increase in